LESSON 1: A CONCEPTS OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION

Polygraph Examination
- used to test an individual for the purpose of detecting deception or
verifying the truthfulness of his statements.

● Polygraphy - is the scientific method of detecting deception with the

use of polygraph machines. (Other names: Deceptography and Lie
Detection)
● Polygraph - An instrument that graphically records physiological
responses such as respiration, blood pressure and pulse rate, and
skin's resistance or conductivity to electricity exhibited in response to
a set of questions.
- The term literally means "many writings from the Greek words
poly and grapos. Other names: Deceptograph, Lie-detector,
and Pneumo-Galvo-Cardio-Sphygmograph.

Types of Polygraph:
1. Analog Polygraph - a polygraph instrument that directly records the
responses of the subject on a piece of the chart.
2. Computerized Polygraph - a polygraph instrument capable of
monitoring, recording, storing, and analyzing respiratory,
electrodermal, and cardiovascular activity.

Main Components:
a. Pneumograph - It records the respiratory activity.
i. Has a 5 inches recording pen and 10 inches of rubber tube.
ii. Thoracic and Abdominal
 b. Cardiograph / Cardiosphygmograph - It records cardiovascular
activity.
i. Has a 5 inches of recording pen.
c. Galvanograph - Component responsible for producing the graphic
recording of skin resistance or Electrodermal Activity (EDA). EDA
recently replaced the term Galvanic Skin Response (GSR).
i. Has a 7 inches of recording pen.
d. Kymograph - a motor that drives the polygraph chart under the
recording pen at a uniform rate of 1 division/ 5 seconds (1 division of
the chart is equivalent to ½ inch) This component is used only in
analog polygraphs in which the polygram is produced simultaneously
with the application of stimulus.

Accessory Components:
● Polygraph Chair - A chair designed to absorb concealed muscular
movements of the subject. To serve its purpose, an additional
recording channel must be provided in the polygraph to register the
movements of the subject.
● Plethysmograph - Device that measures changes in blood volume in
a part of the body.
○ Occlusion - the use of inflatable cuff to restrict venous return
while measuring volume changes indirectly via pressure or
resistance.
○ Photoelectric - the use of infrared light emitter-collector diode
pair that measures volume changes indirectly by directing light
into the skin and detecting its reflection back.
 ● Polygram - A graphic representation containing selected
physiological data generated by an examinee during the data
collection phase of a polygraph examination. Also refers to the
physiologic recording of responses of the examinee in response to
stimuli. Also known as (Polygraph Chart or Test Data)
● Polygraphist - Someone who has successfully completed formal
education and training in conducting polygraph examinations and is
either authorized or formally certified, by the examiner's agency, to
conduct such examinations.
○ Other names: (Polygraph Examiner, Forensic Psycho-
physiologist, and Polygrapher)
● Subject (Examinee) - Person taking a polygraph examination.
● Stimulus - A force or motion reaching the organism and excites the
preceptors.
● Question string - All questions that appear between the
commencement and termination.
● Serial position - the position of a question within a question string.
Also known as Question
● Polygraph Examination - A process that encompasses all activities
that take place between a PDD examiner and an examinee during the
phases of a polygraph examination. Also known as (Polygraph Test,
Lie-Detector Test, Psychophysiological Detection of Deception
(PDD), and Criminalistics).

Test Results:
1. Deception Indicated (DI) - charts revealed the physiological
responses to the relevant question(s) are indicative of deception.
 2. No Deception Indicated (NDI) - charts revealed the physiological
responses to the relevant question(s) were not indicative of
deception. No Significant Response (NSR) is an equivalent term to
NDI
3. Inconclusive - when an examinee's polygraph record shows
responses that are insufficient to determine truthfulness or deception.
In the recent year, polygraphists no longer use this test result and if
the subject is inconclusive, their diagnosis is reduced to No Opinion
4. No Opinion (NO) - An evaluation that indicates the examiner cannot
render a conclusive opinion of DI or NDI based on the physiological
data on a given set of charts. Based on earlier references, this result
is the diagnostic opinion of the examiner when the subject has been
uncooperative during the test and the data has been corrupted.

Accuracy of Polygraph Test Result:

If the properly trained examiner utilizes the established testing procedures,
the accuracy of the decisions made by polygraph examiners is very high.
Generally, the accuracy level as experiments is in the range of 85%-95%
based on several factors.

Errors in Polygraph Test Result:

1. False Positive occurs when a truthful subject is reported as
deceptive.
2. False Negative occurs when a deceptive subject is reported as
truthful.

Causes of Errors
 1. misinterpretation of the data on the charts
2. lack of training and experience of the polygraph examiner
3. counter-measures from the examinee
4. equipment malfunction
5. failure to properly prepare the examinee for the examination
6. poorly worded test questions
7. improper assessment of the examinee's emotional and physical
condition
8. improper use of testing techniques
9. lack of quality control review

Examination Room - A controlled environment where polygraph

examination is conducted.
An Ideal Examination Room:
1. spacious for two persons
2. well lighted
3. room temperature should be more or less 25°C
4. at least 90% soundproof
5. no decorations
6. painted with white color
7. with a one-way mirror
8. with a concealed microphone
9. with an adjacent observation room

● Deception - the act of making someone believe something that is not

true. It is an act of deceiving or misleading usually accompanied by
lying.
 ● Dicrotic Notch - graphic representation within the cardio tracing on a
polygraph chart caused by a backward surge of blood against the
semilunar valve in the left ventricle of the heart.
● Distortion - change in polygraph tracings caused by artifact stimulus.
● Lies - an intentionally false statement to a person or group made by
another person or group who knows it is not wholly the truth.
● Specific Response - A deviation from an examinee's normal state of
homeostasis as evidenced by the tracings on a polygraph chart.
● Sphygmomanometer - or blood pressure meter is a device used to
measure blood pressure, composed of an inflatable cuff to restrict
blood flow, and a mercury or mechanical manometer to measure the
pressure.
● Fear - is the emotional response to a specific danger that appears to
be beyond a person's defensive power.
● Response - any activity or inhibition of the previous activity of an
organism resulting from stimulation.
● Reaction - It is an action in mental attitude evoked by external
influence.
● Detection - is an act of discovery of existence, presence of fact, or
something hidden or obscure.
● Lying - the uttering or conveying of falsehood or creating false or
misleading information with the intention of affecting wrongfully the
acts and opinions of others.

Tripod Foundation of Polygraph

1. Psychological Leg Premise - states that specific nervous system
components whose stimulation can thus be diagnosed are so
 stimulated by the involuntary and emotional processes of the
individual who is continuously attempting concealment of deception
especially if that individual has something at stake and the prevailing
circumstances lead him to believe that exposure to deception is quite
possible although undesirable.
2. Physiological Leg Premise - that among the physiological
responses that may be recorded are those that automatically occur
only following the stimulation of the specific nervous component
system
3. Mechanical Leg Premise - polygraph is capable of making graphic
records containing indelible information regarding physiological
responses of the subject.

LESSON 2: KINDS OF LIE

● Lie - refers to either untruthful or falsehood statements, any act that
deceives or creates false impressions. It is also synonymous with
deceit, deception, or fabrication.
● Lying - is uttering or conveying falsehood, creating a false or
misleading impression with the intention of wrongfully affecting the
acts through the opinion or affection of another.

Kinds of Lies:
1. White Lie/ Benign Lie - it is used to avoid the harmful and realistic
implications of the truth. It is basically used to lubricate interpersonal
relationships.
2. Black Lie - telling an untruth and attributing it to a false source. A lie
who accompanies pretensions and hypocrisies, intriguing to cause
dishonor or discredit one's good image.
3. Red Lie - a lie common to communist countries, it is used to destroy
common ideologies by means of propaganda.
4. Aggressive lies - are self-serving and may potentially damage
others, and therefore, most people would see them as clearly
immoral.
5. Bold-faced Lie - lie that is told when it is obvious to all concerned
that it is a lie.
6. Perjury - making verifiably false statements on a material matter
under oath or affirmation in a court of law or in any various
statements in writing.
7. Malicious lie - It is a very pure and unjustifiable kind of lie that is
intended purely to mislead or obstruct justice by a guilty accused
person.
8. Altruistic lies - are those lies that are told to benefit someone else,
to reduce suffering, or to help increase self-esteem.
9. Pathological Lies - A lie made by persons who cannot distinguish
right and wrong Furthermore, the lie is not determined solely by
situational factors and appears to be compulsive or fantastic.
10. Emergency Lies / Defensive Lies - used when the truth may
not be told because of the harm that would come of it.
11. Humorous Lies - (Jocose Lie) those aimed at amusing the
listener, and any intent to deceive is transient and teasing.
12. Bluffing - is an act of deception that is not usually seen as
immoral because it takes place in the context of a game where this
 kind of deception is consented to in advance by the players. This kind
of deception is accepted as a tactic and even expected.
13. Exaggeration - is when the most fundamental aspect of a
statement is true but the degree of its truthfulness is incorrect.
Maximization of felt emotions reflects a dramatic attempt to influence
another person.
14. Minimization - The result of an individual's attempt to dampen
the external appearance of a more deeply experienced emotion.
15. Neutralization - An effort to mask emotional response by
adapting a "poker face". Psychoanalysts and other professionals may
display relatively little or no response in their efforts to appear
nonjudgmental of the patient's or client's statements.
16. Substitution - it's a common mechanism of hiding one's true
feelings. One of the most common techniques employed for this
purpose is to substitute "pleasure" for a negative emotion. Smiling is
one of the easiest nonverbal communications to produce and may be
used to mask feelings of arrogance, anxiety, or boredom.
17. Promotion Lie - a kind of lie used in advertising or marketing
strategies that is used to influence the consumers to buy products.

LESSON 3: TYPES OF LIAR

1. Sociopathic Liars - are those who lie continuously to get their own
way, without care or concern for others. They are goal oriented.
2. Compulsive Liars - are someone who continually lies as their habit.
They feel discomfort of being truthful because lying makes them feel
right.
 3. Occasional Liars - are those who seldom tell lies. They are quick to
ask forgiveness from the individual that they lied to.
4. Panic Liars - are those who lie in order to avoid the consequences of
confession. They are afraid of embarrassment and they believe that
confession will just make the matter worse.
5. Occupational Liars - are considered to be practical liars for they lie
when it has a higher "pay off" than telling the truth.
6. Tournament Liars - are those who love to lie and are excited by the
challenge of not being detected.
7. Psychopathic Liars - are the most difficult type; these persons have
no conscience and show no regret for dishonesty and manifestation
of guilt.
8. Ethnological Liars - are those who are taught not to be a squealer.
9. Pathological Liars - are persons who cannot distinguish right from
wrong due to their sick mind.
10. Black Liars - are persons who always pretend what he is and
what he thinks of himself.
11. White Liars - are those who don't usually think of themselves
as true "liars". They justify their lies as harmless and beneficial.

LESSON 4: EARLY METHODS OF DETECTING DECEPTION

Ordeal
- a severe test of character or endurance, a trying course of
experience, and a medieval form of judicial trial in which the accused
was subjected to physical tests.
- It is also a term of varying meaning closely related to Medieval Latin
"Dei Indicum" meaning "Miraculous Decision"
 - Trial by Ordeal refers to the ancient method of trial in which the
accused was exposed to physical danger which was supposed to be
harmless if he was innocent.

Early Methods of Detecting Deception

1. Red Hot Iron Ordeal - practiced in Rajmahal, North Bengal, the
accused placed his tongue to a red-hot iron nine times (9) unless
burned sooner. If burned, he is put to death as he is guilty. Not only
just licking the iron but also, he is made to carry the metal into his
hands.
2. Ordeal by the Balance practiced in Vishnu, India where the scale of
balance is used where the accused is placed on the other end while a
counterbalance was made. If he were lighter before then he would be
acquitted.
3. Ordeal by Rice Chewing practiced by Indians. It is formed with a
kind of rice called "sathee" prepared with various incantations. The
person on trial eats the rice and then spits upon an eyeful leaf. If
saliva is mixed with blood or the corner of the mouth swells or he
trembles, he is declared a liar.
4. Ordeal of the Red Water practiced in Eastern Africa were the
accused is made to swallow a small amount of rice after fasting for
twelve hours and then immersed in dark-colored water, if the accused
ejects all the rice, he is adjudged innocent.
5. Trial by Combat is a fight between the accuser and the accused,
whoever lost the battle will be adjudged guilty. It became a legal
ordeal in England during the time of King Henry lll
6. Trial by Torture the accused was put into a severe physical test. If
the accused can endure such torture, he will be considered innocent.
7. Drinking Ordeal practiced in Nigeria and India where the accused
was given a decoction to drink by a priest-if innocent, no harm befalls
him, but if guilty, will die.
8. Trial of the Eucharist practiced in European countries where this
trial is reserved for the clergy and administered with pomp and
ceremony. If the accused was not guilty it was believed that Angel
Gabriel would descend from heaven and prevent the accused from
swallowing the food given to him.
9. Ordeal of the Heat and Fire the accused has to walk barefooted
over burning coals, if unharmed the accused is innocent.
10. Ordeal of the Boiling Oil or Water - practiced in Asian
countries where the accused was forced to dip his hands into the
boiling water or oil and ask to pick up a stone in it. If he remains
unhurt then he is innocent.
11. Ordeal of the Red-Hot Needle - a hot needle is pierced in the
lower lip of the accused, if blood flows from the wound the accused is
guilty
12. Ordeal of the Tiger is practiced in Thailand where the accuser
and the accused are placed together in the same way and a tiger is
set loose upon them. If both were spared, further elimination followed.
13. Test of the Cross Ordeal practiced in Europe where the
accuser and the accused made a stand with arms crossed on their
breast. The one who endured the longest was deemed to have told
the truth, the other is a liar.
 14. Donkey's Tail Ordeal the accused is asked to touch the tail of
the sacred ass in a room without the presence of anyone, he is made
to believe that the sacred ass will utter a sound if touched by guilty
hands. After the accused has returned from the room, his hands will
be checked if dusted with black powder which was secretly smeared
on the tail of the ass which is not sacred at all, if so the accused is
innocent. The basis of this procedure is that they believe that a
truthful person will touch the tail of the ass even if no one is looking to
prove his innocence,

LESSON 5: PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY OF LYING AND SCIENTIFIC

METHODS OF DETECTING
Central Nervous System (CNS) - is composed of the brain and the spinal
cord. All other nerve ways are within the peripheral nervous system which
separates into two:
1. Somatic Nervous System is involved with voluntary comparative
over skeletal muscles.
2. Autonomic Nervous System involves those involuntary
physiological functions of the body and has considerable
psychological impact as well.
a. Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) - the housekeeping
or braking system. It is responsible for conserving energy and
making sure of necessary bodily functions. It restrains
sympathetic arousal and attempts to maintain homeostatic
(homeostasis) normal.
 b. Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) is our emergency, or
action system. A system that causes sudden and dramatic
change.

● Homeostasis - a complex interactive regulatory system by which the

body strives to maintain a state of internal equilibrium.
● Hypothalamus - is a series of groups of nerve cells of the brain that
control the entire endocrine-hormonal system.
● Fight, Flight, Freeze - are the three stereotypic behavioral
responses to threat, sometimes simply called F3.
● Epinephrine is the hormonal stimulator of the sympathetic nervous
system. It acts to constrict peripheral blood flow, raise blood
pressure, increase cardiac activity, promote metabolic activity through
the release of glucose, and inhibit digestive processes. - it is called
Adrenaline in the British.
● Norepinephrine is a hormone secreted by the adrenal gland, it works
alongside epinephrine/adrenaline to give the body sudden energy in
times of stress, known as the "fight or flight" response. It is called
Noradrenaline in British.

Two Types of Polygraph Exams

1. Mixed Issue Exam - multiple issue polygraph testing like screening
of applicants or audit of employees or persons with security
clearances.
2. Diagnostic Exam - a test that involves a specific case investigation.
a. Single Issue Exam a test that inquires direct involvement of
the subject in a specific case under question.
 b. Multi-facet Exam test format in which the relevant questions
are targeted toward different elements of the same crime.

Scientific Methods of Detecting Deception

● Intoxication - The method uses intoxicating beverages to bring out
the mental state of stupefaction or excitement, speech and emotion
are less strained due to the lowering of inhibitions and so the subject
may reveal the truth.
● Hypnosis - is a special psychological state with certain physiological
attributes, resembling sleep only superficially and marked by a
functioning of the individual at a level of awareness other than the
ordinary conscious state.
○ Popularized by Franz Anton Mesmer
● Word Association Test - It is based on a theory that one word or
idea is reflective of another word or idea and the expression of their
association forms a meaningful picture.
○ Developed by Sir Francis Galton and further developed by Karl
Jung and finally Alan Bell.
● Truth-serum Test - is a psychoactive medication used to obtain
information from subjects who are unable or unwilling to provide it
otherwise.
○ Dr. William Bleckerwenn
○ Dr. Edward Mandel
○ Also known as Narco Analysis
○ Hyoscine Hydrochloride
○ Commonly used truth-serum drugs:
 ■ Sodium Thiopental/ Sodium Penthotal, marketed as
Penthotal.
■ Amobarbital, commonly called as Sodium Amytal
■ Scopolamine.
● Psychological Stress Evaluator - Detects "guilt-revealing,"
laryngeal micro-tremors which exist in the voice and are associated
with stress and lying.
● Computer Voice Stress Analyzer - It is based on the hypothesis
that there are infrasonic components of human voice not audible to
observers caused by a physiological phenomenon present in muscles
called "microtremor".
○ Olaf Lippold
● Neuro-linguistic Programming - This method has made the claim
that by watching a person's eye movements, an interviewer can
determine if a person is remembering a past event (true recall, as in a
valid alibi) or reconstructing an event (as in a false event that never
occurred).
○ Richard Bandler and John Grinder
● Brain-wave Fingerprinting - Uses techniques to determine whether
specific information is stored in a subject's brain.
○ Lawrence Farwell
● Micro-expression - Can provide cues or leakage that reveals the
true feeling of the subject and can be used to detect possible deceit
or concealed emotion.
○ Haggard and Isaacs
● Polygraphy - records graphically the physiological responses of the
subject.
 ○ John Augustus Larson

LESSON 6: METHODS OF DETECTING DECEPTION THROUGH

REGULAR POLICE WORKS
Regular Police Methods of Detecting Deception
1. Information Gathering can be done through record checks,
surveillance, background investigation, and intelligence check.
● Information - knowledge of facts gathered or acquired from persons
or documents relevant concerning the commission of a crime or
criminal activities. It is data gathered by the investigator from other
persons including the victim himself and from public records, private
records, and Modus Operandi.
2. Investigation - it can be done through interview and interrogation,
and through admission and confession. The act or process of
carefully examining a crime, problem statement, etc., especially to
discover the truth.
3. Instrumentation - scientific examination of real evidence, application
of instruments, and methods of the physical sciences in detecting
crime. Example: through the different forensic sciences such as
Forensic Medicine, Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology, Forensic
Ballistics, etc.
● Instrumentation - It is "the art and science of measurement and
control". It is all about measuring, analyzing, recording, and
controlling the kinds of instruments which are capable of it.
LESSON 7: PHASES OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION PHASES OF
POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION
Polygraph Examination - the use of any instrument to graphically record
simultaneously the physiological changes in human respiration,
cardiovascular activity, and any other physiological changes that can be
recorded for the purpose of verifying truth or deception and includes the
reading and interpretation of the polygraph records and results.

Phases of Polygraph Examination

A. Preliminary Preparations - This stage is the initial interview with the
investigator handling the case or the person requesting it. The group
involved in this stage are the victim or the complainant, suspects, and
witnesses. This stage includes obtaining and evaluating facts,
determining areas the subjects need to be asked and the investigator
must furnish the examiner with the following:
a. Sworn statement of witnesses/victim/complainant the suspect;
b. Incident report, spot report, B.I of the suspect, witnesses,
victims and complainants;
c. Rough sketch or pictures of the crime scene and other facts
such as specific articles and the exact amount of money stolen;
d. Peculiar aspect of the offense or any strange set;
e. Exact time the offense was committed;
f. Known facts about the suspect's action or movement;
g. Facts indicating any connection between the suspects, victim,
and witnesses;
h. Exact type of weapon, tool, or firearms used;
i. Result of laboratory test;
 j. Unpublished facts of the offense known only by the victim,
suspects, and the investigator.
B. The Pre-test Interview (Pre-test Phase) - This is the stage of the
interview of the subject. The primary purpose is to prepare or
condition the subject for the test. The following should be taken into
consideration;
a. the appraisal of the subject's constitutional right;
b. obtain the subject's consent to undergo a polygraph test by
signing a statement of consent;
c. taking of personal data, of the subject;
d. determining his/her suitability as a subject;
e. evaluating the psychological preparation of the subject;
f. informing the subject of his involvement in the case
g. The following right of the subject must be informed clearly to
him/her.
i. the right to remain silent
ii. anything he/she says may be used in favor or against
him/her
iii. the right to have a lawyer of his/her choice
iv. right to refuse
C. The Examination Proper (In-test Phase) - After the pre-test
interview, the examiners should proceed to the placement or
attachment of polygraph sensors. The first to be attached is the
pneumograph followed by the cardiograph and the galvanograph
sensors. Review all the questions with the subject before the actual
examination is made. Test instruments must be given to the subject
upon completion of the necessary preliminary preparations.
 D. The Post-test Interview (Post-test Phase) - This stage includes all
consideration that bears on the examination. This is done just after
the instrument is turned off. If the polygraph test results indicate
deception, the examiner will then proceed to conduct a short
interrogation: The purpose of which is to obtain a confession.
However, if the polygraph indicates that the subject is innocent, the
examiner will just release the subject cordially and thank him/her for
his/her cooperation. The purposes of further questioning after the test
are:
a. to clarify the findings;
b. to learn if there are any other reasons for the subject's
responding to a relevant question, other than the knowledge of
the crime; and
c. to obtain additional information and an admission for law
enforcement purposes, if the results suggested deception.

The physiological basis of the polygraph examination relies on the

following principles:
1. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Responses: The autonomic
nervous system is responsible for regulating involuntary bodily
functions, such as heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and
sweating. It consists of two main branches, the sympathetic nervous
system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS). The
SNS is associated with the body's "fight or flight" response and is
activated in stressful situations.
2. Polygraph Sensors: During a polygraph examination, several
sensors are attached to the subject The most common sensors
include:
a. Cardiovascular Activity - This is measured using a blood
pressure cuff or electrodes placed on the subject's fingers. It
monitors changes in heart rate and blood pressure.
b. Respiratory Activity - A respiratory belt or pneumograph
measures chest and abdominal movements, providing
information about breathing rate and depth.
c. Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) - Electrodes are placed on
the subject's fingers or palm to measure skin conductance,
which reflects changes in sweating levels due to emotional
arousal
3. Questioning Techniques: The examiner asks a series of questions,
typically divided into relevant, irrelevant, and control questions.
a. Relevant questions relate to the specific issue being
investigated.
b. Irrelevant questions serve as baselines.
c. Control questions are designed to create a similar level of
stress and ambiguity for both truthful and deceptive answers.
4. Analysis of Physiological Responses: During the examination, the
examiner records and analyzes the subject's physiological
responses. The key assumption is that deceptive answers will elicit
greater physiological arousal due to the stress and anxiety associated
with lying.
5. Interpretation of Results: The examiner evaluates the physiological
data to determine if there are significant differences between the
 responses to relevant and control questions. If there is a marked
increase in physiological responses during relevant questions
compared to control questions, it may be inferred that the subject is
deceptive.

However, it is essential to note that the polygraph examination has been a

subject of controversy and criticism. Some of the criticisms include:
● Accuracy: The accuracy of polygraph tests has been a matter of
debate. False positives and false negatives can occur, leading to
erroneous conclusions.
● Emotional Responses: The polygraph may not always differentiate
between deception and other emotional states, such as anxiety or
fear.
● Countermeasures: Individuals can learn to control their physiological
responses or use countermeasures to manipulate the results,
affecting the test's validity.
● Individual Differences: Physiological responses can vary
significantly between individuals, making it challenging to establish a
universal baseline for deception detection.

LESSON 8: FACTORS AFFECTING THE ACCURACY OF THE

POLYGRAPH RESULTS
Generally, the following are the factors affecting the polygraph examination
accuracy:
● The Instrument
● The condition of the subject
● The condition of the examination room
 ● The qualification and skills of the examiner

Specifically, the 15% errors in lie detection tests come from the
following circumstances
1. Nervousness or extreme emotional tension experienced by a
subject who is telling the truth regarding the offense in question but
who is nevertheless affected by:
a. apprehension induced by the mere fact that suspicion or
accusation has been directed against him.
b. apprehension over the possibility of an inaccurate lie detector
test result.
c. Over-anxiety to cooperate in order to assure accurate test
results.
d. apprehension concerning possible physical hurt from the
instrument.
e. anger resentment over having to take a lie detector test.
f. over-anxiety regarding serious personal problems unrelated to
the offense under investigation.
g. previous extensive interrogation, especially when accompanied
by physical abuse.
h. a guilt complex or fear of detection regarding some other
offense that he had committed
2. Physiological abnormalities such as:
a. excessively high or excessively low blood pressure.
b. diseases of the heart.
c. respiratory disorder
3. Mental abnormalities such as:
 a. feeblemindedness as in idiots, imbeciles, and morons.
b. psychosis as in manic depressive, paranoid, schizophrenic,
paretic, etc..
c. psychoneurosis and psychopathy, as among the so-called
"peculiar" or emotionally unstable persons
4. Unresponsiveness in a lying or guilty subject because of:
a. no fear of detection.
b. apparent inability to consciously control response by means of
certain mental sets of attitudes.
c. a condition of 'sub-shock" or "adrenal exhaustion at the time of
the test.
d. rationalization of the crime in advance of the test to such an
extent that lying about the offense arouses little or no emotional
disturbance.
e. extensive interrogation prior to the test
5. Attempt to "beat the machine" by controlled breathing or by
muscular flexing.
6. Unobserved application of muscular pressure which produces
ambiguities and misleading indications in the blood pressure
tracing