PHYSICS FOR YOU Numerical Problems on Laser and Optical fiber 1

Solved numerical problems on Laser and Optical fiber

1. In a laser unit laser beam of wavelength 6328A0 is emitted. How many photons are released per
unit sec if the output power is 1mW
Solution:
Given: =6328A0, P=1mW, t =1s
𝑛ℎ𝑐 𝐸
𝐸= and 𝑃 =
𝜆 𝑡
𝑛ℎ𝑐 𝑃𝜆𝑡
𝑃= ⇒𝑛=
𝜆𝑡 ℎ𝑐
1 × 10−3 × 6328 × 10−10 × 1
𝑛= = 3.18 × 1015
6.62 × 10−34 × 3 × 108
2.A certain ruby laser emits 1J pulses of light whose wavelength is 694nm. What is the minimum
Cr3+ ions in the ruby?
Given: =694nm, E=1J
𝑛ℎ𝑐 𝐸𝜆
𝐸= ⇒𝑛=
𝜆 ℎ𝑐
1 × 694 × 10−9
𝑛= = 3.49 × 1018
6.62 × 10−34 × 3 × 108
3. A 3 level laser emits laser light 5500A0.In the absence of pumping
(a) What will be the equilibrium ratio of the population of the upper level to that of lower level
at 300K?
(b) At what temperature the above ratio would be 1/2
What conclusions can be drawn about the choice of pumping mechanism based on above
calculations?
𝑁2
= 𝑒 −ℎ𝜗/𝐾𝑇
𝑁1
𝑁2
== 𝑒 −ℎ𝑐/𝐾𝑇
𝑁1
𝑁2
= 1.059  10-30
1𝑁
6.62×10 −34
×3×10 8
𝑁2 −( )
= 𝑒 5500×10−10 ×1.38×10−23 ×300 = 1.32 × 10−38
𝑁1
𝑁2 ℎ𝑐
Consider, = 𝑒 −𝜆𝑘𝑇
𝑁1
1 ℎ𝑐 ℎ𝑐
= 𝑒 − 𝜆𝑘𝑇 ⇒ 2 = 𝑒 𝜆𝑘𝑇
2
ℎ𝑐 ℎ𝑐
𝑙𝑛2 = ⇒𝑇=
𝜆𝑘𝑇 𝜆𝑘𝑙𝑛2
𝑻 = 𝟑𝟕, 𝟕𝟒𝟗𝑲

We need to rise the temperature to a value of 37,749K Just for having 50% population in the
excited state!!. Means population inversion cannot be achieved by thermal excitation. Hence
we have to look for other methods (like optical) for pumping process
4. Find the populations of two states in laser that produces a light beam of wavelength 694.3nm
at 300K
Solution:
Given: =694.3nm, T=300K
 PHYSICS FOR YOU Numerical Problems on Laser and Optical fiber 2

𝑁2 ℎ𝑐
= 𝑒 − 𝜆𝑘𝑇
𝑁1
−34
6.62×10 8
×3×10
𝑁2 −( )
= 𝑒 694.3×10−9 ×1.38×10−23 ×300 = 9.87 × 10−31
𝑁1
5. A typical laser system emits laser beam of wavelength 3.124m. what is the energy difference
between excited state and metastable stable state and energy of the emitted photon?. If one mole
of photons are emitted per second calculate the output power. Can you guess the type of laser
produced? (NA=6.022  1023/mol)
Solution:
Given: =3.124 m
ℎ𝑐 6.62 × 10−34 × 3 × 108
𝐸3 − 𝐸2 = = = 0.398𝑒𝑉
𝜆 3.124 × 10−6 × 1.6 × 10−19
Energy of the emitted photon is also 0.398eV=6.368  10-20J
Number of photons in 1 mol is equal to Avogadro number. Hence there are 6.022  1026 photons
𝑛𝐸 6.022 × 1026 × 6.368 × 10−20
𝑃= = = 38.3𝑀𝑊
𝑡 1
By looking at wavelength and power output we can say it is CO2 laser
6. In a particular laser system , Eex=20.66eV, Emeta=18.70eV & Egr=0eV. Find the wavelength
emitted and population of metastable level w.r.t excited level at 300K
Solution:
Given: Eex = 20.66eV, Emeta= 18.70eV & Egr=0eV. T = 300K
ℎ𝑐
𝐸𝑒𝑥 − 𝐸𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎 =
𝜆
ℎ𝑐
𝜆=
(𝐸𝑒𝑥 − 𝐸𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎 )
−34
6.62 × 10 × 3 × 108
𝜆= = 633.76𝑛𝑚
(20.66 − 18.70) × 1.6 × 10−19
𝑁3 (𝐸𝑒𝑥 −𝐸𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎 )
= 𝑒− 𝑘𝑇
𝑁2
𝑁3 (20.66−18.70)×1.6×10−19
−
=𝑒 1.38×10−23 ×300 = 1.26 × 10−33
𝑁2
𝑁2
= 7.89 × 1032
𝑁3
𝑁2 = 7.89 × 1032 𝑁3
7. A semiconductor laser has a peak emission wavelength of 1.24m. what is its band gap in eV
Solution:
Given:  = 1.24m
ℎ𝑐
𝐸𝑔 =
𝜆
6.62 × 10−34 × 3 × 108
𝐸𝑔 = = 1𝑒𝑉
1.24 × 10−6 × 1.6 × 10−19
8. A ruby laser emits pulses of 20ns duration with an average power/pulse being 0.1MW. If the
number of photons emitted is 6.981  10 15 what is the wavelength of emitted beam?
Solution:
Given: t = 20ns, n = 6.981  1015, P/pulse = 0.1MW
Total power output in 20ns is 𝑃 = 0.1 × 106 × 20 × 10−9
 PHYSICS FOR YOU Numerical Problems on Laser and Optical fiber 3

𝑃 = 2 × 10−3 𝑊
𝑛ℎ𝑐 𝑛ℎ𝑐
𝑃= ⇒𝜆=
𝜆 𝑃
6.981 × 1015 × 6.62 × 10−34 × 3 × 108
𝜆= = 693.2𝑛𝑚
2 × 10−3
9. The ratio of population of two energy levels is 1.059  10 -30. What is the wavelength emitted
at 330K?
Solution:
Given: N2/N1=1.05910-30, T=330K
𝑁2 ℎ𝑐
= 𝑒 − 𝜆𝑘𝑇
𝑁1
−ℎ𝑐 𝑁
= ln⁡(𝑁2 )
𝜆𝑘𝑇 1
−ℎ𝑐
𝜆=
𝑙𝑛(𝑁2 /𝑁1 )𝑘𝑇
− 6.62 × 10−34 × 3 × 108
𝜆= = 632𝑛𝑚
ln⁡(1.059 × 10−30 ) × 1.38 × 1023 × 330

10. Find the ratio of population of two energy levels of the laser the transition between which is
responsible for the emissions of photons of wavelength 6943 Å. Assume the ambient
temperature as 27C.
Solution:
𝑁2
= 𝑒 −ℎ𝑐/𝐾𝑇
𝑁1
𝑁2
= 1.065  10-30
𝑁1
11. Find the ratio of population of two energy levels of the laser the transition between which is
responsible for the emissions of photons of wavelength 6928 Å. Assume the ambient
temperature as 18C.
Solution:
𝑁2
= 𝑒 −ℎ𝑐/𝐾𝑇
𝑁1
𝑁2
= 0.895  10-31 or 8.95  10-32
𝑁1
12. The ratio of population of two energy levels is 8.82  10-31 . Find the wavelength of light
emitted at 27 K.
Solution:
𝑁2
= 𝑒 −ℎ𝑐/𝐾𝑇
𝑁1
By taking natural log on natural side, it should be
𝑁
ln(𝑁 2 )= −ℎ𝑐/𝐾𝑇
1
𝑁
or  = −ℎ𝑐/𝐾𝑇ln(𝑁 2 )
1
= (6.625  10-34 . 3  108)/(1.38  10-23  300ln(8.82  10-31 ))
= 694.3 nm or 6943 Å
13. A laser emitting a laser light with an average power of 4.5 mW. Find the number of photons
emitted per second by the laser if the wavelength of the emitted radiation is 6328 Å.
Solution:
∆E = ℎ𝑐/
 PHYSICS FOR YOU Numerical Problems on Laser and Optical fiber 4

= (6.625  10-34 . 3  108)/(6328  10-10) = 3.14  10-19 J

E = Power  Duration of pulse
= 4.5  10-3  1 = 4.5  10-3 J
N. ∆E = E
N = E/∆E
= 4.5  10-3 / 3.14  10-19
= 1.43  1016
14. A laser emits a laser light wavelength 780 nm with an average power of 20 mW. Calculate the
number of photons contained in each pulse if the pulse duration is 10 ns.
Solution:
∆E = ℎ𝑐/
= (6.625  10-34 . 3  108)/(780  10-9) = 2.55  10-19 J
E = Power  Duration of pulse
= 20  10-3  10  10-9 = 2  10-10 J
N. ∆E = E
N = E/∆E
= 2  10-10/2.55  10-19
= 7.86  108
15. A pulse from laser with power 1 mW lasts for 10 ns. If the number of photons emitted per
second is 3.49  107. Calculate the wavelength of laser.
Solution:
∆E = ℎ𝑐/ and
E = Power  Duration of pulse
N. ∆E = E
N. ℎ𝑐/ = E
N. ℎ𝑐/E = 
or  = N. ℎ𝑐/E
= (3.49  107. 6.625  10-34 . 3  108)/(1  10-3 . 10  10-9)
= 6943 Å
16. The numerical aperture of an optical fiber is 0.2 when surrounded by air. Determine refractive
index of core given refractive index of cladding is 1.59. Also find acceptance angle when the
fiber it is in a medium of refractive index 1.33.
Solution:
Given: N.A. = 0.2
Surrounding medium is air, n0 = 1
n2 = 1.59

𝑁𝐴 = √𝑛12 − 𝑛22

0.2 = √𝑛12 − 1.592

Therefore, n1 = 1.6

1
If n0 = 1.35, then 𝜃0 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑁𝐴) = 𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 √𝑛12 − 𝑛22
0
Therefore, θ0 = 8.65°
 PHYSICS FOR YOU Numerical Problems on Laser and Optical fiber 5

17. Calculate the refractive index of the cladding of an optical fiber, if the refractive index of the
core is 1.533 and the fractional index change is 0.00515.
Solution:
Given: n1 = 1.533
Δ = 0.00515
N2 = ?
We know that,
𝑛1 − 𝑛2 1.533 − ⁡ 𝑛2
𝛥= =⁡
𝑛1 1.533
Therefore, n2 = 1.525

18. The refractive indices of core and cladding of an optical fiber are 1.560 and 1.532 respectively
and radius of core is 50µm. Estimate the acceptance angle, numerical aperture, fractional
index change, V-number and number of modes. Given wavelength of propagating wave is
1.5µm and fiber is kept in air. (Answer: θ0 = 17.09°, NA = 0.294, Δ = 0.0179, V= 61.54, no.
of modes = 1893.5)
Solution:
Given: n1 =1.560 and n2 = 1.532
Radius of the core, = 50 µm
θ0 = ?, N.A. = ?, Δ = ?, V number = ? and Number of modes = ?
𝑁𝐴 = √𝑛12 − 𝑛22 = ⁡ √1.5602 − 1.5302 = 0.294
𝜃0 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑁𝐴) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (0.294) = 17.09°
𝑛 −𝑛 1.560−⁡1.530
𝛥 = 1𝑛 2 = ⁡ 1.560 = 0.0179
1
𝜋𝑑 3.14⁡𝑥⁡2⁡𝑥⁡50⁡𝑥⁡10−6
𝑉= (𝑁𝐴)
=⁡ (0.294) = 61/54
𝜆 1.5⁡𝑥⁡10−6
2
Number of modes = V /2 = 1893.5

19. Find the attenuation in an optical fiber of length 600m, when a light signal of power 120mW
emerges out of the fiber with a power 85mW. (Answer: α = 2.496 dB/km)
Solution:
Given: L = 600 m
Pi = 120 mW
Po = 85 mW
α= ?
We know that
10 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 10 85
𝛼=− log ( )⁡=⁡− log ( ) ⁡⁡ = 2.496 ⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑑𝐵/𝑘𝑚
𝐿 𝑃𝑖𝑛 600 120