PM SHRI KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA PITAMPURA SHIFT-1

CLASS-XII
CHAPTER-11 : 3 D GEOMETRY
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1 Find the direction cosines of the line
(4−𝑥)
=
𝑦
=
1−𝑧
2 6 3
(4−𝑥) 𝑦 1−𝑧
= =
2 6 3
(𝑥−4) 𝑦−0 z−1
May be written as in Standard form, = =
−2 6 −3
DRs: (−2,6, −3)
−2 6 −3 +2 −6 +3
DCs: ( , , ) and ( , , )
7 7 7 7 7 7
2 The equation of a line is 5𝑥 – 3 = 15𝑦 + 7 = 3 – 10𝑧. Write the
direction ratios and direction cosines of the line.
5𝑥 – 3 15𝑦 + 7 3 – 10𝑧
= =
1 1 1
5𝑥 – 3 15𝑦 + 7 3 –10𝑧

May be written as in Standard form, 5

1 = 15
1 = −10
1
5 15 −10
1 1 1
So, Drs: ( , , − ) or after multiply by 30 Drs:(6,2, −3)
5 15 10
6 2 3 6 2 3
DCs: ( , , − ) and (− , − , + )
7 7 7 7 7 7
3 Find the vector equation of the line passing through the point A
(1, 2, – 1) and parallel to the line 5𝑥 – 25 = 14 – 7𝑦 = 35𝑧.
A (1, 2, – 1) ∴ 𝑎⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂
5𝑥 – 25 = 14 – 7𝑦 = 35𝑧
5𝑥 – 25⁄ 14 – 7𝑦⁄ 35𝑧⁄
5𝑥 – 25 14 – 7𝑦 35𝑧
Or = = or 1⁄
5
= 1⁄
−7
= 1⁄
35
1 1 1 5 −7 35
1 1 1
Drs: ( , − , )
5 7 35
1 1 1
Required line is parallel to given line, ∴ 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
5 7 35
Hence, Equation of line: 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝜆𝑏 ⃗⃗
1 1 1
𝑟⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ + 𝜆 ( 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂)
5 7 35
Note:DRs may be simplified by multiplying by 35 i.e, (7,5,1)
4 The vector equation of a line is 𝑟 = −2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ + 𝜆(2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂).
Find the Cartesian equation of the line.
𝑥−𝑥1
Rough work : 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝜆𝑏⃗⃗ 𝑥 = 𝑥1 + 𝜆𝑎 ⇒ =𝜆
𝑎
By given equation 𝐴(−2, 3, −3) and 𝐷𝑅𝑠 (2,1,2)
𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1
Equation of line in Cartesian form: = =
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑥+2 𝑦−3 𝑧+3
Hence, Equation of line: = =
2 1 2
5 Find the angle between the pair of lines given by
r= ( 3𝑖̂ + 2 𝑗̂ − 4 𝑘̂) + 𝜆( 𝑖̂ + 2 𝑗̂ + 2 𝑘̂) and 𝑟 = ( 𝑖̂ − 2 𝑗̂) + 𝜐( 3𝑖̂ + 2 𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂)
𝑏1 = 𝑖̂ + 2 𝑗̂ + 2 𝑘̂ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏2 = 3𝑖̂ + 2 𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂
Angle between lines = Angle between ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏1 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏2
 𝑏1  ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏2 3 + 4 + 12 19
cos 𝜃 = = =
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝑏1 | |𝑏2 | 9.
√ √ 49 21
19
∴ 𝜃 = cos −1 ( )
21
6 Find the angle between the pair of lines
𝑥−3
=
𝑦−1
=
𝑧+3
and
3 5 4
𝑥+1 𝑦−4 𝑧−5
= =
1 1 2
𝑏1 = 3𝑖̂ + 5 𝑗̂ + 4 𝑘̂ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏2 = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂
Angle between lines = Angle between ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏1 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏2
𝑏1  ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏2 3+5+8 16 8
cos 𝜃 = = = =
|𝑏⃗⃗⃗⃗1 | |𝑏
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 | √50. √6 10√3 5√3
8
∴ 𝜃 = cos −1 ( )
5 √3
7 Find the values of p so that the lines
1−𝑥
=
7𝑦−14
=
𝑧−3
and
3 2𝑝 2
7−7𝑥 𝑦−5 6−𝑧
= = are at right angles.
3𝑝 1 5
1−𝑥 7𝑦−14 𝑧−3 7−7𝑥 𝑦−5 6−𝑧
= = and = =
3 2𝑝 2 3𝑝 1 5
In Standard form:
1−𝑥 7𝑦−14 7−7𝑥 6−𝑧
𝑧−3 𝑦−5
−1
3 = 7
2𝑝 = and −7
3𝑝 = = −1
5
2 1
−1 7 −7 −1
2𝑝 3𝑝
𝑏1 = −3𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 2 𝑘̂ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏2 = − 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + −5𝑘̂
7 7
Lines are at right angle so 𝑏1 . 𝑏1 = 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
3𝑝 2𝑝 70
(−3) × (− ) + × 1 + 2 × (−5) = 0 ∴ 𝑝 =
7 7 11
8 Find the values of p so that the lines
𝑥−3
=
𝑦−1
=
𝑧+3
and
𝑥+1
=
3 5 4 −6
𝑦−4 𝑧−5
= are parallels.
2p −8
𝑏1 = 3𝑖̂ + 5 𝑗̂ + 4 𝑘̂ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏2 = −6𝑖̂ + 2𝑝𝑗̂ + −8𝑘̂
Lines are parallel,
3 5 4
therefore = = Hence, 𝑝 = −5
−6 2𝑝 −8
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1 Prove that the lines:
𝑥−4
=
𝑦+3
=
𝑧+1
and
𝑥−1
=
𝑦+1
=
𝑧+10
intersect
1 −4 7 2 −3 8
each other and find the point of intersection.
𝑥−4 𝑦+3 𝑧+1 𝑥−1 𝑦+1 𝑧+10
Let = = = 𝜆 and = = =𝜇
1 −4 7 2 −3 8
Any point on line-1: (𝜆 + 4, −4𝜆 − 3,7𝜆 − 1)
Any point on line-2: (2𝜇 + 1, −3𝜇 − 1,8𝜇 − 10)
On comparison:
𝜆 + 4 = 2𝜇 + 1 ⇒ 𝜆 − 2𝜇 = −3 --------(1)
−4𝜆 − 3 = −3𝜇 − 1 ⇒ −4𝜆 + 3𝜇 = 2 --------(2)
7𝜆 − 1 = 8𝜇 − 10 ⇒ 7𝜆 − 8𝜇 = −9 --------(3)
On solving equation (1) and (2)
 𝜆 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜇 = 2
Value of 𝜆 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜇 satisfy equation (3) hence lines are intersecting.
(you may also use 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 0 also)

Point of intersection=(𝜆 + 4, −4𝜆 − 3,7𝜆 − 1)=(5, −7,6)

2 Find the equation of a line passing through the point (2,1,3) and
𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
perpendicular to the line: = = and : = =
1 2 3 −3 2 5
𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝜆𝑏⃗⃗
𝑎⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 3 𝑘̂
𝑏1 = 𝑖̂ + 2 𝑗̂ + 3 𝑘̂ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏2 = −3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂
Required line is perpendicular to both lines
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
Therefore, 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝜇(𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗1 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏2 ) = 𝜇 | 1 2 3| = 𝜇(4𝑖̂ − 14𝑗̂ + 8𝑘̂)
−3 2 5
Hence, equation of a line:𝑟⃗ = (2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 3 𝑘̂) + 𝜆(4𝑖̂ − 14𝑗̂ + 8𝑘̂)
3 Show that the lines 𝑟 = 3 𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 4𝑘 + 𝜆(𝑖 + 2𝑗 + 2𝑘) and 𝑟 = 5𝑖 −
2𝑗 + 𝜐(3𝑖 + 2𝑗 + 6𝑘) are intersecting. Hence find their point of
intersection.
Given equation in Cartesian form.
𝑥−3 𝑦−2 𝑧+4 𝑥−5 𝑦+2 𝑧−0
= = = 𝜆 and = = =𝜇
1 2 2 3 2 6
Any point on line-1: (𝜆 + 3,2𝜆 + 2,2𝜆 − 4)
Any point on line-2: (3𝜇 + 5,2𝜇 − 2,6𝜇)On coparision:
𝜆 + 3 = 3𝜇 + 5 ⇒ 𝜆 − 3𝜇 = 2 --------(1)
2𝜆 + 2 = 2𝜇 − 2 ⇒ 𝜆 − 𝜇 = −2 --------(2)
2𝜆 − 4 = 6𝜇 ⇒ 2𝜆 − 6𝜇 = 4 --------(3)
On solving equation (1) and (2), 𝝀 = −𝟒 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝝁 = −𝟐
Value of 𝜆 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜇 satisfy equation (3) hence lines are intersecting.

Point of intersection=(𝜆 + 3,2𝜆 + 2,2𝜆 − 4)=(−1, −6, −12)

4 Find the foot of the perpendicular from the point 𝑃( 0, 2, 3) on the
𝑥+3 𝑦−1 𝑧+4
line = = . Also find the length of the perpendicular.
5 2 3
Let Q be the foot of perpendicular drawn from 𝑃( 0, 2, 3)
𝑥+3 𝑦−1 𝑧+4
Let = = =𝜆
5 2 3
Q is on line so coordinate may be: (5𝜆 − 3,2𝜆 + 1,3𝜆 − 4)
DRs of PQ=(5𝜆 − 3 − 0,2𝜆 + 1 − 2,3𝜆 − 4 − 3) = (5𝜆 − 3,2𝜆 − 1,3𝜆 − 7)
DRs of line= (5,2,3)
PQ⊥Line ∴ 5 × (5𝜆 − 3) + 2 × (2𝜆 − 1) + 3 × (3𝜆 − 7) = 0
38𝜆 − 38 = 0 ⇒ 𝜆 = 1
So Q=(5𝜆 − 3,2𝜆 + 1,3𝜆 − 4) = (2,3, −1)
Length= PQ=√(2 − 0)2 + (3 − 2)2 + (−1 − 3)2 =√21 unit
5 Find the shortest distance between 𝑟 = (4𝑖 − 𝑗) + 𝜆(𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 3𝑘) and
(𝑖 − 𝑗 + 2𝑘) + 𝜐(2𝑖 + 4𝑗 − 5𝑘)
On comparing with 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝜆𝑏⃗⃗
 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗1 = 4𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 0 𝑘̂ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎 𝑏1 = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂
𝑎2 = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 2 𝑘̂ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏2 = 2𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂
𝑎2 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎1 = −3𝑖̂ + 0𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏2 = |1 2 −3| = 2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 0𝑘̂ and |𝑏
𝑏1 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗1 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏2 | = √8 = 2√2
2 4 −5
(𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 − 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗). ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
1 (𝑏1 × 𝑏2 ) = −6 + 0 + 0 = −6
(𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗−𝑎 1 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗).(𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
1 ×𝑏 2) −6 3 3√2
Shortest distance=| ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|=|2 2|= 2= 2 unit
|𝑏1×𝑏2 | √ √
6 Find the shortest distance between the lines whose vector
equations are: ⃗⃗⃗𝑟 = (1 − 𝑡)𝑖̂ + (t − 2)𝑗̂ + (3 − 2t)𝑘̂ and ⃗⃗⃗𝑟 = (s + 1)𝑖̂ +
(2s − 1)𝑗̂ − (2s + 1)𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗𝑟 = (1 − 𝑡)𝑖̂ + (t − 2)𝑗̂ + (3 − 2t)𝑘̂ = 𝑖̂ − t𝑖̂ + t𝑗̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ − 2t𝑘̂
= 𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ + t(−𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂)
and ⃗⃗⃗𝑟 = (s + 1)𝑖̂ + (2s − 1)𝑗̂ − (2s + 1)𝑘̂ = s𝑖̂ + 𝑖̂ + 2s𝑗̂ − 𝑗̂ − 2s𝑘̂ − 𝑘̂
= 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ + s(𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ )
On comparing with 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝜆𝑏⃗⃗
𝑎1 = 𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏1 = −𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂
𝑎2 = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏2 = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂
𝑎2 − 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗1 = 0𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
𝑏1 × 𝑏2 = |−1 1 −2| = 2𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ and |𝑏
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗1 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏2 | = √29
1 2 −2
(𝑎⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 − 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗). ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
1 (𝑏1 × 𝑏2 ) = 0 − 4 + 12 = 8
(𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗−𝑎 1 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗).(𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
1 ×𝑏 2) 8
Shortest distance=| ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|=| 29| unit
|𝑏1×𝑏2 | √
7 Find the shortest distance between the following pair of lines:
𝑥−1 𝑦+1 𝑥+1 𝑦−2
= =𝑧 ; = ,𝑧 = 2
2 3 5 1
𝑥−1 𝑦+1 𝑥+1 𝑦−2
= =𝑧 ; = ,𝒛 = 𝟐
2 3 5 1
Can be written as
𝑥−1 𝑦+1 𝒛−𝟎 𝑥+1 𝑦−2 𝒛−𝟐
= = ; = =
2 3 𝟏 5 1 𝟎
On observing equations of lines
𝑎1 = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 0 𝑘̂ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏1 = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
𝑎2 = −𝑖̂ + 2 𝑗̂ + 2 𝑘̂ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏2 = 5𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 0𝑘̂
𝑎2 − 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗1 = −2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏1 × 𝑏2 = |2 3 1| = −𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ − 13𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
5 1 0
|𝑏1 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏2 | = √195 =
(𝑎⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 − 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗). ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
1 (𝑏1 × 𝑏2 ) = 2 + 15 − 26 = −9
(𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗−𝑎 1 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗).(𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
1 ×𝑏 2) −9 3
Shortest distance=| ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|=| 195|= 195 unit
|𝑏1×𝑏2 | √ √