MATHEMATICS

Session: (2024-25)
Capsule course
CLASS: XII
Patron: Arvind Kumar, Principal
Subject Teacher: Subodh Jha
PGT(Maths)
PM SHRI K.V. KHICHRIPUR DELHI
 Inverse Trigonometry
1   1 
I. Evaluate : (1) cos    (2) sin [ - sin -1(- 1 )]
 2 3 2
 1  1
(3) tan 1 1 + cos 1    + sin 1    (4) sin−1(𝑠𝑖𝑛
3𝜋
)
 2  2 5
4𝜋 7𝜋 13𝜋
(5)cos −1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (6)tan−1 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (7) cos −1 𝑐𝑜𝑠
3 6 6

RELATION& FUNCTION
I: Prove that a Relation R on a n.e. Set Z (set of Integers) defined by
R= {( 𝑥, 𝑦): |𝑥 − 𝑦|is a multiple of 5 } is an equivalence relation.
II: Prove that a Relation R on a Set R (set of Real number) defined by
R= {( 𝑎, 𝑏): 𝑎 ≤ 𝑏2 } is neither reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive relation.
III: Prove that f: R  R defined by f(x) = x2 is neither one –one nor onto.
IV: Examine function f : R  R defined by f(x) = 3 - 4x is one to one or not.
V: Prove that a function f: R  R defined by 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 + 4 is bijective function.

MATRIX
Q1. Using matrix method, solve the following system of equations :
2 3 10 4 6 5 6 9 20
   4,    1,    2 Ans : x= 2, y=3, z=5
x y z x y z x y z

 3 2 1 
Q2. If A =  2 1 3 , find A-1, Using A-1 solve the following system of
 1 2 1 

equations : 3x – 2y + z = 2, 2x + y – 3z =5, - x + 2y +z = 6.
Ans: x=8/3 , y=11/3, z= 4/3
 4 4 4  1 1 1 
Q3. Given that A = 7 1 3  and B = 1 2 2 , find AB and use it to
 5 3 1  2 1 3 

solve the system of equations: x –y + z = 4, x – 2y – 2z = 9, 2x + y + 3z = 1.

Ans : x= 3, y= -2, z= -1
 2 3
Q4. If A =   Verify that A2 - 4 A + I = 0. Hence find A-1.
1 2 
2 −3
Ans: A-1 = 4I – A= [ ]
−1 2
Q5. Construct 2  3 matrix A = [a ij] whose elements a ij is given by a ij =
2 i  j 2
3

Q6. Express the matrix as sum of symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices

1 2  3 
2 3 2 

3  3  4

Q7 If A is a matrix of order 3×3 such that |A| = 6 find |adjA| Ans : 36

Continuity and Differentiability

Find the unknown constant if the functions are continuous

 k cos x 
   2 x , x  2 k x 2 , x2
(1) f  x    Ans: K=6, (2) f  x    Ans : k=3/4
3,  3, x2
x
 2

5, x  2 3𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑥 >1


(3) f  x   ax  b, 2  x  10 (4) If 𝑓(𝑥 ) = { 11 , 𝑥 = 1 } Ans: a=3, b=2
21, x  10 5𝑎𝑥 − 2𝑏 , 𝑥 <1


Find Derivative of
1. (sin x) x + (x ) sin x
x2  1
2. ( x) x cos x +
x 1
𝑑𝑦
Find
𝑑𝑥

3. ( cos x) y = ( cos y )x
4. x = a(cos    sin  ) , y = a(sin    cos  )

5. x = a  cos   log tan  , y = sin 
 2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
6. If y= Aemx + Benx, Show that − (𝑚 + 𝑛) + 𝑚𝑛𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
7. If y = 3cos(logx) + 4sin(logx), show that x2y2 + xy1 + y = 0
−1 𝑥 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
8. If 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚 sin , Prove that (1 - x2) -x = m2y
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
 INCREASING & DECREASING
1. Find the intervals in which the function f given by f (x) = sin x + cos x, 0  x  2  is
strictly increasing or strictly decreasing.
2. Find the intervals in which the function f given by f (x) = –2x3 – 9x2 – 12x + 1 is
strictly increasing or strictly decreasing.
3. Find intervals in which the function given by f x  
3 4 4 3 36
x  x  3x 2  x  11 is (a)
10 5 5
strictly increasing (b) strictly decreasing.
1
4.. Find the intervals in which the function f(x) = x3 + is increasing and decreasing.
x3

INTEGRATION
Integration by substitution
1 1 x
sec 2 (log x ) e m tan x e sin
1. 1.  dx 2.  dx 3.  dx
x 1 x2 1 x 2

dx 3𝑥+4
2. (i)  sin x sin 2 x sin 3xdx (CBSE-2012) (ii)  (iii)∫ 2
√𝑥 +2𝑥 + 5
𝑑𝑥
7  6x  x 2
Integration using Partial Fraction
2x  1 x2
3. (i)  ( x  1)( x  1)
dx (ii)  ( x2  4)( x2  9)dx
Integration by Parts
𝑥𝑒 𝑥
(i)  e x (tan x  log sec x)dx (ii) ∫ (1+𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 (iii) ∫(𝑥 − 𝑥 2)𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1
4.

DEFINITE INTEGRATION
/ 2 / 2
tan x sin 4 x
 1  tan x
dx 3
4x
 sin 4 x  cos 4 x
dx
5. (i). 0 (ii).  x  4x
dx (iii). 0

1
𝜋 𝜋
6. (𝑖) ∫0 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 (ii) ∫0 log(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
4

APPLICATION OF INTEGRAL
1. Find the area of the region in the first quadrant enclosed by the x-axis, the line y = x , x= 1
and x=2.
2. Find the area of the region in the first quadrant enclosed by the x-axis, the line y = x2 , x=2
and x=3.
3. Find the area of the region enclosed by the curve y=x2, the line y = |𝑥 | . x= -1 and x=1.
 4. Find the area of the region enclosed by the curve y2=x, and y = x
5. Find the area of the region enclosed by the curve y= sinx ,x-axis and x=π/2
6. Sketch the graph of y = ‫׀‬x ‫׀‬and evaluate the area under the curve y = ‫׀‬x ‫׀‬and above x-axis and
between x = - 4 to x = 0 using integration.
7. Find The area of the region bounded by parabola 𝑦 2 = x and the straight line 2y = x using
integration
8. Find area of the region bounded by the curve y = cosx between x = 0 and x = 𝜋 using
integration
9. Using integration find the area of the region bounded by the triangle whose sides are
y = 2x + 1, y = 0, x = 4.

10. Find the area of the region: (x , y) : x 2  y 2  1 x  y  ,using integration
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Write the order and degree of the following differential equations
2
 d 2 y   dy 
3
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1. (i)  2      2 y  0 (ii) ( 2 )3 + sin( ) = 𝑦
 dx   dx  𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution of differential equation by the method of separation of variables

dy dy
2. (i) Solve  1  x  y  xy (ii). Solve  e  y cos x given that y(0)=0.
dx dx
Homogeneous differential equation of first order and first degree
2 2 2
3. (i)Solve ( x  xy )dy  ( x  y )dx (ii)
(ii) Find the particular solution of the differential equation 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = (2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 ,
given that 𝑦 = 1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 1 . (CBSE 2015)

Linear Differential Equations

dy
4. (i) Find the integrating factor of the differential x  y  2x 2
dx
dy
(ii) Solve  2 y tan x  sin x
dx
dy
(iii) Solve x  y  x log x
dx

VECTOR ALGEBRA
Vector and scalars, Direction ratio and direction cosines &Unit vector

1. If 𝑎⃗ = ⃗⃗ = î − ˆj + k̂ ; 𝑐⃗ = − î + ˆj + k̂ find a unit vector in the direction of

î + ˆj − k̂ ; 𝑏
𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗

2. . Find a vector in the direction of vector a = î -2 ˆj , whose magnitude is 7( Hint: 𝑏⃗⃗ = 7𝑎̂ )
 1
3. For what value of p, is ( î + ĵ + k̂ ) p a unit vector? Ans: p = ±√3
   
4. Find a vector of magnitude 5 units, perpendicular to each of the vectors ( a + b ) ,( a − b )
 
where a = î + ˆj + k̂ and b = î + 2 ˆj + 3 k̂ .

Dot product of two vectors

 
1. Find a.b if a = 3 î − ˆj + 2 k̂ and b = 2 î + 3 ˆj + 3 k̂ .
 
2. If a  3, b  2 and a.b  6 . Then find the angle between a and b .
3. Find the angle between the vectors î -2 ˆj + 3 k̂ and 3 î -2 ˆj + k̂
4. Find the projection of the vector î +3 ˆj + 7 k̂ on the vector 7 î - ˆj + 8 k̂
Cross product of two vectors
   
1. Find| a  b | , if a = î -7 ˆj + 7 k̂ and b = 3 î + 2 ˆj + 2 k̂

2. Find 𝑝, if (2 î + 6 ˆj + 27 k̂ )  ( î +3 ˆj + p k̂ ) = 0 .
3. Find the area of Parallelogram whose adjacent sides are represented by the vectors
 
a = 3 î + ˆj - 2 k̂ and b = î - 3 ˆj + 4 k̂ .
THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
1. Write the direction cosines of a line equally inclined to the three coordinate axes

3−𝑥 𝑦+2 𝑧+2

2.Write the direction cosines of a line parallel to the line = = .
3 −2 6
𝑥−3 𝑦+2 𝑧+6
3. If the equation of a line AB = = Find the direction cosine.
2 −1 3
𝑥−5 𝑦+4 6−𝑧
4. Write the vector equation of the line = = .
3 7 2
5. Express the equation of the line 𝑟⃗ = (𝑖̂– 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂) + λ(2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂) in the Cartesian form.

6. Find the shortest distance between the lines whose vector equations are r = (î  ĵ) + (2î  ĵ  k̂)

and r = (2î  ĵ  k̂)   ( 3î  5 ĵ  2k̂ ) ( CBSE 2010 )
7. Find the shortest distance between the pairs of lines whose vector equations are:
𝑟⃗ = (𝜆 − 1)𝑖̂ + (𝜆 + 1) 𝑗̂ − (𝜆 + 1)𝑘̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟⃗ = (1 − 𝜇)𝑖̂ + (2𝜇 − 1) 𝑗̂ + (𝜇 + 2)𝑘̂.
𝑥−1 𝑦+1 𝑧−2
8. Find the shortest distance between the skew-lines = = and
2 1 4
𝑥+2 𝑦 𝑧+1
= =
4 −3 1

9. Find the shortest distance between the lines whose vector equations are
𝑟⃗ = (1−𝑡) 𝑖 ̂+(𝑡−2) 𝑗 ̂+(3−2𝑡) 𝑘 ̂
𝑟⃗ = (𝑠+1)𝑖̂+(2𝑠−1)𝑗̂−(2𝑠+1)𝑘̂
10. Find the equation of the line passing through the point P (2, -1,3 ) and perpendicular to the
lines 𝑟⃗ = (𝑖̂+𝑗̂−𝑘̂) + λ (2î −2ĵ + 𝑘̂ ) and
 𝑟⃗ = (2𝑖̂−𝑗̂−3𝑘̂) + 𝜇 (î +2ĵ +2𝑘̂)
11. Find the value of ,𝜆 so that the lines (1−𝑥)/3=(7𝑦−14)/2𝜆=(5𝑧−10)/11 𝑎𝑛𝑑
(7−7𝑥)/3𝜆=(𝑦−5)/1=(6−𝑧)/5 are perpendicular to each other
12. Find the equation of the line passing through the point P ( -1,3,-2 ) and
perpendicular to the lines 𝑥/1=𝑦/2=𝑧/3 and (𝑥+2)/−3=(𝑦−1)/2=(𝑧+1)/5

LINEAR PROGRAMMING
Solve the following Linear Programming Problems graphically:
1.Minimise Z = – 3x + 4 y subject to constraints x + 2y ≤ 8, 3x + 2y ≤ 12, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0.
2.Maximise Z = 5x + 3y subject to constraints 3x + 5y ≤ 15, 5x + 2y ≤ 10, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0.

PROBABILITY
3 1 1
1. If P(A) = , P(B) = and P(A  B)  , find P(A / B) and P( B / A )
8 2 2
2. The probability of A hitting a target is 3 and that of B hitting is 1 . They both fire at the target.
7 3
Find the probability that (i) at least one of them will hit the target, (ii) Only one of them will hit the
target.
3. P speaks truth 75% of the cases and Q 80% of the cases. In what % of cases they likely to
contradict each other, narrating the same incident. (2013)

3 5
4. The probability of two students A and B coming to the school in time are 7 , 7 respectively.

Assuming that the events ‘A coming in time’ and ‘B coming in time’ are independent, find the
probability of only one of them coming to the school in time

1 2 3
5. Given P(A) = , P(B) = and P(A  B) = . Are the events independent ?
4 3 4
6. If A and B are independent events, Find P(B) if P(A  B) = 0.60 and P(A) = 0.35.
7. A random variable has following probability distribution:

X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
P(X) 0 𝑘 2𝑘 2𝑘 3𝑘 𝑘2 2𝑘 2 7𝑘 2
+𝑘
Determine: (i) 𝑘 (ii) 𝑃(𝑋 < 3) (iii) 𝑃(𝑋 > 6) (iv) 𝑃(0 < 𝑋 < 3) (2011)

8. In a bulb factory, machines A, B and C manufacture 60%, 30% and 10% bulbs respectively.
Out of these bulbs 1%, 2% and 3% of the bulbs produced respectively by A , B and C are
found to be defective. A bulb is picked up at random from the total production and found to
 be defective. Find the probability that this bulb was produced by the machine A.
9. An insurance company insured 3000 cyclists, 6000 scooter drivers and 9000 car drivers. The
probability of an accident involving a cyclist, a scooter driver and a car driver are 0·3, 0·05
and 0·02 respectively. One of the insured persons meets with an accident. What is the
probability that he is a cyclist?
10. There are three identical boxes I, II and III, each containing two coins. In box I, both coins
are gold coins, in box II, both are silver coins and in box III, there is one gold and one silver
coin. A person chooses a box at random and take out a coin. If the coin is of gold, then
what is the probability that the other coin in box is also of gold?
11. A card from a pack of 52 playing cards is lost. From the remaining cards of the pack three
cards are drawn at random (without replacement) and are found to be all spades. Find the
probability of the lost card being a spade.
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