MEAN Stack (MongoDB, Express.js, Angular, Node.

js) + JavaScript

1. What is the difference between `==` and `===` in JavaScript?

Answer: `==` checks for equality after type coercion, while `===` checks for equality
without type coercion (strict equality).

2. What is a closure in JavaScript?

Answer: A closure is a function that remembers its outer scope even after the outer
function has completed. It allows functions to access variables from an enclosing
scope or context.

3. Explain how to handle asynchronous code in JavaScript.

Answer: Asynchronous code can be handled using callbacks, Promises, or

async/await syntax to prevent blocking the main thread.

4. What is the purpose of `use strict` in JavaScript?

Answer: `use strict` enables strict mode, which helps catch common coding errors
and prevents the use of certain unsafe features, like undeclared variables.

5. How do you perform error handling in JavaScript?

Answer: Error handling is done using `try`, `catch`, `finally`, and `throw` statements
to catch and handle exceptions gracefully.

6. Explain the concept of middleware in Express.js.

Answer: Middleware in Express.js refers to functions that have access to the

request object (`req`), response object (`res`), and the next middleware in the
application’s request-response cycle.
7. What are the benefits of using Express.js for Node.js applications?

Answer: Express.js simplifies the process of building web applications by providing

a minimal, flexible framework for routing, middleware integration, and handling
HTTP requests/responses.

8. How does routing work in Express.js?

Answer: Routing in Express.js maps HTTP requests (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE) to
specific URL paths and methods defined in the application, allowing you to handle
requests at different endpoints.

9. How do you connect a Node.js application to MongoDB?

Answer: You can connect to MongoDB from a Node.js application using the
`mongoose` or `mongodb` package, specifying the connection URL with the database
name.

10. What is Mongoose, and why is it used?

Answer: Mongoose is an ODM (Object Data Modeling) library for MongoDB and
Node.js, providing schema-based modeling and the ability to interact with MongoDB
using JavaScript objects.

11. What is the purpose of MongoDB indexes?

Answer: Indexes in MongoDB are used to improve the efficiency of query

execution by allowing faster data retrieval and reducing the need to scan every
document in a collection.

12. What are CRUD operations in MongoDB, and how do you perform them?

Answer: CRUD stands for Create, Read, Update, Delete. They are performed using
MongoDB's methods like `insertOne`, `find`, `updateOne`, and `deleteOne`.
13. What is the Aggregation Framework in MongoDB?

Answer: MongoDB's Aggregation Framework is used to process data and return

computed results. It allows you to perform operations like filtering, sorting, and
grouping on collections.

14. How does Angular handle dependency injection?

Answer: Angular uses dependency injection (DI) by passing required services or

dependencies to components and services via the constructor. This allows
components to be more modular and testable.

15. Explain how routing works in Angular.

Answer: Angular routing allows navigation between different views or pages in a

single-page application. Routes are configured using `RouterModule` and route paths
are defined to match components.

16. What is NgModule in Angular?

Answer: NgModule is a decorator that defines an Angular module. It bundles

together components, directives, pipes, and services that are used in an application.

17. What are Angular lifecycle hooks?

Answer: Angular lifecycle hooks are special methods that get called at specific
stages of a component’s lifecycle, such as `ngOnInit`, `ngOnChanges`, and
`ngOnDestroy`.

18. What is the purpose of the `async` pipe in Angular?

Answer: The `async` pipe is used to subscribe to an Observable or Promise and

automatically returns the latest value without the need for manual subscription
handling.
19. How do you handle HTTP requests in Angular?

Answer: HTTP requests are handled using the `HttpClient` module in Angular,
which allows you to make GET, POST, PUT, and DELETE requests to external APIs or
backends.

20. What is a RESTful API?

Answer: A RESTful API adheres to REST principles, where resources are accessed
and manipulated using HTTP methods (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE) and stateless
communication.

21. Explain the concept of promises in Node.js.

Answer: Promises in Node.js represent the eventual completion or failure of an

asynchronous operation. They allow you to chain operations and handle errors using
`.then()` and `.catch()`.

22. What is the Event Loop in Node.js?

Answer: The Event Loop in Node.js is responsible for handling asynchronous

operations. It allows Node.js to perform non-blocking I/O operations, making it
highly scalable.

23. What are streams in Node.js, and how are they used?

Answer: Streams in Node.js are used to handle data efficiently in chunks instead of
loading the entire data into memory. They are useful for reading or writing large
files.

24. How do you implement authentication in a MEAN stack application?

Answer: Authentication can be implemented using JWT (JSON Web Tokens) where
the backend (Node.js) generates a token after verifying user credentials, and the
frontend (Angular) stores and sends the token with every request.
25. What is the difference between session-based and token-based authentication?

Answer: Session-based authentication stores user information on the server, while

token-based authentication (like JWT) sends a token with each request, and the
server validates it without storing session information.

26. What is the `next()` function in Express.js?

Answer: `next()` is a callback function in Express.js that passes control to the next
middleware or route handler in the stack.

27. How can you prevent SQL injection in a Node.js application?

Answer: SQL injection can be prevented by using parameterized queries or

prepared statements, which ensure that user inputs are properly sanitized before
executing SQL commands.

28. What are the benefits of using TypeScript in a MEAN stack application?

Answer: TypeScript offers static typing, better code organization, and improved
tooling support, which makes it easier to write and maintain large-scale MEAN stack
applications.

29. How does Angular's change detection mechanism work?

Answer: Angular uses a tree-based change detection mechanism where it checks

for changes in component inputs and templates. It triggers updates to the DOM
when changes are detected.

30. What are RESTful API best practices in Node.js?

Answer: Best practices include using proper HTTP methods (GET, POST, PUT,
DELETE), meaningful status codes, versioning the API, using pagination for large
datasets, and ensuring secure communication (HTTPS).
31. What is CORS, and how do you handle it in Node.js?

Answer: CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing) allows or restricts resources

requested from different origins. In Node.js, it can be managed using the `cors`
middleware package.

32. Explain how `async/await` works in Node.js.

Answer: `async/await` allows asynchronous code to be written in a synchronous

style. `async` functions return a promise, and `await` is used to wait for the promise
to resolve before proceeding.

33. How do you handle form data in Angular?

Answer: Form data in Angular is handled using either template-driven or reactive

forms, with built-in validation and form control functionalities.

34. What is JWT, and how does it work in a MEAN stack application?

Answer: JWT (JSON Web Token) is used for secure authentication. After the user is
authenticated, a token is generated and sent to the client. The client includes the
token in subsequent requests for authorization.

35. What is the purpose of Angular Guards?

Answer: Angular Guards, like `CanActivate` and `CanDeactivate`, are used to

control access to routes based on conditions, such as user authentication or form
state.

36. What are NoSQL databases, and why is MongoDB considered one?

Answer: NoSQL databases do not use a traditional table-based relational model.

MongoDB is considered a NoSQL database because it stores data in flexible, JSON-
like documents rather than rows and columns.
37. What is Angular’s ChangeDetectionStrategy, and how do you optimize it?

Answer: ChangeDetectionStrategy allows control over how the Angular

component's view is updated. You can optimize performance by using `OnPush`,
which only checks for changes when an input property changes.

38. How do you handle sessions in Express.js?

Answer: Sessions in Express.js can be managed using the `express-session`

middleware. It allows storing session data on the server and provides session IDs to
the client via cookies.

39. What are single-page applications (SPAs), and how does Angular support them?

Answer: SPAs