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Mastering the BDS Ist Year

(Last 25 Years Solved Questions)

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Mastering the BDS Ist Year

(Last 25 Years Solved Questions)
Thoroughly Revised and Updated According to the Latest Syllabus of DCI

8TH EDITION

Hemant Gupta MDS

(Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Odontology)
General Practitioner and Consultant
Shivom Multispeciality Dental Clinic
Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India

JAYPEE BROTHERS MEDICAL PUBLISHERS

The Health Sciences Publisher
New Delhi | London | Panama

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Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd

Headquarters
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Phone: +91-11-43574357
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Email: kathmandu@jaypeebrothers.com
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© 2019, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers
The views and opinions expressed in this book are solely those of the original contributor(s)/author(s) and do not necessarily represent
those of editor(s) of the book.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechani-
cal, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers.
All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their
respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.
Medical knowledge and practice change constantly. This book is designed to provide accurate, authoritative information about the subject
matter in question. However, readers are advised to check the most current information available on procedures included and check
information from the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose, formula, method and duration of
administration, adverse effects and contraindications. It is the responsibility of the practitioner to take all appropriate safety precautions.
Neither the publisher nor the author(s)/editor(s) assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from
or related to use of material in this book.
This book is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in providing professional medical services. If such advice or
services are required, the services of a competent medical professional should be sought.
Every effort has been made where necessary to contact holders of copyright to obtain permission to reproduce copyright material. If any
have been inadvertently overlooked, the publisher will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity. The CD/
DVD-ROM (if any) provided in the sealed envelope with this book is complimentary and free of cost. Not meant for sale.
Inquiries for bulk sales may be solicited at: jaypee@jaypeebrothers.com
Mastering the BDS Ist Year (Last 25 Years Solved Questions)
First Edition: 2006
Second Edition: 2007
Third Edition: 2009
Fourth Edition: 2011
Fifth Edition: 2013
Sixth Edition: 2015
Seventh Edition: 2017
Eighth Edition: 2019
ISBN: 978-93-5270-575-7

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Dedicated to
Almighty SAI BABA
My grandparents Shri HD Gupta and Smt Vijaylakshmi Gupta

In loving memory of my parents

Late Shri VK Gupta and Late Smt Anju Gupta
My wife Smita Gupta
for being so much understanding and
Last but not least
my lovely son Meetaan Gupta
for making life worthwhile

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PREFACE TO THE EIGHTH EDITION

It is a matter of great pride and pleasure to introduce the eighth edition of Mastering the BDS Ist Year (Last 25 Years
Solved Questions). The aim of this text enables the students of dentistry to learn fundamentals. All the sections
are rewritten and the answers of each and every section are revised as per the latest syllabus. This new edition is
updated and expanded, bringing forth new information gained since production of last edition. The text has been
made more clinically oriented so as to better correlate the text with clinical aspects. The text consists of a large
number of illustrations, which enhances the understanding of written description. In this edition, additional mat­ter is
added, which will help students to know the basic pattern of competitive examinations such as AIIMS, NEET, PGI, etc.
I, as an author, wish to express my hope that material presented is clear and understandable. The book is never
meant to replace any of the textbook. All the respective textbooks of all subjects should be read thoroughly to gain
the deep knowledge of subject. This book provides an idea of ques­tions and answers in BDS examinations and
multiple choice questions (MCQs) in pre-PG examinations. I hope that the content will be enough to stimulate the
insight and new trends of thoughts in all the subjects of year.
Any of the suggestions and criticism should be welcomed at macrocyte@gmail.com.

Hemant Gupta

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PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION

The subjects of first year still ring fear in the minds of students—baseless fear that rest on silent assumptions
and those that distort thinking. However, self-study, dedication, motivation and hard work are the virtues that go
a long way in the making of a genius—a success. Listen, think, read and analyze with an open mind and you
definitely cannot go wrong. I would like to clarify that this book is not meant to replace your standard textbooks, but
yet coupled with your effort and sincerity, it will definitely make you clinch and help you put your best foot forward
to reach great heights of success.

“When the actions become frequent than the words

Success become heavier than the dreams do more, say less.”
Hemant Gupta

This book is not meant as a replacement for the respective textbook of various subjects. It is truly an
exam-oriented book.

Hemant Gupta

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Achievement of this book was possible by the help and support of Almighty “SAI BABA”, my grandparents, parents,
my wife, teachers and friends.
Special thanks to those who remain behind the curtain and help in arrangement of study material for the book.
Finally, my grateful thanks to Shri Jitendar P Vij (Group Chairman), Mr Ankit Vij (Managing Director), Mr MS
Mani (Group President) of M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi, India, especially Dr Madhu
Choudhary (Publishing Head–Education), Ms Pooja Bhandari (Production Head), Ms Sunita Katla (Executive
Assistant to Group Chairman and Publishing Manager), Mr Rajesh Sharma (Production Coordinator), Ms Seema
Dogra (Cover Visualizer), Mr Narsingh (Proofreader), Mr Nitesh (Graphic Designer), and Mr Kuldeep (Typesetter),
for making my dream come true by publishing this book.

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CONTENTS

8. Cerebrum 149
Section 1: Anatomy
9. The Third Ventricle, Lateral Ventricle
Head, Neck and Brain 3 and Limbic System 157
1. Mandible 3 10. Blood Supply of Spinal Cord and Brain 158
2. Scalp 5 Upper Limb and Thorax 161
3. Face 10
1. Pectoral Region 161
4. Side of the Neck 23
2. Axilla 162
5. Anterior Triangle of Neck 29
3. Scapular Region 165
6. The Parotid Region 34
4. Cutaneous Nerves, Superficial Veins
7. Temporal and Infratemporal Region 38 and Lymphatic Drainage 166
8. Submandibular Region 52 5. Arm 166
9. Structures in the Neck 58 6. Bone and Joints of Thorax 168
10. The Prevertebral and Paravertebral Region 67 7. Wall of Thorax 169
11. Back of the Neck 72 8. Thoracic Cavity and Pleurae 169
12. The Cranial Cavity 72 9. Lungs 170
13. Contents of the Orbit 79 10. Pericardium and Heart 174
14. The Mouth and Pharynx 83 11. Trachea, Esophagus and Thoracic Duct 180
15. The Nose and Paranasal Sinuses 95
Lower Limb, Abdomen and Pelvis 182
16. Larynx 105
17. The Tongue 107 1. Front of Thigh 182
18. The Ear 114 2. Popliteal Fossa 184
19. Miscellaneous 117 3. Joints of Lower Limb 186
4. Male External Genital Organs 186
Functional Anatomy of 5. Abdominal Part of Esophagus and Stomach 187
Musculosketal System 119 6. Kidney and Ureter 190
1. Skeleton 119 7. Diaphragm 192
2. Joints 121 8. Female Reproductive Organs 193
3. Circulatory System 125 Fill in the Blanks as per DCI and Examination
Genetics 127 Papers of Various Universities 195
Image-Based Questions 197
Neuroanatomy 129
Additional Matter 198
1. Introduction to Brain 129
2. Meninges of the Brain and Cerebrospinal Fluid 129
Section 2: Embryology
3. The Spinal Cord 131
4. Cranial nerves 137 1. Some Preliminary Considerations 203
5. The Brainstem 140 2. Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis 203
6. The Cerebellum 144 3. Formation of Germ Layers 206
7. The Fourth Ventricle 146 4. Further Development of Embryonic Disc 208

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xiv   Mastering the BDS Ist Year (Last 25 Years Solved Questions)

5. Formation of Tissues of the Body 209 6. Endocrine System 348

6. The Pharyngeal Arches 210 7. Reproductive System 366
7. Face, Nose and Palate 216 8. Cardiovascular System 376
8. Alimentary System I: Mouth, Pharynx 9. Respiratory System 394
and Related Structures 221 10. Nervous System 403
9. The Nervous System 224 11. Special Senses 423
10. Fate of Germ Layers 225 12. Metabolism and Nutrition 430
Multiple Choice Questions as per DCI and
Section 3: Osteology Examination Papers of Various Universities 431
Viva-voce Questions for Practical Examination 436
Osteology 229
Additional Matter 440

Section 4: Histology Section 6: Biochemistry

1. Epithelial Tissue 239 1. Carbohydrates: Chemistry, Metabolism
2. Cartilage 241 and Regulation 445
3. Bone Tissue 243 2. Amino Acids and Proteins: Chemistry,
4. Muscular Tissue 244 Metabolism and Regulation 460
5. Circulatory System 245 3. Proteins and Nucleic Acids: Chemistry,
6. Lymphatic Tissue 246 Metabolism and Regulation 471
7. Skin 248 4. Lipids: Chemistry, Metabolism and Regulation 481
8. Respiratory System 248 5. Mineral Metabolism 491
9. The Digestive System I: Oral Cavity 249 6. Biological Oxidation 498
10. The Digestive System II: Alimentary Canal 253 7. Enzymology 499
11. The Digestive System III: Liver, Gallbladder 8. Hemoglobin and Porphyrin 505
and Pancreas 253 9. Energy Metabolism and Nutrition 508
12. The Endocrine System 255 10. Detoxification, Free Radicals and Antioxidants 515
13. The Urinary System 257 11. Organ Function Tests 516
14. Male Reproductive System 258 12. Vitamins 519
15. The Nervous System 259 13. Plasma Proteins 530
14. Water, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance 531
Multiple Choice Questions as per DCI and
Examination Papers of Various Universities 261 15. Cancer 534
16. Tissue Proteins and Body Fluids 535
Fill in the Blanks as per DCI and Examination
Papers of Various Universities 269 Multiple Choice Questions as per DCI and
Viva-voce Questions for Practical Examination 273 Examination Papers of Various Universities 536
Viva-voce Questions for Practical Examination 540
Section 5: Physiology Additional Matter 542

1. General Physiology 281

Section 7: Dental Anatomy
2. Blood 287
3. Muscle Physiology 306 1. Introduction of Dental Anatomy 547
4. Digestive System 315 2. Tooth Numbering Systems 555
5. Renal Physiology and Skin 332 3. Chronology of Tooth Development 558

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Contents xv

4. Form and Function of Orofacial Complex 560 6. Cementum 665

5. The Primary (Deciduous) Dentition 561 7. Periodontal Ligament 672
6. Differences Between Primary and 8. Alveolar Process 678
Permanent Dentition 564 9. Oral Mucous Membrane 685
7. The Maxillary and Mandibular Incisors 570
10. Salivary Gland 706
8. The Maxillary and Mandibular Canines 576
11. Tooth Eruption 714
9. The Maxillary and Mandibular Premolars 584
12. Shedding of Deciduous Teeth 718
10. The Maxillary and Mandibular Molars 595
13. Temporomandibular Joint 719
11. Pulp Morphology 606
14. Maxillary Sinus 720
12. Occlusion 609
15. Histochemistry of Oral Tissues 721
13. Review of Tooth Morphology 616
14. Temporomandibular Joint 617 Multiple Choice Questions as per DCI and
Examination Papers of Various Universities 726
Multiple Choice Questions as per DCI and
Examination Papers of Various Universities 620 Fill in the Blanks as per DCI and Examination
Papers of Various Universities 732
Fill in the Blanks as per DCI and Examination
Papers of Various Universities 622 Viva-voce Questions for Practical Examination 733
Viva-voce Questions for Practical Examination 623 Additional Matter 736
Additional Matter 626
Section 9: Oral Physiology
Section 8: Dental Histology
1. Vascular and Nerve Supply of Orofacial
1. Development of Face and Oral Cavity 631 Region 741
2. Development and Growth of Teeth 632 2. Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism 742
3. Enamel 639 3. Deglutition 743
4. Dentin 650 4. Mastication 744
5. Pulp 659 5. Speech 745

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3
SECTION

Osteology

1. Osteology

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c. Medial part:
1. OSTEOLOGY – Inferior ophthalmic vein
– Sympathetic nerves from plexus around internal
Q.1. Enumerate the structures passing through foramen carotid artery.
ovale. (Mar 2000, 4 Marks)
Q.4. Enumerate the structures passing through jugular
 (Sept 2017, 2 Marks) (Sept 1999, 4 Marks)
foramen. (Feb 1999, 4 Marks)
Or
Ans. Following are the structures passing through jugular
Answer in brief structures passing through foramen foramen:
ovale. (May 2017, 3 Marks) a. Through anterior part:
Ans. Structures passing through foramen ovale are: – Inferior petrosal sinus
• Mandibular nerve. – Meningeal branch of ascending pharyngeal
• Lesser petrosal nerve.
artery.
• Accessory meningeal artery.
b. Through middle part:
• An emissary vein connecting cavernous sinus with
– 9, 10 and 11 cranial nerves, i.e. glossopharyngeal,
the pterygoid plexus of veins.
• Occasionally, the anterior trunk of the middle vagus and spinal accessory nerve.
meningeal vein. c. Through posterior part:
– Internal jugular vein
Q.2. Enumerate the structures passing through foramen
– Meningeal branch of occipital artery.
spinosum. (Sept 2000, 4 Marks)
Ans. Structures passing through foramen spinosum are: Q.5. Write about structures passing through passing
• Middle meningeal artery. foramen magnum. (Sept 2011, 5 Marks)
• Meningeal branch of mandibular nerve or nervous Ans. It is divided into a small anterior and a large posterior com-
spinosus. partment by means of the alar ligaments of axis vertebra.
• Posterior trunk of middle meningeal vein. a. Structures passing through anterior compartment:
Q.3. Enumerate the structure passing through superior 1. Apical ligament of dens
orbital fissure. (Mar 2009, 10 Marks) 2. Vertical band of cruciate ligament
Ans. Three parts of superior orbital fissure transmits the 3. Membrana tectoria.
following structures: b. Structures passing through posterior compartment:
a. Lateral part: 1. Medulla oblongata
– Lacrimal nerve 2. Meninges, i.e. dura, arachnoid and pia mater.
– Frontal nerve c. Through subarachnoid space:
– Trochlear nerve 1. Spinal accessory nerve
– Superior ophthalmic vein 2. Vertebral arteries
– Meningeal branch of lacrimal artery 3. Sympathetic plexus around vertebral arteries
– Anastomotic branch of middle meningeal artery 4. Posterior spinal arteries
which anastomoses with recurrent branch of 5. Anterior spinal artery.
lacrimal artery.

Fig. 1: Structures passing through superior orbital fissure

(For colour version see Plate 11)
b. Middle part: Fig. 2: Structures passing through foramen magnum
– Upper and lower division of oculomotor nerve
– Nasociliary nerve in between two divisions of Q.6. Write short note on atlas and axis. (Sep 2011, 10 Marks)
oculomotor Ans. Atlas
– The abducent nerve. Atlas is the first cervical vertebra.

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230   Mastering the BDS Ist Year (Last 25 Years Solved Questions)

Identification Points ♦♦ Posterior tubercle gives attachment to ligamentum nuchae

♦♦ Atlas is ring shaped and does not consists of body and spine. in median plane and provides origin to rectus capitis
♦♦ Atlas consists of anterior arch which is short, posterior arch posterior minor on both sides.
which is long, right and left lateral masses and transverse ♦♦ Groove over the upper surface of posterior arch get
processes. occupied by vertebral artery as well as by first cervical
♦♦ Anterior arch of vertebra is marked by median anterior nerve. Behind the groove upper border of posterior
tubercle and posterior surface has an oval facet which arch provides attachment to posterior atlanto–occipital
articulates with dens. membrane.
♦♦ Posterior arch form two-fifth of the ring and is longer than ♦♦ Lower border of posterior arch provide attachment to
anterior arch. highest pair of ligament flava.
♦♦ Posterior surface is marked by median posterior tubercle. ♦♦ Tubercle over medial side of lateral mass provides origin
♦♦ Upper surface of the arch is marked behind lateral mass to rectus capitis anterior.
by a groove. ♦♦ Transverse process provide origin to rectus capitis lateralis
♦♦ Lateral mass displays following features: from upper surface anteriorly and superior oblique from
a. Upper surface consists of superior articular facet. upper surface posteriorly, inferior oblique from lower
Facet is elongated, concave and is directed upward surface of tip, levator scapulae from lateral margin as well
and medially. as lower border, splenius cervicis and scalenus medius
b. Lower surface is marked by inferior articular facet.
from posterior tubercle of transverse process.
Facet is almost circular and is somewhat flat. Facet is
directed downwards, medially and backwards. Axis
c. Medial surface of lateral mass is marked by small
rough tubercle. Axis is the second cervical vertebra.
d. Transverse process is projected laterally from lateral Identification of axis is done by the odontoid process or dens.
mass. Transverse process is long. Transverse process
is pierced by foramen transversarium.

Fig. 4: Axis

Description of Body and Dens

♦♦ Superior surface of the body get fused with dens and it is
encroached on each side by the superior articular facets.
Articulation of odontoid process occurs anteriorly with
ovoid facet on posterior surface of anterior arch of atlas
and posteriorly with the transverse ligament of atlas.
♦♦ Inferior surface consists of prominent anterior margin
Fig. 3: Atlas which is projected downwards.
♦♦ Anterior surface has a median ridge on each side of which
Attachments and Relations hollow out impressions are present.
♦♦ Anterior tubercle gives attachment to anterior longitudinal
Vertebral Arch
ligament and gives insertion on both sides to upper oblique
part of longus colli. ♦♦ Pedicles get concealed superiorly by superior articular
♦♦ Upper border of anterior arch provide attachment to processes. Inferior surface has a deep and wide inferior
anterior atlanto–occipital membrane. vertebral notch which is placed in front of inferior articular
♦♦ Lower border of anterior arch provide attachment to lateral process.
fibers of anterior longitudinal ligament. ♦♦ Laminae are thick and strong.

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Osteology 231

♦♦ Articular facets: Both the superior articular facets occupy ♦♦ A blow to the pterion, (e.g. in boxing) may rupture the
upper surfaces of body and massive pellicle. Laterally, the artery causing an epidural hematoma. The pterion may
articular facet has foramen transversarium. This foramina also be fractured indirectly. Blows to the top or back of the
is a large, flat, circular facet which is directed upward and head may not cause fracture at the site of impact, but may
laterally. The foramen transversarium articulates with the place sufficient force on the skull that its weakest part, the
inferior facet of atlas vertebra to form atlantoaxial joint. pterion, will fracture.
Each of the inferior articular facets articulates with the
third cervical vertebra.
♦♦ Transverse process is small and represents true posterior
tubercles.
♦♦ Spine of the axis is large, thick and strong. Spine is deeply
grooved inferiorly. Tip of spine is bifid and terminate in
the two rough tubercles.

Attachments
♦♦ Odontoid process gives attachment at its apex to apical
ligament on each side and below the apex to alar
ligaments.
♦♦ Longus colli is inserted in anterior surface of the body.
Anterior longitudinal ligament is attached to anterior
surface.
♦♦ Posterior surface of body gives attachment to posterior
longitudinal ligament, membrane tectoria and vertical Fig. 5: Pterion
limb of cruciate ligament.
♦♦ Laminae provide attachment to ligament flava. Q.8. Write short note on osteogenesis.( June 2010, 5 Marks)
♦♦ Transverse process provides origin by its tip to levator Ans. Osteogenesis is also known as ossification
scapulae, scalenus medius anteriorly and splenius cervicis • Osteogenesis is the process of laying down new bone
posteriorly. Intertransverse muscles get attached to the material by cells called osteoblasts.
upper and lower surfaces of transverse process. • There are two processes resulting in the formation
♦♦ Spine of the vertebra provide attachment to ligamentum of normal, healthy bone tissue.
nuchae, semispinalis cervicis, rectus capitis posterior 1. Intramembranous ossification.
major, inferior oblique, spinalis cervicis, interspinalis and 2. Endochondral ossification.
multifidus. Intramembranous Ossification
Q.7. Write a short note on pterion. (Mar 2013, 4 Marks)
♦♦ Bone is formed by differentiation of mesenchymal cells
Or into osteoblasts.
Answer in brief on pterion.  (May 2017, 3 Marks) ♦♦ It occurs in flat bones of skull and clavicle.
Ans. The pterion is the point corresponding with the posterior ♦♦ It begins at the end of second month of gestation.
end of the sphenoparietal suture.
Procedure of Intramembranous Ossification
It is situated about 3 cm. behind, and a little above
the level of the zygomatic process of the frontal bone. ♦♦ In membrane where the future bone formation has to
be taken place, few mesenchymal cells differentiate into
It marks the junction between four bones osteoblast cells. Osteoblasts secrete the organic intercellular
1. The parietal bone matrix of the bone.
2. The squamous part of temporal bone ♦♦ Area where the osteoblasts first appear in membrane is
3. The greater wing of sphenoid bone called as center of ossification.
4. The frontal bone. ♦♦ Osteoblasts are now surrounded by bony matrix.
♦♦ Osteoblasts surrounded by bony matrix are converted to
Clinical Significance
osteocytes.
♦♦ The pterion is known as the weakest part of the skull. ♦♦ Osteocyte is a resting cell which lies in lacuna and
♦♦ Clinically, the pterion is relevant because the anterior processes lie in canaliculi.
division of the middle meningeal artery runs beneath it, ♦♦ Osteoblasts on surface of bony matrix secrete phosphatase
on the inner side of the skull, which is quite thin at this which helps in calcification of intercellular matrix.
point. The combination of both a vital artery in this area ♦♦ Osteoblasts proliferate and differentiate in radiating manner
and the relatively thin bone structure has lent itself to the from center of ossification. Osteoblasts form bony trabeculae
name “God’s little joke” by some physicians. on the surface of which bone is formed layer by layer.

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232   Mastering the BDS Ist Year (Last 25 Years Solved Questions)

♦♦ Bony trabeculae fuse with each other to form spongy bone. ♦♦ Model is surrounded by perichondrium which is made
♦♦ Blood vessels grow in spaces between trabeculae and the up of inner chondrogenic layer and outer fibrous layer.
connective tissue surrounding these blood vessels now ♦♦ Growth of cartilage model is by interstitial and appositional
differentiate into red bone marrow. growth.
♦♦ Mesenchymal cells on outer surface of developing bone ♦♦ As the differentiation of cartilage cells move towards
from periosteum membrane. metaphysis, cells organize into longitudinal columns
♦♦ Spongy bone formed by intramembranous ossification is which are subdivided into following zones.
now replaced by the compact bone.
♦♦ Bone formed is known as membranous bone. A. Zone of reserved cartilage
It exhibits no cellular proliferation or secretion of active
Endochondral Ossification matrix production.
♦♦ This ossification involves replacement of the cartilaginous B. Zone of proliferation
model by bone. • This zone lies adjacent to zone of reserve cartilage in
♦♦ It occurs at extremities of all long bones, vertebrae, ribs, the direction of diaphysis.
articular extremity of mandible and base of skull. • In this zone, cartilage cells undergo division and are
♦♦ At the site where bone is to be formed there is presence of organized into distinct columns. These cells now can
condensation of mesenchymal cells.
actively produce matrix.
♦♦ Mesenchymal cells are now transformed to chondroblast
cells which secrete the cartilage matrix.
♦♦ Thus, a hyaline cartilage covered by perichondrium is
formed.
♦♦ This cartilaginous model is replaced by formation of
bone and bone formed is known as cartilage bone. Most
of the bones of our body are formed by endochondral
ossification.
Procedure of Endochondral Ossification
Formation of Cartilagenous Model
♦♦ At a site where limb will later emerge, embryo shows
outgrowth of mesoderm covered by ectoderm.
♦♦ Mesenchymal cells at this area condense and differentiate
into chondroblasts and form cartilaginous matrix resulting
in the development of hyaline cartilage model.

Fig. 7: Zones of differentiation of cartilage cells

(For colour version see Plate 12)

C. Zone of hypertrophy
• This is the broadest zone.
• It consists of enlarged cartilage cells and in early stages
they secrete type II collagen.
• As the cells become larger in size proteoglycans are
secreted.
• As chondrocytes reach their maximum size, they
Fig. 6: Formation of cartilagenous model secrete Type X collagen as well as noncollagenous
(For colour version see Plate 11) proteins.

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Osteology 233

D. Zone of calcified cartilage

• These enlarged cells degenerates and matrix becomes
calcified.
• Mineralization is by formation of matrix vesicles.
E. Zone of resorption
• This zone lies nearest to diaphysis.
• Calcified cartilage is in direct contact with connective
tissue of the marrow cavity.
• Small blood vessels and accompanying connective
tissue invade the region occupied by the dying
chondrocytes and they form a series of spear heads,
leaving calcifying cartilage as longitudinal spicules.

Formation of Bone Collar

♦♦ Capillaries grow into perichondrium to surround the
midsection of the model.
Fig. 9: Formation of periosteal bud
♦♦ Cells in the inner layer of perichondrium differentiate into (For colour version see Plate 12)
osteoblasts to form a thin collar of bone matrix by intra-
membranous ossification. At this stage, perichondrium is Formation of Medullary Cavity
called as periosteum. ♦♦ As the primary ossification center enlarges spreading
♦♦ Vascularisation of middle of the cartilage occurs, and proximally and distally, osteoclasts brake down newly formed
chondroclasts resorb most of the mineralized cartilaginous spongy bone and open a medullary cavity in center of shaft.
matrix. ♦♦ Two ends of developing bone still composed entirely of
cartilage. Midsection of developing bone become diaphysis
and cartilaginous end become epiphysis.
♦♦ Primary center of ossification is diaphyseal center of
ossification.

Fig. 8: Formation of bone collar

(For colour version see Plate 12)

Formation of Periosteal Bud

♦♦ Periosteal capillaries along with osteogenic cells invade
calcified cartilage in middle of the model and supply its
interior. Fig. 10: Formation of medullary cavity
♦♦ Osteogenic cells and vessel comprise a structure called as (For colour version see Plate 12)
periosteal bud.
♦♦ Periosteal capillaries grow into the cartilage model and Formation of Secondary Ossification Center
initiate development of primary ossification centre. ♦♦ Shortly before or after the birth secondary ossification
♦♦ Osteogenic cells in periosteal bud give rise to osteoblasts center appear in one or both the epiphysis.
that deposit bone matrix on residual calcified cartilage. ♦♦ Chondrocytes in middle of epiphysis hypertrophied
This results in formation of cancellous bone with remnants and mature and matrix partitions between their lacunae
of calcified cartilage known as mixed spicule. calcify.

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234   Mastering the BDS Ist Year (Last 25 Years Solved Questions)

♦♦ Spongy bone is retained and no medullary cavity is formed • If anterior fontanel is bulged, there is rise in the
in epiphysis. intracranial pressure.
♦♦ Ossification spreads from secondary center in all direction. • If anterior fontanel is depressed, it causes decrease
♦♦ After completion of secondary ossification hyaline cartilage in intracranial pressure.
remains at two places on the epiphyseal surface as articular
cartilage and at junction of diaphysis and epiphysis where
it forms epiphyseal plate.
Union of primary and secondary ossification centers is called
as epiphyseal line.

Fig. 12: Anterior fontanelle

Q.11. Answer in brief structures passing into internal

auditory meatus. (Oct 2016, 2 Marks)
Ans. Following are the structures passing into internal
auditory meatus:
1. Seventh cranial (facial) nerve.
2. Eighth cranial (vestibulocochlear) nerve.
Fig. 11: Formation of secondary ossification center 3. Nervus intermedius.
(For colour version see Plate 12) 4. Internal auditory (labyrinthine) vessels.
Q.9. Answer in brief about odontoid process of axis vertebrae. Q.12. Write short note on pterygomaxillary fissure.
 (Feb 2016, 2 Marks)  (Oct 2016, 3 Marks)
Ans. Odontoid process is also known as dens Ans. It is the triangular gap between body of maxilla and
• It is a strong tooth like process which projects lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid.
upward from the body. Pterygomaxillary fissure is located at lateral part of
• Odontoid process represents the centre or body of pterygopalatine fossa.
atlas which is fused with the center of axis. Infratemporal fossa communicates with the pterygo­
• Axis vertebra is identified by this odontoid process. palatine fossa through pterygomaxillary fissure.
• Superior surface of body of axis is fused with the
odontoid process. Structures Passing
• Odontoid process articulates with oval facet on
♦♦ Posterior superior alveolar nerve passes through
posterior surface of anterior arch of atlas and
pterygomaxillary fissure to enter the infratemporal fossa.
posteriorly with transverse ligament of atlas.
♦♦ Pterygopalatine part or third part of maxillary artery
• Odontoid process gives attachment at its apex to
passes from infratemporal fossa into pterygopalatine fossa
apical ligament on each side and below the apex to via pterygomaxillary fissure.
alar ligaments. ♦♦ A variable network of veins such as sphenopalatine into
For diagram refer to Ans 6 of same chapter. the pterygoid plexus of veins.
Q.10. Write in brief about anterior fontanelle. Q.13. Write short note on anatomical position.
 (Sep 2015, 5 Marks)  (Apr 2017, 4 Marks)
Ans. Fontanelles are basically the sites for the growth of skull. They Ans. In anatomical position the body is erect, eyes are directed
permit growth of brain and also helps in age determination. forward and look straight, upper limbs hang by side of
• In fetal skull bregma is the site of membranous gap body with palms of hand turned forward and the fingers
and is known as anterior fontanel. are pointed straight down, the lower limbs, including
• Anterior fontanel closes at 18 months of age and feet, are parallel to one another with feet flat on the floor
allows growth of brain. and toes pointing forwards.

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Osteology 235

• In medical profession, the body parts and their

relationships are always described presuming that
the body is in anatomical position, although it may
lie or be placed in any position.
• In anatomical position, the position of forearms and
hands is not a natural one, it does allow for accurate
description.
• This is the position assumed in all anatomical
descriptions to ensure accuracy and consistency.
• In medicine, all descriptions of the human body are
made in anatomical position.

Anatomical Position of Skull

Skull can be placed in proper orientation by considering any
one of the two planes, i.e.
♦♦ Reid’s baseline is a horizontal line which is obtained by
joining infraorbital margin to center of external acoustic
Fig. 14: Asterion
meatus, i.e. auricular point.
♦♦ Frankfurt’s horizontal plane of orientation is obtained by
Q.15. Write very short answer on foramen rotundum.
joining infraorbital margin to upper margin of external
acoustic meatus.  (Aug 2018, 2 Marks)
Ans. The foramen rotundum is a circular hole in the sphenoid
bone that connects the middle cranial fossa and the
pterygopalatine fossa.
♦ The foramen rotundum is located in the middle cranial
fossa, inferomedial to the superior orbital fissure at
the base of greater wing of the sphenoid bone.
♦ Its medial border is formed by lateral wall of
sphenoid sinus.
♦ It runs downwards and laterally in an oblique
path and joins the middle cranial fossa with the
pterygopalatine fossa.

Structures Passing through Foramen Rotundum

It transmits the maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve, artery of
foramen rotundum, and emissary veins.

Fig. 13: Anatomical position of body

Q.14. Write short note on asterion. (Sep 2017, 4 Marks)

Ans. Asterion is the point where the parietomastoid,
occipitomastoid and lambdoid sutures meet.
Asterion is a depression located 2.5 cm behind the upper
part of root of ear.
At asterion, occipital, parietal and temporal bones meet.
Mastoid angle of parietal bone lie at asterion.
In infants, the asterion is the site of posterolateral or
mastoid fontanel which closes by 12 months. Fig. 15: Foramen rotundum

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