Implementation and comparison of Perturb & observe,

ANN and ANFIS based MPPT techniques

Naveen Anil Kumar Dahiya

Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering
National Institute of Technology National Institute of Technology
Kurukshetra, India Kurukshetra, India
giranaveen@yahoo.com, giranaveen@gmail.com anildau@yahoo.co.in, anildau@nitkkr.ac.in

generation centred on the solar light, temperature, and

Abstract-Solar PV based energy generation is one of the largest irradiation[3].
contributor in renewable based electricity generation. However In spite of the numerous advantages of SPV, its non-linear
solar PV based generation has a major drawback of low energy ecological based features create a key challenge. The MPP
conversion. This issue tackled by using a technique called tracking is compulsory for increasing the total system
maximum power point tracking (MPPT). Perturb and observe
efficiency[4]. Hence, numerous researchers have been
(P&O) is the basic technique and it is simple to implement also.
Artificial neural network (ANN) and Artificial neural fuzzy concentrating to curtail these shortcomings and improve the
interface system (ANFIS) based MPPT techniques implemented in SPV efficiency. This technique is generally called as a MPPT.
the paper in comparison with P&O based MPPT. ANN shows the The key purpose of MPPT is attaining maximum output power
best result under step and random change in irradiation. The test out of a SPV system. A range of MPPT techniques have been
carried out in MATLAB/Simulink software. established and upgraded regularly. These techniques
comprise Incremental Conductance (IC), perturb and observe
Keywords—MPPT, ANN, ANFIS, MATLAB/SImulink (P&O), fractional open-circuit voltage, Hill Climbing (HC),
fractional short circuit current, fuzzy logic methods, neural
network, and genetic algorithms. These methods differ in
1. INTRODUCTION numerous features for example essential sensors, cost,
Renewable energy resources show a significant part in complexity, range of success, fluctuation around the MPP,
electricity generation. There are many renewable resources speed of convergence, precise tracking if irradiation and/or
that are used for electricity generation, for example wind temperature varies[2]. MPPT controls have few basic
energy, solar energy, biogas, geothermal etc. Solar power is a necessities for instance little complexity, less cost, least output
worthy option for electricity generation, as the solar power is power variation, and the capability to trace swiftly when
straight changed into electricity by solar photovoltaic (SPV) operational circumstance deviate. Presently the largely used
modules. Silicon cells make up for modules. When cells are techniques are P&O [3] and IC that are less costly and less
coupled in series it makes SPV module. By increasing the area complex, however does not have decent tracking
of individual cell current rating of the modules improved. performance[1]. Of late, artificial intelligence (AI) centred
Several PV modules are coupled in parallel and series MPPT for example fuzzy logic (FL) and neural network (NN)
arrangements develop a SPV array, which is appropriate for MPPT methods are used for complexity, efficiency, cost,
attaining better power output. Hence, SPV system is one of the speed and range of use of the system[5]. These techniques
rapidly developing renewable energy based generation[1]. have the fast response with the change in solar irradiation and
This is possible because of its rapid improvements in PV cell minimize the power loss, operation time and oscillations.
technology, area of SPV array, the energy conversion Solar PV system and MPPT techniques (P&O, FLC and
efficiency, in addition to the improvements in power ANN) are designed and compared in this paper.
electronics (PE) and their extensive control for tracking of
maximum power point (MPP). A SPV setup, is a setup that Irradiation
(G) DC-DC
uses 'Solar Panel' which captivate and transforms the solar Solar PV
System
Converter
(Boost
Resistive Load
(R)
light into electric energy. Temperature Converter)
(T)

SPV has been endlessly developing at a fast speed over the

last few years and it is applied in numerous uses such as
mountain cabins, water supply in rural areas, charging of
batteries, meteorological observation systems, solar light, MPPT Control
Technique
electrification of island, pumping water, traffic/highway
circumstances, satellite requirements of power. Photovoltaic Fig.1: Block representation of solar setup along with MPPT Controller
deals many significant benefits for example: input fuel is
plentiful and free, SPV systems are totally self-sufficient, the Block representation of solar energy generation system show
SPV panel adds to the development of awareness towards in Fig.1. which contains PV array, DC-DC Boost (Step- Up)
nature preservation, silent in operation, extended life, low regulator, a load and a control unit to control whole system.
upkeep cost[2]. Unfortunately, SPV based systems have few The SPV modules have MPP operating points conforming to
shortcomings for example: the discontinuity of the source, the the environment circumstances for example ambient
initial capital cost of installation significantly high and the temperature and sunlight irradiance. DC-DC regulators may
energy conversion efficiency (from 12% to 29%) be used to control the current and voltage at the load, and
comparatively low and the endlessly altering electricity largely to trace the MPP of the SPV module[6].
2. MODELING OF SOLAR PV SYSTEM
PV cell the made up of p-n junction diode and these cells are
coupled in parallel or series to create PV Module. PV array is
set of PV module. Practical Photovoltaic system contains the
internal assembly of resistance in parallel and series, explicitly
and which is state as the following;

( )
= − [exp − 1] (1)

Where,
I = Photovoltaic Output Current
Fig. 3. I-V and P-V Characteristics of Solar PV
V = Photovoltaic Output Voltage
3. DC-DC BOOST CONVERTER
I = Photovoltaic Current
The proposed MPPT algorithm is realized using a boost
I = Module Diode Saturation Current regulator. In DC-DC Boost regulator cum converter, the
output voltage is constantly larger compared to the input
I = Shunt Current voltage. Subject to the particular area of application higher
voltage is attained as of the input voltage. The regulator is
I = Reverse Saturation Current applied in MPPT technique. But, values made available from
SPV array is employed to work on the algorithms P&O, FLC
I = Module Short Circuit Current
and ANN. Pulse width modulation used to achieve the
R = Parallel Resistance objective of boosting the voltage by use algorithms. By
changing the value of duty ratio of the boost converter
R = Series Resistance impedance among output and input is matched.
T =Operating temperature in Kelvin Fig.4 Displays a DC-DC Boost converter that changes a lesser
voltage into voltage of greater value.
T = Reference temperature in Kelvin
D
L
19
q =The charge of electron (1.6021* 10 C)
A= The Diode Ideality Constant
23
JK 1 )
Vin
K= Boltzmann Constant (1.38065* 10 C
Load
S

Io

Rs
Fig. 4: Schematic circuit diagram of Boost Converter
Id Ish

Ipv
Output voltage of SPV is given by,
Vo Vin
D Rsh
Vout (4)
1 D
Eq. (4) displays the straight coordination among out coming
voltage of the boost regulator to the duty ratio. In the
computations, the boost regulator is taken to be in the
uninterrupted manner that is current in inductors at no time
reaches to zero[7].
Fig.2: Circuit diagram of Solar PV Panel For a good estimation of the Inductor and Capacitor, we have
The P-V and I-V characteristics equations from the above equations,
Fig2.: ∗
= (5)
Reverse Saturation Current is, ∆ ∗

= (2) ∗
= (6)
∗∆
Diode Saturation Current is depend on the Solar Panel
Temperature, Where,
= exp − (3)
= I/P Voltage
Fig.3 displays the P-V and I–V features of a SPV. The chart
displays which minor deviations in VPV of the solar array = O/P Voltage
display minor variations in IPV and the SPV is nearly a fixed
current source. However, if the VPV surpasses a maximum
= O/P Current
value, the current drops considerably[1].
∆ = Inductor Ripple Current
 ∆ = Output Voltage Ripple

values
Input
= Switching Frequency

4. ALGORITHMS Fuzzification

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Inference Engine Fuzzy Rule Base
A. Perturb & Observe MPPT
P&O is commonly employed technique for tracking the MPP
of the photovoltaic array because of its easy implementation.
Firstly, the present state ‘n’ and last state ’n-1’ of the voltage
and Current is measured. Comparison of Power (P) and Defuzzification
Voltage (V) is made on the bases of their first and last state.
Perturbation voltage, (increased and decreased) based on the
Fig. 6: Fuzzy Inference System
stated conditions, will be then applied to the operating voltage
of SPV setup. Fig.5 show the flow chart of Perturb & Observe Fuzzification is a process that convert the crisp input variables
Technique. into a fuzzy variable. The output variable is the reference
signal for PWM generator. Membership function is use for
( )
=
( ) ( )
(7) fuzzification process is Triangular type function. Fig. 7 show
( ) ( ) ( )
the graphical view of input membership functions for ,
( )= ( )∗ ( ) (8) and Reference Duty ratio (D). Rule base matrix for FLC
displayed in the Table-I

Table I
Start

Rule NB NM NS Z PS PM PB
Measure V(n), I(n)
Base
Matrix
Calculate
P(n)=V(n)*I(n)

NB ZE ZE ZE NB NB NB NM
Find
∆P(n)=P(n)-P(n-
1)
NM ZE ZE ZE NS NM NM NM
N
NS NS ZE ZE ZE NS NS NS
P(n)-P(n-1)>0

Y
Z NM NS ZE ZE ZE PS PM
N

V(n)-V(n-1)>0 V(n)-V(n-1)>0
PS PS PM PM PS ZE ZE ZE
N Y

PM PM PM PM ZE ZE ZE ZE
Y N

PB PB PB PB ZE ZE ZE ZE
Increase Vref Decrease Vref Decrease Vref Increase Vref

FLC control based on rule base

Update P(n-1)

Return

Fig. 5: Flow Chart of P&O Method

B. Fuzzy Logic Base MPPT Technique

Fuzzy logic is a famous AI instrument that is employed to get
values established on expert information. Main benefit of
having FL controller as compared to the other MPPT
technique is that it provides quicker reaction by means of the
expert data and measurement data base. To have the benefit of
quick reaction FL based control technique selected as a
technique for the current setup[8]. Fuzzification, Inference,
rule base and defuzzification, are the key portions of a FL
controller displayed in Fig.6 as,
 Simulation model of Perturb & Observe, Neural Network and
Fuzzy Logic based MPPT are employed to vary the duty cycle
of boost converter for Peak Power Point. All controllers are
tested under random variation of solar irradiance level.
The out coming power of a SPV system depends on
temperature and solar irradiation. The classic I-V and P-I
characteristics at various temperature and irradiation are
Fig. 7: Membership function
displayed in Fig.9 as,
The Inference System is a main part of Fuzzy Logic
Controller. Inference engine is a rule base system and the rules
are mounted in inference engine block. The fuzzy inference is
carried out by using Mamdani’s method with Max-Min
Operation. MIN operation is use for the "AND" operator and
MAX for the "OR" operator. Inference rules can make the
right decision for Duty (D) from the input values of , [9]–
[11]. (a)

Fuzzy controller gives the output in the form of Fuzzy subset

but real time system needs a non-fuzzy value so that
Defuzzification required [9]. In the Defuzzification process
fuzzy output is converted into a numerical output.
C. MPPT Controller based on Neural Network
Numerous progresses are done in area of NN based
techniques. The ambient variables such as temperature (T) and
irradiation (SX) are given to the ANN as incoming variables. (b)
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[8]. The graphic illustration of the suggested MPPT setup is
displayed in Fig. 8 as, The out coming power performance of the P&O, FLC and
ANN base MPPT technique is show in Fig. 11, 13 which is
change with the solar radiation.

Fig. 10: Step variation in solar radiation

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Fig.11: Output power of PV System for step variation in radiation
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Fig.12: random variation in solar radiation
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5. SIMULATION RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Fig. 13: Output power of PV System for random solar radiation

6. CONCLUSION
Solar photovoltaic based electricity generation continue to
grow, as the source is assumed as infinite. The poor
conversion efficiency is an obstacle in solar PV based
generation. MPPT is the technique to get maximum output
power from solar cells at every irradiation level. This is done
by impedance matching of the load and source sides. In the
paper three techniques namely P&O, ANN and ANFIS based
MPPT discussed in detail. As the result displayed in fig. (10-
13), an improvement in the output of the solar, module using
ANN based is superior in performance.
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