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PD Lab

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26 views3 pages

PD Lab

Uploaded by

ebala-scott
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PLAN & DESIGN WRITE UP

The following is the format that you should use in your report of a plan and design experiment.
Remember that this is a PLAN and not an experiment being carried out.
Hence, most of the information is theoretical, but backed up by thorough scientific research!

HYPOTHESIS: Concise statement that will be tested in the experiment.


AIM: A statement indicating the purpose of the experiment.
APPARATUS:
List of equipment used to carry out experiment.
Insert a labeled diagram of how the apparatus will be set up.
• Diagram should have a title (placed underneath)
• Diagram should be neatly labeled.
PLAN:
Step-by-step instructions of how to perform the experiment.
Note: Every plan should have an independent variable, a quantity that the experimenter is changing;
an independent variable, something that responds to the independent variable; and a control, a
quantity that is kept constant for each experiment.
Independent variable:
Dependent variable:
Control:
PRECAUTIONS:
Steps that the experimenter should take to ensure accurate results.
EXPECTED RESULTS:
This is the results that you EXPECT from the experiment. It should be in paragraph form, or a table,
graph or calculation can be included.

SOURCES OF ERROR:
This is the results that you EXPECT from the experiment. It should be in paragraph form, or a table,
graph or calculation can be included.
Possible factors that may cause errors: affecting the results of the experiment.
Including errors in use of equipment, controlling other factors, etc.

LIMITATIONS:
These are things that may affect our experiment, but unfortunately, we can do nothing about.

CONCLUSION:
Conclude the experiment with a statement saying how the aim will be accomplished.
SAMPLE PLANNING AND DESIGN LAB
Conditions Necessary for Rusting
Hypothesis: Both water and oxygen is necessary for rusting to occur.
Aim: To determine if both water and oxygen are necessary for rusting.
Apparatus:
4 boiling tubes
83" nails (untarnished)
Distilled water
Oil
Bunsen burner
Tripod
Gauze
250mL beaker
10cm measuring cylinder
4 rubber bungs
Cotton wool
Anhydrous calcium chloride (CaCl2)

Diagram

Method:
1. Set up four tubes as shown.
2. Leave the tubes for a period of 24-48 hours.
3. Record your observations.
4. Repeat the experiment to verify for results.
Results:

Tube Conditions Present Observation


A Control
B Air and Water
C Air only
D Water only

Controlled Variables:
Number and Size of nails
Boiling Tubes
Rubber Bung

Manipulated Variables:
Water, Oxygen

Responding Variable(s):
Formation of Rust

Expected Results:
The tube(s) that show the greatest signs of rusting has the conditions necessary for rusting to take
place.
If tube B shows the greatest signs of rusting, and tube Cand D shows little to no rusting, then
both water and oxygen is needed for rusting to take place.
A precaution that should be taken in this experiment is to ensure that the nails are rust-free
before use.
One possible source of error could have occurred in tube D. During cooling, oxygen may have
re-dissolved in the water. This means that the tube may not have contained only water.
One limitation in this experiment is that air contains a very small percentage of water vapour.

Conclusion: If both water and oxygen are needed for rusting to take place, then the hypothesis

Things to take note of:


1. The diagram of apparatus MUST have a descriptive title (not shown in sample).
2. Correction: The first step in the method should
3. The table under results is OPTIONAL. This will only be placed if your experiment
requires a table. Other optional features may be calculations, sample graphs.
4. In the expected results, a brief analysis of expected results is necessary. Answer the
questions: "Why do you expected those results?" "How do these results prove/ disprove
the hypothesis?" You MUST use scientific principles (It is a physics SBA after all!)
5. Note that precautions, sources of errors and limitations were discussed, these could be in
separate headings as well; however, they MUST be present

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