NUMBER

Natural Numbers: Numbers which are l!lsed for counting purpose are called natural
numbers. Ex: 1, 2, 3, 4, .................100, ....................
Whole Numbe1rs: Natural! numbers incll!lding Oare called Whole Numbers.
Ex: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ..........................
Int1e�gers: Positive 11atural n mbers, negative natural 11umbers allong with O aire
called integers.
Ex.: ......................, -4, -3, -2., -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ...............

Ratio,n.al Numbers: !Numbers which are i the fonn

of P.. (q 0) where p arud q are positive or negative
q
whol,e nu,bers arecalled r tiornal numbers.
1 3 -5 49
�
Real numbers ar,e made up of all possible
rational and irrational numbers.
� An integer is a whole number..
� A prime number is divisible only by itself and by o e (1). 1 is not a prime
n11Jrnber. It has only two factors. 1 and the number itself.
� The exact value of rational n11Jmber can be written down as the ratio of two
whole numbers.
� The exact value of ain irrational! number cannot be written down.
� A square number is the result of multiplying
a nu rnber by itself.

Ex:2' 4' 7'-56 ....................... 2 2

Irrational Numbers: Numl:lers like .../2 , n cannot be expressed as rational

numbers. Such types o
numbers are called as irratio al numbers. Ex: .../5 , ffi , .............
Terminating Decimals
These are d eciimal numbers which stop after a certain number of decimal places.
For example,7/8 = 0.875, us a terminating decimal
because it stops (tenninatesl after 3 decimal places.

Recurring Decimals
These are decirnal numbers which k,eep �epe.ating a digit or group of digits; for
example 137/259,=0.528 957 528 957 528 957 , is a
recurring decimal. The six dligits 528957 repeat in this order. Recurring dedmals
are written with dots over the fiirst and last digit of the repeating digits,
e.g 0.52,8 957
� The order of operations folllows the BODMAS
rule:
Braickets.
Powers Of
Divide Multiply Add
SLbtract

� Even numbers: nllmbers which are divis"ible

by 2., eg, 2, 4, 6, 8, ...
� Odd numbers: n mbers which are not divisible by 2, eg; 1, 3, 5, 7 ....

Ex: 1 , 22, 3 , ................ i.e. 1, 4, 9, ............... .

� A cube number is the result of multiplying a
number by itself three times.
Ex: 1 3, 23, 33, ......................... 1� .e. 1, 8, 27,..........
� The fa.ctors of a number are tile numbers
which divide exactly into two.
eg. Factors of 36
1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, l!.8
� Multiplies of a number are the 11umbers in its times tab lie.
eg. Multiples of '6 are 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, ...

Si,gnificant figur,es;
Exomple;
8064 = 8000 (correct to 1 significant figures)
8064 = 8100 (correct to 2 significant figures}
8064 = 8060 (correct to 3 significant figures)
0.00508 =0.005 ,(correct to 1 significant figures)
0.00508 = 0.0051 [correct to 2 significant figuresI
2.00508 = 2.01 (correct to 3 significant figures)

Decimal Places
Example
0.0647 = 0.1 (correct to 1 decimal places)
0.0647 = 0.06 {correct to 2, ecimall places)
0.0647 = 0.065 (conrect to 3 decimal places)
2.0647 = 2.065 (correct to 3 decimal places)

Standard Form:
The number ax 10n is in sta111dard form when
1:::;a; < 10 and n is a positive or negative integer.
Eg: 2400 = 2.4 x 103
0.0035 = 3.5 X 10�3

Conversion !Factors:

Length:
1 km= 1000 rn
1 In = 100 cm
1 cm= 10 mm

Mass:
1 kg = 1000 gm where kg means k,ilogram 1 gm = 1000 mgm gm means
gram
1 tonne = 1000 kg mgm means milligram

Volume:
1 litre = 1000 cm3
1 m3 = 1000 litres
1 kilo 'litre= 1000 litre
1 dozen = 12

Time:

1 hour= 60 minutes= 3600 seconds

1 minute= 60 seconds.
1 day= 24 hours
1 year= 12 months
= 52 weeks
= 365 .25 days.
1 week= 7 days
1 leap year= 366 days
1 light year= 9.46 x 1012 km.

Percentages.:
P�ercent means per hundred.
To express one quantity as a percentage of another, first write the first quantity
as a fraction of the second and then multip'ly by 100.
Profit= S.P. - C.P.
Loss = C.P. -S.P.
. SP-CP
Profit percentage= X 100

Loss percentage =

CP-SP

X 100

where CP = Cost price and SP= Selling prke

Speed, Distance and Time:

� Distance = speed x time

� Units of speed: km/hr, m/sec

� Speed

distance
= ---�
ti1ne
�
Units of distance: km, rn
� Units of time: hr, sec

distance
� flrne Speed

5
� km / hr 18 = m / sec
18

� Average speed
ALGEBRA

total distance
total time
�
m / sec x -
5
= l<m / hr

Quadratic Equatiions:
An equation b1 which the highest power of the va da ble is 2 fs called quadratic
equation. Thus
ax2 +bx+ c = 0 where a, b,. care constants a111d a .tc- 0 is a general equatron.
Solving quadratic equations:
We can solve quadratic equation by method of,

aj Factorization
b) Us,ing the quadratic formula
c) Completing the square

(a)So!lutio,n by fadors:
Consider the equation c x d = 0,. where c and d are numbers. The product c x d can
on11y be zero if either c
or d (or both) is equal to zero.
i.e. c= Gord= 0 or c= d = 0.

(b}Solution by formula:
Th,e solutions of the quadratic equation
ax2 +bx+ c =Oare given by the formula:

-b� h2-4ac
X
2a
(c) Compl,eting the square
� Make the coefficient of x2, Le. a= 1
� Bring the constant term, i.e. c to the fight side of equation.
� Divide coefficient of x,. Le.. by 2 a1nd add the square i.e. (:) 2 to both
sides of the eq uatfon.
� Factorize and simplify answer

Ex1pansion ,of alg,ebraic exp,ressio,ns Fact,orization ,of

algebraic ,exp,re.ssions

� a(b + c) = ab+ ac
� (a+ b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
� (a - bI2 = a2 - 2ab + b2
� a2 + b2 = (a + b)2 - 2ab
� a2 b2 = ( a + b Ha - b)
�
a2 + 2ab + b2 =(a+ b)2
� a2 - 2ab + b2 = (a - b)2
� a2 -b2 =(a+ b)(a-b)

Ordering:
= is equal to
c;,= is not equal to
> [s greater than

is greater than orequal to

< is less than
5; is less than or equal to
Variation.:

Direct Variation:
y 'is proportiona;I1to x

y= kx

MENSURATION

Inverse Variation:
y is iinversely proportional to x
1
yd;;.-
x
v=-k
X

PYTHAGORAS' THEOREM

For all the right angled triang:les" the square on the hypotenuse is equal to the
sum of the squares on the other two sides"

.a

c = a2 +b2

Ar,ea and Perimeter:

Download at : Gcecompilation.com

GEOMETRY
(a) Angles on a straight line
The angles on a straight lline add up to 180�.

(bl Angle at a point

The angles at a point add up to 360�.

(J + b + C + d = 360�

(c) Vertkally o:pposite angles

If two straight lin,eintersect, then
a=c
b = d (Vert,opp.Ls)
Paral!lel Lines::
When Hnes never meet, no matter how far they are extended, they are said to be
parallel.
a

� Vertically opposite angles are equal. a = c; b = d; p =sand q =r

� Corresponding angles are equal.

a = q; b = p; c = r and d s
� Alternate angles are equal.
c= q and d = p.
� Sum of th�e angles of a triangle is 180�.
� Sum of the angles of a quadrilateral is 360�.

Types o,f angles

Given an angle , if
0 < 9'0� , then 0 is an acute angle

90� < 0 < 180�,�then 0 is an obtuse angle

0 ;� .,-
180� < fJ < 360�, then e is an reflex angle

Triangles

Differ,ent types of triang!les:

1.. An isosceles triangle has 2.sides and 2 angles the same.

2. An equilateral triangle has 3 sides and 3 angles the same.

AB=AC ABC= BCA

A C

AB= BC= CA and ABC= BCA = CAB

A

3.. A triang:le in which one ang.le Is a right angle is called the right angled
triangle.

ABC= 90�
B C

Angle pro,perti'es of triangle:

� The sum of the angles of a triangle is equal to 180�.
� In every triangle, the greatest angle is opposite to the longest side.. The
smallest ang1le is opposite to the shortest side.
� Exterior angle is equalto the sum of the opposite interior angles.
x=a+b

Congruent Tr;iangles: B G
Two triangles are said to be congruent if they are equal in every aspect.
A X

AB=XY BC=YZ AC= XZ

C z
La= Lx Lb= Ly Le= Lz

Similar Triangles:
If two triangles are similarthen they have a pair of corresponding equal angles and
the three ratios of corresponding sides are equal..
A
X

B C y z

L a = L x; L b = Ly and L c = L z

If you can show that one of the following conditrons is true for two triangles,
then the two triangles are sin1ilar.
i) The angles of one triangle are equal to the corresponding angles of the other
triangle.
A

6
B C y z

/J. ABC is similar to /1 XYZ because La= L x;. Lb= Ly and Lc = L z

iii The ratio of correspondiing sides is equal..

If PQ = PR = QR then iii PQR Is similar to /J. DEJ=

DE DF EF

R <7F
D
0 E

iii) The ratios of the corresponding sides a.re equal a,nd the angles between them
are equal. R z

p Q

11 PQR is similar to 11 XYZ Cif, for eg: LP=

Xand -P� Q-' = -PR)

..IT ..YZ

Areas of Similar Triangles:

The ratio of the areas of s!imilar t6angles is equal to the ratio of the square on
corresponding sides.
C

A B
Polygons:

areaof/J.ABC
areaof /JPQR

AB'�
PQ2

i)
ii)

iii) iv)
v)

The exterior angles of a polygon add up to 360�.

The sum of the interior angles of a polygon is [n- 2) x 180� where n is tile number
of sides
of the polygon.
A regular polygon has equalsides and equal angles.
If the polygon is regular and has n sides, then each exterior angle= 360
n

3 sides= triangle4 sides= quadrrlateral5 sides = pentagon6 s.ides = hexagon7 sides

= heptagon8 sides= octagon9 sides = nonagon10 sides= decagon
Simillar Solids:
If two objects are similar and the ratio of corresponding Sfdes is k, then
� the ratio of their areas is k2.
� the ratio of their volumes is k3.

Length Area Volume

l1 r1 h1 Al r
h - v1 3 h1

I l 'i

lz rz hz A2 1�

h 2 V2

r ; -3

2 1 2 hi

CIRCLE
� The angle subtended by an arc at the centre is twice the angle subtended at the
circumference

� Angles subtended by an arc in the same segment of a circle are equal.

� The angl,e in a semi-circle is a right .angle. [or if a triangle is inscribed in

a semi-circle the anglle opposite the diameter is a right angle]. LAPB = 90�
p

� Oppos:ite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral add up to 180� (supplementary). The

corners touch the circle. A+C = 180�,.B+D 180�
B-.-- -

A C

D
� The exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the interior opposite
angle.(b = p)

Chord of a circle:
A Hne joining two points on a circle is called a chord. y
The area of a drc!e cut off by a chord is called a segment.
AXB is the minor arc and AYB is the major arc.

a) The line from the centre of a circle to the mid-point of

a chord bisects the chord at right angles. B
b) Thelline from the centre of a circle to the mid-po1[nt of a
chord bisects the angle subtended by the chord at the centre of the circle. X

Tang,ents il:o ,C1 irele�:

,, The .ansle between a�angent nd the radius r n o
the point of rnn a� �s 90�. Cl

ABO= 0�
B

� I rom any poin ,_ uts"de circl just t o ,an� nb to th. circle may h d n and
th y are o �
equal leng1h.

TA �TB

C
,, Altern te Se1m,ent Th�or,em
Tl a GI b w nt
of on n I

INDIC S:

(l
bl!!I

-am/n

� �
r; a

So,llving lne,qualiities:
When we multiply or divide by a negative mnnber the inequallty is reversed. Eg: 4>-
2
By rnu]tiplying by -2 [4(-2) < (-2)[-2)]
-8 < +4

TRIGONOMETRY

tet ABC be a right angled triangle, where L B,= 90�

Opposite Side 0
� Sin 8 = -----
Hypotenuse H
A. djacent Side A
� Cos 0 = = -
Hypotenuse H

SOHCAHTOA

(I)
'C
"(ii
ell "iii 0
C.
Cl.
0

Opposite side
� Tan 0'
Adjacent Side

Sine Rule:
a b c
sin A sin B s:in C

Cosine Rule:

0 A
A

B a

- c
B
Adjacent srde G

To find the length of a side:

� o2 = ll + c2 - 2bc cosA

To find an angle when all the three sides are given:

� b 2 = a2 + c2

2ac cos B

� c2 = a2 + b2- 2.ab cos C

�
cos A= -----
2bc
a- +c1 -b1

� cos B =

� cos C =

_ac
a, - +b-? -c1 2ab

Bearing N
The bearing of a point B from another po.fnt A is;
,(a) an ang]e measured from the north at A. B
(b) In a clockwise direction.
(c) Written as three-figure number !i.e. from 000 � to 360�)
Eg.: The bearing of B frnm A 1s 050�.

Distance and GradientDi.stance Between Point A and C =

l,/(x1 -x2)- + (x1 -xJ!I

Or
Gradient of a line. m =-( y-intercept)
x. inter. ept
- c-y

BL - - - - - --- - - --
xl-)(10X

1\ilidpoiut
y

B(x,.Y,l

0 XA point divicling a segment of a line

y
n

0 X

A oint. dividin a se ent of a line

=p (nx1+mx2_ nri +my2 )
n-i 11 m+n �
Cartesian co-,ordinates

Gradient and equation o,f a straight line

The gradient of the straight line joining any two given points A(x1.y1) and B(.-
r2._1 2) ls;
m=.Y-_Yi
X2 -XI
The gradient/fntercept form of the equation of a straight iline is y = noc +c,
where m = gradient and
c = intercept on y-axis.

c Gradient = m

X
0

� The

,m,lc p. omt af.ht e I"1n.e J. o.mmg two p.omts A(

.:...- ,J,-)and B( x_ y )

1. s;M

=,(x�i+z,. Y1+y., )

1 1 2
� The distance between two points A(x1,_ 1) and B(x_,_12) is; AB = J(x2 - x1)2�+
(y2 - y1)2
� Parallel lines have the same gradient.
Vertical height y
In a graph, gradient= or-
Ho1-�izontal height x
B
C
Distance - Time Gra:phs:

horn Oto A: Uniform speed

from B to C :. uniform speed
from A to B : Statiionery (speed= 0)

rJ TIMA G

The gradient ofthe graph of a distance-time graph gives the speed of the moving
body.

Speed-Time Graphs:

"C
from Oto A : Uniform speed al
From A to B : Gonstant speed (acoeleration = O)
from B to,[ : Uniform deceleration/ ,reta1rdation

The ,area under a speed -time graph represents the distance

travelled.
The gradient of the�graph is the acceleration. If the acceleration is

- Time
0 C

negative, ,it is called deceleration or retardation. (The moving body is slowing

down.)

Velodty:
VeloCity is the rate of change of diistance with respect to the time.

Acceleration:
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with respect to time.

SETS:
Notations
� { = universal set
� u (union)= all the e,lements
� n, (intersedionl = common elements
� 0 or { } = empty set
� A = compliment of A (i.e. the elements of
{ - the elements of A)
� n(A) = the number of elements in A

I I l

� E = belongs to
� ,fl = does not belongs to
� =Subset
�
De Morgan's Laws:

(A u B) = (A n B )
r I ,
(A B) = (A B )

Subset
B A means every elements of set B is also an element of set A.

or

Proper subset c
B c .A means every element of Bis an element
of set A but B=tA.
f> ------

Disjoint sets
Disjoint set do not have any element in common. 1.f A and B are disjoint setsf then

lrntersection n
A n B is the set of elements which are [n A
and also in B

cA oB

Union u
A u B is the set of elements in either A, B or
b�ot

The complement of A, wr.itten as A' refers to

the elements inc but not in A.
Vectors:
� A vector quantity has both magnitude and direction.

� Vectors a and b represented by the line segments can be added using the
parallelogram rule or the nose- to- tail method.

b
� A scalar quantity has a magnitude but no direction. Ordinary numbers are scalars.
� The negative s:ign reverses the direction of the vector.
� The resu It of a - b [s a + -b
i.e. subtract[ng bis equivalent to adding the negative of b.

Addition and subtraction of vectors

OA +AC= DC (Triangular law of addition)

-----+ ,.

OB+ OA = OC ( parallelogram law of addition)

0 a A

Column Vect,or :
The top numlber is t e orizo ital component and t e bottom number i th . ve11ic I
compon Jlt
(X)

Pa,11l'lel Vec.tall's:
� V c o ar p r llel if ti ev h v th sam, dir tio . Both ompon nts. of on v
� tor must b
in h sam r. tiD to th orr nding comp n nts.D 111 parall Iv r.
� Ing n Ith v I rk(:)1 pr II Ito(:

h m v . t r , i writt n . lal nd r-pr nt'i th I ng h ( rm gni

d. ) ,of the ve, tor.
In I, ifx (':;). I:l J ,,,, ,,,
Tr ,n orm tlons:

) Refl c Ion:
Wh n in re I c ion, no h I.

b) Rotation:

�
�
�

n, h

I.

ii.

ll f,11 or,
lt

� If th Ii� n h
� II Ii
� II

nla,

ItI uJ, ti in nl 1 m ]

A. .- :A.-�

STATISTICS
Bar Gra;ph:
A bar chart makes numerical information easy to see loy showing it In a pictorial
form. The width of the bar has no significance. The length of each bar represents
the quantity.

Pie Diagram:
The information is displayed using sectors of a circle.

H1istograms;
A histogram displays the frequency of either continuous or grouped discrete data in
the form of bars. The bars are joined together.
The bars can be of varying width.
The frequency of the data is ,represented by the area of the bar and not the
hefght.
[When class [ntervals are different it is the area of the bar which represents the
frequency not the height]. Instead of frequency being plotted on the vertica:1axis,
frequency density is pfotted.
. frequencyFrequency dens ty = class width
Mean:
The mean of a series of numbers is obtained loy adding the numbers and dividing the
result by the number of numbers.

Mean = -I-:f-r
I:J

where 'j_fx means 'the sum of the products'

i.e. 'j_ (number x freque11cyj

and 'If means' the sumof the frequencies'.

Median:
The median of a series of numbers is obtained by arrangfng the numbers in ascending
order and then choosing the number In the 'middle'. lf there are two 'middle'
numbers the median is the average [mean) of these two numbers.

Mode:
The mode of a serles of numbers is simp.ly the number which occurs most often.

Frequency tables:
A frequency tab.le shows a number x such as a score or a mark, against the
frequency! or number of times that x occurs.

Cumulative frequency:
Cumulative frequency is the total frequency up to a given point.

Cumulative fre,que11cy Curv,e:

-

25

Marks

A cumulatlve frequency curve shows the median at the 50th percentile of the
cumulative frequency. The value at the 25th percentrle is known as the fower
quartrle and that at the 75th percentile as the upper quartile.
A measure ofthe spread or dispersion ofthe data is given by the inter-quartile
range where
inter-q1ua:rtile range= upper quartile - lower quartile.

Probabillity:
� Probabi.lity ls the study of chance, or the likelihood of an event happening.

� ProbabiHty of an event =

nlunber of favourable outcomes

Total nwnber of equally .likely outcmn e

� If the prnbability = O it implies the event is impossible

� If the prnbabi:lity = 1 it implies the event is certain to happen.
� All probabilities lie between O and 1.
� Probabilitfes are written using fractions or decimals.

Excllusive events:
Two events are exclusive if they cannot occur at the same time. The OR Rule:
For exclusiive events A and B
p(A or B) = p(A} +p(BI

Independent events:
Two events are independent if the occurrence of one even is unaffected by the
occurrence of the other. The AND Rule:
p(A and B) = p(A) x p(B)
where p(A) = probability of A occurring p{B) = probabil:lty of B occurring

Tr,ee diagrams:
A tree dfagram ls a diagram used to represent probabilities when two or more events
are cornhined..

Symmetry:
� A line of symmetry divides a two-dimensional shape into two congruent
(,identical) shapes.

� A plane of symmetry divides a three�-dimensionil shape into two congruent sOlid

shapes.

� A two-dimensional shape has rotational symmetry if, when rotated about a central
point, it fits its outline. The number of t[rnes it fits its outline during a
complete revolution is ca'lled the order of rotational syn1metry.
erminology

an:

MinorSeclor

Chord Minor Segmru;1

Major Sector Major Segme I