COLLEGE

OF HUMAN
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
2022
Hardware
All of the electronic and mechanical equipment in a
computer is called the hardware. Examples include:

• Motherboard
• Hard disk
• RAM
• Power supply
• Processor
• Case
• Monitor
• Keyboard
• Mouse
Software
The term software is used to describe computer
programs that perform a task or tasks on a computer
system. Software can be grouped as follows:

• System software - Operating System etc.

• Utility programs - Antivirus etc.
• Applications Software - Word, SolidWorks etc.
PC Components
Computer system - collection of electronic and
mechanical devices operating as a unit. The main
parts are:
1. System unit
2. Monitor
3. Keyboard 2 1
4. Mouse 5

5. Speakers

3 4
System Unit
The system unit is the main container for system
devices. It protects the delicate electronic and
mechanical devices from damage. Typical system
unit devices include:

• Motherboard
• CPU (Processor)
• Memory
• Disk drives
• Ports - USB etc.
• Power supply
• Expansion cards - sound card, network
Motherboard
Typical parts of a motherboard.

ABIT SE6
 Cabling

For items in or attached

to a system to work
properly they must be
securely connected.
Peripherals

Peripherals are devices that connect to the system

unit using cables or wireless technologies. Typical
peripherals include:

• Monitor
• Keyboard
• Printer
• Plotter
• Scanner Plotter

• Speakers
System Devices
Processor
An integrated circuit (IC) supplied on a single silicon
chip. It’s function is to control all the computers
functions. The main processor manufacturers are:

• AMD - Athlon and Turion (mobile)

• Intel - Pentium and Centrino (mobile)

AMD
Processor
System Devices
Computer program - a series of instructions. When a
program is run, the processor carries out these
instructions in an orderly fashion. Typical instructions
include:

• Arithmetic - addition, subtraction etc

• Logical - comparing data and acting according
to the result
• Move - move data from place to place within the
computer system - memory to the processor for
addition - memory to a printer or disk drive etc.
System Devices
Processor speed - measured in megahertz (MHz)
or Gigahertz (GHz) - the speed of the system clock
(clock speed) within the processor and it controls
how fast instructions are executed:

• 1 MHz - 1 million clock ticks every second

• 1 GHz - 1 billion clock ticks every second
Latest trend - multi-core processors can have two,
three or four processor cores on a single chip.
Random Access Memory (RAM)

• Primary storage - main computer memory. Data,

programs currently in use are held in RAM
• Volatile - contents of memory are lost if the
computer is turned off
• Module - memory IC’s on a circuit board

IC’s
Memory
Module
System Devices
Memory is sold in modules:

• DIMM’s (dual inline memory module) for

desktop computers

• SODIMM’s (small outline dual inline memory

module) for notebook computers.

DIMM
Module

SODIMM
Module
 System Devices
DIMM’s and SODIMM’s are available in modules of
256MB, 512MB, 1GB, 2GB

The current technology is called DDR (double data ram)

and there are three types: DDR1, DDR2, DDR3

Any particular computer system is only compatible with

one type. Module capacity
Module name

Module type Module speed

Motherboard
Mainboard or system board - the main circuit board
for the computer system. All device in the computer
system will either be part of the motherboard or
connected to it.
Memory
Sockets
Processor
Socket
Chipset

PCI Slots
Ports
Graphics Slot
System Devices
Processor socket - different processors require
different sockets and a motherboard must be chosen
to suit the processor intended for use:

• Socket 478 - Intel Pentium IV

• Socket 775 - Intel Dual Core and Core Duo
• Socket 754 - AMD Athlon
• Socket 939 - AMD Athlon 64
• Socket AM2 - AMD Athlon X2
Chipset - controls data flow around the computer.
It consists of two chips:
• Northbridge - data flow between memory
and processor - data flow between the
processor and the graphic's card
• Southbridge - controls data flow to the
devices - USB, IDE, SATA, LAN and Audio
- controls PCI slots and onboard graphics
System Devices
Buses - a path through which data can be sent to the
different parts of the computer system. Main buses:
Processor

Front Side
Bus RAM
Northbridge
Graphics Slot Memory Bus
PC-Express or AGP All Memory
Graphics Bus

Internal
Bus
Southbridge
PCI Slots PCI Bus Onboard
Graphics
PCI Bus IDE
SATA
USB
LAN
Audio
Power Supply

A computer power supply has a number of functions:

• Converts Alternating current (AC) Direct
current (DC)
• Transforms mains voltage (240 Volts) to the
voltages required by the computer. The main
voltages are:
• 12 volts for the disk drives as they have motors
• 3.3 and 5 volts for the circuit boards in the computer
• Uses advances power management (APM) to
allow the computer go into a standby mode
• Some have a switch to toggle between 240 volt
supplies and 110 volt supplies.
• The main connections are:
3 4

1 2

Connects to the motherboard and supplies the 3.3 and 5 volt supply for the
1 Main connector
board.

2 Molex connector Connects IDE hard drives and optical drives.

3 Berg connector Connects floppy disk drives

4 SATA connector Connects SATA drives

System Devices
Ports
Computer ports are interfaces between peripheral
devices and the computer. They are mainly found at
the back of the computer but are often also built into the
front of the computer chassis for easy access.
Ports at the rear of the computer

Ports at the front of the computer

System Devices
• Serial port - a 9-pin port. Often called Com
ports - Com1, Com2 etc. Mice and external
modems were connected to these ports. They
are turquoise in colour.

• Parallel port - a 25-pin port used to connect

printers, scanners, external hard disks, zip
drives etc. to the computer. Burgundy in
colour, they are often called LPT ports -
LPT1, LPT2 etc.
System Devices
• Video port - used to connect a monitor to the
computer system. There are two types:
VGA port - This is a 15-pin port and is blue in colour. It
is an analogue port and is being replaced by the DVI port.

DVI port - white in colour, it is a digital port. This

means that no conversion is necessary between the
computer and the monitor and that means that images
can be produced more quickly on the monitor
System Devices

• PS/2 port - used to connect keyboards and

mice to the computer. The keyboard port is
purple and the mouse port is green

• Modem port - used to connect a modem to a

telephone line. RJ11 is the technical term for the
port.
System Devices
• USB port - intended to replace Serial, Parallel
and PS/2 ports with a single standard. 127
devices can be connected to a single USB port.
Hot swappable - devices can be connected
and disconnected while the computer is on
There are different USB standards in use:
• USB 1 - original standard - transfer data of 1.5MBps.
• USB 2 - current standard - transfer rate of 60MBps.
• USB3 - future standard (2009) transfer rate of 600MBps.
System Devices
• FireWire port - (IEEE 1394) is an Apple
technology There are two versions available
and a third is planned:
• FW 400 - transfer rate of 50MBps.
• FW 800 - transfer rate of 100MBps.
• FW S3200 - transfer rate of 400MBps.

• USB devices must be connected to a host

computer while FireWire devices can be
connected to each other without using a
computer.
System Devices
• Ethernet port - used to connect to a network.
Known as RJ45, it is larger than a modem port.

• Audio ports - used to input and output audio

from the computer. Three mini jack ports but
there may be more:

• Light blue - Line in - connect external devices

• Lime - Connect the speakers to this port.
• Pink - Connect a microphone to this port.
System Devices
Graphics card 3

4
2

Graphics card handles it’s own processing making it almost independent of

1 Processor and fan
the processor.

2 Board connector AGP or PCI-Express

Graphics card has it’s own memory. This makes it much faster. Most new
3 Memory
cards use DDR3 memory.

4 DVI connector Digital output is supplied through this port.

5 VGA connector Analogue output is provided through this port.

System Devices
Graphic card - screen images are made up of dots
called pixels (picture elements). The graphics card
must process each of these pixels to create the image.

The resolution of a screen is the number of pixels

being displayed. Typical resolutions include:

• 800 x 600 - 480,000 pixels

• 1024 x 768 - 786,432 pixels
• 1280 x 1024: - 1,310,720 pixels
• 1600 x 1200: - 1,920,000 pixels
System Devices
There are two types of graphic card available:
• AGP (accelerated graphics port) - the older
technology but still available. It can output in
analogue or digital or both.
• PCI-Express - the newer technology - faster
than AGP. Allows for two graphics cards to
improve the performance - called Scalable
Link Interface (SLI). PCI-Express can also
output in analogue or digital or both.
• These cards are mutually exclusive and the
choice is made according to the graphics slot
on the motherboard.
System Devices
Sound card

2
3

1 PCI connector Connects the sound card to a PCI slot

Musical Instrument Digital Interface port is used to connect digital

2 MIDI socket
musical instruments to the computer.

These are used to connect microphones, speakers, stereo systems

3 Audio jacks
etc to the computer.
System Devices
The main functions of a sound card are:
• To use a DAC (digital to analogue converter)
to prepare audio for speakers etc.
• To use an ADC (analogue to digital converter)
to convert the audio coming into the computer.
A sound card can be connected to the following:

• Analogue input devices - Microphone, Radio,

Tape deck, Record player etc
• Headphones and speakers
• Output to tape etc.
 System Devices
Network card
• allows computers join a network. Can be wired
or wireless. The standard used is called
Ethernet - covers wired and wireless
networks.
The wired standards include:
• Fast Ethernet - transmission speed of
100Mbps.
• Gigabyte Ethernet - transmission speed of
1000Mbps.

PCI PC card USB

The wireless standards include:
• The B standard - introduced in 1999, it has
a transmission rate of 11Mbps and a range
of 30 Metres.
• The G standard - introduced in 2003, it has
a transmission rate of 54Mbps and a range of
30 Metres.
• The N standard - introduced in 2006, it has
a transmission speed of 540Mbps and a
range of 50 metres.

PCI PC Card USB

Modem
• Internet access using a telephone line.
• Converts the digital computer data to analogue
(Modulation) before transmission over the
telephone line and converts the analogue data
to digital (DEModulation) before transmission to
the computer. The device gets it’s name from
these two terms.
• The standard transmission speed of a modem is
56Kbps.

PCI USB
Hard Disk

• Primary storage (memory) - volatile - contents

lost when power is turned off.

• Secondary storage (disk drives) - non-volatile -

can store files when power is turned off.

• In memory, voltages are used to store data as

binary 1’s and binary 0’s. It was decided to mimic
the situation for secondary storage using
magnetism instead of electrical voltages to
represent the binary data.
• A metal disk (platter) is coated with tiny iron
particles which can be magnetised to north and
south to represent the binary digits 0 and 1.

• A read-write head is used to magnetise the

particles on the disk surface to represent the data
held in RAM. The computer can now be switched
off and a copy of the data is safe for later use.
Metal disk
(platter)
covered with
iron particles.

Read-write
head
 System Devices
Hard disks can be internal or external. The internal
standards are:
• IDE ( Integrated Drive Electronics). The disks
connect to the motherboard using a ribbon cable.
Each cable can hold two drives - master and
slave. The drive is set as master or slave by
positioning a jumper switch on the back of the
drive. There are two IDE connectors and a total
of four drives can be connected.
System Devices
• SATA (Serial Advanced Technology
Attachment) allow faster data transfer speeds
than IDE. There is no master/slave
arrangement with SATA and each drive has it’s
own cable. The cables are much smaller and
allow better air circulation in the system unit.
SATA
Cable

Motherboard connectors

IDE SATA
 System Devices
External hard disk drives can be IDE or SATA and
can be mains powered or host powered. Host
powered drives receive their power from the USB port.
Mains Host
Powered Powered

Hard disk drives are also now found in video recorders,

digital music players, digital camcorders, digital
cameras and mobile phones.
2½ inch Notebook Drive
1 inch Microdrive Microdrive
System Devices
Optical drives
• Optical drives use lasers to sense pits and lands
mechanically pressed into a polycarbonate disk.
These pits and lands represent the binary 0’s and
1’s and so can store computer data.
• A thin layer of metal reflect the laser light. As the
disk rotates, the laser senses the pits and lands
and reads the data from the disk. The laser only
operates at a single intensity as it only scans the
surface of the disk to detect the pits and lands.
Land Pit
 System Devices
CD-R (blank CD’s) use a dye layer to mimic the lands
and pits created mechanically on commercial disks.
• The laser used has two intensities.
• At the high setting, it burns spots on the dye
layer changing it from transparent to opaque. This
allows data to be written as spots of transparency
and opacity.
• At the low setting, it reads these differences
Label

Reflective metal layer

Dye layer
Polycarbonate
 System Devices
The CD-RW (re-writable) disk is similar but the laser has
three intensities. The third and highest is needed to
turn the burned areas of the dye layer back to their
original condition. The dye layer can now be re-burned
to hold new data.

The three laser intensities are:

• Intensity 1 - Read data

• Intensity 2 - Burn data
• Intensity 3 - Erase data
System Devices
DVD’s hold a lot more data than CD’s. They can
have several layers, each holding 4.7GB of data.
The possibilities are:
Number of sides 1 1 2 2
Number of layers 1 2 1 2
Disk capacity 4.7GB 8.5GB 9.4GB 17GB

Dual layer disks have two reflective layers, one which

can be penetrated at a certain intensity
Label
Total reflective metal layer
Dye layers Semi reflective metal layer
Polycarbonate
System Devices
DVD Formats
Read only. Mechanically stamped and manufactured as single or double layer and as
1 DVD-ROM
single sided or double sided.

Single or dual layer disks and can be single or double sided. They can be written to
2 DVD-R
only once.

3 DVD-RW Same as DVD-R but can be written to several times.

These are single or dual layer disks and can be single or double sided. They can be
4 DVD+R
written to only once.

5 DVD+RW These are the same as DVD+R only that they can be written to several times.

DVD-R and DVD+R are incompatible with each other.

Manufacturers have produced DVD±R drives capable
of reading and writing to both standards.
System Devices
A number of new high capacity formats have come
onto the market.

These are:
Uses a new laser technology resulting in layer of 15GB instead of the 4.7GB on
1 HD-DVD standard DVD. This gives a total capacity of a double sided - double layered disk as
60GB.

Higher capacity than HD-DVD - 25GB of data/layer. A dual layer disk can hold
2 Blu-Ray
50GB. Technically, a double sided and double layered disk can hold 100GB of data.

Blu-Ray HD-DVD
System Devices
Card readers
Replaces floppy drives in new computers. They can
read media cards from most digital cameras:

• Microdrive:
• Smartmedia:
• SD memory card:
• Memory stick/Duo/Pro: Card reader drive

• xD picture card:
System Devices
Monitors
A computer monitor displays images generated by the
graphics card.
Monitors are almost exclusively LCD (Liquid Crystal
Display). CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) monitors are rare
and are now as expensive as LCD monitors.

19 inch Widescreen LCD

System Devices
The aspect ratio of a computer monitor is the ratio
between the width and height of the screen. The
aspect ratios are:
• Standard monitor - 4:3
• Widescreen monitor - 16:9
Most LCD monitors offer a VGA and a DVI connection.
The VGA connector is used for analogue signals and
the DVI connector is used for digital. As the computer
is a digital machine, it is best if no conversion is
required and so the best option is the DVI connection.

DVI VGA
System Devices
Resolution
Standard monitor
• XGA (Extended Graphics Array) - 1024 x 768
• SXGA (Super Extended Graphics Array) - 1280 x 1024
• UXGA (Ultra Extended Graphics Array) - 1600 x 1200
• QXGA (Quad Extended Graphics Array) - 2048 x 1536

Widescreen

• WXGA (Wide XGA) - 1280 x 800

• WSXGA (Wide SXGA) - 1680 x 1050
• WUXGA (Wide UXGA) - 1920 x 1200
System Devices
Keyboard
Primary input device - divided into sections:

• Typing keys - contains the letter and number

keys, shift keys, spacebar, return key etc.

• Numeric keypad - These keys are arranged as

on a calculator.

• Function keys - programmable keys used by

software for special functions. E.g. - F1 - Help.
System Devices
• Most common arrangement is called
QWERTY after the first six keys.
• Other arrangements are available including
Dvorak, ABCDEF, AZERTY etc.

QWERTY

Dvorak
System Devices
Keyboards are available wired or wireless:
• Wired - These are either PS/2 or USB.
• Wireless - The keyboard uses batteries.

Wireless keyboard

Rubber keyboard - useful for use with notebook

computers. Leaves users less prone to RSI (Repetitive
Strain Injury)
System Devices
Mouse
Input device - uses point and click technology
There are two main types:
• Ball mouse - uses a ball to roll across the surface and move
rollers attached to sensors inside the mouse - reflecting the
ball movement as cursor movement.
• Optical mouse - camera takes thousands of images per
second and sends them for digital processing. The red LED
lights up the surface for the camera.
Ball mouse

Optical
mouse
 System Devices
Printers
Output devices - produce a hardcopy ( permanent
and readable) of computer data. The can print onto
paper, transparency, photographic paper, card etc.
There are two main technologies involved:
• Inkjet (Bubble-jet)
• Laser
Laser
Computer Case
● Possible Malfunctions
■ Not having the correct mounting holes for the
Motherboard

■ Selecting too small a case for desired hardware

■ Poor ventilation

58
Motherboard
 Possible malfunctions

 Failure to be properly grounded causing an electrical short

 Failure to boot

 Manufacturing defects

 Corrupted BIOS (Basic Input Output System)

 Set of basic commands that instruct the Motherboard how to

operate 59
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
● Job

■ The “brain” of the computer

■ Processes the instructions sent from memory and executes those

instructions
● Possible malfunctions

■ Electrical short: processor circuitry is unable to conduct signals

■ Overheat: melting and/or damaging of the internal circuitry

Memory
● Possible Malfunctions

■ Electrical short due to mishandling or improper grounding

■ Corrupts computer operations

● Hardware lockups

● Failure to boot

■ Wrong type of memory is installed

● Different voltages are required in varying memory types

● Won’t fit in memory slot on the Motherboard

Hard Drive
● Possible Malfunctions

○ Mechanical Failure

■ Circular disks that rotate with a needle that reads and writes data files

○ Circuitry Failure

■ Chips on the Hard Drive short

■ Flash memory shorts rendering the drive inoperable

● Solid State Drives (SSD) are newer drives which lack any moving parts,
are faster at reading/writing, and share many commonalities with Flash
Drives
Video Card
● Possible Malfunctions

■ Overheating

● No picture displayed on screen

● Screen corruption (Image is distorted or flickering)

■ Forces the computer to lock up

● Power related problem

○ Too little power is being supplied to the video card

■ Incompatible with the Motherboard

● Video cards have different types of connections that may not be

compatible with the Motherboard
Optical Drive
● Possible Malfunctions

○ Laser failure

■ Is unable to read the disc

■ Laser motor fails not allowing the laser to travel along the disc and read

○ Drive Motor Failure

■ The disc is unable to spin and be read

○ Tray Motor Failure

■ The drive is unable to eject the disc

 Power Supply
● Possible Malfunctions

○ The power supply overheats

■ Results from too much power draw

○ Failure of Capacitors

■ Computer will not power up

65
 Improper grounding

■ Computer will not power up

○ Cooling fan failure

■ Overheats and will shut down

Monitor
● Possible Malfunctions

○ Power supply failure

■ Monitor will not turn on

○ Screen shows ghost images (Burn-in)

■ The result of the display holding a particular image for a long time

■ The pixels lose their ability to change state and therefore develop a memory