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Mathematical Tool

Mathematical tool

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Ayush Kesharwani
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17 views8 pages

Mathematical Tool

Mathematical tool

Uploaded by

Ayush Kesharwani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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MATHEMATICAL TOOLS OF ALGEBRA Example 1. Solve the equation » 6x? -13x +6 =0. Common Identities s Solution. Herea=6, b=-13, c=6 AG (0+ DE =a? 4 Dal P= aH + And . bx Fade _ 4132 (TH=TRORE ara P —2ab + DB =(a-+ bY? —4ab + ES ta 2x6 sdf. a? — 0? = (a+ b)(a—b) TA (a+ WP ma 4 Bab 308? 4 ae poe BSS ee =a? +B? +3ab(a+b) (ab) =a? ~307b +300? b> OF ° — 63 —3ab(a—b) oe a+ Da? —ab+ 8) = _Siparsiissren i ER +b) ~3ab(a+ by If mis any integer, positive or negative, or a fraction are a ~ ba? + ab + 6) and x is any real number, then =(a—b) +3ab(a—b) (ay ate mee MED 2, MD 2) 0 (oii, (a+ 0)? + (a— bY? =2 (02 4B) a 3t (ab)? (ab = Aad where 2!=2x1, 31=3x2x1 LO MeO Paar +P +2 + 2ab+2be+2ca Ingeneral, n!=n(n—1)(n-2)..3x2x1. iT ETAT roa If |x| <<1then (1+ 2x)" =14 nx. An equation of second degree is called a quadratic Example 2. The acceleration due to gravity at a height h equation. It is of the form : above the surface of the earth (radius = R) is given by ax? + bx+c=0- gh? The roots of a quadratic equation are 8 Rae Ag ate ie If h<_ Surface area of a cube =6 x (side)’. 0.3 TRIGONOMETRY ‘Systems of Measurement of an Angle () Sexagesimal system. In this system, 1 right angle =90° (degree) 1°=60' (minute) Y =60"(second) (i) Centesimal system. In this system 1 right angle =100 € (grade) 18 =100' (minute) Y =100" (second) (iii) Circular system. In this system, the unit of angle is radian. One radian is the angle subtended at the centre ofa circle by an arc whose length is equal to the radius ofthe circle. and ZPOM=6. Fig. 02 ‘We can define the trigonometric ratios as follows : neo = Perpendicular PM sine 0 = Perpendicular _ PM _ en hypotenuse ~ OP ~" cosine 0 = —P282__ OM 5g eae Fpotenuse ” OP tangent 9 = Perpendicular base ant = _RYBOtenuse Seen O* Derpendicular hypotenuse OP ~ secant 0 = PYF pee oe base Om °° J coangeto-——Het LOM geg// perpendicular PM ~ Fundamental Trigonometric Relations 1 i 1 » sec@=—+_, cot g=—1_ sin cos 0 8 1. cosec 8 MATHEMATICAL TOOLS 03 £05 0 sind 3. sin 704 cos®O=1, 14 tan? Om sect cot 0-= Some Important Trigonometrical Formulae SHA + 8) 170 = cosec? 0 _sitt(A~ B) = sin A cos B-cos Asin B T-ratigs“t Allied Angles —BisA+ B= 0s Aces Bsn Asin B fn (- 0) = — si €os (A ~ B)= cos A cos B+ sin Asin B sin A cos B+ cos Asin B 0, tan (A+ Byz en A+ tan B on Aten 5 tan A tan B tan (A B= 12 Aton B 0s (90° 0) = sin 0 Geode 2tan A tan (90° ~6) = cot @ ee Dngd=? sin A cos A SO ee + tan (90° + 8) = cos 8 < (cos (90° + 8)=—sin® Patios2 A= cos? A-sin?A=1-2 sina tan (90° + @)=— cot @ =tan? eee =2 cos? a-1=1= nA sin (180° — 8) = sin 6 1+tan’A c0s (180° - 8) =~ cos 8 tanza=28RA tan (180° - 0) =~ tan Toten? A sin (180° + 6) = cosec (180° 8 sin (A+ B)+ sin(A~B)=2 sin A cos B 0s (180° + 8) sec (180° + 0) sin (A+ B)-sin(A—B)=2 cos Asin B tan (180° + @) cos (A + B) + cos(A~ B)=2 cos Acos B sin 270° ~ 8) cosec (270° ~ 6) cos (A+ B)~cos (A~ B)=~2 sin Asin B ‘cos (270° - 6). sec (270° — 6) C+D. oc-D sin C+ sin D=2 sin cos tan (270° - 8) = cot 8 cot (270° ~| sin (270° + 8) cosec (270° + 0) = £08 270° + 0) iD se 270° + 0 tan (270° + 6)=—cot 0 cot (270° + @) sin 60° — 6) =—sin © 0s (360° - 6) =e B> tan (360° 0) =~ tan 0 sec + sin C-sin D=2 cos £ neal, Values of Trigonometrical Ratios of Some Standard Angles angle 0 o° 30° 45° 60° 90° 120° 135° 270° 360° el, [seis | sin @ 0 2 a zB -1 0 242 Bia} a}, | a] ia cos 0 1 i BE 2 3; B54 0 1 Tv 1 tan 0 °(e) Blo |-8) -1]}-z] 0 | -2 | oe O04 0.4 LOGARITHMS Definition of Logarithm, ‘The logarithm of any number to a given base is the power to which base must be raised fo obtain that numb For example, 81=3, we can say that the logarithm of 81 to the base 3 is equal tA, Symbolically, og,81 In general, if N =a", then log, ‘The common logarithm of a number is the power to which 10 must be raised to obtain that number. As 1000=10° ogy) 1000 As a=1 log, 1=0 ‘As Maas log, @=1 Logarithmic Formulae Product formula : log, mn = log, m+ log, 1 Quotient formula : og, “= log, mlog, Power formula : log, m= log, mx log, b 0.5 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS Differential Coefficient). Let ybea function of x ie, y=f (x) Suppose the value of x increases by a small amount Ax. Then the value of y also increases by a small amount, say Ay. ‘The ratio 2 is called the average rate of change of y with respect to x. When Ax approaches zero, the limiting value of SL is called differential coefficient or derivative of y wart. x and is denoted by a dy Ay Hence 7 ato ax ne instimns sives th i Physically, the derivative = gives the instantaneous rate of change of function y with respect to variable x, ‘Some Important Results on Differentiation” a ( Let é be a constant. Then (0) JF PHYSICS-1 ly abe wl anor. aly (iii) a (x!) oun ay (iv) Let yey, where wand are functions of x. dy du , do ‘Ther 1 men ede dy (0) Product Rite, Let yeu. digp dee (SE) + SEALE, Pepe (BE) + SEE B) Den (Num) -(Numn) 4 (Den) yp ee ae (Deny? dv vty lide z (ii) Chain rule. Let y be a function of wand ube a function of x. ay _dy du Th fy dy dw a dx du’ de Let yeu, a du then 4 (uty yt dt en Ey mt a 1 A og, 2y=2 (itt) 7 (og, *) re 1 (&) Log, a= log, « d @ Zee (2) Ze) 20" log, a eit 4 (ina) =eos x ety F teos3)=~sinx (xiv) 4 (tan x)= sec Zz (0) 4 (oot x)= cosee?x (wy i (sec x) =secx tan x ‘iy (xvii) Gy lcosee x) =— cosec x cot x O05 MATHEMATICAL TOOLS = (4x2 =7)"?2 yy = fae? Using chain rule, ly My) We 4 (4,27) dx Gi) yaxades 1 x vt 43x? 4. Gx, dx 2 Vgy? yt =X Jax? -7y7(8x -0) =A. 2 ‘ lax? -7 Solution. @ yexSex3410 dy _d Example 5. Find the differential coefficient of the following eRe Lee) +L ao) fictions: “ cB a 248 ii) tar? (itty sin x (9 evox? +6) Gtx Gi SBE dx = 5x4 4337 40-524 4.332, Solution, (j) Let y = cos (ax? + b) @ yoxs dee Legty ging yn : Y gin (ax? + 6) 4 (ax? Hardy an Then = —sin (ax? + by (ax? +B) 1 1 : = sin (ax? + b).2ax “MOR ins: ~2ax sin (ax* +b). 3y =(tanz)? Gi) y = 5x* +329? 46x es am meta Y Then =3 (tan x) 4 (tan x) dy 54 aad a dx Fas fety 34 ary. 64 dy eT +6 Te) =S tan? x.sec? x, 3 sinx =5x42943x 3x02 46% iif) Let wenge +6x1 Nat IST aise =20x8 +2 Vz+6. Then 2 (1+ cos x) “(sin x) - sin x4 (14 cos x) Example 4. Differentiate the following functions : wy de dx 2 i) 1 a (1+ cos xf (0 Gx? +7)6x +3) ws _ (1+ 60s x)c0s x ~sin x(0 sin x) Gi) fax? 7. (+ cos x? . 008 x4 cos?x + sin? x Solution. (i) Let y =(8x* +7) (6x +3) 7 (1+ cos xP? = 60s x +1 1 Using product rule, we get 2 . Gs cosxy Tr cos” 862 174 6x 43)+60+3)L02 +7) dx dx dx Example 6. A particle is moving with a uniform =x? +7) (6 +0) + 6x +3)(6x +0) acceleration. Its displacement at any instant t is given by = 18x? + 42 +36x? + 18x =54x? 418x442, 8=10! +4907, What is (i) initial velocity (i) velocity at : £=3 second and (iii) the uniform acceleration ? x41 Solution. Displacement, s=101 + 4.91 i y2S ds sing suet ae ; Velocity, » HG let 2x 4st ay @ DLE)? +4 (2) (@ Initial velocity 4. ear (e., velocity (ii) Velocity at t=3 second is (x-2) (2x +0)-(x7 +1)(1-0) = v=10+2x 49x3=39.4 m: (27 : i 5 axt-4x—x?-1_ x? -ay-1 oa ” : “=F zB =9.8 ms -2 = £10 +98 1)=0+98 pat at “ge OTR (2-2 0.6 Example 7. A particle starts rotating from rest according to the formula, 3h 23 where Os in radian and tin second. Find the angular velocity « and angular acceleration oat the end of seconds, soni 3 Solution, Given 9 = 24 20 Angular velocity, ont 4 (30 2) ove a at\ 20° 3)" 20-3 At t=5s, 9x25 2x5 _ 475 Dg gp Teed Angular acceleration, | oF | 20 —5=3.83 rad 5, | Example 8. Show that power is the product of force and veloc Solution. Work = Force x distance or We=Fs Power = Rate of doing work awd ds OW 4 py pS, | ae a OT a ! Example 9. A balloon is being filled by air so that its volume Vis gradually increasing. Find the rate of increase of volume with radius r when r=2 units Solution. The volume of spherical balloon is dr av or ar When r=2 Ww ar 4n(2y = 167. Example 10. For a particle executing simple harmonic motion, the displacement fons the mean postion i gen by PHYSICS-xi y=asin (of + 4); where a, oand dare constants. Find the ‘wlocity and acceleration of the particle at any instant t Solution, Displacement, y =a sin (ot + 4) Velocity, ay de ai aegis (ot + a = cos (ot + A (ot +4) oa .cos (wt + 4) Acceleration, a Fp loacos(ot + 6] dt =-oasin(ot+ 4 (ot+ 4) =-oF asin (ot +). 0.6 INTEGRAL CALCULUS Integration Integration is the reverse process of differentiation. It is the process of finding a function whose derivative is given. If derivative of function f (x) wrt. x is f"(x), then integration of f'(x) wrt. x is f (x). Symbolically, we can say © Zt fan= soy, then ff@yie= fo) Some Standard Elementary Integrals Some standard elementary integrals alongwith their results on differentiation are as follows : iieenet provided n#—1 Here c is constant of integration, fac 4 og. xyet de s. Gog. ny=2 = a qet +e Berte a 4. (sinz)=c0s x Joos x.de=sin x +¢ 4 ; S. G_(cosx)=—sinx | fsinx.dr=—cosx te d 6, Geltamapasectx — | fcc? x. dx fanx +e a loots) =-cosec? x | foosee? rte = cot e+e a A ca) =see tan | fice tan de =sees d MATHEMATICAL TOOLS 0.7 DES WECen BST Cay Jose cot xa =n eoseex + € Solution, f OM ay = GM fx2dx k p, (eoseex) cose x. coty. ad . no. Gy aes bY Jax by" ay = na(ax + by"! aus A tog, (ax +8) axe oe Ms ax +b) 1 = Flog, (ax +b) +6 Jeae Solution. [ Fax ° a log, e+¢ Jwt os wy ax Jucdet fodes fudr+ e Lym ote; dy _ du, do, dw dx dx de de nt fon] ° 2 =k -0| al it Definite integrat 2 Be When an integral is defined between two definite Mey limits a and b, it is said to be a definite integral. It is Example 15. Find the value of J sav. given by ¥,¥ . v; a J fer -[6em =0-4@) Solution. [4 av=[log.v ]¥? 4 Vv Be My My where (x) is the integral of f (x). Here a and bare the _ _ lower and upper limits of integration. =[log, ¥, -log. Vv, ] Example 11. Integrate: x2 — cos x +2 =log, 2. 4 Solution. f (# -cosx+ ax +2 vy 7 Example 16. Evaluate [ —.x?dx; where Mand lare = fx? dx —Joos xde+ [hax in x constants, Solution. ~sin x4 log x40 x16 Example 12. Evaluate [ sec? xdx. ° Solution. fsec7xdx =[tan x] 5 o pe aegis OG) «anit Example 13. Find the value of [os where G, M +a x/6 os M e us 7 ‘and m are constants. 31 08 c Problems For Practice 1. Find a for the following functions : Piya —22 sa? 5 (Ans.3x?-6x +3) @y-0e=9 ve 3 St (938-3 1y Gi) y=[ Vex 1-2 (#3) (ans1-3) WN yz02 + ese (Ans.2ax +8) 2" Differentiate the following functions: WP ~ 4 + 5) (x3 2) (Ans. 5x4 1639 + 15x? — 4x +8) 243 “Ans, 22 + 6 + 10) #5 2 Hae iy SAX 08x ® Snz=cost -2 (ae Ginz-c08 3] PEP 52 4 y8 Ans. 8 (42° ~53741) 62 -52)] ‘1 twe motion of a paride is governed by the ‘equation, s= 215-3? + 2 +2, find the position, velocity and acceleration of the particle at time ta2s, (Ans. 10, 14, 18) il 4. A particle starts rotating from rest according to the formula, yt 4 where 0 is in radian and ¢ in second. Find the angular velocity @ and angular acceleration a at timet = 10s. (Ans, 66.5 rad s“!,20 rads?) 5: Show that force can be expressed as the product of mass and acceleration, PHYSICS-x1 16, Integrate the following = 1 H 2 _ 9x3 () 6x4 Sx? 20? + oy (i) ax? + bere w (x4) (108 (iv) 3cosec? x —5x + sin x t (anenaeus-$:2-oma (®) Scosec? x + 2sin 3x Ki (snu-aects2 7. Evaluate the following integrals : ¢ Pr © jee (a3) fo fiesna (ans.252 i we (ii) “Joos xx (Ans. 2) ine ye (@) "fore tan al (Ans. 2-9 4 fa © [ie (ans tog 2

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