MANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING

(A Unit of Rajalaxmi Education Trust®, Mangalore)

Autonomous Institute affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi
Accredited by NAAC with A+ Grade & ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution

MODULE – IV
Design of FIR Filters
Course Instructor:
Dr. Amit Kumar K
Asst. Prof., Dept of ECE
MITE, Moodabidre
9964250429
amit@mite.ac.in
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 INSTITUTE VISION

“To attain perfection in providing Globally Competitive

Quality Education to all our Students and also benefit the
global community by using our strength in Research and
Development”

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 INSTITUTE MISSION
“To establish world class educational institutions in their respective
domains, which shall be Centers of Excellence in their stated and
implied sense. To achieve this objective we dedicate ourselves to
meet the challenges of becoming Visionary and Realistic,
Sensitive and Demanding, Innovative and Practical, Theoretical
and Pragmatic; ALL at the same time”
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 DEPARTMENT VISION

To excel in the field of technical education and research

by perseverance to produce high quality engineers and
technologists having high levels of creativity and ethical
standards, contributing effectively to the growth of our
society and country.

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 DEPARTMENT MISSION
• To impart knowledge in the fields of Electronics,
Communication and related areas with a focus on developing the
necessary competencies, virtues and qualities expected of an
electronics engineer by the society at large
• To familiarize the students with the state of the art technology to
meet the growing demands of modern industries
• To foster self-development leading to positive social
transformation
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 CONTENTS

• CHAPTER – 10 [Design of Digital Filters]

• Characteristics of practical frequency-selective filters (10.1.2)
• Symmetric and Antisymmetric FIR filters (10.2.1)
• Design of Linear-phase FIR (Low pass and High pass) filters using
windows - Rectangular, Bartlett, Hanning, Hamming and Blackman
windows (10.2.2)
• Structure for FIR Systems: Direct form and Cascade form.
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 Design of Digital Filters
• A Finite Impulse Response of FIR filter, as the name suggests, has a finite
duration impulse response as opposed to an Infinite Impulse Response (IIR)
filter which has an infinite duration impulse response.
• Mathematically, this means the output of an FIR filter y(n) in response to an
impulse input x(n) = δ(n) dies out within a finite time.
• The impulse response of an FIR filter is represented as h(n) which is non-zero
only for a finite number of samples. This gives FIR filters an advantage over
IIR filters in terms of stability.
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 Design of Digital Filters
• In simple terms, an FIR filter is a digital filter whose impulse response is of
finite duration because it settles to zero in finite time.
• This makes the mathematical analysis and implementation of FIR filters
relatively simple compared to IIR filters.
• The filter coefficients of an FIR filter represent the impulse response of the
filter. FIR filters are widely used in digital signal processing applications such
as filtering, correlation, convolution, etc. due to their stability.
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 General Considerations

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 Properties of Finite Impulse Response
(FIR)

• Stability: Since the impulse response of an FIR filter is of finite duration, it

always results in a stable filter implementation. IIR filters on the other hand
can become unstable based on the choice of coefficients.
• Linear Phase: FIR filters can be designed to have a linear phase characteristic
which means the phase shift introduced by the filter is constant across its
frequency band. This preserves waveform shapes.

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 Properties of Finite Impulse Response
(FIR)
• Ease of design: The design methods for FIR filters like windowing,
convolution, and least squares are simpler to implement compared to IIR
filters.
• Non-recursive implementation: FIR filters can be implemented without
feedback which simplifies their hardware and software realizations compared
to IIR filters that use feedback.

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 Properties of Finite Impulse Response
(FIR)

• Exact linearity: FIR filters demonstrate exact linearity and do not suffer from

problems like saturation which may occur in IIR filter implementations.

• Superior approximation: FIR filters can approximate any desired frequency

response more accurately compared to IIR filters of the same order especially

in transition regions of the filter.

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 FIR Filter Design

• FIR filter design involves selecting the appropriate coefficients to achieve the
desired frequency response. Several methods are used in FIR filter design:
1. Windowing Method: This is one of the simplest methods for FIR filter
design. It involves multiplying the ideal filter impulse response by a window
function to obtain a finite-length filter. Commonly used windows include the
Hamming, Hanning, and Blackman windows.

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 FIR Filter Design
2. Frequency Sampling Method: This technique designs FIR filters by
specifying the desired frequency response at a set of sample points. The filter
coefficients are then computed using an inverse discrete Fourier transform
(IDFT).
3. Optimization Techniques: Advanced optimization algorithms, such as the
Parks-McClellan algorithm, are used to design FIR filters that meet strict
performance criteria, such as minimizing the maximum error between the
actual and desired frequency response.
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 Characteristics of FIR Digital Filters
• Some key characteristics of FIR digital filters compared to other filter types
include:
• Exact linear phase response: FIR filters can be designed as a linear phase filter
resulting in constant group delay which translates input signals without distortion in
the passband. This is useful in applications like pulse shaping.

• Narrow transition bands: FIR filters are better able to approximate sharp
transitions compared to IIR filters leading to narrow transition regions between
passband and stopband.

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 Characteristics of FIR Digital Filters

• No overshoot: Since FIR filters have an inherently stable structure, they do

not suffer from problems like overshoot which may occur during startup or in
case of improper IIR filter designs.
• Exact representation of arbitrary magnitude responses: FIR filters can
accurately replicate any theoretically ideal magnitude responses using design
techniques like frequency sampling compared to approximated IIR magnitude
responses.

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 Characteristics of FIR Digital Filters

• Easier implementation: Absence of feedback terms makes FIR filters simpler

to implement in hardware as well as software without complicated multiplier-
accumulator structures needed for IIR filters.
• Insensitivity to quantization errors: Quantization effects have minimal
impact on FIR filters owing to their non-recursive nature compared to IIR
filters which may become unstable due to quantization noise.

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 Advantages of Finite Impulse Response (FIR)
• Stability: As mentioned earlier, FIR filters are inherently stable due to their non-recursive
nature.
• Exact linear phase response: FIR filters can be designed to have linear phase thus
preserving signal waveforms.
• Ease of design: Windowing, frequency sampling methods are simple to implement for FIR
filter design.
• Ease of implementation: Non-recursive structure makes FIR filters simpler to realize
compared to IIR filters.
• Superior control of transitions: FIR filters can control passband-stopband transitions
better than IIR especially in multiband cases.

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 Disadvantages of Finite Impulse Response (FIR)

• Higher order required: For same filtering performance, FIR filters require higher orders

than IIR filters leading to more complex designs and computations.

• Higher delay: Due to their higher order, FIR filters introduce more delay compared to

lower order IIR filters of the same specifications.

• Greater computational complexity: Higher order FIR filters require more multiplication-

accumulation operations compared to equivalent IIR filters.

• More coefficient precision required: Owing to non-recursive nature, FIR filters demand

higher coefficient precision compared to IIR filters.

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 Difference between FIR and IIR Filters
Parameter FIR Filter IIR Filter

Stability Always stable Can become unstable with

improper design
Phase Response Linear phase possible Non-linear phase response

Feedback No feedback Uses feedback

Filter Order Requires higher order Lower order can achieve

similar results
Latency Introduces more delay Less delay

Computational Complexity Generally higher due to higher order Lower complexity

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 Ideal Filter

• An ideal filter is a frequency selective network that has very sharp cut-off
characteristics, i.e., it transmits the signals of certain specified band of
frequencies exactly and totally rejects the signals of frequencies outside this
band. Therefore, the phase spectrum of an ideal filter is linear.

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 Ideal Filter Characteristics

• Based on the frequency response characteristics, the ideal filters can be of

following types −
1. Ideal Low-Pass Filter (LPF)
2. Ideal High-Pass Filter (HPF)
3. Ideal Band-Pass Filter (BPF)
4. Ideal Band-Reject Filter (BRF)
5. Ideal All Pass Filter
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 General Considerations
• Let us consider the issue of causality by examining the impulse response h(n)
of an ideal low pass filter with frequency response characteristic.

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 Characteristics of Practical Frequency-selective
Filters
• In simple terms, an FIR filter is a digital filter whose impulse response is of
finite duration because it settles to zero in finite time.
• This makes the mathematical analysis and implementation of FIR filters
relatively simple compared to IIR filters.
• The filter coefficients of an FIR filter represent the impulse response of the
filter. FIR filters are widely used in digital signal processing applications such
as filtering, correlation, convolution, etc. due to their stability.
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