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1st SEM GP1 Units of Measurement

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14 views42 pages

1st SEM GP1 Units of Measurement

Uploaded by

erickjhonmagadia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Bauan Technical Integrated High School

Senior High School Department


Units of
measurement
Physical Quantity
System of Measurement
Fundamental Quantities
Conversion of Units
Dimensional Analysis
Significant Figures
Scientific Notation
Errors and Uncertainty
Physical Quantity
•A physical quantity is a property of a
material or system that can be
quantified by measurement.
•A physical quantity can be expressed as
the combination of a numerical value
and a unit.
Physical Quantity
•FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES
•The physical quantities which do not depend
on any other physical quantities for their
measurements are known as fundamental
quantities.
•Examples: Mass, Length, Time and
Temperature
Physical Quantity
•DERIVED QUANTITIES
•The physical quantities which depend on one
or more fundamental quantities for their
measurements are known as derived
quantities.
•Examples: Area, Volume, Speed and Force
Physical Quantity
•The standard used for the measurement of a
physical quantity is called a unit.
Examples:
1.metre, foot, inch --- for length
2.kilogram, pound --- for mass
3.second, minute, hour --- for time
4.Fahrenheit, Kelvin, Celsius --- for temperature
Physical Quantity
•Characteristics of Units
Examples:
1.Well – defined 4. Invariable
2.Suitable size 5. Indestructible
3.Reproducible 6. Internationally
Acceptable
System of
measurement
CGS (centimeter, gram and seconds);
MKS (meter, kilogram and seconds)
FPS (foot, pound and seconds)
Cgs system of units
•This system was first introduced in France.
•It is also known as Gaussian system of units.
•It is based on centimeter, gram and second as
the fundamental units of length, mass and time.
MKS system of units
•This system was also introduced in France.
•It is also known as French system of units.
•It is based on meter, kilogram and second as
the fundamental units of length, mass and
time.
FPS system of units
•This system was introduced in Britain.
•It is also known as British system of units.
•It is based on foot, pound and second as the
fundamental units of length, mass and
time.
International system of
units
• In 1971, General Conference on Weight and
Measures held its meeting and decided a system of
units for international usage.
• This system is called international system of units and
abbreviated as SI from its French name.
• The SI unit consists of seven fundamental units and
two supplementary units.
International system of
units
FUNDAMENTALQUANTITY UNIT SYMBOL
Length metre m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Temperature kelvin K
Electric current ampere A
Luminous intensity candela cd
Amount of substance mole mol
SI UNIT PREFIXES
NAME SYMBOL FACTOR NAME SYMBOL FACTOR
Tera- T 1012 Deci- D 10-1
Giga- G 109 Centi- C 10-2
Mega- M 106 Milli- M 10-3
Kilo- K 103 Micro- µ 10-6
Hecto- H 102 Nano- n 10-9
Deka- da 101 Pico- p 10-12
Conversion of
units
the conversion between different units of
measurement for the same quantity,
typically through multiplicative
conversion factors.
Unit conversion
•a multi-step process that converts units
of measurement for the same quantity.
•includes division or multiplication by a
numerical factor or rounding off the
significant digits
Common Unit Conversion
•MASS/WEIGHT
1.1 kg = 1000 g
2. 1 kg = 2.2046 lbs
•LENGTH/DISTANCE
1.1 km = 1000 m
2. 1 m = 3.281 ft
Common Unit Conversion
•VOLUME
1.1 L = 1000 mL
2. 1 L = 1.0567 quarts
•AREA
1.1 sq. inch = 6.4516 sq. centimeters
2. 1 sq. foot = 0.0929 sq. meters
Dimensional
analysis
This method of converting units is used in
science and engineering. This method is
an effective way converting units using
the established conversions.
Dimensional Analysis
•3.75 in to cm 𝟐. 𝟓𝟒 𝒄𝒎
𝟑. 𝟕𝟓 𝒊𝒏 𝒙
•Conversion factor 𝟏 𝒊𝒏
1 inch = 2.54 cm
= 𝟑. 𝟕𝟓 𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝟐. 𝟓𝟒 𝒄𝒎

= 𝟗.𝟓𝟐𝟓𝒄𝒎
Dimensional Analysis
•60 km/hr to m/sec 𝟔𝟎 𝒌𝒎 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎 𝟏 𝒉𝒓
𝒙 𝒙
•Conversion factors 𝟏 𝒉𝒓 𝟏 𝒌𝒎 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒔
1000 m = 1 km 𝟔𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒎/𝒔
3600 s = 1 hr 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎
= 𝟏𝟔. 𝟔𝟕 𝒎/𝒔
Significant
figures
They are any non-zero digits or
trapped zeros. They do not
include leading or trailing zeros.
Significant figures
•The total number of digits (reliable digits +
last uncertain digits) which are directly
obtained from a particular measurement.
•EXAMPLES
1.12.76 s (4 sf)
2. 1.8 cm (2 sf)
RULES
✓All non – zero digits are significant.
Examples:
16 → 2 sf
35.6 → 3 sf
6438 → 4 sf
RULES
✓Zeroes between non-zero digits are
significant.
Examples:
205 → 3 sf
3008 → 4 sf
60.005 → 5 sf
RULES
✓Terminal Zeroes in a number without decimal
are not significant unless specified by a least
count.
Examples:
400 → 1 sf
3050 → 3 sf
19,000 → 2 sf
RULES
✓Terminal Zeroes that are also to the right of a
decimal point in a number are significant.
Examples:
64.00 → 4 sf
3.60 → 3 sf
25.060 → 5 sf
RULES
✓If the number is less than 1, all zeroes before
the first non-zero digit are not significant.
Examples:
0.0064 → 2 sf
0.0850 → 3 sf
0.002050 → 4 sf
RULES
✓During the conversion of units use powers of 10
to avoid confusion
Examples:
2.700 m → 4 sf
2.700 x 102 m → 4 sf
2.700 x 105 m → 4 sf
Scientific
notations
expressed as a number between 1 and 10
multiplied by a power of 10 allows one to
write only the significant figures
multiplied to 10 with the appropriate
power
Scientific notation
✓Express the following in scientific notation.
The speed of light is approximately
300 000 000 m/s
✓Solution:
300 000 000 m/s = 3 x 10^8 / 3 x 108 m/s
Scientific notation
✓Express the following in scientific notation.
The mass of a strand of hair is approximately
0.000 000 62 kg
✓Solution:
0.000 000 62 kg = 6.2 x 10^(−7)/6.2 x 10-7 kg
ERRORS
Precision and Accuracy of
Measurements; Uncertainty
errors
✓signifies a deviation of the result from some
“true” value
✓difference between two measurements is called
the discrepancy between the results
✓discrepancy arises due to the fact that we can
only determine the results to a certain
TYPES OF errors
✓BLUNDERS
▪If you spot inconsistencies in data points, then a
“blunder” may have occurred. The following
examples can be considered blunders:
1.Typographical errors in the data.
2. Using wrong data in the analysis.
3. Using wrong equations for the analysis
TYPES OF errors
✓RANDOM ERRORS
▪These errors do not occur in a definite pattern and
can’t be controlled. Possible examples include:
1. Electronic fluctuations in the measuring equipment due to
power surges or defective battery.
2. Cosmic ray damage on detectors
TYPES OF errors
✓SYSTEMATIC ERRORS
▪Systematic errors generally lead to results that are
consistently “off” in some manner.
1. Faulty calibration of equipment.
2. Bias from observer or experimenter.
3. A defective technique used by the experimenter.
4. A defect in the design of the experiment.
5. A defective measuring tool.
6. Somebody pulled the plug or the battery goes dead.
uncertainty
quantitative measurement of variability in the
data refers to the idea that all data have a
range of expected values as opposed to a
precise point value
ACCURACY
✓It is how close an experiment comes to the “true” value. It
is a measure of the correctness of the result. For an
experimenter, it is a measure of how skilled the
experimenter is.
EXAMPLE:
True Value = 25.67 kg
Student A = 25.61 kg Student B = 25.65 kg
“measurement of Student B is more accurate”
precision
✓An experiment is a measure of how exactly the result is
determined without reference to what the results means. It
is a measure of the precision of the instruments being used
in the experiment.
EXAMPLE:
Student A = 6.9 s
Student B = 6.97 s Student C = 6.976 kg
“measurement of Student C is most precise”
Thank you!
Do you have any questions?
UNITS OF
MEASUREMENT
GENERAL PHYSICS I
Mr. Windle M. PEREZ

Bauan Technical Integrated High School


Senior High School Department

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