weÁvb  1179

weÁvb
XvKv †evW©-2024
weÁvb (eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶v) welq †KvW 1 2 7
mgq : 30 wgwbU c–Y©gvb : 30
[we‡kl `ªóe¨ : mieivnK…Z eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶vi DËic‡Î cÖ‡kœi µwgK b¤^‡ii wecix‡Z cÖ`Ë eY©msewjZ e„Ëmg–n n‡Z mwVK/m‡e©vrK…ó Dˇii e„ËwU
ej c‡q›U Kjg Øviv m¤•–Y© fivU Ki| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi gvb 1]
cÖkœc‡Î †Kv‡bv cÖKvi `vM/wPý †`Iqv hv‡e bv|
1. Avgv‡`i †`‡k me©‡kl KZ mv‡j cÖjqsKvix eb¨v n‡qwQj?  wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 19 I 20bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
K 1990 L 1995 M 2004 N 2007 10g †kÖwYi QvÎ wgë‡bi †fZi A‡bK cwieZ©b G‡jv| †hgb †m `ª“Z j¤^v
2. wb‡Pi †KvbwU †mvwWqvg nvB‡cv‡K¬vivBW? n‡q hv‡”Q, Zvi IRb †e‡o †M‡Q, Zvi Mjvi ¯^i †gvUv n‡q †M‡Q| Zvi
K NaCl L (NaOCl) M [Ca (OCl) Cl] N NH4OH g‡a¨ Av‡eM Øviv PvwjZ nIqvi cÖeYZv m„wó n‡jv| d‡j †m cÖvß
3. GKwU AeZj †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `–iZ¡ 25 †mw›UwgUvi n‡j Zvi ¶gZv KZ? eq¯‹‡`i g‡Zv AvPiY kyi“ K‡i w`j|
K + 2D L  2D M + 8D N  8D 19. wgë‡bi cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ †Kvb ni‡gvbwU `vqx?
4. G‡ÛvmKwc h‡š¿ KqwU ¯^”Q bj _v‡K? K B‡÷v‡Rb L †U‡÷‡÷ib M _vBi‡qW N _vBiw·j
K1 L2 M3 N4
20. wgë‡bi kvixwiK cwieZ©bmg–n
5. wb‡Pi †Kvb d‡j A¨vmKiweK GwmW cvIqv hvq? i. cÖvß eq¯‹‡`i g‡Zv AvPiY Kiv ii. `ª“Z j¤^v nIqv
K Avbvim L KuvVvj M ZigyR N kmv
iii. Mjvi ¯^i †gvUv nIqv
6. †KvbwU †cÖvwUbmg„× Lvevi? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K wN L wgwó Avjy M eiewU N wPwb
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
7. DbœZ Rv‡Zi cky Drcv`‡bi j¶¨ n‡jv 21. Rvcv‡bi nvBwZ‡Z KZ mv‡j D‡jÐL‡hvM¨ f‚wgK¤• n‡qwQj?
i. `ª“Z weµq‡hvM¨ Kiv ii. Pwe©hy³ gvsm Drcv`b iii. †ivM cÖwZ‡ivax Kiv K 2010 L 2011 M 2014 N 2015
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 22. Rxe‡Kv‡l RNA n‡”Q
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii i. (m RNA) ii. (n RNA) iii. (t RNA)
8. GKwU mvaviY e¨vUvwi †m‡j wefe cv_©K¨ KZ? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K 0.5 V L 1V M 1.5 V N 2V K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
9. 150 wjUvi cvwb‡Z KZ wgwjMÖvg Aw·‡Rb _vKv `iKvi? 23. wb‡Pi †KvbwU †`‡ni cÖwZwU †Kv‡l Aw·‡Rb mieivn K‡i?
K 750 L 500 M 100 N5 K †jvwnZ i³KwYKv L AvMÖvby‡jvmvBU M MÖvby‡jvmvBU N _ª‡¤^vmvBU
10. B-†gBj mvwf©m 24. Gbvgy‡ji evmvq 60 Iqv‡Ui 6wU evj¦ ˆ`wbK 6 NÈv K‡i P‡j| cÖwZ
i. Gmail ii. Yahoo iii. Hotmail BDwbU we`y¨r LiP 6 UvKv K‡i n‡j 6 w`‡b Gbvgy‡ji evmvq we`y¨r wej
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? KZ UvKv n‡e?
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K 12.96 L 64.8 M 77.76 N 388.8
11. Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ Kvi‡Y c„w_ex‡Z 2100 mv‡ji g‡a¨ kZKiv 25. gvby‡li cÖwZwU †`n‡Kv‡l KqwU †m· †µv‡gv‡Rvg _v‡K?
KZfvM Lv`¨ Drcv`b n«vm cv‡e? K 46 L 23 M 22 N 02
K 32 L 30 M 18 N 13  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 26 I 27bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
12. ivev‡ii †fŠZ ag© B`vbxs wmqv‡gi †Vuv‡Ui `ycv‡k dvUj †`Lv w`‡q‡Q, gy‡L I wRnŸvqI Nv
i. Zvc ms‡e`bkxj ii. GwU w¯’wZ¯’vcK c`v_© n‡q‡Q Ges †PvL w`‡q cvwb c‡o|
iii. Zvc w`‡j AvqZb K‡g hvq 26. †KvbwUi Afv‡e wmqv‡gi †`‡n GB †ivMMy‡jv n‡q‡Q?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K ivB‡evd¬vwfb (B2) L _vqvwgb (B1)
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii M wbqvwmb (B5) N †Kvevjvwgb (B12)
13. wb‡Pi †KvbwU‡K K¨vjvwgb e‡j? 27. wmqv‡gi D³ †ivM mvi‡Z Zv‡K †L‡Z n‡e
K Ca(OH)2 L CaO M ZnCO3 N CaCO3 i. `ya ii. meyR kvKmewR iii. A¼zwiZ exR
14. gvwU‡Z we`¨gvb ˆRe c`v_©‡K Kx e‡j? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K wmwjKb L †evib M K¨vjwmqvg N wnDgvm
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
15. msµvgK †ivM †KvbwU? 28. †KvbwU †Pv‡Li ¶wZ K‡i?
K GBWm L wmwdwjm M WvDbÕm wmb‡Wªvg N Uvb©viÕm wmb‡Wªvg
K wfUvwgbhy³ Lvevi L weiwZ w`‡q †dvb †`Lv
16. A¨vb_ªvmvBU Kqjvq kZKiv cÖvq KZ fvM Kve©b _v‡K? M `xN©¶Y †Uwjwfkb †`Lv N cwiwgZ Nygv‡bv
K 50 L 80 M 95 N 50  80 29. †Kv‡bv e¯‘i Dci cÖhy³ e‡ji gvb 30 wbDUb| e¯‘wUi fi 10 †KwR
17. mvaviYZ kix‡ii †Kvb As‡k AvjUªvm‡bvMÖvwd Kiv nq? n‡j e¯‘wUi Z¡iY KZ?
K nv‡o L Rivqy‡Z M dzmdz‡m N †eª‡b K 1 wg/†m
2
L 2 wg/†m
2
M 3 wg/†m
2
N 4 wg/†m
2

18. cvwb †Kv_vq KwVb AvKv‡i _v‡K? 30. d¨v· Gi c–Y©iƒc †KvbwU?
K b`x‡Z L mgy‡`ª M gvwUi Zj‡`‡k N wngev‡n K Facsimile L Fascimile M Faceimile N Fescimile

 Lvwj NiMy‡jv‡Z †cbwmj w`‡q DËiMy‡jv †j‡Lv| Gici cÖ`Ë DËigvjvi mv‡_ wgwj‡q †`‡Lv †Zvgvi DËiMy‡jv mwVK wK bv|
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
DËi

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
 P¨v‡Ýji GmGmwm kU© mv‡Rk‡Ýi DËigvjv  1180

XvKv †evW©-2024
weÁvb (ZË¡xq-m„Rbkxj) welq †KvW 1 2 7

mgq : 2 NÈv 30 wgwbU c–Y©gvb : 70

[`ªóe¨ : Wvb cv‡ki msL¨v cÖ‡kœi c–Y©gvb ÁvcK| cÖ`Ë DÏxcKMy‡jv g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i co Ges mswkÐó cÖkœM‡y jvi h_vh_ DËi `vI| †h‡Kv‡bv mvZwU
cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e|]
1| `„k¨Kí-1 : wewe iwngv `yB mš@v‡bi Rbbx| Zv‡`i eqm h_vµ‡g 6| Z_¨-1 : GKwU †`Šo cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq KvRj 5wg./†m. †e‡M kyi“ K‡i
11 I 14 eQi| eZ©gv‡b Zv‡`i AvPiwYK I kvixwiK wKQy cwieZ©b 15 †m‡KÛ c‡i 20 wg./†m. †eM cÖvß nq|
j¶ Ki‡jb| Z_¨-2 : mygb ˆekvLx †gjvq e›`yK w`‡q †ejyb dzUv‡Z wM‡q Abyfe
`„k¨Kí-2 : wiKkvPvjK Rwb GKvwaK Kb¨v mš@v‡bi RbK| Kij, e›`yK †_‡K Mywj †ei nIqvi mgq Zv †cQ‡bi w`‡K av°v †`q|
K. GK wbDUb Kv‡K e‡j? 1
Kb¨vmš@vb Rš§`v‡bi Rb¨ wZwb me©`v ¯¿x‡K †`vlv‡ivc K‡ib| L. Pvj‡Ki Rb¨ wmU‡eë civ Ri“wi †Kb? 2
K. wbw®Œq A½ Kv‡K e‡j? 1 M. KvR‡ji Z¡iY wbY©q Ki| 3
L. †U÷wUDe †ewe ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2 N. Z_¨-2 Gi NUbvwU wbDU‡bi †Kvb m–·K mg_©b K‡i?
M. wewe iwngv mš@vb‡`i Kx ai‡bi cwieZ©b j¶ K‡i‡Qb? hyw³mn we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 7| ürwcÊ

N. ¯¿xi cÖwZ Rwbi G ai‡bi AvPiY m¤•–Y© A‡hŠw³KÑ B C

we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
†Kvl
2| wb‡Pi wPÎwU j¶ Ki :
K. i³Pvc Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. Wvqv‡ewUm †ivMx‡`i k„¸Ljv †g‡b Pjv Ri“wi †Kb? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki A½wUi wPwýZ wPÎ A¼b Ki| 3
N. †`‡n i³ mÂvj‡b 'B' Ges 'C' Gi f‚wgKv we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
8| Z_¨-1 : C ivevi, cÐvw÷K Ges cwjw_b
K. wRb †K¬vwbs Kv‡K e‡j? 1 D Zš‘, †ikg I ckg
L. BwmwR †Kb Kiv nq? 2 Z_¨-2 : Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl  MgCl2 + 2H2O
M. DÏxc‡Ki wP‡Î A Gi MVb e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 K. g‡bvgvi Kv‡K e‡j? 1
N. Rx‡ei eskMwZ‡Z 'A' Gi f‚wgKv we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 L. ÒGwmW †Qvov GKwU gvivÍK AcivaÓÑ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
3| M. DÏxc‡Ki Z_¨-2 Gi cÖ_g wewµqK c`v_©wUi ˆewkó¨
Q cvwbi Drm Lvj-wej, b`x-bvjv, n«` e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
R KjKviLvbv, K…wl, M„n¯’vwji eR©¨, †bŠhvb N. cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨nxbZvq C I D Gi Dcv`vbMy‡jvi g‡a¨
†KvbMy‡jv `vqx? †Zvgvi gZvgZ `vI| 4
S cvwbi Dr‡mi `–lY 9| beg †kÖwYi QvÎx gvIqv cÖvqB †gvevB‡j Ges Kw¤•DUv‡i †Mgm
K. GwmW e„wó Kv‡K e‡j? 1 †L‡j| B`vbxs Zvi Nvo e¨_v K‡i| Aciw`‡K Zvi evÜex gxg
L. ivgmvi Kb‡fbkb ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2 `–‡ii e¯‘ ¯•ó †`L‡Z cvq bv| Zv‡K Wv³v‡ii Kv‡Q wb‡q †M‡j
M. Q †K R Kxfv‡e `–wlZ K‡i? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 Wv³vi Zv‡K –2D ¶gZvi †jÝ e¨env‡ii civgk© †`b|
N. DÏxc‡Ki 'S' Ae¯’v †_‡K cwiÎv‡Yi Dcvq m¤•‡K© K. Av‡jvi cÖwZmiY Kv‡K e‡j? 1
†Zvgvi gZvgZ `vI| 4 L. wbivc` WªvBwfs G `c©‡Yi f‚wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. gx‡gi †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `–iZ¡ wbY©q Ki| 3
4| Y = 25% X = 45% N. gvIqvi m„ó mgm¨v cÖwZKv‡ii Dcvq we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
10| Avbvm mv‡ne GKw`b PÆMÖv‡gi Awd‡m e‡m KvR KiwQ‡jb| Ggb
mgq wZwb j¶ Ki‡jb, Awd‡mi d¨vb, †Pqvi, †Uwej Kuvc‡Q|
cvwb
K. mvB‡K¬vb Kv‡K e‡j? 1
5% L. evqygʇj Kve©b WvBA·vB‡Wi NbZ¡ e„w× cv‡”Q †Kb? 2
wPÎ : gvwUi MVb M. Avbvm mv‡n‡ei †`Lv `y‡h©vMwU m„wói KviY e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
K. cwimªveY Kv‡K e‡j? 1 N. D³ `y‡h©vMKvjxb I `y‡h©vMcieZ©x KiYxq m¤•‡K© †Zvgvi
L. gvwU`–lY ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2 gZvgZ `vI| 4
M. wP‡Îi 'Y' Dcv`vbwUi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
11|
N. RvZxq Dbœq‡b 'X' Dcv`vbwU KZUzKz f‚wgKv iv‡L? †Zvgvi
†hŠw³K gZvgZ `vI| 4
5| `kg †kÖwYi QvÎx mvwenvi IRb 66 †KwR Ges D”PZv 1.5 wgUvi|
†m dv÷dzW Lye cQ›` K‡i| Aciw`‡K Zvi evÜex bynv evmvq
ˆZwi Lvevi Lvq| K. Zwor we‡kÐlY Kv‡K e‡j? 1
K. wf‡bMvi Kx? 1 L. 220V – 60W ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2
L. iv‡dR kix‡ii Rb¨ Myi“Z¡c–Y© †Kb? 2 M. DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ-1 Gi evj¦ I d¨vb ˆ`wbK 6 NÈv K‡i
M. mvwenvi BMI wbY©q Ki| 3 Pvjv‡j 1 gv‡m e¨wqZ we`y¨r kw³i cwigvY wbY©q Ki| 3
N. mvwenv I bynvi cQ‡›`i Lvev‡ii g‡a¨ †KvbwU ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z? N. M„‡n we`y¨Zvq‡bi Rb¨ DÏxc‡Ki †Kvb wPÎwU myweavRbK?
Zzjbvg–jK Av‡jvPbv Ki| 4 †Zvgvi Dˇii mc‡¶ hyw³ `vI| 4
 weÁvb  1181

DËigvjv
eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶v
1 N 2 L 3 * 4 L 5 K 6 M 7 N 8 M 9 K 10 N 11 L 12 K 13 M 14 N 15 K
DËi

16 M 17 L 18 N 19 L 20 M 21 * 22 L 23 K 24 M 25 N 26 K 27 N 28 M 29 M 30 K

we.`ª. : 3. mwVK DËi  4D|

21. mwVK DËi Rvcv‡b 2011 mv‡j Ges nvBwZ‡Z 2010 mv‡j f‚wgK¤• n‡qwQj|

m„Rbkxj
cÖkœ  01 `„k¨Kí-1 : wewe iwngv `yB mš@v‡bi Rbbx| Zv‡`i v. †Q‡j‡`i exh©cvZ Ges †g‡q‡`i gvwmK kyi“ nIqv|
eqm h_vµ‡g 11 I 14 eQi| eZ©gv‡b Zv‡`i AvPiwYK I vi. †Q‡j‡`i eyK I Kuva PIov n‡q IVv Ges †g‡q‡`i †Kvg‡oi
kvixwiK wKQy cwieZ©b j¶ Ki‡jb| nvo †gvUv nIqv|
`„k¨Kí-2 : wiKkvPvjK Rwb GKvwaK Kb¨v mš@v‡bi RbK| k wiKkvPvjK Rwbi ¯¿xi GKvwaK Kb¨vmš@vb Rš§`v‡bi Rb¨
Kb¨vmš@vb Rš§`v‡bi Rb¨ wZwb me©`v ¯¿x‡K †`vlv‡ivc K‡ib| Zvi ¯^vgx g–jZ `vqx| GRb¨ Zv‡K me©`v †`vlv‡ivc Kivi Rwbi
K. wbw®Œq A½ Kv‡K e‡j? 1 AvPiY m¤•–Y© A‡hŠw³K| wb‡P Zv we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jvÑ
L. †U÷wUDe †ewe ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2 gvby‡li Rxe‡Kv‡l 23 †Rvov †µv‡gv‡Rvg _v‡K| GB 23 †Rvov
M. wewe iwngv mš@vb‡`i Kx ai‡bi cwieZ©b j¶ †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi g‡a¨ wj½ wba©vi‡Y mnvqZvKvix GK †Rvov
K‡i‡Qb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 †µv‡gv‡Rvg n‡jv †m· †µv‡gv‡Rvg| cyi“‡li †m· †µv‡gv‡Rv‡g X
N. ¯¿xi cÖwZ Rwbi G ai‡bi AvPiY m¤•–Y© A‡hŠw³KÑ I Y GK‡Rvov wfbœ †µv‡gv‡Rvg _v‡K| A_©vr cyi“‡li †m·
we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 †µv‡gv‡Rvg n‡jv XY| Avevi bvix‡`i †m· †µv‡gv‡Rv‡g `ywU X
[Aa¨vq-4 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
Awfbœ †µv‡gv‡Rvg _v‡K| A_©vr bvix‡`i †m· †µv‡gv‡Rvg n‡jv XX|
1bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
†Kv‡bv bvixi Mf©aviYKv‡j cyi“‡li †m· †µv‡gv‡Rvg X Gi mv‡_
h Rxe‡`‡n Ggb KZKMy‡jv A½ †`Lv hvq †hMy‡jv wbw`©ó bvixi †m· †µv‡gv‡Rvg X wgwjZ n‡j Kb¨v mš@vb Rš§MÖnY K‡i|
Rxe‡`‡n mwµq _v‡K wKš‘ Aci Rxe‡`‡n wbw®Œq Ae¯’vq _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K cyi“‡li †m· †µv‡gv‡Rvg Y Gi mv‡_ bvix †m·
G‡`i‡K wbw®Œq A½ e‡j| †µv‡gv‡Rvg X wgwjZ n‡j cyÎ mš@vb Rš§MÖnY K‡i| A_©vr bvixi
i K…wÎg Dcv‡q †`‡ni evB‡i kyµvYy I wW¤^vYyi wgjb NwU‡q †m· †µv‡gv‡Rvg GKB nIqvi d‡j cyi“‡li †m· †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi
cÖv_wgK åƒY m„wó K‡i †mwU bvix‡`i Rivqy‡Z cÖwZ¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡g wfbœZvi Kvi‡Y beRvZK Kb¨v ev cyÎ mš@vb wn‡m‡e Rš§jvf K‡i|
wkkyi Rš§ n‡j Zv‡K †U÷wUDe †ewe ejv nq| wbtmš@vb `¤•wZi Rwbi ¯¿x †¶‡Î Mf©aviYKv‡j wW¤^vYy Zvi ¯^vgxi X †µv‡gv‡Rvg
mš@vb jv‡fi Rb¨ ch©vqµ‡g KZKMy‡jv c×wZ AbymiY K‡i wewkó kyµvYyi mv‡_ wgjb N‡U| d‡j Zv‡`i GKvwaKevi Kb¨v
Bbwf‡Uªv dvwU©jvB‡Rkb NwU‡q †U÷wUDe †ewei Rš§ †`Iqv nq| mš@vb Rš§MÖnY K‡i|
GMy‡jv n‡jv m¶g `¤•wZ †_‡K wW¤^vYy I kyµvYy msMÖn K‡i we‡kl G‡¶‡Î mš@vb †Q‡j bv †g‡q n‡e A_©vr wj½ wba©vi‡Y Rwbi ¯¿x
ai‡bi cvjb gva¨‡g cÖv_wgK åƒY Drcv`b, Drcvw`Z åƒY‡K ¯¿x †Kv‡bv f‚wgKv †bB| Rwbi kix‡i AmsL¨ kyµvYyi †fZi X
Rivqy‡Z cÖwZ¯’vcb Ges cÖm–wZi cwiPh©v I mš@vb jvf| †µv‡gv‡Rvg enbKvix bv Y †µv‡gv‡Rvg enbKvix kyµvYy Zvi ¯¿xi
j DÏxc‡Ki wewe iwngvi `yB mš@v‡bi eqtmwÜKvj mgq wW¤^vYyi mv‡_ wgwjZ n‡e, †mwU cÖK…Z KviY|
AwZµg K‡i‡Q| G mg‡q wewe iwngv Zv‡`i AvPiwYK I kvixwiK
†hme cwieZ©b j¶ K‡i‡Qb †mMy‡jv wb‡P e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jvÑ myZivs Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ejv hvq, ¯¿xi cÖwZ Rwbi
AvPiYMZ cwieZ©b : wegvZvmyjf AvPiY m¤•–Y© A‡hŠw³K wQj|
i. cÖvßeq¯‹‡`i g‡Zv AvPiY Kiv| cÖkœ  02 wb‡Pi wPÎwU j¶ Ki :
ii. †m †h GKRb Avjv`v e¨w³Z¡, G welqwU wewfbœ AvPi‡Yi
gva¨‡g cÖwZôv Kivi †Póv Kiv|
iii. cÖ‡Z¨K wel‡q wb‡Ri gZvgZ cÖwZôv Kivi †Póv Kiv|
iv. `ytmvnwmK I SuywKc–Y© Kv‡R cÖe„Ë nIqv|
kvixwiK cwieZ©b :
i. `ª“Z j¤^v n‡q IVv I †`‡ni IRb †e‡o hvIqv| K. wRb †K¬vwbs Kv‡K e‡j? 1
ii. kix‡ii wewfbœ As‡k †jvg MRv‡bv| L. BwmwR †Kb Kiv nq? 2
iii. †Q‡j‡`i ¯^if½ nIqv I Mjvi ¯^i †gvU nIqv| M. DÏxc‡Ki wP‡Î A Gi MVb e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
iv. †Q‡j‡`i `vwo †Muvd MRv‡bv Ges †g‡q‡`i ¯@b ewa©Z n‡Z N. Rx‡ei eskMwZ‡Z 'A' Gi f‚wgKv we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
kyi“ Kiv| [Aa¨vq-11 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
 P¨v‡Ýji GmGmwm kU© mv‡Rk‡Ýi DËigvjv  1182

2bs cÖ‡kœi DËi cÖkœ  03 Q cvwbi Drm Lvj-wej, b`x-bvjv, n«`

h GKB wR‡bi AmsL¨ bKj ˆZwi Kiv‡K wRb †K¬vwbs e‡j| R KjKviLvbv, K…wl, M„n¯’vwji eR©¨, †bŠhvb
S cvwbi Dr‡mi `–lY
i BwmwRi gva¨‡g gvby‡li ürwc‡Êi ˆe`y¨wZK Ges †cwkRwbZ K. GwmW e„wó Kv‡K e‡j? 1
KvRKg©M‡y jv ch©‡e¶Y Kiv hvq| mvaviY †Kv‡bv †iv‡Mi KviY L. ivgmvi Kb‡fbkb ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2
wn‡m‡e ey‡Ki aodovwb, AwbqwgZ ev `ª“Z ür¯•›`b, ey‡K e¨_v M. Q †K R Kxfv‡e `–wlZ K‡i? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
BZ¨vw` mgm¨vi Kvi‡Y BwmwR Kiv nq| ürwc‡Êi A¯^vfvweK N. DÏxc‡Ki 'S' Ae¯’v †_‡K cwiÎv‡Yi Dcvq m¤•‡K©
¯•›`b, nvU© A¨vUvK, ürwc‡Êi AvKvi eo cÖf…wZ weiƒc Ae¯’v †Zvgvi gZvgZ `vI| 4
Rvbvi Rb¨ BwmwR Kiv nq| GQvov kix‡ii wbqwgZ †PK Avc [Aa¨vq-2 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
Kivi Rb¨ Ges eo Acv‡ik‡bi Av‡M BwmwR Kiv nq| 3bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
j DÏxc‡Ki wP‡Î A n‡jv †µv‡gv‡Rvg| wb‡P †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi MVb h hLb e„wó‡Z A‡bK †ewk cwigv‡Y GwmW _v‡K ZLb Zv‡K
e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jvÑ GwmW e„wó e‡j|
†µv‡gv‡Rvg g–jZ wbDwK¬K GwmW, †cÖvwUb I Ab¨vb¨ Dcv`vb wb‡q
i 1971 mv‡ji 2iv †deª“qvwi‡Z Biv‡bi ivgmv‡i BD‡b‡¯‹vi
MwVZ| †µv‡gv‡Rv‡g wWGbG I AviGbG GB `yB ai‡bi wbDwK¬K
GwmW _v‡K| DNA n‡jv mKj Rx‡ei Avw` e¯‘ hv Rxe‡Kv‡li D‡`¨v‡M Avš@R©vwZK m‡¤§j‡b †bIqv Rjvf‚wg msµvš@
wbDwK¬qv‡mi †µv‡gv‡Rv‡g _v‡K| GwU wØm–ÎK wewkó j¤^vK…wZi wm×vš@My‡jv n‡”Q ivgmvi Kb‡fbkb| evsjv‡`k 1973 mv‡j
GKwU †kKj| GwU A‡bKMy‡jv wbDwK¬IUvBW wb‡q MwVZ hv GB mg‡SvZv Pzw³‡Z m¤§wZ Ávcb K‡i ¯^v¶i K‡i| cieZ©x‡Z
cwjwbDwK¬IUvBW bv‡g cwiwPZ| GQvov DNA AYy cu¨vPv‡bv wmuwoi 1982 I 1987 mv‡j ivgmvi Kb‡fbkb ms‡kvab Ges cwigvR©b
b¨vq, hvi `yB cv‡k cuvP Kve©bwewkó kK©iv I dm‡dU _v‡K| G‡Z Kiv nq|
_v‡K cvBwiwgwWb RvZxq ¶viK GwWwbb I _vBwgb Ges wcDwib j DÏxc‡K R A_©vr KjKviLvbv, K…wl I M„n¯’vwji eR©¨, †bŠhvb
RvZxq ¶viK Myqvwbb I mvB‡Uvwmb| Ab¨w`‡K RNA I cuvP Kve©bhy³ BZ¨vw` n‡Z Q Z_v cvwbi wewfbœ Drm †hgbÑ Lvjwej, b`xbvjv,
ivB‡evR kK©iv I dm‡dU wb‡q MwVZ| RNA †Z GK m–ÎKwewkó n«` BZ¨vw` cvwb †hfv‡e `–wlZ nq wb‡P Zv e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jvÑ
†kKj _v‡K| GwUi †¶‡Î PviwU bvB‡Uªv‡Rb hy³ ¶vi‡Ki _vBwg‡bi i. †Mvm‡ji cvwb, cvqLvbvi eR©¨cvwbmn Ab¨vb¨ Kv‡Ri cvwb
¯’‡j BDivwmj _v‡K| Avevi RNA Dcv`vb evZ©vevnK RNA, b`©gvi b‡ji ga¨ w`‡q b`b`x‡Z cov|
ivB‡ev‡Rvgvj RNA Ges UªvÝdvi RNA G wZb iK‡gi nq| ii. evmvevwoi KwVb eR©¨ c`v_© e„wói cvwbi mv‡_ wg‡k b`b`x,
GQvov †µv‡gv‡Rv‡g wn‡÷vb I bb-wn‡÷vb bv‡g `yB ai‡bi Lvjwej ev n«‡`i cvwb‡Z cov|
†cÖvwUb _v‡K| Dc‡ivwjÐwLZ c`v_©M‡y jv QvovI †µv‡gv‡Rv‡g wjwcW,
iii. ivmvqwbK mvi, ˆRe mvi, KxUbvkK, e„wói cvwb ev eb¨vi
K¨vjwmqvg, †jŠn, g¨vM‡bwkqvg Avqb I Ab¨vb¨ ivmvqwbK c`v_©
cvwbi mv‡_ wg‡k cvwb‡Z cov|
mvgvb¨ cwigv‡Y _v‡K|
iv. wkíKviLvbv Ges U¨vbvwii e‡R©¨i cvwbi mv‡_ wgwkÖZ nIqv|
k DÏxc‡Ki wP‡Î A n‡jv †µv‡gv‡Rvg| Rx‡ei eskMwZ‡Z v. †bŠKv, jÂ, w÷gvi ev RvnvR †_‡K †djv gjg–Î I †Zj
†µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi f‚wgKv wb‡P we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jvÑ RvZxq c`v‡_©i cvwb‡Z cov|
†µv‡gv‡Rvg eskMwZ‡Z aviK I evnK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| GwU‡Z vi. cix¶vMvi †_‡K GwmW, ¶vi ev bvbviKg ivmvqwbK eR©¨
AmsL¨ AwZ ¶z`ª ev m–¶¥ wRb _v‡K| Gme wRb ivmvqwbKfv‡e
b`xi cvwbi mv‡_ †gkv|
wWGbG Øviv MwVZ| Avi G DNA Rx‡ei wewfbœ ˆewkó¨ †hgbÑ
vii. †U·UvBj wgj, WvBs, is ˆZwii KviLvbv, mvi KviLvbv,
†`‡ni is, AvKvi, AvK…wZ, ¯^fve, cwie¨w³ BZ¨vw` aviY K‡i, hv
KvMR ˆZwii KviLvbv BZ¨vw`i eR©¨ b`xi cvwb‡Z †gkv|
eskvbyµ‡g gvZvwcZv †_‡K mš@vbmš@wZ‡Z ¯’vbvš@wiZ nq|
A_©vr gvZvwcZvi †Kvb †Kvb ˆewkó¨ Zvi cieZ©x eska‡i k DÏxc‡Ki ÔSÕ Ae¯’v A_©vr cvwbi Dr‡mi `–lY †_‡K
¯’vbvš@wiZ n‡e Zvi wba©viK n‡jv †µv‡gv‡Rvg| GQvov cwiÎv‡Yi Dcvq m¤•‡K© Avgvi gZvgZ hyw³mnKv‡i Dc¯’vcb
Kiv n‡jvÑ
†µv‡gv‡Rvg †Kvl wefvR‡bi gv‡qvwmm cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g eskMwZ‡Z
G aviv Ae¨vnZ iv‡L| G Rb¨ †µv‡gv‡Rvg eskMwZ‡Z †fŠZ wfwË
i. wkíKviLvbvi eR©¨ wbM©Z Kivi mgq G‡`i ivmvqwbK
wn‡m‡eI KvR K‡i| GQvov †µv‡gv‡Rvg gvby‡li Z_v mKj Rx‡eiwUªU‡g‡›Ui e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z Gme eR©¨ cvwb`–l‡Y
eskai wUwK‡q ivLvi gyL¨ f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| c„w_ex‡Z Rx‡eif‚wgKv ivL‡Z bv cv‡i|
Aw¯@Z¡ wUwK‡q ivL‡Z †Q‡j I †g‡q‡`i wj‡½i mnve¯’vb Ri“wi|
ii. M„n¯’vwji eR©¨ gvwU‡Z cy‡u Z ivL‡Z n‡e A_ev kn‡i wbw`©ó
G wj½ wba©vi‡Yi †¶‡Î †m· †µv‡gv‡Rvg AMÖYx f‚wgKv cvjb ¯’v‡b ivLv Wv÷we‡b †dj‡Z n‡e|
K‡i| hvi d‡j wewfbœ cÖRvwZi Rx‡ei eskai c„w_ex‡Z wU‡K Av‡Q|
iii. Rwg‡Z AwZwi³ ivmvqwbK mvi I KxUbvkK e¨envi e‡Ü
AZGe DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ejv hvq, Rx‡ei eskMwZ‡Z K…lK‡`i‡K mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡Z n‡e| ivmvqwbK mv‡ii
†µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi f‚wgKv Myi“Z¡c–Y©| cwie‡Z© ˆRe mvi e¨envi evov‡Z n‡e|
 weÁvb  1183

iv. †bŠhvb †hgbÑ jÂ, w÷gvi, RvnvR n‡Z wbM©Z eR©¨ c`v‡_©i ii. Pzbvcv_i (CaCO3) : Nievwo, wm‡g›U, †mvWv, MÐvm, †jvnv,
cwigvY Kgv‡Z n‡e| w÷j Drcv`‡b e¨eüZ nq| GQvov gvwUi AèZ¡ wbim‡b
v. †Kv‡bv cvwbi Dr‡m cÐvw÷K, ivevi ev cwjw_b RvZxq `ªe¨ e¨envi Kiv nq|
†djv eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e| iii. †KvqvU©R (SiO2) : KvP, wmwik KvMR, †iwWI, Nwo BZ¨vw`
vi. cwi‡ek AvB‡bi ev¯@evqb wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| ˆZwi‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
myZivs DcwiD³ e¨e¯’vMy‡jv MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g cvwbi Dr‡mi `–lY iv. i“cv (Ag) : Mnbv I avZe gy`ªv ˆZwi‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
†_‡K cwiÎvY cvIqv †h‡Z cv‡i e‡j Avwg g‡b Kwi| v. gvBKv (Mica) : ˆe`y¨wZK hš¿cvwZ‡Z we`y¨r wb‡ivaK wn‡m‡e
e¨envi Kiv nq|
cÖkœ  04 Y = 25% vi. wRcmvg (CaSO4.2H2O) : wm‡g›U I cÐv÷vi Ae c¨vwim
X = 45%
ˆZwii KuvPvgvj wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv nq|
vii. †mvbv I nxiv : Mnbv ˆZwi‡Z e¨eüZ nq|

cvwb viii. avZe cvBivBUm : mvjdvi I bvbv iKg avZz ˆZwi‡Z e¨eüZ
5% nq|
5% ix. M¨vm, Kqjv, †c‡Uªvj : R¡vjvwb wn‡m‡e, ivbœvi Kv‡R, Mvwo I
wPÎ : gvwUi MVb wkíKviLvbvq e¨envi Kiv nq|
K. cwimªveY Kv‡K e‡j? 1 myZivs RvZxq Dbœq‡bi wewfbœ Dcv`vb mvgMÖx ˆZwi‡Z gvwU‡Z
L. gvwU`–lY ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2 we`¨gvb LwbR c`v_© Myi“Z¡c–Y© f‚wgKv iv‡L|
M. wP‡Îi 'Y' Dcv`vbwUi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. RvZxq Dbœq‡b 'X' Dcv`vbwU KZUzKz f‚wgKv iv‡L?
cÖkœ  05 `kg †kÖwYi QvÎx mvwenvi IRb 66 †KwR Ges D”PZv
†Zvgvi †hŠw³K gZvgZ `vI| 4
1.5 wgUvi| †m dv÷dzW Lye cQ›` K‡i| Aciw`‡K Zvi evÜex
[Aa¨vq-8 Gi Av‡jv‡K] bynv evmvq ˆZwi Lvevi Lvq|
4bs cÖ‡kœi DËi K. wf‡bMvi Kx? 1
h Zij I KwVb c`v‡_©i wgkÖY †_‡K KwVb c`v_©‡K Avjv`v L. iv‡dR kix‡ii Rb¨ Myi“Z¡c–Y© †Kb? 2
Kivi cÖwµqv‡K cwimªveY e‡j| M. mvwenvi BMI wbY©
q Ki| 3
N. mvwenv I bynvi cQ‡›`i Lvev‡ii g‡a¨ †KvbwU
i cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ Dcv`vb gvwU‡Z †gkvi d‡j gvwUi fvimvg¨ ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z? Zzjbvg–jK Av‡jvPbv Ki| 4
bó n‡q RxeRM‡Zi cÖvwYKz‡ji Rb¨ e¨env‡i Abychy³ n‡q c‡o| [Aa¨vq-1 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
gvwUi G Ae¯’v‡K gvwU `–lY e‡j| gvwU wewfbœfv‡e `–wlZ n‡Z 5bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
cv‡i| †hgbÑ †ZRw¯Œq c`v‡_©i wbtmiY Øviv, AwZwi³ evjy Øviv|
GQvov LwbR c`v_© Avni‡Yi ØvivI gvwU `–wlZ n‡Z cv‡i| h wf‡bMvi n‡jv A¨vwmwUK Gwm‡Wi 5% Rjxq `ªeY hvi ms‡KZ
j DÏxc‡Ki wP‡Î Y Dcv`vbwU n‡jv gvwU‡Z we`¨vgvb evqexq n‡jv CH3COOH|
c`v_©| i iv‡dR g–jZ †mjy‡jvR wbwg©Z Dw™¢‡`i †KvlcÖvPxi| GwU
gvwUi KYvi ga¨Kvi duvKv ¯’vb ev i‡Ü« bvB‡Uªv‡Rb, Aw·‡Rb, cwicv‡K mnvqZv K‡i, cvwb †kvlY K‡i Ges g‡ji cwigvY e„w×
Kve©b WvBA·vBW M¨vm BZ¨vw` _v‡K| GMy‡jv memgq evqygʇj K‡i| iv‡dRhy³ Lvevi kixi †_‡K AcvP¨ Lv`¨ wb®‹vk‡b Ges
_vKv M¨v‡mi wewbgq n‡Z _v‡K| A_©vr evqygʇji M¨vm gvwU‡Z †`‡ni AwZwi³ Pwe© Kgv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| evievi ¶zavi cÖeYZv
hvq Ges gvwU‡Z _vKv M¨vm evqygʇj P‡j Av‡m| GB cÖwµqv n‡jv Kgv‡ZI GwU KvR K‡i| aviYv Kiv nq, iv‡dRhy³ Lv`¨ MÖn‡Y
gvwUi evqevqb| Dw™¢‡`i Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq bvbv iKg AYyRx‡ei wcË_wji †ivM, Lv`¨bvwj I gjvk‡qi K¨vbmvi, Ak©, A¨v‡cwÛKm,
†eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ evqygʇji Myi“Z¡c–Y© Dcv`vb Aw·‡Rb `iKvi ü`‡ivM I ¯’‚jZv A‡bKvs‡k n«vm K‡i| ZvB iv‡dR kix‡ii Rb¨
nq| Avevi Aw·‡Rb cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq LwbR c`v_©‡K †f‡O `ªeYxq Myi“Z¡c–Y©|
c`v‡_© cwiYZ K‡i, hv c‡i gvwU‡Z _vKv cvwbi Øviv Dw™¢‡` j DÏxcK n‡Z cvB,
¯’vbvš@wiZ nq| GwUi gva¨‡g Dw™¢` cÖ‡qvRbxq cywó MÖnY K‡i| mvwenvi IRb = 66 †KwR
k DÏxc‡Ki wP‡Î X Dcv`vbwU n‡jv gvwU‡Z we`¨gvb LwbR D”PZv = 1.5 wgUvi
c`v_©| wewfbœ LwbR c`v_© Avgv‡`i RvZxq Dbœq‡b bvbv ai‡bi †`‡ni IRb (†KwR)
Avgiv Rvwb, BMI = [†`‡ni D”PZv (wgUvi)]2
Kv‡R Myi“Z¡c–Y© f‚wgKv iv‡L| wb‡P †hŠw³K gZvgZ Zz‡j aiv n‡jvÑ
i. g¨vM‡bUvBU (Fe3O4) : †jvnv ˆZwi‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq| Mvwo, 66
 mvwenvi BMI = (1.5)2 = 29.33 (cÖvq)
RvnvR, K…wl hš¿cvwZ, wbg©vY mvgMÖx BZ¨vw` ˆZwi‡Z †jvnv‡K
Kv‡R jvMv‡bv nq| AZGe, mvwenvi BMI 29.33 (cÖvq)|
 P¨v‡Ýji GmGmwm kU© mv‡Rk‡Ýi DËigvjv  1184

k DÏxc‡K mvwenv I Zvi evÜex bynvi cQ‡›`i Lvevi n‡jv j DÏxcK n‡Z cvB,
h_vµ‡g dv÷ dzW Ges evmvq ˆZwi mylg Lv`¨| G Lvevi `ywUi KvR‡ji Avw`‡eM, u = 5 wg./†m.
g‡a¨ bynvi LveviwU ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z| wb‡P Zv‡`i Lvevi `ywUi Zzjbvg– †kl †eM, v = 20 wg./†m.
jK Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jvÑ AwZµvš@ mgq, t = 15 †m‡KÛ
mvwenvi cQ‡›`i LveviMy‡jv gyL‡ivPK wKš‘ cywóMZ w`K †_‡K v – u 20 – 5
Avgiv Rvwb, Z¡iY, a = t =
†gv‡UI cywóKi bq| GMy‡jv †L‡Z Lye my¯^v`y g‡b n‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ 15
15
†ewki fvM †¶‡ÎB G Lvevi kix‡ii Rb¨ fv‡jv bq| G 2
a =
15 = 1 wg./†m .
LveviMy‡jv‡Z cÖPzi cwigv‡Y cÖvwYR Pwe© I wPwb _v‡K| Pwe© RvZxq
AZGe, KvR‡ji Z¡iY 1 wg./†m2.|
Gme Lvevi †`‡n Pwe©Kjvq iƒcvš@wiZ K‡i wewfbœ †iv‡Mi DcmM©
†`Lv hvq| Avevi AwaK cwigv‡Y wPwb `uvZ I Z¡K‡K bó K‡i k DÏxc‡K Z_¨-2 G ewY©Z myg‡bi e›`yK w`‡q Mywj †ei nIqvi
†`q| †`‡ni Rb¨ `iKvwi wfUvwgb I LwbR c`v‡_©i Afve †`Lv mgq wcQ‡bi w`‡K av°v †`Iqvi NUbvwU wbDU‡bi Z…Zxq m–Î
mg_©b K‡i| wb‡P GwU hyw³mn we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jvÑ
†`q| GQvov Gme Lvev‡i jeY, Kve©‡bUmn wewfbœ ¶wZKi
ivmvqwbK c`v_© _v‡K hv ¯^v‡¯’¨i Rb¨ ¶wZKi| wbDU‡bi MwZwelqK Z…Zxq m–Îvbhvqx Avgiv Rvwb, cÖ‡Z¨K wµqv
e‡jiB GKwU mgvb I wecixZ cÖwZwµqv ej Av‡Q| wµqv I
Aciw`‡K bynvi cQ‡›`i LveviMy‡jv mylg Lv‡`¨i Ask hv †`‡ni
cÖwZwµqv ej memgq `ywU wfbœ e¯‘i Dci wµqv K‡i, KL‡bvB
MVb, e„w× I kvixie„Ëxq cÖwµqvMy‡jv m¤cbœ Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|
GKB e¯‘i Dci wµqv K‡i bv| cÖwZwµqv ejwU ZZ¶YB _vK‡e
Gme Lvev‡ii g‡a¨ Wvj Avwgl RvZxq I Avjy kK©iv RvZxq hZ¶Y ch©š@ wµqv ejwU _vK‡e| DÏxc‡K myg‡bi e›`yK †_‡K
Lvevi| G Lvevi kixi MV‡b I ¶qc–i‡Y mnvqZv K‡i| Mywj †Qvovi NUbvq e›`yK †_‡K hLb Mywj †Qvov nq ZLb GKwU
†Lvmvm‡gZ dj I kvKmewR‡Z cÖPzi cwigv‡Y wfUvwgb, LwbR ej cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| d‡j Mywj n‡Z e›`y‡Ki Dci cÖwZwµqv ¯^iƒc
jeY I cvwb _v‡K hv †`‡ni Rb¨ AZxe Ri“wi| †`‡ni †ivM GKwU ej cÖ`vb K‡i| hvi `i“b e›`yK †_‡K Mywj †Qvov e¨w³
cÖwZ‡iva ¶gZv e„w× Ges kvixie„Ëxq wewfbœ Kv‡R G Lv`¨My‡jv wcQ‡bi w`‡K av°v Abyfe K‡i| GLv‡b wµqv ej n‡jv Mywji Dci
Myi“Z¡c–Y© f‚wgKv iv‡L| cÖ‡qvMK…Z ej Ges cÖwZwµqv ej n‡jv e›`y‡Ki Dci wecixZgyLx
myZivs Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv †cÖw¶‡Z ejv hvq, mvwenv I bynvi av°vRwbZ ej|
cQ‡›`i Lvev‡ii g‡a¨ bynvi Lvevi ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z|
cÖkœ  07 ürwcÊ
cÖkœ  06 Z_¨-1 : GKwU †`Šo cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq KvRj 5wg./†m.
B C
†e‡M kyi“ K‡i 15 †m‡KÛ c‡i 20 wg./†m. †eM cÖvß nq|
Z_¨-2 : mygb ˆekvLx †gjvq e›`yK w`‡q †ejyb dzUv‡Z wM‡q Abyfe †Kvl
Kij, e›`yK †_‡K Mywj †ei nIqvi mgq Zv †cQ‡bi w`‡K av°v K. i³Pvc Kv‡K e‡j? 1
†`q| L. Wvqv‡ewUm †ivMx‡`i k„¸Ljv †g‡b Pjv Ri“wi †Kb? 2
K. GK wbDUb Kv‡K e‡j? 1 M. DÏxc‡Ki A½wUi wPwýZ wPÎ A¼b Ki| 3
L. Pvj‡Ki Rb¨ wmU‡eë civ Ri“wi †Kb? 2 N. †`‡n i³ mÂvj‡b 'B' Ges 'C' Gi f‚wgKv we‡kÐlY
M. KvR‡ji Z¡iY wbY©q Ki| 3 Ki| 4
[Aa¨vq-3 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
N. Z_¨-2 Gi NUbvwU wbDU‡bi †Kvb m–·K mg_©b
7bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
K‡i? hyw³mn we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
[Aa¨vq-10 Gi Av‡jv‡K] h ürwc‡Êi ms‡KvPb I cÖmvi‡Yi d‡j ürwcÊ †_‡K i³ agwbi
6bs cÖ‡kœi DËi ga¨ w`‡q cÖevnKv‡j agwb cÖvPx‡i †h cvk¦©Pvc m„wó nq Zv‡K
i³Pvc e‡j|
h †h cwigvY ej GK wK‡jvMÖvg f‡ii †Kv‡bv e¯‘i Ici cÖhy³
n‡q GK wgUvi/†m‡KÛ2 Z¡iY m„wó K‡i Zv‡K GK wbDUb e‡j| i Wvqv‡ewUm GK ai‡bi wecvKRwbZ †ivM hv Lv`¨ wbqš¿Y I
k„¸Ljv †g‡b P‡j Rxebhvcb Ki‡Z nq| G †ivM n‡j wbqwgZ I
i PvjK Mvwo Pvjbvi mgq Mvwoi mv‡_ mv‡_ Zvi kixiI cwiwgZ mylg Lvevi MÖnY I e¨vqvg Ki‡Z nq Ges wgwó LvIqv
MwZkxj n‡q c‡o| Pjš@ Ae¯’vq PvjK †eªK Ki‡j Mvwo †_‡g m¤•–Y© †Q‡o w`‡Z nq| i‡³ I cÖmªv‡ei kK©ivi cwigvY wbqwš¿Z
hvq wKš‘ MwZ RoZvi Kvi‡Y Pvj‡Ki †`n mvg‡bi w`‡K Su‡y K ivL‡Z wbqwgZ djvdj ch©‡e¶Y ivL‡Z nq| Ab¨_vq bvbviKg
hvq| G‡Z `yN©Ubv NUvi Avk¼v _v‡K| GRb¨ Mvwoi Pvj‡Ki RwUjZv GgbwK cÖvYnvwb N‡U †h‡Z cv‡i| Gme Kvi‡YB
Rb¨ wmU‡eë civ Ri“wi| Wvqv‡ewUm †ivMx‡`i k„¸Ljv †g‡b Pjv Ri“wi|
 weÁvb  1185

j DÏxc‡Ki A½wU n‡jv ürwcÊ| wb‡P ürwc‡Êi wPwýZ wPÎ 8bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
A¼b Kiv n‡jvÑ h †hme †QvU AYy †_‡K cwjgvi ˆZwi nq, Zv‡`i‡K g‡bvgvi e‡j|
EaŸ© gnvwkiv i GwmW Qy‡o gvivi d‡j gvby‡li kixi m¤•–Y© Sj‡m hvq|
gnvagwb
gyLgʇj jvM‡j Z¡K weK…Z AvKvi aviY K‡i| d‡j hviv GwmW
dzmdzmxq mš¿v‡mi wkKvi nb (we‡kl K‡i bvix), Zviv weK…Z †Pnviv wb‡q
Wvb
agwb
Awj›` Rbm¤§y‡L Avm‡Z cv‡i bv| d‡j AvÍnZ¨vi c_ †e‡Q wb‡Z
dzmdzmxq wØav‡eva K‡i bv| GKvi‡Y GwmW †Qvov GKwU gvivÍK Aciva|
wkiv j DÏxc‡Ki Z_¨-2 Gi cÖ_g wewµqK cv`v_©wU Mg(OH)2 n‡jv
¶vi| wb‡P ¶v‡ii ˆewkó¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jvÑ
evg Awj›`
¶vi wewfbœ wb‡`©k‡Ki eY© cwieZ©b K‡i| †hgbÑ ¶vi jvj
wjUgvm‡K bxj K‡i, jvj i‡Oi wg_vBj †iW‡K njy` K‡i, Kgjv
i‡Oi wg_vBj A‡ićK njy` K‡i Ges eY©nxb †dbjd_¨vwjb‡K
evg wbjq
†Mvjvwc K‡i| ¶vixq `ªe‡Yi pH me©`v 7 A‡c¶v †ewk nq| pH
wbæ gnvwkiv
Wvb wbjq Gi gvb 7 †_‡K hZ †ewk n‡e ¶viKZ¡I ZZ †ewk kw³kvjx n‡e|
cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq ¶viK ev ¶vi cvwb‡Z nvB‡Wªv·vBW Avqb (OH–)
wPÎ : ürwc‡Êi ewntMVb Drcbœ K‡i| GwU Gwm‡Wi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i jeY I cvwb Drcbœ
k DÏxc‡Ki wP‡Î 'B' I 'C' n‡jv h_vµ‡g agwb I wkiv| K‡i hv cÖkgb wewµqv bv‡g cwiwPZ| ¶q‡ivax I cwi®‹viK
gvbe‡`‡n i³ mÂvj‡b G‡`i f‚wgKv wb‡P we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jvÑ wn‡m‡e GwU Uz_‡c‡÷ e¨eüZ nq| Jlaiƒ‡c GwU G›UvwmW
†hme i³bvwji gva¨‡g i³ ürwcÊ †_‡K †`‡ni wewfbœ As‡k evwnZ cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z e¨eüZ nq| GMy‡jvB n‡jv ¶v‡ii D‡jÐL‡hvM¨ ˆewkó¨|
nq Zv‡K agwb ev A¨vU©wi e‡j| agwbi cÖvPxi cyi“ Ges wZb ¯@‡i k cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨nxbZvq DÏxc‡Ki Z_¨-1 Gi Q‡Ki C
wef³| agwb †`‡ni wewfbœ As‡k ¶z`ª ¶z`ª kvLv-cÖkvLvq wef³ (ivevi, cÐvw÷K Ges cwjw_b) I D (Zš‘, †ikg I ckg)
_v‡K hv kvLv agwb ev A¨v‡U©vwiIj bv‡g cwiwPZ| GMy‡jv µgk Dcv`vbMy‡jvi g‡a¨ C Dcv`vbMy‡jv g–jZ `vqx| wb‡P G wel‡q
kvLv-cÖkvLvq wef³ n‡q Ae‡k‡l m–¶¥vwZm–¶¥ ˆKwkK RvwjKvq gZvgZ cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jvÑ
†kl nq| Gfv‡e agwb ürwcÊ †_‡K kyi“ K‡i ˆKwkK RvwjKvq †kl Zš‘, †ikg I ckg BZ¨vw` cwjgvi cÖK…wZ‡Z cvIqv hvIqvq
nq| agwbi gva¨‡g ürwcÊ †_‡K Aw·‡Rb mg„× i³ mgMÖ †`‡n GMy‡jv cwi‡ekevÜe| Gme cwjgvi mn‡RB cPbkxj| Avgv‡`i
†cuŠQvq| †Kv‡bv KcvwUKv bv _vKvi Kvi‡Y agwb w`‡q i³ `ª“Z ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b e¨envh© cwjgvi `xN©w`b e¨env‡ii ci Kvh©KvwiZv
MwZ‡Z cÖevwnZ nq| Z‡e cvj‡gvbvwi agwb Kve©b WvBA·vBWhy³ nvwi‡q †d‡j| d‡j GMy‡jv‡K eR©¨ wn‡m‡e †d‡j †`Iqv nq| hw`
i³ ürwcÊ †_‡K dzmdz‡m wb‡q Av‡m| Aciw`‡K †hme i³bvwji e¨eüZ cwjgvimg–n cÖvK…wZK nq Z‡e Zviv mn‡RB c‡P wM‡q
gva¨‡g mvaviYZ Kve©b WvBA·vBWmg„× i³ †`‡ni wewfbœ A½ gvwUi mv‡_ wg‡k hvq Ges gvwUi De©iZv e„w× K‡i, hv cieZ©x‡Z
†_‡K ürwc‡Ê enb K‡i wb‡q Av‡m Zv‡`i wkiv e‡j| Z‡e dmj Drcv`‡b mnvqK f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| wKš‘ e¨envh© `ª‡e¨ hw`
cvj‡gvbvwi wkivwU dzmdzm †_‡K Aw·‡Rb mg„× i³ ürwc‡Ê wb‡q K…wÎg cwjgvi †hgbÑ cwjw_b, ivevi, cÐvw÷K BZ¨vw` _v‡K Z‡e
Av‡m| wkivi cÖvPxi agwbi g‡Zv wί@ix n‡jI GwU †ek cvZjv I Zv cwi‡e‡ki Rb¨ we‡kl ¶wZKi f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
MnŸi eo| wkivq KcvwUKv _vKvq i³ Gi ga¨ w`‡q AwZ ax‡i AwaKvsk K…wÎg cwjgvi AcPbkxj| d‡j eR©¨ wn‡m‡e AcmiY
GKgy‡L cÖevwnZ nq| agwbi cÖv‡š@i ˆKwkK RvwjKvMy‡jv µgk Ki‡j GMy‡jv cÖK…wZ‡Z Rgv n‡Z _v‡K Ges bvbviKg
GKwÎZ n‡q KZKMy‡jv wkiv wg‡j gnvwkiv MVb K‡i| Gfv‡e cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó K‡i| AcPbkxj cwjgvi eR©¨ kn‡i Rjve×Zv
m„wó K‡i hv cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ bó K‡i| GKBfv‡e Gme eR©¨
wkiv ˆKwkK RvwjKv †_‡K kyi“ nq Ges ürwc‡Ê mgvwß NUvq|
b`b`x, Lvjwej ev Rjvk‡q c‡o GMy‡jvi MfxiZv Kwg‡q †`q
myZivs Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbvi †cÖw¶‡Z ejv hvq, gvbe‡`‡n i³
Ges bve¨Zvi Rb¨ ûgwK n‡q `uvovq| G mg¯@ eR©¨ gvwU‡Z Rgv
mÂvj‡b agwb I wkivi f‚wgKv Acwimxg| n‡q gvwUi De©iZv bó K‡i †`q|
myZivs Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K GwU ¯•ó †h, cwi‡e‡ki
cÖkœ  08 Z_¨-1 :
fvimvg¨nxbZvq ivevi, cÐvw÷K Ges cwjw_b `vqx|
C ivevi, cÐvw÷K Ges cwjw_b
D Zš‘, †ikg I ckg
cÖkœ  09 beg †kÖwYi QvÎx gvIqv cÖvqB †gvevB‡j Ges Kw¤•DUv‡i
Z_¨-2 : Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl  MgCl2 + 2H2O
†Mgm †L‡j| B`vbxs Zvi Nvo e¨_v K‡i| Aciw`‡K Zvi evÜex gxg
K. g‡bvgvi Kv‡K e‡j? 1 `–‡ii e¯‘ ¯•ó †`L‡Z cvq bv| Zv‡K Wv³v‡ii Kv‡Q wb‡q †M‡j
L. ÒGwmW †Qvov GKwU gvivÍK AcivaÓÑ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 Wv³vi Zv‡K –2D ¶gZvi †jÝ e¨env‡ii civgk© †`b|
M. DÏxc‡Ki Z_¨-2 Gi cÖ_g wewµqK c`v_©wUi K. Av‡jvi cÖwZmiY Kv‡K e‡j? 1
ˆewkó¨ e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 L. wbivc` WªvBwfs G `c©‡Yi f‚wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
N. cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨nxbZvq C I D Gi Dcv`vbMy‡jvi M. gx‡gi †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `–iZ¡ wbY©q Ki| 3
g‡a¨ †KvbMy‡jv `vqx? †Zvgvi gZvgZ `vI| 4 N. gvIqvi m„ó mgm¨v cÖwZKv‡ii Dcvq we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
[Aa¨vq-6 I 7 Gi mgš^‡q] [Aa¨vq-5 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
 P¨v‡Ýji GmGmwm kU© mv‡Rk‡Ýi DËigvjv  1186

9bs cÖ‡kœi DËi 10bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

h Av‡jv hLb GKwU ¯^”Q gva¨g †_‡K Ab¨ ¯^”Q gva¨‡g j¤^fv‡e h wbæPv‡ci Kvi‡Y evZvm hLb cÖPÊ MwZ‡e‡M Nyi‡Z _v‡K ZLb
AvcwZZ bv n‡q euvKvfv‡e AvcwZZ nq, ZLb gva¨g `ywUi Zv‡K mvB‡K¬vb ev N–wY©So e‡j|
we‡f`Z‡j Gi MwZc_ cwiewZ©Z nq| Av‡jvKiwk¥i w`K cwieZ©b
Kivi G NUbv‡K Av‡jvi cÖwZmiY e‡j| i evqygʇj Kve©b WvBA·vB‡Wi NbZ¡ e„w× cvIqvi cÖavb KviY
n‡”Q ebf‚wg aŸsm nIqv| RbmsL¨v e„w×i d‡j ebf‚wg aŸsm n‡q
i wbivc` WªvBwfs Gi Rb¨ wbR Mvwoi Av‡kcv‡k me©`v Kx NU‡Q
Zv †Lqvj ivL‡Z nq| GRb¨ Mvwo‡Z wZbwU `c©Y e¨eüZ nq| hv‡”Q| G Kvi‡Y cÖvK…wZK Dcv‡q MvQcvjv Øviv Kve©b
mvaviYZ Mvwoi mvg‡bi `iRvi m¤§y‡L `ycv‡k `ywU `c©Y e¨envi WvBA·vB‡Wi †kvlY K‡g hv‡”Q| hvi d‡j evqygʇj Gi cwigvY
Kiv nq| GQvov Mvwoi wfZ‡i mvg‡bi w`‡K gvSLv‡b Av‡iKwU µgvMZ †e‡oB P‡j‡Q|
`c©Y _v‡K| GMy‡jv Mvwoi `ycv‡k Ges wcQ‡bi w`‡K c_Pvix I j Avbvm mv‡n‡ei †`Lv `y‡h©vMwU n‡jv f‚wgK¤•| f‚wgK¤• m„wói
Ab¨ Mvwoi Ae¯’vb †`Lvi Kv‡R mnvqZv K‡i| d‡j WªvBfvi‡K KviY wb‡P e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jvÑ
kix‡i †Kv‡bviKg †gvPo w`‡Z ev bvov‡Z nq bv| f‚Af¨š@‡i nVvr m„ó †Kv‡bv K¤•b f‚-Z¡‡K AvKw¯§K Av‡›`vjb
j DÏxcK n‡Z cvB, m„wó K‡i, mvaviYZ G‡KB f‚wgK¤• e‡j| f‚wgK¤• K‡qK †m‡KÛ
†j‡Ýi ¶gZv = –2D ¯’vqx nq Ges ch©vqµ‡g GKvwaKevi NU‡Z cv‡i| Avgv‡`i f‚Mf©
Avgiv Rvwb,
1
KZKMy‡jv fv‡M wef³, hv‡`i‡K †UKUwbK †cÐU e‡j| G
†j‡Ýi ¶gZv = †dvKvm `–iZ¡ †UKUwbK †cÐU w¯’wZkxj bq eis Pjgvb| G †UKUwbK †cÐU
1 1 bvbvwea Kvi‡Y wb‡R‡`i ¯’vb cwieZ©b K‡i| ¯’vb cwieZ©‡bi
 †dvKvm `–iZ¡ = †j‡Ýi ¶gZv = –2D = –0.5m = – 50cm
mgq G‡`i m‡Rv‡i msNl© nq hvi d‡j msN‡l©i ¯’v‡bi Pvicv‡k
AZGe, gx‡gi †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `–iZ¡ – 50cm. we¯@xY© GjvKv Ry‡o K¤•‡bi D™¢e N‡U| G‡Z f‚wg Ges f‚wg
k DÏxc‡Ki gvIqvi `xN©¶Y †gvevBj I Kw¤•DUvi e¨env‡ii msjMœ mewKQy nVvr †Ku‡c D‡V| d‡j msNwUZ nq f‚wgK¤•|
d‡j m„ó kixwiK mgm¨v cÖwZKv‡i Dcvq cš’v wb‡P we‡kÐlY Kiv
k DÏxc‡K cÖ`Ë `y‡h©vMwU n‡jv f‚wgK¤•| wb‡P f‚wgK‡¤•i
n‡jvÑ
gvIqv cÖvqB †gvevB‡j Ges Kw¤•DUv‡i †Mgm †L‡j| `xN©¶Y mg‡q I f‚wgK‡¤•i c‡i KiYxq m¤•‡K© gZvgZ cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jvÑ
e¨env‡ii d‡j nv‡Zi iM, øvqy, KewR, evû‡Z, Kuva I Nv‡o f‚wgK‡¤•i mgq KiYxq :
AwZwi³ Uvb ev Pvc c‡o| d‡j Nvo e¨_vmn wewfbœ kvixwiK 1. f‚wgK‡¤•i mgq f‡q Ges AvZ‡¼ w`wM¦w`K Ávbk–b¨ bv n‡q
mgm¨v †`Lv †`q| GKUvbv †Pv‡Li Dci Pvc covi Kvi‡Y †Pv‡L h_vm¤¢e gv_v VvÛv †i‡L f‚wgK‡¤•i wec` †_‡K wb‡R‡K
bvbviKg mgm¨vi m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| i¶v Ki‡Z n‡e|
Kw¤•DUvi I †gvevBj †dvb AwaK e¨env‡i m„ó mgm¨v mgvav‡bi 2. N‡ii wfZi _vK‡j û‡ovûwo K‡i evB‡i hvIqvi †Póv bv
cÖavb Dcvq n‡jv G `ywU h‡š¿i gvÎvwZwi³ e¨envi Kgv‡bv|
K‡i k³ †Kv‡bv †Uwe‡ji wb‡P AvkÖq wb‡Z n‡e| KL‡bvB
Kw¤•DUv‡i KvR Kivi mgq †PvL †_‡K gwbU‡ii `–iZ¡ 50-60
wjdU w`‡q bvgvi †Póv Kiv hv‡e bv|
†mw›UwgUvi `–‡i †i‡L mwVKfv‡e nvZ I AvOzj †mvRv ivL‡Z n‡e|
wbw`©ó mgq Aš@i wekÖvg wb‡Z n‡e| †Pv‡L ev Kw¤•DUvi c`©vq bv 3. N‡ii evB‡i _vK‡j N‡ii †fZ‡i †XvKvi †Póv bv K‡i
covi Rb¨ ˆe`y¨wZK evwZi Av‡jv Kwg‡q w`‡Z n‡e| †gvevBj B‡jKwUªK †cvj ev eo wewìs †_‡K `–‡i Ae¯’vb Ki‡Z
†dvb h_vm¤¢e Kg e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| ¶wZKi iwk¥i cÖfve n‡e|
†_‡K i¶v †c‡Z cÖ‡qvRb e¨ZxZ Awbqwš¿Zfv‡e e¨envi eÜ 4. †Kv‡bv Ae¯’v‡ZB w`qvkjvB‡qi KvwV I evwZ R¡vjv‡bv hv‡e bv|
Ki‡Z n‡e|
f‚wgK‡¤•i c‡i KiYxq :
myZivs gvIqvi kvixwiK mgm¨v cÖwZKv‡i Dc‡ii cÖ`Ë cš’vMy‡jv
h_vh_ AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e| 1. eo f‚wgK¤• n‡q _vK‡j wb‡Ri Ges cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i
cix¶v K‡i †`L‡Z n‡e †KD AvnZ n‡qwQ wK bv| AvnZ n‡j
cÖkœ  10 Avbvm mv‡ne GKw`b PÆMÖv‡gi Awd‡m e‡m KvR cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv w`‡Z n‡e| Myi“Zi AvnZ n‡j nvmcvZv‡j
KiwQ‡jb| Ggb mgq wZwb j¶ Ki‡jb, Awd‡mi d¨vb, †Pqvi, wb‡Z n‡e|
†Uwej Kuvc‡Q| 2. cvwb, B‡jKwUªwmwU, M¨vmjvBb cix¶v Ki‡Z n‡e| hw`
K. mvB‡K¬vb Kv‡K e‡j? 1 ¶wZMÖ¯@ n‡q _v‡K mieivn eÜ K‡i w`‡Z n‡e|
L. evqygʇj Kve©b WvBA·vB‡Wi NbZ¡ e„w× cv‡”Q †Kb? 2 3. ¶wZMÖ¯@ wewìs‡qi evB‡i _vK‡Z n‡e| fvOv KvP BZ¨vw`‡Z
M. Avbvm mv‡n‡ei †`Lv `y‡h©vMwU m„wói KviY e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
†hb cv †K‡U bv hvq, †mRb¨ Lvwj cv‡q nuvUvnuvwU Kiv hv‡e bv|
N. D³ `y‡h©vMKvjxb I `y‡h©vMcieZ©x KiYxq m¤•‡K©
†Zvgvi gZvgZ `vI| 4 4. aŸsmcÖvß wewìs‡qi wb‡P AvUKv co‡j aŸsm¯@–c mwi‡q †ei
[Aa¨vq-9 Gi Av‡jv‡K] nIqvi †Póv bv K‡i D×viKvix‡`i Rb¨ A‡c¶v Ki‡Z n‡e|
 weÁvb  1187

cÖkœ  11 k DÏxc‡K wPÎ-1 n‡jv wmwiR eZ©bx Ges wPÎ- 2 n‡jv

mgvš@ivj eZ©bx| M„‡n we`y¨Zvq‡bi Rb¨ eZ©bx `ywUi g‡a¨
mgvš@ivj eZ©bx myweavRbK| wb‡P GwUi mc‡¶ hyw³ †`Iqv
n‡jvÑ

K. Zwor we‡kÐlY Kv‡K e‡j? 1

L. 220V – 60W ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ-1 Gi evj¦ I d¨vb ˆ`wbK 6 NÈv
K‡i Pvjv‡j 1 gv‡m e¨wqZ we`y¨r kw³i cwigvY
wbY©q Ki| 3
wPÎ-1 wPÎ-2
N. M„‡n we`y¨Zvq‡bi Rb¨ DÏxc‡Ki †Kvb wPÎwU
myweavRbK? †Zvgvi Dˇii mc‡¶ hyw³ `vI| 4 Avgiv Rvwb, wmwiR eZ©bx‡Z GKB we`y¨rcÖevn `ywU evje I d¨v‡bi
[Aa¨vq-12 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
ga¨ w`‡q cÖevwnZ n‡e| GKwU Zwor DcKiY we`y¨rcÖev‡n hZUzKz
11bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
evav †`q wZbwU Zwor DcKiY Zvi †P‡q †ewk evav †`q| ZvB
h †Kv‡bv `ªe‡Yi g‡a¨ Zwor cÖevwnZ K‡i Gi AYyMy‡jv‡K GKwU Zwor DcKiY †h cwigvY we`y¨rkw³ cvq wZbwU Zwor
abvÍK I FYvÍK As‡k wef³ Kivi c×wZ‡K Zwor we‡kÐlY
DcKiY Zvi †P‡q Kg cvq| Avevi wmwiR eZ©bxi GKwU Zwor
e‡j|
DcKiY wdDR n‡q †M‡j mg¯@ eZ©bxi ga¨ w`‡qB we`y¨rcÖevn
i 220V - 60W ej‡Z †evSvq, 220V wefe cv_©‡K¨ †Kv‡bv Zwor
eÜ n‡q hv‡e| d‡j Ab¨ Zwor DcKiYMy‡jv Pj‡e bv| GQvov G
hš¿‡K eZ©bx‡Z mshy³ Ki‡j H Zwor hš¿wU me‡P‡q †ewk
Kvh©Ki n‡e Ges cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û 60J Zwor kw³ Ab¨ kw³‡Z eZ©bx‡Z myBP Ab Ki‡j GKB mv‡_ evjeMy‡jv R¡‡j DV‡e Ges
iƒcvš@wiZ n‡e| d¨vbwU Pjv ïi“ Ki‡e| myBP Ad Ki‡j GKB mv‡_ wZbwU Zwor
j DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ-1 n‡Z cvB, DcKiY eÜ n‡q hv‡e| Zwor DcKiYMy‡jv‡K c„_Kfv‡e Pvjv‡bv
1wU evj‡ei ¶gZv = 60W m¤¢e n‡e bv|
 2wU evj‡ei ¶gZv = (2  60)W = 120W
Aciw`‡K mgvš@ivj eZ©bxwUi Zwor DcKiYMy‡jvi mgvš@ivj
d¨v‡bi ¶gZv = 65W
ms‡hv‡Mi d‡j cÖ‡Z¨KwU DcKi‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q wfbœ wfbœ c‡_ we`y¨r
 †kÖwY eZ©bx‡Z hy³ _vKvq †gvU ¶gZv = (120 + 65)W = 185W
Avgiv Rvwb, 1 gvm = 30 w`b cÖevwnZ nq| ZvB mgvš@ivj eZ©bxi GKwU Zwor DcKiY wdDR
evje I d¨vb ˆ`wbK 6 NÈv e¨env‡i e¨wqZ mgq = (6  30) NÈv n‡jI Ab¨ Zwor DcKiYMy‡jv Pj‡e| cÖwZwU Zwor DcKiYB
= 180 NÈv c„_K c„_Kfv‡e Pvjv‡bv m¤¢e n‡e| cÖwZwU DcKi‡Yi cÖvš@؇qi
¶gZv  mgq wefe cv_©K¨ GKB _v‡K| A_©vr mgvš@ivj eZ©bxi cÖwZwU Zwor
 e¨wqZ we`y¨r kw³ = 1000 wK‡jvIqvU Ñ NÈv
185  180
DcKiYB Zwor †Kv‡li c–Y© Zwo”PvjK kw³ cvq| d‡j eZ©bxi
= 1000 wK‡jvIqvU Ñ NÈv `ywU Zwor DcKiYB mgvb Zworkw³ cv‡e|
= 33.3 wK‡jvIqvU Ñ NÈv
AZGe Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ejv hvq, M„‡n we`y¨Zvq‡b wmwiR
= 33.3 BDwbU
AZGe, e¨wqZ we`y¨r kw³i cwigvY 33.3 BDwbU| I mgvš@ivj eZ©bxi g‡a¨ mgvš@ivj eZ©bxB myweavRbK|
 P¨v‡Ýji GmGmwm kU© mv‡Rk‡Ýi DËigvjv  1188

ivRkvnx †evW©-2024
weÁvb (eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶v) welq †KvW 1 2 7
mgq : 30 wgwbU c–Y©gvb : 30
[we‡kl `ªóe¨ : mieivnK…Z eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶vi DËic‡Î cÖ‡kœi µwgK b¤^‡ii wecix‡Z cÖ`Ë eY©msewjZ e„Ëmg–n n‡Z mwVK/m‡e©vrK…ó Dˇii e„ËwU
ej c‡q›U Kjg Øviv m¤•–Y© fivU Ki| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi gvb 1]
cÖkœc‡Î †Kv‡bv cÖKvi `vM/wPý †`Iqv hv‡e bv|
1. †KvbwU‡Z †jvwnZ i³KwYKv mwÂZ _v‡K? 16. ürwc‡Êi ˆe`y¨wZK ms‡KZ kbv³ Ki‡Z †KvbwU e¨eüZ nq?
K cÐxnv‡Z L i³i‡m M hK…‡Z N ürwc‡Ê K G‡ÛvmKwc L GgAviAvB M wmwU ¯‹¨vb N BwmwR
2. cvwb‡Z †Kvb Dcv`vbwU we`¨gvb _vK‡j gvby‡li wKWwb weKj n‡Z cv‡i?  wPÎwU j¶ Ki Ges 17 I 18 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
K cvi` L wmmv M †iWb N Av‡m©wbK
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K AveZ© Nl©Y L MwZ Nl©Y M w¯’wZ Nl©Y N cÖevnx Nl©Y
18. DÏxc‡Ki A I B Gi mv`„k¨c–Y© ˆewkó¨mg–n
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ii. mviv‡`‡ni gva¨‡gB cvwb msMÖn K‡i
iii. RjR cÖvYx‡`i Lv`¨ fvÛvi M A N
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8. DÏxc‡K DwjÐwLZ Dcv`vb ˆZwi‡Z e¨eüZ nq K cwimªveY L †K¬vwi‡bkb M ùzUb N cvZb
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M j¨vKwUK GwmW N A¨vwmwUK GwmW K mywZ L †ikg M ckg N bvBjb
9. DwjÐwLZ cÖhyw³ Øviv 24. †Kvb ej Avgv‡`i wb‡Pi w`‡K †U‡b †i‡L‡Q?
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iii. †Mv‡ìb ivBm Drcv`b Kiv hvq 25. agwb cÖm vwiZ n‡j Ges wkivi †Kv‡bv mgm¨v n‡j wb‡Pi †Kvb cix¶v Kiv nq?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K wmwU ¯‹¨vb L G‡ÛvmKwc M AvjUª v m‡bvMÖ vwd N GbwRIMÖvwd
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 26. wewfbœ e‡Y©i cv_©K¨ eyS‡Z bv cviv‡K Kx e‡j?
10. iwd‡Ki evwoi ˆe`y¨wZK myBPMy‡jv Lye my›`i| GMy‡jv Kx w`‡q ˆZwi nq? K eY©vÜZv L ivZKvbv M gv‡qvwcqv N AcwUK A¨vUªwd
K †iwRb L †gjvgvBb M ev‡KjvBU N _v‡g©vcÐvw÷Km&  wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o 27 Ges 28bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
11. K…wl Rwgi e¨vK‡Uwiqv cÖwZ‡iv‡a e¨eüZ nq †KvbwU? ivqnv‡bi mgy`ª DcK‚jeZx© GjvKvq gvB‡K †NvlYv w`‡q mevB‡K wbivc`
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12. g¨vM‡bUvBU e¨eüZ nq †KvbwU‡Z? wKQy KvR K‡ib|
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13. ivw`i eqm 13 eQi, Zvi AvPiwYK cwieZ©bmg–n K U‡b©‡Wv L N–wY©So M Liv N f‚wgK¤•
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cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e|]
1| bvRgv †eM‡gi evwo‡Z bjK‚c bv _vKvq wZwb evwoi cv‡ki cyKz‡ii 7| wPÎwU j¶ Ki Ges cÖkœMy‡jvi DËi `vI :
†Nvjv cvwb‡K we‡kl cÖwµqvq ivbœvi Dc‡hvMx K‡ib| GKUz e„wócv‡Z
cyKz‡ii cvwb Av‡iv †Nvjv nq| G cvwb cix¶v K‡i pH Gi gvb 4.8 25 †m.wg.
cvIqv hvq| cyKziwU‡Z †Zgb †Kv‡bv RjR Dw™¢` I cÖvYx †bB| N F
K. cvwbi ùzUbv¼ Kv‡K e‡j? 1
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M. bvRgv †eMg DÏxc‡K DwjÐwLZ cvwb‡K Kxfv‡e ivbœvi wPÎ
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N. DÏxc‡K DwjÐwLZ RjR Dw™¢` I cÖvYx †`Lv bv hvIqvi KviY L. Kv‡Pi cÖwZmiYv¼ 1.52 ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2
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A B C D
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M. DÏxc‡Ki 'B' Gi †cÖiY †KŠkj cÖevn wP‡Îi gva¨‡g eY©bv Ki| 3 8| wb‡Pi QKwU j¶ Ki Ges cÖkœMy‡jvi DËi `vI :
N. DÏxc‡Ki 'A' hš¿wU ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b †Kv‡bv Myi“Z¡ enb K‡i wfUvwgb AfveRwbZ †ivM
wK? Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 A ivZKvbv
3| evsjv‡`‡ki `w¶Y A‡j emevmiZ gvbyl‡`i cÖvqB N–wY©So, D wi‡KUm&
mvB‡K¬vb, R‡jv”Q¡v‡mi g‡Zv cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi m¤§yLxb n‡Z nq| B1 †ewi‡ewi
Avevi DËi A‡j GKwU we‡kl `y‡h©v‡Mi Kvi‡Y Nievwo, Avevw` Rwg K. cwi‡cvlK Kv‡K e‡j? 1
b`xM‡f© wejxb n‡q hv‡”Q| G‡Z cÖwZ eQi eû‡jvK gviv hv‡”Q| L. g‡bi wekÖvg ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2
K. AvswkK Liv Kv‡K e‡j? 1
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M. DÏxc‡K DwjÐwLZ `w¶Y A‡j N‡U hvIqv `y‡h©vMMy‡jvi N. DÏxc‡Ki DwjÐwLZ wfUvwgbMy‡jvi g‡a¨ My”QvKv‡i †Kv‡bvwU
g‡a¨ wØZxq `y‡h©vMwU †hfv‡e m„wó nq Zv eY©bv Ki| 3 _v‡K wK? Dˇii mc‡¶ †Zvgvi gZvgZ we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
N. DÏxc‡Ki we‡kl `y‡ h©vMwU Av‡jvPbvc–e©K `y‡ h©vMwU †gvKv‡ejvq 9| wb‡Pi wPÎwU j¶ Ki Ges cÖkœMy‡jvi DËi `vI :
Zzwg Kx Kx Kvh©Kix c`‡¶c MÖnY Ki‡e? we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
4| wb‡Pi wPÎwU j¶ Ki Ges cÖkœM‡y jvi DËi `vI :

wPÎ-1 wPÎ-2
K. Zwor we‡kÐlY Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. Zwo‡Zi wm‡÷g jm I †jvW‡kwWs ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ-1 Gi P wPwýZ AskwUi MVb I Kvh©µg
K. wnDgvm Kv‡K e‡j? 1 wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
L. gvwU‡K wgkÖ c`v_© ejv nq †Kb? 2 N. DÏxc‡Ki 1bs I 2bs wP‡Îi g‡a¨ †KvbwUi e¨envi AwaK
M. DÏxc‡K DwjÐwLZ 'A' Dcv`vbwUi g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z wewfbœ myweavRbK e‡j Zzwg g‡b Ki? we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
c`v‡_©i GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki| 3 10| Awfe¨w³i d‡j GKwU cÖRvwZ †_‡K Ab¨ GKwU cÖRvwZi DrcwË nq| G
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wK? we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 cÖ`vb K‡ib| weeZ©‡bi mc‡¶ †h mKj cÖgvY weÁvbxiv Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb
5| wb‡Pi DÏxcK `ywU j¶ Ki Ges cÖkœMy‡jv DËi `vI : †mMy‡jvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jv ÔRxevk¥NwUZÕ cÖgvY| wKš‘ AvaywbK hy‡M
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M. DÏxc‡Ki (i) wewµqvq 'A' †hŠMwUi ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b e¨env‡i N. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z wØZxq weÁvbxi gZev`wU †Zvgvi Kv‡Q wK
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11| mywg ¯‹z‡j hvIqvi c‡_ nVvr `yN©Ubvq gv_vq I nv‡Z cÖPÊ AvNvZ
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Avjv`v Kivi GKwU cÖwµqv| cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq ayjvevwji KYv †_‡K
kyi“ K‡i bvbv iKg gqjv AveR©bvi KYv _v‡K| G‡`i‡K i A¨vbvjM ms‡KZ I wWwRUvj ms‡K‡Zi `ywU cv_©K¨ n‡”QÑ
cwimªve‡Yi gva¨‡g cvwb †_‡K `–i Kiv hvq| G‡Z K‡i cvwb‡Z A¨vbvjM ms‡KZ wWwRUvj ms‡KZ
A`ªeYxq gqjvi KYvMy‡jv evwji ¯@‡i AvU‡K hvq| G‡¶‡Î wZwb 1. †hme ms‡KZ wbiew”Qbœfv‡e 1. †hme ms‡K‡Zi cÖ‡Z¨KwU
evwji ¯@i ev m–¶¥fv‡e ˆZwi Kvc‡oi ga¨ w`‡q cvwb cÖevwnZ cwiewZ©Z nq Zv‡K A¨vbvjM ¯^Zš¿fv‡e †Pbv hvq Zv‡K
K‡ib| Gfv‡e cÖvß ayjvevwj gy³ cvwb‡K AviI weky×Ki‡Yi ms‡KZ e‡j| wWwRUvj ms‡KZ e‡j|
Rb¨ wZwb cvwb‡K 25Ñ20 wgwbU a‡i dzwU‡q RxevYyg³ y K‡ib| 2. †ewk `–i‡Z¡i †¶‡Î A¨vbvjM 2. †ewk `–i‡Z¡i †¶‡Î wWwRUvj
bvRgv †eMg Gfv‡e cwimªveY I ù“Ub cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g cyK‡z ii ms‡K‡Zi ¶gZv ax‡i ax‡i ms‡K‡Zi ¶gZv GKB
†Nvjv cvwb‡K ivbœvi Dc‡hvMx K‡ib| Kg‡Z _v‡K| _v‡K|
 weÁvb  1191

j DÏxc‡Ki 'B' A_©vr B-†gB‡ji gva¨‡g Z_¨ †cÖiY †KŠkj wb‡P cÖkœ  03 evsjv‡`‡ki `w¶Y A‡j emevmiZ gvbyl‡`i cÖvqB
cÖevnwP‡Îi gva¨‡g eY©bv Kiv n‡jvÑ N–wY©So, mvB‡K¬vb, R‡jv”Q¡v‡mi g‡Zv cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi m¤§yLxb
n‡Z nq| Avevi DËi A‡j GKwU we‡kl `y‡h©v‡Mi Kvi‡Y
†cÖiK †Uwj‡dvb B›Uvi‡bU †Uwj‡dvb MÖvnK Nievwo, Avevw` Rwg b`xM‡f© wejxb n‡q hv‡”Q| G‡Z cÖwZ eQi
Kw¤•DUvi ms‡hvM Kw¤•DUvi eû‡jvK gviv hv‡”Q|
jvBb jvBb
wPÎ : B-†gBj †cÖiY I MÖnY K. AvswkK Liv Kv‡K e‡j? 1
Kw¤•DUvi, U¨ve‡jU, ¯§vU©‡dvb BZ¨vw` wWwRUvj wWfvBm w`‡q L. wMÖb nvDR cÖwZwµqvi Rb¨ CO2 M¨vm Gi f‚wgKv
e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
†bUIqvK© e¨envi K‡i GK ev GKvwaK e¨w³i mv‡_ Z_¨ wewbgq
M. DÏxc‡K DwjÐwLZ `w¶Y A‡j N‡U hvIqv
Ki‡Z B-†gBj GKwU hyMvš@iKvix †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g| Z_¨
`y‡h©vMMy‡jvi g‡a¨ wØZxq `y‡h©vMwU †hfv‡e m„wó nq
wewbg‡qi Rb¨ cÖ_‡g cÖvcK I †cÖiK Dfq e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi Zv eY©bv Ki| 3
B-†gBj A¨vKvD›U Lyj‡Z n‡e| G‡¶‡Î cÖ_‡gB †cÖiYKvix e¨w³ N. DÏxc‡Ki we‡kl `y‡h©vMwU Av‡jvPbvc–e©K `y‡h©vMwU
Kw¤•DUvi, j¨vcUc ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv wWwRUvj wWfvBm w`‡q B-†gBj †gvKv‡ejvq Zzwg Kx Kx Kvh©Kix c`‡¶c MÖnY
mvf©v‡ii mvnv‡h¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ DcvË cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡eb| Gici Ki‡e? we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
MÖnYKvix e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi B-†gBj wVKvbv wj‡L Zv B›Uvi‡b‡Ui [Aa¨vq-9 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
gva¨‡g cvwV‡q w`‡Z nq| Z‡e B-†gB‡ji kyi“‡Z welq wn‡m‡e 3bs cÖ‡kœ i DËi
B-†gB‡ji g–j e³e¨wU GKwU wk‡ivbv‡g wj‡L Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z nq| h GKUvbv 4 mßvn 0.25 wgwjwgUv‡ii †ewk e„wócvZ bv n‡j
Zv‡K AvswkK Liv e‡j|
k DÏxc‡Ki 'A' hš¿wU n‡jv Kw¤•DUvi| ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b wewfbœ
i RbmsL¨v e„w×i d‡j hvbevnb, wkíKviLvbv, we`y¨r Drcv`b
Kv‡R Kw¤•DUvi e¨env‡i Myi“Z¡ enb K‡i| wb‡P Zv we‡kÐlY Kiv
†_‡K wbM©Z †auvqv I Kve©b WvBA·vB‡Wi cwigvY evqygʇj
n‡jvÑ ¯^vfvwe‡Ki Zzjbvq w`b w`b †e‡o P‡j‡Q| evqygʇj G Dcv`v‡bi
eZ©gvb Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i hy‡M Avgv‡`i ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b Dcw¯’wZ †ewk n‡j c„w_exc„ô n‡Z wewKwiZ Zvc f‚c„ô msjMœ
cÖwZwU †¶‡Î Kw¤•DUvi e¨eüZ n‡”Q| wPwKrmv †¶‡Î †ivMxi GjvKv DËß K‡i iv‡L| ZvcgvÎv e„w×i d‡j m„ó Ae¯’vq
cwiPq, wVKvbv, †iv‡Mi j¶Y, †ivMxi A¨vc‡q›U‡g›U BZ¨vw` †iKW© c„w_ex‡Z wMÖb nvDm cÖwZwµqv †`Lv †`q| ZvB wMÖb nvDm cÖwZwµqvi
K‡i ivLv, Jla wbe©vPb I cix¶v-wbix¶vq Kw¤•DUvi e¨eüZ Rb¨ CO2 M¨vm‡K `vqx Kiv nq|
nq| e¨emv-evwY‡R¨ c‡Y¨i gRy` wbqš¿Y, e¨emvwqK †hvMv‡hvM, j DÏxc‡K DwjÐwLZ `w¶Y A‡j N‡U hvIqv `y‡h©vMMy‡jvi g‡a¨
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Kiv n‡jvÑ
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wbqš¿Y, c‡Y¨i MyYMZ gvb hvPvB, Z_¨ msMÖn BZ¨vw` Kv‡R ev®•xfe‡bi d‡j Dc‡i D‡V hLb cvwbKYvq cwiYZ nq ZLb
Kw¤•DUvi e¨envi n‡”Q| wk¶v‡¶‡Î Kw¤•DUvi e¨env‡i ev®•xfe‡bi myßZvcwU evZv‡m †Q‡o †`q| Avevi G myßZv‡ci
†kÖwYK‡¶ wk¶Y, ¯^wk¶Y, cix¶vi DËicÎ g–j¨vqb I djvdj cÖfv‡e cwi‡e‡ki ZvcgvÎvI †e‡o hvIqvq evqygÊj Aw¯’wZkxj
cÖKvk BZ¨vw` KvR A‡bK mnRZi n‡q‡Q| Kw¤•DUvi e¨env‡i n‡q c‡o Ges wbæPv‡ci m„wó K‡i| Gmgq Av‡kcv‡ki evZvm
B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g w`b ev iv‡Zi †h †Kv‡bv mgq AbjvBb †mLv‡b avweZ nq, hv evowZ ZvcgvÎvi Kvi‡Y Nyi‡Z Nyi‡Z Dc‡i
jvB‡eªwii nvRvi nvRvi, j¶ j¶ eB cy¯@K, Rvb©vj, g¨vMvwRb DV‡Z _v‡K Ges mvB‡K¬vb m„wó K‡i| G cÖwµqvq m„ó mvB‡K¬v‡b
cvV Ki‡Z A_ev WvDb‡jvW Kivi my‡hvM cvIqv hvq| cÖwZi¶v evZv‡mi †eM NÈvq 63 wK‡jvwgUvi ev Zvi †ewk _v‡K|
e¨e¯’vq †mbvevwnbx cwiPvjbv, Av‡Mœqv¯¿ wbqš¿Y, †hvMv‡hvM k DÏxc‡K Av‡jvwPZ we‡kl `y‡h©vMwU n‡jv b`x fvOb| b`xfvOb
†gvKv‡ejvq †hme Kvh©Kix c`‡¶c MÖnY Kiv DwPZ wb‡P Zv Zz‡j
BZ¨vw` Kv‡R Kw¤•DUvi e¨env‡i mvgwiK LvZ Af‚Zc–e© DbœwZ
aiv n‡jvÑ
mvab K‡i‡Q| gy`ªY-wk‡í Kw¤•DUvi e¨env‡i K‡¤•vR, wWRvBb
i. b`xi Zxi eivei e„¶‡ivcY Ki‡Z n‡e|
BZ¨vw` Kv‡R A¯^vfvweK e¨q n«vm †c‡q‡Q| GQvov ¯’cwZ I
ii. b`xi cvwb mywbw`©ó c‡_ cÖevwnZ nIqvi Rb¨ b`x‡Z euva
wkíx‡`i wWRvB‡bI Kw¤•DUvi e¨eüZ n‡”Q|
wbg©vY Ki‡Z n‡e|
myZivs Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ejv hvq, Avgv‡`i ˆ`bw›`b iii. b`xi †Wªwms Gi gva¨‡g †mªvZ evavnxbfv‡e c‡_ Pjvi Rb¨
Rxe‡bi cÖwZwU †¶‡Î Kw¤•DUvi e¨env‡ii Myi“Z¡ Acwimxg| Kvh©Kix euva ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e|
 P¨v‡Ýji GmGmwm kU© mv‡Rk‡Ýi DËigvjv  1192
iv. b`xi Zxi eivei eÐK w`‡Z n‡e Ges LuvPvi †fZi BU I k DÏxc‡Ki 'C' Dcv`vbwU n‡jv cvwb| dmj Drcv`‡b cvwbi
cv_i RvZxq c`v_© ch©vß cwigv‡Y †dj‡Z n‡e| Myi“Z¡ Av‡Q| wb‡P Zv we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jvÑ
v. b`xi †mªv‡Zi aib Abymv‡i Kswµ‡Ui cÖvPxi †`Iqvj wbg©v‡Yi
Dw™¢` Z_v MvQcvjv Rš§v‡Z gvwU‡Z we`¨gvb cvwb we‡kl f‚wgKv
e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|
cvjb K‡i| gvwUi KYvi gv‡S _vKv duvKv RvqMv ev i‡Ü« cvwb
vi. fvObcÖeY b`xi Zxi eivei euvk, kvj Mv‡Qi k³ LyuwU BZ¨vw`
wKQy`–i ci ci cy‡u Z w`‡Z n‡e| _v‡K| GB i‡Ü«i AvK…wZ‡f‡` gvwUi cvwb a‡i ivLvi ¶gZv wbf©i
vii. Rwg AwaMÖnY K‡i b`xi Zx‡i QvB wm‡WK †ewo euva ˆZwi
K‡i| duvKv ¯’vb ev iÜ« QvovI gvwUi KYvq †kvwlZ Ae¯’vq
Ki‡Z n‡e| cvwb _vK‡Z cv‡i| gvwU‡Z _vKv wnDgvm cvwb †kvlY K‡i ivL‡Z
viii. DcK‚jeZ©x GjvKvq moK I Rbc` Ges MÖvgxY AeKvVv‡gv cv‡i| gvwU‡Z we`¨gvb G ˆRe c`v‡_© †kvwlZ cvwb mn‡R
cÖK‡íi AvIZvq DuPz iv¯@v wbg©vY Ki‡Z n‡e| MvQcvjvq ¯’vbvš@wiZ nq bv| gvwU‡Z cvwbi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z
MvQcvjv wVKg‡Zv Rš§v‡Z ev †e‡o IVv e¨vnZ n‡Zv| AvqZb
cÖkœ  04 wb‡Pi wPÎwU j¶ Ki Ges cÖkœMy‡jvi DËi `vI : Abymv‡i gvwU‡Z we`¨gvb cvwbi cwigvY kZKiv 25 fvM| gvwU¯’
cvwb Mv‡Qi Lv`¨ Dcv`vbMy‡jv‡K `ªexf‚Z K‡i iv‡L Ges gvwU‡K
imv‡jv iv‡L| d‡j MvQcvjv wkK‡oi mvnv‡h¨ †mMy‡jv †kvlY
K‡i| gvwUi KYvi duv‡K duv‡K cvwb Rgv _v‡K| gvwU‡Z cvwbi
Abycw¯’wZ‡Z MvQcvjv Rš§v‡Z cv‡i bv Ges †e‡o DV‡Z cv‡i bv|
Dw™¢`‡Kv‡li Ab¨Zg Ask n‡jv †cÖv‡UvcÐvRg, hvi kZKiv 85 Ñ
95 fvMB n‡jv cvwb| G Dcv`vbwU gvwU †_‡K Av‡m| MvQ wKQy
K. wnDgvm Kv‡K e‡j? 1 cvwb cvZvq _vKv †÷vgvUvi gva¨‡g MÖnY Ki‡jI †ewkifvMB Av‡m
L. gvwU‡K wgkÖ c`v_© ejv nq †Kb? 2 gvwU †_‡K g–‡ji gva¨‡g| gvwU †_‡K cÖvß cvwbi mvnv‡h¨B MvQcvjv
M. DÏxc‡K DwjÐwLZ 'A' Dcv`vbwUi g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z mv‡jvKms‡kÐl‡Yi gva¨‡g wb‡R‡`i Lvevi ˆZwi K‡i I Avgv‡`i‡K
wewfbœ c`v‡_©i GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki| 3 Aw·‡Rb †`q| MvQcvjvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cywó (†hgbÑ LwbR
N. dmj Drcv`‡b DÏxc‡Ki 'C' Dcv`vbwUi †Kv‡bv c`v_©, bvB‡Uªv‡Rb, dmdivm BZ¨vw`) gvwU †_‡K mivmwi MÖnY
Myi“Z¡ Av‡Q wK? we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| GMy‡jv MÖnY K‡i g–‡ji mvnv‡h¨ Ges G‡¶‡Î
[Aa¨vq-8 Gi Av‡jv‡K] cvwb gva¨g wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Kv‡RB cvwb bv _vK‡j Dw™¢` gvwU
4bs cÖ‡kœi DËi †_‡K Gme cywó MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, d‡j G‡`i †e‡o IVv
h gvwU‡Z we`¨gvb A¨vwg‡bv GwmW, †cÖvwUb, wPwb, A¨vj‡Kvnj, evavMÖ¯@ nq|
Pwe©, †Zj, wjMwbb, U¨vwbb I Ab¨vb¨ A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡Mi mgš^‡q DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbv n‡Z cÖZxqgvb nq †h, dmj Drcv`‡b cvwb
MwVZ GKwU we‡kl RwUj ˆRe c`v_©‡K wnDgvm e‡j| Myi“Z¡c–Y© f‚wgKv iv‡L|
i mvaviYZ gvwU‡Z we`¨gvb c`v_©mg–n‡K Pvi fv‡M fvM Kiv cÖkœ  05 wb‡Pi DÏxcK `ywU j¶ Ki Ges cÖkœM‡y jv DËi `vI :
hvq| GMy‡jv n‡jv LwbR c`v_©, ˆRe c`v_©, evqexq c`v_© I
(i) Ca(OH)2 + A  CaSO4 + 2H2O
cvwb| Gme c`v_© †ewkifvM †¶‡Î G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ wg‡k GK
ai‡bi RwUj wgkÖY ˆZwi K‡i Ges GKwU‡K Av‡iKwU †_‡K mn‡R (ii) Na2CO3 + 2HCl  B + H2O + CO2
c„_K Kiv hvq bv| G Kvi‡Y gvwU‡K wgkÖ c`v_© ejv nq| K. wb‡`©kK Kv‡K e‡j? 1
j DÏxc‡K DwjÐwLZ 'A' Dcv`vbwU n‡jv LwbR c`v_©| gvwU‡Z L. c`v‡_©i pH Gi gvb Rvbv Ri“wi †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
we`¨gvb wewfbœ LwbR c`v‡_©i GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kiv n‡jvÑ M. DÏxc‡Ki (i) wewµqvq 'A' †hŠMwUi ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b
LwbR c`v_© e¨envi e¨env‡i †¶Îmg–‡ni GKwU QK ˆZwi Ki| 3
g¨vM‡bUvBU (Fe3O4) †jvnv ˆZwi‡Z| N. DÏxc‡Ki (ii) bs wewµqvwU c–Y© Ki Ges 'B' †hŠMwU
Pzbvcv_i (CaCO3) Nievwo ˆZwi‡Z Ges wm‡g›U, †mvWv, K…wl‡¶‡Î I wk퇶‡Î †Kv‡bv Myi“Z¡c–Y© f‚wgKv iv‡L
MÐvm, †jvnv I w÷j Drcv`‡b| GQvov wK? we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
gvwU GwmwWK n‡j Zv cÖkgb K‡i| [Aa¨vq-7 Gi Av‡jv‡K]

†KvqvU©R (SiO2) KvP, wmwik KvMR, †iwWI ev Nwo ˆZwi‡Z| 5bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
wmjfvi ev i“cv (Ag) Mnbv I avZe gy`ªv ˆZwi‡Z| h †hme c`v_© GwmW I ¶vixq gva¨‡g eY© cwieZ©b K‡i Ges `ªeY
gvBKv (Mica) ˆe`y¨wZK hš¿cvwZ‡Z we`y¨r wb‡ivaK wn‡m‡e| ¶vixq, GwmW bv wbi‡c¶ Zv wb‡`©k K‡i Zv‡`i‡K wb‡`©kK e‡j|
wRcmvg (CaSO4.2H2O) wm‡g›U I cÐv÷vi Ae c¨vwim ˆZwii KuvPvgvj| i †Kv‡bv c`v_© GwmW, ¶vi bv wbi‡c¶ Zv wb‡`©kK pH Gi gvb
avZe cvBivBUm mvjdvi Ges bvbv iKg avZz ˆZwi‡Z| gvb`Ê wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq| ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b K…wl‡¶‡Î,
†mvbv I nxiv Mnbv ˆZwi‡Z| cÖmvabx‡Z, Rxe‡`‡n wewfbœ ˆRe ivmvqwbK wewµqvq pH Gi Myi“Z¡
M¨vm, Kqjv, †c‡Uªvj R¡vjvwb wn‡m‡e, ivbœvi Kv‡R, Mvwo I i‡q‡Q| fv‡jv dmj Drcv`‡b Av`k© gvwUi pH Gi gvb 4 †_‡K
wkíKviLvbvq| 8 Gi g‡a¨ _v‡K| GB gv‡bi ZviZ‡g¨ Dw™¢` dj‡b e¨vNvZ
 weÁvb  1193

N‡U| Avevi gvby‡li Z¡‡Ki †mŠ›`h© i¶vq e¨eüZ cÖmvabx‡Z pH cÖkœ  06 1200 †KwR f‡ii GKwU gvjevnx Mvwo w¯’i
Gi gvb 4.8 †_‡K 5.5 Gi g‡a¨ _v‡K| GQvov kix‡ii wewfbœ Ae¯’vq Av‡Q| 120 wbDUb e‡j av°v †`Iqvq MvwowU wKQy `–i
As‡k ˆRe ivmvqwbK wewµqv NUvi Rb¨ wewfbœ A‡½i pH Gi †h‡q †_‡g †Mj| GwU m¤¢e n‡q‡Q GKwU we‡kl e‡ji Kvi‡Y|
GKwU wbw`©ó gvb eRvq ivL‡Z nq| ZvB c`v‡_©i pH Gi gvb Avevi ejwUi Kvi‡Y A‡bK mgq mgm¨vI †`Lv †`q|
Rvbv Ri“wi| K. RoZv Kv‡K e‡j? 1
j DÏxc‡Ki (i) bs wewµqvq 'A' †hŠMwU n‡jv GwmW †kÖwYi †hŠM L. gi“f‚wg‡Z nuvU‡Z Kó nq †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
H2SO4| ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b GwmW e¨env‡i †¶Îmg–‡ni GKwU QK M. MvwowUi Z¡
i Y wbY©
q Ki| 3
ˆZwi Kiv n‡jvÑ N. DÏxc‡K DwjÐwLZ ejwU wµqv bv Ki‡j MvwowU
Gwm‡Wi bvg e¨envwiK †¶Î _vgv‡bv m¤¢e n‡Zv wK? hyw³mn †Zvgvi gZvgZ
nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW Lvevi nRg Kiv, Uq‡jU wK¬bv‡ii g–j we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
[Aa¨vq-10 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
(HCl) Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv BZ¨vw`| 6bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
mvjwdDwiK GwmW AvBwcGm ev Mvwoi e¨vUvwi Pvjv‡bvq
e¯‘ †h Ae¯’vq Av‡Q wPiKvj †mB Ae¯’vq _vK‡Z PvIqvi
(H2SO4) kw³ msi¶‡Yi Dcv`vb ˆZwi Kiv, h
†h cÖeYZv ev †mB Ae¯’v eRvq ivL‡Z PvIqvi †h ag© Zv‡K RoZv e‡j|
Uq‡jU wK¬bvi ev cwi®‹viK `ªe¨ mvgMÖx
ˆZwi‡Z Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv i wbDU‡bi Z…Zxq m–Îvbyhvqx cÖ‡Z¨K wµqviB GKUv mgvb I
BZ¨vw`| wecixZ cÖwZwµqv Av‡Q| k³ gvwUi Dci w`‡q hLb nuvUv nq ZLb
A¨vwmwUK GwmW wewfbœ Lv`¨ msi¶‡Yi Kv‡R e¨envi gvwU‡Z ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j gvwU n‡Z Avgv‡`i †`‡ni IR‡bi
(CH3COOH) Kiv| mgvb I wecixZgyLx ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i| wKš‘ gi“f‚wgi evjyi Dci
dmdwiK GwmW mv‡ii Dcv`vb ˆZwi Kiv| ej cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq bv| G‡¶‡Î evjy m‡i hvq Ges wecixZgyLx
(H3PO4) ejI wVKfv‡e cvIqv hvq bv| ZvB gi“f‚wg‡Z nuvU‡Z Kó nq|
j¨vKwUK GwmW Lvevi nR‡gi †evinvwb ev `B ˆZwi‡Z j Avgiv Rvwb, DÏxcK n‡Z cvB,
[CH3CH(OH)COOH] e¨envi Kiv| F = ma Mvwoi fi, m = 1200 †KwR
F
ev, a = m cÖhy³ ej, F = 120 wbDUb
k DÏxc‡Ki (ii)bs wewµqvwU c–Y© Kiv n‡jvÑ MvwowUi Z¡iY, a = ?
Na2CO3 + 2HCl  2NaCl + H2O + CO2 120
=
A_©vr B †hŠMwU n‡jv NaCl hv jeY †kÖwYi †hŠM| GwU K…wl‡¶‡Î I 1200
wk퇶‡Î Myi“Z¡c–Y© f‚wgKv iv‡L| wb‡P Zv we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jvÑ  a = 0.1 wgUvi/†m.2
2
Avgv‡`i Rxe‡b je‡Yi e¨envi bvbvwea Kv‡R cÖ‡qvM †`Lv hvq| AZGe, MvwowUi Z¡iY 0.1 wgUvi/†m. |
GwU Avgv‡`i Lv‡`¨i ¯^v` e„w× K‡i LvIqvi Dc‡hvMx K‡i k DÏxc‡K DwjÐwLZ ejwU n‡jv Nl©Y ej| Nl©Y ejwU wµqv bv
†Zv‡j| †mvwWqvg †K¬vivBW (NaCI) mvaviY jeY ev †Uwej jeY Ki‡j MvwowU _vgv‡bv m¤¢e n‡Zv bv| wb‡P GwU hyw³mn we‡kÐlY
bv‡gI †ek cwiwPZ| GwU cvDi“wU, AvPvi, PvbvPzi BZ¨vw` ˆZwi‡Z Kiv n‡jvÑ
e¨eüZ nq| Lvev‡ii ¯^v` e„w× Ki‡Z †mvwWqvg MÐyUv‡gU je‡Yi cÖ‡Z¨K Z‡j wKQy DuPz-wbPz LuvR _v‡K hv Lvwj †Pv‡L †`Lv hvq bv|
cÖ‡qvRb nq| hv‡`i we‡kl My‡Yi Rb¨ GwU †Uw÷s më bv‡g †Kv‡bv e¯‘ hLb Aci e¯‘i Ici w`‡q Pjvi †Póv K‡i ZLb
cwiwPZ| Kvco KvPvi mvevb (C17H35COONa), †mwfs †dvg ev G‡`i Z‡ji G DuPz-wbPz LuvR Kiv‡Zi `uv‡Zi g‡Zv G‡K Ac‡ii
†Rj, cUvwkqvg w÷qv‡iU (C17H35COOK), Kvco KvPvi †mvWv mv‡_ AvU‡K hvq, d‡j GKwU Z‡ji Dci Aci Z‡ji MwZ
(Na2CO3.10H2O) BZ¨vw` g–jZ jeY| RxevYybvkKiƒ‡c †h Zz‡u Z evavcÖvß nq| G MwZi wei“‡× Drcbœ ej n‡jv Nl©Y ej| hLb
ev wdUwKwi e¨envi Kiv nq GwUI GK ai‡bi jeY| gvwUi †Kv‡bv Pjgvb Mvwoi †eªK Pvcv nq ZLb Zv g–jZ Uvqvi Ges
De©iZv e„wׇZ e¨eüZ mvi A¨v‡gvwbqvg bvB‡UªU (NH4NO3), iv¯@vi ga¨Kvi Nl©Y e„w× K‡i Z_v Nl©Y ej e„w× K‡i| G Nl©Y
A¨v‡gvwbqvg dm‡dU [(NH4)3PO4], cUvwkqvg bvB‡UªU (KNO3) ej Pjš@ Mvwo‡K _vwg‡q †`q| Avevi Avgiv Avgv‡`i ˆ`bw›`b
cÖf…wZ jeY †kÖwYi †hŠM| GgbwK e¨vK‡Uwiqv, fvBivm, ˆkev‡ji Rxe‡bi AwfÁZv †_‡K †`wL †h, cÖ‡Z¨K e¯‘B †h Ae¯’vq Av‡Q wVK
Drcv`b eÜ Ki‡Z Zu‡z Z ev Kcvi mvj‡dU (CuSO4) jeY †mB Ae¯’vq _vK‡Z Pvq| e¯‘ w¯’i _vK‡j w¯’i _vK‡Z PvIqv
e¨eüZ nq| GQvovI Pvgov wk‡í Pvgovi U¨vwbs Ki‡Z, gvLb I ev MwZkxj _vK‡j MwZkxj _vK‡Z PvIqvi cÖeYZv n‡jv h_vµ‡g
cwb‡ii wk‡ívrcv`‡b, †mvWv ˆZwi‡Z, Zwor we‡kÐl‡Y BZ¨vw` †¶‡Î w¯’wZ RoZv Ges MwZ RoZv| wbDU‡bi cÖ_g m–Îvbyhvqx evwn¨K
cÖPzi jeY e¨eüZ nq| Zz‡u Z, gviwKDwiK mvj‡dU (HgSO4), †Kv‡bv ej cÖ‡qvM bv Ki‡j w¯’i e¯‘ w¯’iB _vK‡e Ges MwZkxj
wmjfvi mvj‡dU (AgSO4) BZ¨vw` je‡Yi †hŠM wkíKviLvbvq e¯‘ mylg `ª“wZ‡Z mij c‡_ Pj‡Z _vK‡e| G‡¶‡Î Nl©Y ej bv
cÖfveK wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq| †U·UvBj I is ˆZwii KviLvbvq, _vK‡j MvwowU †h MwZ‡Z MwZkxj †mB MwZ‡Z GwU Pj‡ZB _vK‡e
avZz weï×Ki‡Y, ivevi cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z cÖPzi jeY e¨eüZ nq| †Kbbv Nl©Y ej bv _vK‡j †eªK †P‡cI Mvwo _vgv‡bv m¤¢e bq|
DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbvi †cÖw¶‡Z ejv hvq, wewfbœ je‡Yi e¨envi myZivs Nl©Y ej wµqv bv Ki‡j mylg `ª“wZ‡Z Pjgvb MvwowU
K…wl‡¶‡Î I wk퇶‡Î Myi“Z¡c–Y© f‚wgKv iv‡L| _vgv‡bv m¤¢e n‡Zv bv|
 P¨v‡Ýji GmGmwm kU© mv‡Rk‡Ýi DËigvjv  1194

cÖkœ  07 wPÎwU j¶ Ki Ges cÖkœM‡y jvi DËi `vI : cÖkœ  08 wb‡Pi QKwU j¶ Ki Ges cÖkœM‡y jvi DËi `vI :
25 †m.wg.
wfUvwgb AfveRwbZ †ivM
A ivZKvbv
N F
D wi‡KUm&
B1 †ewi‡ewi
wPÎ K. cwi‡cvlK Kv‡K e‡j? 1
K. Av‡jvi cÖwZmiY Kv‡K e‡j? 1 L. g‡bi wekÖvg ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2
L. Kv‡Pi cÖwZmiYv¼ 1.52 ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2 M. DÏxc‡Ki DwjÐwLZ †ivMMy‡jvi cÖwZKv‡ii e¨e¯’v
M. DÏxc‡Ki †jÝwUi †dvKvm `–iZ¡ 50 †m.wg. n‡j Gi eY©bv Ki| 3
¶gZv wbY©q Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡Ki DwjÐwLZ wfUvwgbMy‡jvi g‡a¨ My”QvKv‡i
N. DÏxc‡Ki †PvLwU‡Z †h ai‡bi ΓwU cwijw¶Z nq,
†Kv‡bvwU _v‡K wK? Dˇii mc‡¶ †Zvgvi gZvgZ
Zv †_‡K cwiÎv‡Yi Dcvq Av‡Q wK? cÖ‡qvRbxq
we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
[Aa¨vq-1 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
[Aa¨vq-5 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
7bs cÖ‡kœi DËi 8bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
h Av‡jv hLb GKwU ¯^ ”Q gva¨g †_‡K Ab¨ ¯^”Q gva¨‡g j¤^fv‡e h Lv‡`¨i †hme ˆRe ev A‰Re Dcv`vb Rx‡ei Rxebxkw³i
AvcwZZ bv n‡q euvKvfv‡e AvcwZZ nq, ZLb gva¨g `ywUi †hvMvb †`q, Zv‡`i‡K GK‡Î cwi‡cvlK e‡j|
we‡f`Z‡j Gi MwZc_ cwiewZ©Z nq| Av‡jvKiwk¥i w`K cwieZ©b i kix‡i I gb †_‡K meiKg D‡ØM, `ywðš@v, Akvwš@ BZ¨vw`
Kivi G NUbv‡K Av‡jvi cÖwZmiY e‡j| G‡Kev‡i `–i K‡i w`‡q †`n-gb‡K GKvš@fv‡e wb`ªvi †Kv‡j
i Kv‡Pi cÖwZmiYv¼ ej‡Z †evSvq, k–b¨ gva¨g ev evqy
1.52 hvIqvi cÖwµqv n‡jv †`n-g‡bi c‡¶ cÖK…Z wekÖvg| wewfbœ ai‡bi
†_‡K Av‡jv Kv‡P wZh©Kfv‡e cÖ‡ek Ki‡j AvcZb †Kv‡Yi mvBb I KvR cwieZ©b K‡i Ab¨ Kv‡R g‡bvwb‡e‡ki gva¨‡g kixi I gb‡K
cÖwZmiY †Kv‡Yi mvB‡bi AbycvZ 1.52 nq| wekÖvg †`Iqv hvq|
j Avgiv Rvwb, DÏxc‡Ki cÖ‡kœi Z_¨ n‡Z cvB, j DÏxc‡K DwjÐwLZ †ivMMy‡jv n‡jv ivZKvbv, wi‡KUm Ges
1 †jÝwUi †dvKvm `–iZ¡ = 50 †m.wg. †ewi‡ewi| GB †ivMMy‡jvi cÖwZKv‡ii e¨e¯’v wb‡P eY©bv Kiv
†j‡Ýi ¶gZv = †dvKvm `–iZ¡
= 0.5 wgUvi n‡jvÑ
1 [†jÝwU DËj nIqvq †dvKvm `–iZ¡
= 0.5 ivZKvbv †ivM wfUvwgb A Gi Afv‡e nq| cÖvwYR Dr‡mi g‡a¨
abvÍK]
= 2 WvqÞvi wWg, Mi“i `ya, gvLb, Qvbv, `B, wN, hK…r I wewfbœ †Zjmg„× gvQ,
†j‡Ýi ¶gZv = ?
we‡kl K‡i KW gv‡Q cÖPzi cwigv‡Y wfUvwgb A cvIqv hvq| Dw™¢¾
AZGe, †j‡Ýi ¶gZv 2 WvqÞvi|
Dr‡mi g‡a¨ K¨v‡ivwUb mg„× kvKmewR, MvRi, wgwóKzgov,
k DÏxc‡Ki wP‡Î †`Lv‡bv †PvLwU‡Z `xN©`„wó ΓwU cwijw¶Z †Xuom, euvavKwc, gUikyuwU Ges wewfbœ ai‡bi dj †hgbÑ Avg,
nq| cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨e¯’v MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g G ai‡bi ΓwU †_‡K cvKv †cu‡c, KuvVvj BZ¨vw`‡Z cÖPzi cwigv‡Y wfUvwgb A Gi
cwiÎv‡Yi Dcvq Av‡Q| wb‡P `xN©`„wó ΓwU cÖwZKv‡ii †KŠkj Dcw¯’wZ i‡q‡Q| GMy‡jv Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g ivZKvbv
wPÎmnKv‡i we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jvÑ †ivM †_‡K cÖwZKvi cvIqv hvq| m–h©v‡jv‡Ki AwZ‡eMywb iwk¥
`xN©`„wó ev `–i`„wó ΓwU `–i Kivi Rb¨ †Pv‡Li mvg‡b GKwU DËj kix‡ii Z¡‡K ms‡kÐwlZ nq †mw`‡K †Lqvj ivLvi cvkvcvwk wW‡gi
†j‡Ýi Pkgv e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| d‡j KvQvKvwQ we›`y (N) n‡Z Kzmyg, `ya, gvLb, euvavKwc, hK…r Ges †Zjmg„× gvQ BZ¨vw`
wbM©Z Av‡jvKiwk¥ Pkgvi †j‡Ý Ges †Pv‡Li †j‡Ý ci ci `yBevi wfUvwgb D RvZxq Lvevi MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g wi‡KUm †ivM †_‡K
cÖwZmwiZ nIqvi Kvi‡Y †dvKvm `–iZ¡ K‡g hv‡e Ges cÖwZKvi cvIqv hvq| GQvov _vqvwgb ev wfUvwgb B1 Gi Afv‡e
cÖ‡qvRbg‡Zv Awfmvix n‡q cÖwZwe¤^wU †iwUbv (R) Gi Dci co‡e| †ewi‡ewi †ivM †_‡K cÖwZKvi †c‡Z †XuwKQuvUv Pvj, AvUv, Wvj,
d‡j e¯‘wU‡K ¯có †`L‡Z cvIqv hv‡e| †ZjexR, ev`vg, hK…r, UvUKv dj I mewR QvovI wWg, `ya, gvQ
R BZ¨vw` Lvevi MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
N
k DÏxc‡K DwjÐwLZ wfUvwgbMy‡jv n‡jv wfUvwgb A, wfUvwgb D
I wfUvwgb B1| G‡`i g‡a¨ wfUvwgb B1 My”QvKv‡i _v‡K| wb‡P
wPÎ : `xN©`„wói cÖwZKvi
Gi mc‡¶ gZvgZ we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jvÑ
G‡¶‡Î DËj †jÝ e¨env‡ii d‡j j¶¨e¯‘ †_‡K AvMZ iwk¥
e¨w³i †Pv‡Li †iwUbvq e¯‘i we¤^ m„wó K‡i hv c‡i gw¯@‡®‹i wfUvwgb B Kg‡cЇ· A‡bKMy‡jv wfUvwgb My”QvKv‡i _v‡K|
gva¨‡g Zvi `k©‡bi Abyf‚wZ RvMvq| d‡j `xN©`„wó ΓwU‡Z Avµvš@ me©‡gvU 12wU wfUvwgb‡K GK‡Î wfUvwgb B Kg‡cз ejv nq|
e¨w³ e¯‘wU‡K ¯có †`L‡Z cvb| G‡`i g‡a¨ _vqvwgb ev B1 †ewi‡ewi †ivM cÖwZ‡iva K‡i| GQvovI
 weÁvb  1195

G wfUvwgbwUi Afv‡e øvqyi `ye©jZv, gvbwmK Aemv`, K¬vwš@,

LvIqvi Ai“wP, IRbnxbZv cÖf…wZ mgm¨v †`Lv hvq| ivB‡evd¬¨vwfb
ev wfUvwgb B2 †Vuv‡Ui dvUj, gyL I wR‡fi Nv, LmL‡m Z¡K cÖf…wZ
mgm¨v cÖwZKv‡i KvR K‡i| wbqvwmb ev wb‡KvwUwbK GwmW
(wfUvwgb B3) †c‡jMÖv †ivM cÖwZ‡iva K‡i| wcwiWw·b ev wfUvwgb
B6 A¨vwbwgqv †ivM cÖwZ‡iv‡a mnvqZv K‡i| †Kvevjvwgb ev
mvqv‡bv †Kvevjvwgb (B12) wfUvwgb bv †c‡j gvby‡li i³k–b¨Zv I
øvqyZ‡š¿i Ae¶q †`Lv †`q|
cÖkœ  09 wb‡Pi wPÎwU j¶ Ki Ges cÖkœMy‡jvi DËi `vI : wPÎ : e¨vUvwii MVb
e¨vUvwi †m‡j ivmvqwbK wewµqvq A¨v‡bvW †_‡K B‡jKUªb mwi‡q
K¨v‡_v‡W Rgv Kiv nq| Gi d‡j A¨v‡bvW I K¨v‡_v‡Wi g‡a¨
Zwor wefe cv_©K¨ ˆZwi nq| G Ae¯’vq A¨v‡bvW Ges K¨v‡_vW‡K
cwievnx Zvi Øviv mshy³ Ki‡j K¨v‡_v‡Wi B‡jKUªbMy‡jv A¨v‡bv‡W
cÖevwnZ n‡Z _v‡K| Gfv‡e e¨vUvwii g‡a¨ Zwor cÖevwnZ nq|
e¨vUvwi †mj hLb A¨v‡bvW I K¨v‡_v‡Wi g‡a¨ wefe cv_©K¨ m„wó
wPÎ-1 wPÎ-2 Ki‡Z cv‡i bv ZLb we`y¨r cÖevn eÜ n‡q hvq| e¨vUvwi‡K PvR©
K. Zwor we‡kÐlY Kv‡K e‡j? 1 Kivi gva¨‡g e¨vUvwi cybivq e¨env‡ii Dc‡hvMx nq|
L. Zwo‡Zi wm‡÷g jm I †jvW‡kwWs ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2 k DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ-1 n‡jv wmwiR eZ©bx Ges wPÎ-2 n‡jv
M. DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ-1 Gi P wPwýZ AskwUi MVb I mgvš@ivj eZ©bx| eZ©bx `ywUi g‡a¨ mgvš@ivj eZ©bxi e¨envi
Kvh©µg wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 AwaK myweavRbK e‡j Avwg g‡b Kwi| wb‡P GwU we‡kÐlY Kiv
N. DÏxc‡Ki 1bs I 2bs wP‡Îi g‡a¨ †KvbwUi e¨envi n‡jvÑ
AwaK myweavRbK e‡j Zzwg g‡b Ki? we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
[Aa¨vq-12 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
9bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
h †Kv‡bv `ªe‡Yi g‡a¨ we`y¨r ev Zwor cÖevwnZ K‡i Gi
AYyM‡y jv‡K abvÍK I FYvÍK As‡k wef³ Kivi c×wZ‡K Zwor
we‡kÐlY e‡j| wPÎ-1 wPÎ-2

i mvaviYfv‡e Zwor Drcv`b I mieiv‡ni ga¨c‡_ we`y¨‡Zi Avgiv Rvwb, wmwiR eZ©bx‡Z GKB we`y¨rcÖevn me Zwor
AcPqB n‡jv wm‡÷g jm| mvaviYZ mieivn c×wZi ΓwU, DcKi‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q cÖevwnZ n‡e| GKwU Zwor DcKiY
Zwo‡Zi A‰ea ms‡hvM, `ye©j gwbUwis e¨e¯’v cÖf…wZi Kvi‡Y we`y¨rcÖev‡n hZUzKz evav †`q †ewk cwigv‡Yi Zwor DcKiY Zvi
†P‡q †ewk evav †`q| ZvB GKwU Zwor DcKiY †h cwigvY
wm‡÷g jm n‡q _v‡K|
we`y¨rkw³ cvq GKvwaK Zwor DcKiY Zvi †P‡q Kg cvq| Avevi
Pvwn`vi Zzjbvq Zwo‡Zi Drcv`b Kg n‡j wbw`©ó wKQy GjvKvi
wmwiR eZ©bxi GKwU Zwor DcKiY wdDR n‡q †M‡j mg¯@
Zwor mieivn eÜ K‡i Drcvw`Z Zwor Ab¨vb¨ GjvKvq Pvwn`v
eZ©bxi ga¨ w`‡qB we`y¨rcÖevn eÜ n‡q hv‡e| d‡j Ab¨ Zwor
Abyhvqx mieivn Kiv nq| ZworcÖevn eÜ Kivi G †KŠkjB n‡jv
DcKiYMy‡jv Pj‡e bv| GQvov G eZ©bx‡Z myBP Ab Ki‡j GKB
†jvW‡kwWs| cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq Zwo‡Zi ¯^í Drcv`b, wm‡÷g
mv‡_ evjeMy‡jv R¡‡j DV‡e Ges d¨vbwU Pjv ïi“ Ki‡e| myBP Ad
jm, Zwo‡Zi AcPq, hvwš¿K ΓwU BZ¨vw`i Kvi‡Y †jvW‡kwWs
Ki‡j GKB mv‡_ me Zwor DcKiY eÜ n‡q hv‡e| Zwor
Ki‡Z nq|
DcKiYMy‡jv‡K c„_Kfv‡e Pvjv‡bv m¤¢e n‡e bv|
j DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ-1 Gi P wPwýZ AskwU n‡jv e¨vUvwi| wb‡P Aciw`‡K mgvš@ivj eZ©bxwUi Zwor DcKiYMy‡jvi mgvš@ivj
e¨vUvwii MVb I Kvh©µg wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jvÑ ms‡hv‡Mi d‡j cÖ‡Z¨KwU DcKi‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q wfbœ wfbœ c‡_ we`y¨r
e¨vUvwi g–jZ GKvwaK Zwor †Kv‡li mgš^q| e¨vUvwi †m‡j cÖevwnZ nq| ZvB mgvš@ivj eZ©bxi GKwU Zwor DcKiY wdDR
e¨env‡ii Rb¨ Zwor kw³ Rgv _v‡K| e¨vUvwi‡Z mvaviYZ GKwU n‡jI Ab¨ Zwor DcKiYMy‡jv Pj‡e| cÖwZwU Zwor DcKiYB
A¨v‡bvW, GKwU K¨v‡_vW Ges gvSLv‡b B‡jK‡UªvjvBU G wZbwU c„_K c„_Kfv‡e Pvjv‡bv m¤¢e n‡e| cÖwZwU DcKi‡Yi cÖvš@؇qi
Ask _v‡K|
 P¨v‡Ýji GmGmwm kU© mv‡Rk‡Ýi DËigvjv  1196

wefe cv_©K¨ GKB _v‡K| A_©vr mgvš@ivj eZ©bxi cÖwZwU Zwor Rxe wQj hv‡`i mÜvb cvIqv hvq wb| GB iKg †LuvR bv cvIqv
DcKiYB Zwor †Kv‡li c–Y© Zwo”PvjK kw³ cvq| d‡j eZ©bxi Rxe‡`i wgwms wj¼ ev üZ-†hvRK ejv nq| Rxevk¥ Avwe®‹v‡ii
cÖ‡Z¨KwU Zwor DcKiYB mgvb Zworkw³ cv‡e| gva¨‡g H mg¯@ wgwms wj‡¼i mÜvb cvIqvq AvRKvj weeZ©‡bi
myZivs DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbvi †cÖw¶‡Z ejv hvq, evmvevwo‡Z ev avivevwnK BwZnv‡mi A‡bK mgm¨vi mgvavb n‡q‡Q|
M„nm¾vq mgvš@ivj eZ©bxi e¨envi AwaK myweavRbK e‡j Avwg jyß AvwK©Ic‡Uwi· bvgK cÖvYxi Rxevk¥ cix¶v K‡i †`Lv †M‡Q
g‡b Kwi|
†h, G‡`i mixm„‡ci g‡Zv cv I `uvZ, cvwLi g‡Zv cvjK wewkó
cÖkœ  10 Awfe¨w³i d‡j GKwU cÖRvwZ †_‡K Ab¨ GKwU cÖRvwZi `ywU Wvbv, GKwU `xN© †jR, †j‡Ri †kl cÖv‡š@ GKMy”Q cvjK I
DrcwË nq| G m¤•‡K© weÁvbx j¨vgvK© I WviDBb weeZ©b m¤•‡K© P¶z wQj| G †_‡K cÖgvwYZ nq †h, mixm„c RvZxq cÖvYx †_‡KB
wfbœ iKg `ywU gZev` cÖ`vb K‡ib| weeZ©‡bi mc‡¶ †h mKj weeZ©‡bi gva¨‡g cvwL RvZxq cÖvYxi DrcwË n‡q‡Q| Dw™¢‡`i
cÖgvY weÁvbxiv Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb †mMy‡jvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jv †¶‡Î wejyß †Uwi‡Wv¯•g© bv‡g GK ai‡bi Dw™¢‡`i Rxev‡k¥ dvb©
ÔRxevk¥NwUZÕ cÖgvY| wKš‘ AvaywbK hy‡M weeZ©bev` m¤•wK©Z I e¨³exRx Dw™¢‡`i ˆewkó¨ †`Lv hvq| G Kvi‡Y dvb© RvZxq
WviDB‡bi gZev`B me©Rb ¯^xK…Z| Dw™¢` †_‡K e¨³exRx Dw™¢‡`i Avwef©ve N‡U‡Q e‡j g‡b Kiv nq|
K. wbw®Œq A½ Kv‡K e‡j? 1 k DÏxc‡K ewY©Z wØZxq weÁvbxi gZev`wU n‡jv WviDB‡bi
L. cÖRbb ¯^v¯’¨ m¤•‡K© Ávb _vKv Ri“wi †Kb? e¨vL¨v gZev`| j¨vgv‡K©i I WviDB‡bi gZev‡`i g‡a¨ WviDB‡bi
Ki| 2 gZev`wU Avgvi Kv‡Q MÖnY‡hvM¨ g‡b nq| wb‡P GwU hyw³mn
M. DÏxc‡K DwjÐwLZ weeZ© ‡bi Ab¨Zg cÖgvYwU eY©bv Ki| 3 we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jvÑ
N. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z wØZxq weÁvbxi gZev`wU †Zvgvi weÁvbx j¨vgv‡K©i cÖ`Ë ZË¡ A_©vr j¨vgvK©ev` e¨envi I Ae¨env‡ii m–Î,
Kv‡Q wK MÖnY‡hvM¨? †Zvgvi Dˇii mc‡¶ hyw³mn cwi‡e‡ki cÖfve Ges AwR©Z ˆewk‡ó¨i eskvbymiY I bZzb
we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 cÖRvwZi DrcwËÑ G wZbwU g–j cÖwZcv`¨ wel‡qi Ici we‡kÐlYx
[Aa¨vq-4 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
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gw¯@‡®‹i †fZi †Kv‡bv ai‡bi i³cvZ n‡q‡Q wK bv, agwb dz‡j
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KzwgjÐv †evW©-2024
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K CH3COOH L C6H8O7 M HNO3 N H2SO4 K †MvjvKvi L Kv‡¯@i g‡Zv M wW¤^vKvi N j¤^v‡U
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wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? Kiv n‡jv| G‡Z e¯‘wU 2 wbDUb Nl©Yhy³ †g‡S‡Z Mwo‡q Pj‡Z _v‡K|
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 21. e¯‘wUi Z¡iY KZ n‡e?
2 2 2 2
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ci cÖwZmwiZ iwk¥
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KA LB MC ND
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 Aby‡”Q`wU co Ges 15 I 16bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : Y

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K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii

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N. DÏxc‡Ki Dcv`vb MÖ“c †_‡K Lv‡`¨i †gby¨ ˆZwi Kivi cywówe`‡`i g‡Z, gvby‡li ˆ`wbK K¨vjwi Pvwn`vi Aš@Z 58-
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1bs cÖ‡kœi DËi RvZxq Lv`¨ MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖwZ MÖvg kK©iv Rvi‡Y 4
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ZvB ZvgvK‡K gv`K`ªe¨ ejv nq| ivL‡ev|

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Avwgl, kK©iv, †øn c`v_©, wfUvwgb I LwYR jeY _v‡K| iv‡Zi [Aa¨vq-3 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
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Wvqv‡ewUm GKwU wecvKRwbZ †ivM| Wvqv‡ewUm n‡j i‡³ kK©ivi 3bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
cwigvY †e‡o hvq Ges kix‡ii wewfbœ A½ †hgbÑ wKWwb, ürwcÊ,
†PvL BZ¨vw`i ¯^vfvweK KvRK‡g© evav cÖ`vb K‡i| Wvqv‡ewUm
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iii. kK©iv, wgwó I †øn RvZxq Lv‡`¨i cwigvY wbqš¿‡Y ivLv|
kvKmewR I Auvkhy³ Lvevi †ewk cwigv‡Y LvIqv| Dw™¢¾
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M. Z_¨ : 1-Gi X I Y Gi D™¢e e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 RvZxq cÖvYxi DrcwË N‡U‡Q| Dw™¢‡`i †¶‡Î wejyß †Uwi‡Wv¯•vg©
N. wk¶‡Ki Av‡jvP¨ welqwU Z_¨-1 †K mg_©b K‡i wK? (Pteeridosperm) bv‡g GKai‡bi Dw™¢‡`i Rxev‡k¥ dvb© I
†Zvgvi Dˇii mc‡¶ hyw³ `vI| 4 e¨³exRx (gymnosperm) Dw™¢‡`i ˆewkó¨ †`Lv hvq| G Kvi‡Y
[Aa¨vq-4 Gi Av‡jv‡K] dvb© RvZxq Dw™¢` †_‡K wRg‡bv¯•vg© Dw™¢‡`i Avwef©ve N‡U‡Q
4bs cÖ‡kœi DËi e‡j g‡b Kiv nq|
h f‚M‡f©i wkjv¯@‡i `xN©Kvj Pvcv c‡o _vKv Rx‡ei mvgwMÖK ev myZivs, Rxevk¥NwUZ cÖgvY Z_¨-1 †K mg_©b K‡i|
AvswkK cÖ¯‘ixf‚Z †`n ev †`nQvc‡K dwmj e‡j| cÖkœ  05 PvKwi †c‡q Avnv` cwjw_b e¨v‡M wKQy dj Ges
i wewfbœ cÖvYxi †h A½My‡jvi DrcwË, weKvk Ges MVb wfbœ wm‡éi cvÄvwe wK‡b Zvi evev‡K w`j|
n‡jI Zviv GKB KvR K‡i, †mB A½My‡jv‡K mge„wË A½ e‡j| K. g‡bvgvi Kv‡K e‡j? 1
†hgb cZ½ wKsev ev`y‡oi Wvbv Dovi Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq| G‡`i L. wfKzbv ej‡Z Kx eySvq? 2
DrcwË I MVb m¤•–Y© Avjv`v n‡jI GKB cwi‡e‡ki cÖfv‡e Zviv M. DwjÐwLZ cvÄvwei myZv ˆZwii cÖwµqvwU e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
GKB iKg KvR Kivi Rb¨ Awf‡hvwRZ n‡q‡Q A_©vr ev`yo Ges N. DwjÐwLZ e¨vM gvbeRxe‡b A‡bK ¶wZi KviYÑ
cZ½ `ywUB cÖ‡qvR‡bi ZvwM‡` Do‡Z mvnvh¨ Kivi Dc‡hvMx A½ e¨vL¨v Ki| 4
[Aa¨vq-6 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
ˆZwi K‡i‡Q| GRb¨B ev`y‡oi cvLv‡K mge„wË A½ ejv nq|
5bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
j DÏxc‡K Z_¨ : 1-Gi cÖwµqvwU n‡jv ˆRe weeZ©‡bi| h †hme †QvU AYy †_‡K cwjgvi ˆZwi nq, Zv‡`i‡K g‡bvgvi e‡j|
DÏxc‡Ki †iLvwPÎwU m¤•–Y© K‡i cvB,
†cÖv‡Uv fvBivm fvBivm e¨vK‡Uwiqv i wfKzbv n‡jv we‡k¦i me‡P‡q `vgx ckg Zš‘| `w¶Y
Av‡gwiKvq cÖvß wfKzbv bvgK GK ai‡bi DURvZxq cÖvYxi ckg
myMwVZ wbDwK¬qv‡mi Dw™¢` †_‡K GB Zš‘ ˆZwi Kiv nq| G Zš‘ A‡bK big, nvjKv, †UKmB
†cÖv‡Uv‡Rvqv Ges Gi ZvcaviY ¶gZv A‡bK †ewk|
GK‡Kvlx Rxe cÖvYx
G‡¶‡Î X I Y n‡jv Dw™¢` I cÖvYx| j DÏxc‡Ki DwjÐwLZ wm‡éi cvÄvwewU †ikg Zš‘ w`‡q ˆZwi|
†cÖvwUb I wbDwK¬K GwmW mn‡hv‡M wbDwK¬I‡cÖvwUb m„wó nq| GB wb‡P cvÄvwei myZv ˆZwii cÖwµqvwU e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jvÑ
wbDwK¬I‡cÖvwUb †_‡KB m„wó nq †cÖv‡UvfvBivm Ges Zv †_‡K m„wó cÖ_‡g †ikg †cvKv †_‡K GK ai‡bi cwiYZ MywU ev †KvKzb mvevb
nq fvBivm| fvBivm n‡”Q Rxe I R‡oi GKwU ga¨eZ©x Ae¯’v| cvwb‡Z †jvnvi KivB‡q wm× Kiv nq| wm× Kiv †KvKzb †ek big
Gici D™¢e nq e¨vK‡Uwiqv Ges AviI c‡i m„wó nq †cÖv‡Uv‡Rvqv| nq| Gici †KvKz‡bi Ici †_‡K GKwU †Lvmv Qvwo‡q †djv nq|
 weÁvb  1203

†Lvmv Qvov‡bi ci †KvKzb †_‡K Zš‘i cÖvš@ ev bvj cvIqv hvq| Zvici j DÏxc‡Ki B `y‡h©vMwU n‡jv mybvwg| GwU‡K c„w_exi Z…Zxq
cÖvß Zš‘i cÖvš@wU LyeB ax‡i ax‡i †U‡b j¤^v Auvk †ei Ki‡Z nq| cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq| wb‡P mybvwg m„wói
cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx A‡c¶vK…Z wgwn ev wPKb myZvi Rb¨ 5-7 wU Ges KviY e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jvÑ
gvSvwi ev †gvUv myZvi Rb¨ 15-20 wU †KvKz‡bi cÖvš@ ev bvj GK‡Î we‡klÁ‡`i g‡Z, mgy`ª Zj‡`‡ki f‚wgK¤c, Av‡MœqwMwii
K‡i PiKvi mvnv‡h¨ †dwU Kiv nq| msM„nxZ Zš‘i AuvkMy‡jv AMœ¨yrcvZ, f‚wgam Ges b‡fvRvMwZK NUbv mybvwg m„wói KviY|
ci¯•i AvVv‡jvfv‡e †j‡M GKMvwQ myZvq cwiYZ nq| Gfv‡e †ikg gnvmvMi I mvM‡ii Zj‡`‡ki GKwU †cÐU hLb Ab¨ GKwU †cЇUi
†cvKv †_‡K Zš‘ msMÖn K‡i †ikg myZv Drcv`b Kiv nq| mv‡_ msNl© n‡q wePz¨Z nq, ZLb †mLv‡b cÖPÊ f‚wgK¤• m„wó nq|
m„ó f‚wgK‡¤•i Kvi‡Y j¶ j¶ U‡bi mgy‡`ªi cvwb wekvj †XD
k DÏxc‡K DwjÐwLZ e¨vMwU n‡jv cwjw_b e¨vM| cwjw_b GK
ai‡bi K…wÎg cwjgvi c`v_©| AcPbkxj nIqvi `i“b cwjw_‡bi ˆZwi K‡i| G †XD NÈvq 500 †_‡K 800 gvBj MwZ‡e‡M mvg‡bi
w`‡K AMÖmi n‡q Zxif‚wgi wbKUeZ©x n‡j `xN© †XD ˆZwi K‡i
gva¨‡g cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨nxbZv m„wó nq hv gvbeRxe‡b A‡bK
fq¼i R‡jv”Q¡v‡mi iƒc aviY K‡i| GwUi GK cÖvš@ †_‡K Aci
¶wZi KviY wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq| wb‡P Zv e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jvÑ
cÖv‡š@i `–iZ¡ 100 gvBj ch©š@ n‡Z cv‡i| d‡j DcK‚‡ji e¨vcK
cwjw_b Ab¨vb¨ K…wÎg cwjgv‡ii g‡Zv cPbkxj bq| Gi d‡j GjvKv cÐvweZ n‡Z cv‡i Ges DcK‚jxq Rbc` wbwðý K‡i w`‡Z
cybte¨envi bv K‡i eR©¨ wn‡m‡e AcmviY Ki‡j GMy‡jv cwi‡e‡k cv‡i| AMÖmigvb G Rjivwk fq¼i †mªvZ m„wó K‡i †b‡g hvIqvi
Rgv n‡Z _v‡K Ges bvbviKg cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó K‡i| GKch©v‡q Av‡M 100 dzU ch©š@ DuPz n‡Z cv‡i|
bvjv eÜ n‡q hvq I b`©gvi bvjvq cvwbi cÖevn eÜ n‡q hvq| k DÏxc‡K DwjÐwLZ e„wócvZ bv nIqvq m„ó A `y‡h©vMwU n‡jv
d‡j mvgvb¨ e„wócvZ n‡jB iv¯@vq cvwb R‡g Rjve×Zv m„wó nq, Liv| Liv †gvKv‡ejvq Avgiv †hme c`‡¶c MÖnY Ki‡Z cvwi Zv
hv cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ bó K‡i| cwjw_b RvZxq eR©¨ cwiKwíZ wb‡P e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jvÑ
Dcv‡q e¨e¯’vcbvi AvIZvq bv Avbv n‡j GMy‡jv b`b`xmn Ab¨vb¨
Livi g–j KviY n‡jv cvwbi Acvh©ßZv| cvwbi mieivn evov‡bvi
Rjvk‡q wM‡q c‡o| G‡Z b`b`xi MfxiZv K‡g hvq, hv bve¨Zvi
gva¨‡g Liv †gvKvwejv mn‡R Kiv hvq| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvq 55wU
Rb¨ ûgwK n‡q `uvovq| GMy‡jv gvwU‡Z c‡o _vK‡j gvwUi De©iZv b`xi Drm¯’j fviZ| ﮋ †gŠmy‡g Hme b`b`xi cvwbi MwZc_
bó Ki‡Z c‡i| †h‡nZz cPbkxj bq ZvB ckyi Lvev‡ii mv‡_ cwieZ©b I cvwb cÖZ¨vnvi Avgv‡`i †`‡k Livi Ab¨Zg KviY|
cvK¯’jx‡Z wM‡q Giv GK ch©v‡q gvsm I Pwe©‡Z Rg‡Z _v‡K| G M½v b`xi cvwb fviZ GKZidvfv‡e e¨envi Kivi Kvi‡Y
mg¯@ gvQ, gvsm MÖnY Ki‡j Zv gvbe‡`‡nI cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges GKmgq cvwbi AcÖvwß wQj| wKš‘ 1996 mv‡j ZrKvwjb fviZ
K¨vbmv‡ii g‡Zv †ivM m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| I evsjv‡`‡ki miKv‡ii g‡a¨ cvwb eÈb Pzw³i d‡j evsjv‡`k
Dc‡i ewY©Z Kvi‡YB cwjw_‡bi Ace¨envi cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨nxZvi ﮋ †gŠmy‡g cvwbi b¨vh¨ wnm¨v cv‡”Q| M½vi cvwb Pzw³i g‡Zv
Rb¨ `vqx| wZ¯@vmn Ab¨vb¨ b`xi cvwb eȇbi Rb¨ cÖwZ‡ekx †`k fvi‡Zi
mv‡_ cvwb eÈb Pzw³ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb hv‡Z ﮋ †gŠmy‡g †`kwU
cÖkœ  06 A= `xN©w`b e„wócvZ bv nIqvi Kvi‡Y m„ó `y‡h©vM| GKZidvfv‡e DRvb †_‡K cvwb cÖZ¨vnvi bv Ki‡Z cv‡i| wKQz
B= e›`‡ii †XD bv‡g cwiwPZ `y‡h©vM| dmj Av‡Q †hMy‡jv gvwU‡Z cvwb Kg _vK‡jI Rš§v‡Z cv‡i|
K. N–wY©So Kv‡K e‡j? 1 †hgb- Mg, wcuqvR, KvDb BZ¨vw`| Liv cxwoZ GjvKvi gvbyl‡K G
L. GwmW e„wó †Kb nq? 2 RvZxq dmj Pvl Kivi Rb¨ DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z n‡e| †mB mv‡_
M. DÏxc‡Ki B `y‡h©vMwU m„wói KviY e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 †hme dmj Drcv`‡b A‡bK †ewk cvwb cÖ‡qvRb nq, †hgb- Bwi
N. DÏxc‡Ki A `y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejvq KiYxq we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 avb, †mMy‡jv Pv‡l wbi“rmvwnZ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Liv †gvKvwejv
[Aa¨vq-9 Gi Av‡jv‡K] Kivi Rb¨ cyKzi, b`b`x, Lvjwej Lbb K‡i cvwb a‡i †i‡L Zv
6bs cÖ‡kœi DËi Livi mgq e¨envi Kivi Rb¨ RbMY‡K DØy× Ki‡Z n‡e|
h wbæPvcRwbZ Kvi‡Y hLb cÖPÊ MwZ‡e‡M N–Y‡© bi AvKv‡i cÖkœ  07 Bgb 1kg f‡ii GKwU w¯’i e¯‘i Dci 5 †m‡KÛ
evZvm eq ZLb Zv‡K N–wY©So e‡j| hver ej cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j e¯‘wUi MwZ‡eM 50 wgUvi/†m‡KÛ nq|
e¯‘wU mvg‡bi †`Iqv‡j evav †c‡q wd‡i Av‡m|
i GwmW e„wó m„wói †¶‡Î mvaviYZ cÖvK…wZK I gbyl¨m„ó `yB K. AveZ© Nl©Y Kv‡K e‡j? 1
KviYB IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e RwoZ| cÖvK…wZK KviYmg–‡ni g‡a¨ †hMy‡jv L. Pjš@ Mvwo nVvr †eªK Ki‡j hvÎxiv mvg‡bi w`‡K
D‡jÐL‡hvM¨ Zv n‡jvÑ Av‡MœqwMwii AMœy¨rcvZ, `vevbj, eRªcvZ, Sz‡u K c‡o †Kb? 2
MvQcvjvi cPb BZ¨vw`| Gme cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g bvB‡Uªv‡Rb A·vBW M. DÏxc‡Ki e¯‘i Dci cÖhy³ e‡ji gvb wbY©q Ki| 3
I mvjdvi WvBA·vBW M¨vm wbtm„Z nq hv c‡i evZv‡mi Aw·‡Rb N. e¯‘wU cybivq Bg‡bi Kv‡Q wd‡i Avmvi KviY
I e„wói cvwbi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i bvBwUªK I mvjwdDwiK GwmW we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
ˆZwi K‡i| GKBfv‡e Kqjv ev M¨vmwfwËK we`y¨r Drcv`b †K›`ª [Aa¨vq-10 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
ev Ab¨vb¨ wkíKviLvbv, hvbevnb, M„n¯’vwji Pzjv BZ¨vw` Drm 7bs cÖ
‡ kœ i DËi
n‡ZI mvjdvi WvBA·vBW wbM©Z nq hv cieZ©x‡Z Gwm‡W cwiYZ h GKwU Z‡ji Dci w`‡q hLb Ab¨ GKwU e¯‘ Mwo‡q ev Nyi‡Z
n‡q GwmW e„wói m„wó K‡i| Nyi‡Z P‡j, ZLb †h Nl©Y m„wó nq Zv‡K AveZ© Nl©Y e‡j|
 P¨v‡Ýji GmGmwm kU© mv‡Rk‡Ýi DËigvjv  1204

i Pjš@ evm nVvr †eªK Kl‡j hvÎxiv MwZ RoZvi Rb¨ mvg‡bi j DÏxc‡K Kwe‡ii evevi ewY©Z †K¬vwbs Gi c×wZwU n‡jv Rxe
w`‡K Sz‡u K c‡o| KviY †eªK K‡i evm‡K w¯’i Kiv n‡j hvÎx‡`i †K¬vwbs| me©cÖ_g Wwj bvgK GKwU †fov‡K Rxe †K¬vwbs Gi gva¨‡g
kix‡ii evm msjMœ Ask w¯’i nq wKš‘ kix‡ii Dc‡ii Ask MwZ ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q| wb‡P †K¬vwbs Gi gva¨‡g Wwji Rš§v‡bvi avcmg–n
RoZvi Rb¨ MwZkxj _v‡K| ZvB hvÎxiv mvg‡bi w`‡K Szu‡K c‡o| Av‡jvPbv Kv n‡jvÑ
j †`Iqv Av‡Q, 1. Wwj bvgK †fov‡K †K¬vb Kivi Rb¨ weÁvbxiv GKUv Qq eQi
fi, m = 1 †KwR eq‡mi mv`v †fovi `yaMÖwš’ †_‡K †Kvl msMÖn K‡i‡Qb|
Avw`‡eM, u = 0 wg./†m. 2. GB †Kv‡li †fZ‡ii wbDwK¬qvm‡K Zvi †Kv‡l ÒAfz³Ó ivLv
†kl‡eM, v = 50 wg./†m.
i‡q‡Q, †hb GwU †h `y»MÖwš’i GKwU †Kv‡li wbDwK¬qvm GB
mgq, t = 5 wg./†m.
ej, F = ? Z_¨wU fz‡j hvq|
Avgiv Rvwb, F = ma 3. Kv‡jv gy‡Li Av‡iKwU †fov †_‡K GKwU wW¤^vYy msMÖn K‡i Zvi
vu †fZiKvi wbDwK¬qvmwU‡K AcmviY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
=m
t 4. mv`v †fov †_‡K msMÖn Kiv †Kv‡li wbDwK¬qvmwU wW¤^vYy‡Z
(50  0) cÖwZ¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges B‡jKwUªK kK w`‡q
=1
5
wbDwK¬qvmwU‡K Kvh©Ki Kiv n‡q‡Q|
50
=1 5. wW¤^ vYywU 僇Y cwiYZ nIqvi ci †mwU GKwU cvjK gvZv
5
†fovi †`‡n cÖwZ¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| gvZv åƒYwU‡K h_vmg‡q
= 10 wbDUb
†glkveK wn‡m‡e Rš§ w`‡q‡Q| GB †gkkveKwU ûeû Zvi
 cÖh³ y ej 10 wbDUb|
gv‡qi gZ|
k e¯‘wU cybivq Bg‡bi Kv‡Q †diZ Avmvi KviY wbDU‡bi
MwZi 3q m–Î Øviv e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq| k DÏxc‡K ewY©Z cÖhyw³wU n‡jv RxecÖhyw³| wb‡P Jla wk‡í
wbDU‡bi MwZi 3q m–Îvbymv‡i, cÖ‡Z¨K wµqviB GKwU mgvb I RxecÖhyw³i f‚wgKv we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jvÑ
wecixZgyLx cÖwZwµqv Av‡Q| DÏxc‡Ki (M)bs DËi Abyhvqx †`Lv i. f¨vKwmb Drcv`b : eZ©gv‡b wRb cÖ‡KŠkj cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i
hvq, e¯‘wU‡Z 10 wbDUb ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j G‡Z 10 wg./†m.2 e¨vcKfv‡e msµvgK †iv‡Mi (†hgbÑ †cvwjI, h¶¥v, nvg,
Z¡i‡Yi m„wó n‡q‡Q| A_©vr e¯‘wU mvg‡b AMÖmi n‡q †`qv‡j emš@ BZ¨vw`) cÖwZ‡laK wUKv Drcv`b Kiv n‡q‡Q|
evavcÖvß nq| e¯‘wU †h e‡j †`qv‡j AvNvZ Kij Zv n‡jv wµqv ii. B›Uvi‡dib Drcv`b : wRb cÖ‡KŠkj cÖ‡qvM K‡i evwYwR¨K
ej| e¯‘wUi IciI †`qvj GKwU mgvb I wecixZgyLx ej cÖ‡qvM
wfwËK B›Uvi‡dib Drcv`b m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| GwU †ncvUvBwUm
K‡i| GB ejwU n‡jv cÖwZwµqv ej| GB wecixZ e‡ji Kvi‡YB
e¯‘wU cybivq Bg‡bi Kv‡Q wd‡i Av‡m| wPwKrmvq Ges K¨vbmv‡ii cÖv_wgK wPwKrmvq e¨eüZ nq|
Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ejv hvq, e¯‘wUi Ici cÖhy³ cÖwZwµqv e‡ji iii. ni‡gvb Drcv`b : wewfbœ ni‡gvb †hgbÑ Wvqv‡ewUm †iv‡Mi
Kvi‡YB Zv cybivq Bg‡bi Kv‡Q wd‡i Av‡m| Bbmywjb ev gvby‡li ˆ`wnK e„w× ni‡gvb BZ¨vw` Drcv`b
cÖkœ  08 Kwei Zvi evevi Kv‡Q RxecÖhyw³ m¤•‡K© Rvb‡Z RxecÖhyw³i GKwU D‡jÐL‡hvM¨ w`K|
cvij| evev ej‡jb, ÒGB cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g Rxe †K¬vwbs Kiv n‡”Q|Ó iv. A¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK Drcv`b : RxecÖhyw³ cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g Kg
K. †µv‡gv‡Rvg Kv‡K e‡j? 1 mg‡qi g‡a¨ wØMyY cwigvY A¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK Drcv`b Kiv n‡”Q|
L. Uªv݇RwbK Dw™¢` ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2 Gi g‡a¨ D‡jÐL‡hvM¨ †cwbwmwjb I †mdv‡jv‡¯•vwib
M. evevi ejv †K¬vwbs Gi c×wZ e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 A¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK|
N. Jla wk‡í DÏxc‡Ki cÖhyw³i f‚wgKv we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 v. GbRvBg Drcv`b : cwicvK msµvš@ †iv‡Mi wPwKrmvq e¨eüZ
[Aa¨vq-11 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
Jl‡ai Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e wKQy GbRvBg, †hgbÑ A¨vgvB‡jR,
8bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
†cÖvwU‡qR I jvB‡cR, †cu‡c †_‡K c¨v‡cBb, eUMvQ †_‡K K…wg
h wbDwK¬qv‡mi wfZ‡i Aew¯’Z wbDwK¬I‡cÖvwUb Øviv MwVZ †hme †iv‡M e¨eüZ dvBmb Mevw`ckyi cÐvRgv †_‡K _ªw¤^b i³cvZ
Zš‘i gva¨‡g Rx‡ei hveZxq ˆewkó¨ eskci¤•ivq mÂvwiZ nq
e‡Ü e¨eüZ nq Ges ¶Z wbivg‡q wUªcwmb BZ¨vw` e¨eüZ nq|
Zv‡K †µv‡gv‡Rvg e‡j|
ˆRecÖhyw³i Kj¨v‡Y Gme GbRvBg Drcvw`Z I evRviRvZ n‡”Q|
i wRb cÖ‡KŠk‡ji gva¨‡g wR‡bi ¯’v‡bi cwieZ©b NwU‡q †hme vi. Uªv݇RwbK cÖvYx †_‡K Jla AvniY : Uªv݇RwbK cÖvYx
Dw™¢` m„wó Kiv nq, †mMy‡jv‡K Uªv݇RwbK Dw™¢` e‡j|
D™¢ve‡bi gva¨‡g cÖvYxMy‡jvi `ya, i³ I g–Î †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq
wiKw¤^‡b›U wWGbG cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i GKwU Kvw¸¶Z wRb
Dw™¢`‡`‡ni †Kv‡li †cÖv‡UvcÐvR‡g cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv nq| Myi“Zc¡ –Y© I Jla AvniY Kiv nq hv gwjKzjvi dvwg©s bv‡g cwiwPZ|
A_©Kix dmj‡K Uªv݇RwbK Dw™¢‡` cwiYZ K‡i cZ½, fvBivm, AZGe Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ejv hvq, Jla wk‡í RxecÖhyw³i
e¨vK‡Uwiqv I QÎvK cÖwZ‡ivax K‡i Drcv`b Kiv n‡”Q| f‚wgKv Acwimxg|
 weÁvb  1205

cÖkœ  09 Aciw`‡K kyi“‡Z kyay K_v ejvi Rb¨ †Uwj‡dvb D™¢veb Kiv
wPÎ-Q n‡qwQj| †gvevBj †Uwj‡dv‡b K_vi mv‡_ mv‡_ GmGgGm
cvVv‡bvi e¨e¯’v Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLb ¯§vU©‡dvb bv‡g bZzb †h
†dvbMy‡jv G‡m‡Q, †mMy‡jv Kɯ^‡ii mv‡_ mv‡_ me ai‡bi Z_¨
cvVv‡Z cv‡i| Kv‡RB †mMy‡jv mivmwi B›Uvi‡b‡Ui mv‡_ hy³ n‡Z
cv‡i Ges Av‡M †h KvRMy‡jv Kw¤•DUvi ev j¨vcUc Qvov Kiv
wPÎ-P wPÎ-R m¤¢e wQj bv, †mMy‡jv GB ¯§vU© †dvb w`‡q Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| kyay
K. †hvMv‡hvM Kv‡K e‡j? 1 Zv-B bq, GB ¯§vU©‡dvbMy‡jvi Rb¨ bvbv ai‡bi A¨vc ˆZwi n‡”Q,
L. d¨v· Gi gva¨‡g Kxfv‡e Qwei ûeû Kwc cvIqv †mMy‡jv w`‡q ¯§vU©‡dvb Avgv‡`i Av‡iv bvbv ai‡bi KvR Ki‡Z
hvq? 2 mvnvh¨ K‡i|
M. DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ-Q e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 myZivs ejv hvq, d¨v‡·i Zzjbvq †gvevBj †Uwj‡dvb AwaKZi
myweavRbK Ges †gvevBj †Uwj‡dv‡bi Dc‡hvwMZvi †¶Î w`b w`b
N. †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î wPÎ P I R Gi g‡a¨ †KvbwU
†e‡oB P‡j‡Q|
AwaK myweavRbK? hyw³mn e¨vL¨v Ki| 4
[Aa¨vq-13 Gi Av‡jv‡K] cÖkœ  10 wg‡mm dvwZgv Zvi evwo‡Z 100 IqvU Gi 6wU evj¦,
9bs cÖ‡kœi DËi 80 IqvU Gi `ywU d¨vb, 200 IqvU Gi GKwU TV cÖwZw`b 8
NÈv e¨envi K‡ib| Zvi gvwmK LiP †e‡o hvIqvq wZwb Ggb GK
h GK¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨¯’v‡b ev GK e¨w³ †_‡K Ab¨ e¨w³‡Z ev ai‡bi evj¦ e¨envi Ki‡jb hvi d‡j Zvi we`y¨r wej K‡g †Mj|
GK hš¿ †_‡K Ab¨ h‡š¿ K_vevZ©v, wPš@vfvebv ev Z‡_¨i Av`vb- K. Zwor ¶gZv Kv‡K e‡j? 1
cÖ`vb ev wewbgq Kiv‡K †hvMv‡hvM e‡j| L. Kw¤•DUv‡i BDwcGm e¨envi Kiv nq †Kb? 2
i d¨v· †gwk‡b hLb GKwU WKz‡g›U †`Iqv nq ZLb †mLv‡b M. cÖwZ BDwbU we`y¨‡Zi `vg 5.75 UvKv n‡j D³
evwoi gvwmK we`y¨r wej KZ n‡e? 3
D¾¡j Av‡jv †djv nq| WKz‡g‡›Ui Kv‡jv Ask †_‡K Kg Ges
N. DwjÐwLZ mgm¨v mgvav‡b we‡kl ai‡bi evj¦
mv` Ask †_‡K †ewk Av‡jv cÖwZdwjZ nq, †mB Z_¨My‡jv msi¶Y e¨env‡ii †hŠw³KZv we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
K‡i WKz‡g›UwUi Kwc‡K ˆe`y¨wZK wmMb¨v‡j iƒcvš@i K‡i [Aa¨vq-12 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
†Uwj‡dvb jvBb w`‡q †cÖiY Kiv nq| †Uwj‡dvb jvB‡bi Ab¨ 10bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
cÖv‡š@ d¨v· †gwkbwU Zvi Kv‡Q cvVv‡bv WKz‡g‡›Ui KwcwU‡K h †Kv‡bv hš¿ cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û †h cwigvY Zwor kw³ e¨q K‡i ev
GKwU wcÖ›Uv‡i wcÖ›U K‡i †`q| Gfv‡e d¨v‡·i gva¨‡g GKwU Ab¨ †Kv‡bv kw³‡Z iƒcvš@wiZ K‡i Zv‡K Zwor ¶gZv e‡j|
WKz‡g‡›Ui Qwei ûeû Kwc cvIqv hvq| i BDwcGm Ggb GKwU hš¿ hv wKQy mg‡qi Rb¨ we`y¨r mÂq
j DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ-Q ms‡KZwU n‡jv wWwRUvj ms‡KZ| K‡i ivL‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z †ivewUdvqvi, e¨vUvwi I BbfviUvi bvgK
wbiew”Qbœfv‡e cwiewZ©Z n‡Z _vKv Z_¨ ev Dcv‡Ëi A¨vbvjM wZbwU Ask _v‡K| GB e¨vUvwi‡ZB mwÂZ _v‡K we`y¨r kw³| d‡j
wmMb¨vj‡K m¤•–Y© Ab¨fv‡e cÖwµqv Kiv m¤¢e| †mwU Kivi Rb¨ nVvr we`y¨r P‡j †M‡j mvaviYZ 10 wgwj †m‡K‡Ûi g‡a¨B
e¨vUvwi‡Z mwÂZ we`y¨r mieivn n‡Z cv‡i| ZvB we`y¨r P‡j
GKUz cici gvbwU †ei K‡i †Kv‡bv GK ai‡bi msL¨vq cÖKvk K‡i
†M‡jI e¨eüZ hš¿ †hgbÑ Kw¤•DUvi eÜ n‡q hvq bv| G Kvi‡Y
wb‡Z nq| Zvici avivevwnKfv‡e G msL¨vwUi gvb‡K msi¶Y Kw¤•DUv‡i BDwcGm e¨envi Kiv nq|
Ki‡Z nq| hLb ms‡K‡Zi gvb‡K msL¨vq ev wWwR‡U cwieZ©b
K‡i †bIqv nq, ZLb Zv‡K wWwRUvj ms‡KZ ev wmMb¨vj e‡j| j wg‡mm dvwZgvi evwo‡Z,
6wU evj‡ei ¶gZv = (6  100) = 600 IqvU
wWwRUvj ms‡K‡Zi G msL¨vMy‡jv cÖ‡qvRbg‡Zv B‡jKUªwb·
2wU d¨v‡bi ¶gZv = (2  80) = 160 IqvU
e¨envi K‡i cÖwµqv Ki‡Z nq| G ms‡KZ e¨e¯’vq evBbvwi †KvW
1wU wUwfi ¶gZv = 200 IqvU
A_©vr 0 I 1 e¨envi K‡i †h †Kv‡bv Z_¨, msL¨v, A¶i, we‡kl evje, d¨vb I wUwfi †gvU ¶gZv = (600 + 160 + 200) =
ms‡KZ BZ¨vw` eySv‡bv ev †cÖwiZ nq| hLb Avevi †mwU‡K Zvi 960 IqvU
g–j A¨vbvjM wmMb¨v‡j cwieZ©b Ki‡Z nq, ZLb avivevwnKfv‡e e¨wqZ mgq = 8 NÈv
msiw¶Z gv‡bi mgvb ˆe`y¨wZK wmMb¨vj ˆZwi K‡i wb‡Z nq| 1 gvm = 30 w`b
e¨wqZ we`y¨r kw³ = ?
k wPÎ-P Gi hš¿wU n‡jv †gvevBj †Uwj‡dvb Ges wPÎ-R-Gi
Avgiv Rvwb,
hš¿wU n‡jv d¨v· †gwkb|
¶gZv  mgq
d¨v· †gwk‡b evZ©v cvVv‡bvi †¶‡Î WKz‡g›U ¯‹¨vb K‡i B‡jKwUªK e¨wqZ we`y¨r kw³ = 1000 wK‡jvIqvU-NÈv
ms‡K‡Z iƒcvš@i K‡i Ges Zv †eZvi gva¨‡g †cÖiY K‡i| MÖvnK 960  8  30
d¨v· †gwk‡b †cÖwiZ B‡jKwUªK ms‡KZ MÖnY K‡i †gv‡W‡gi = 1000 wK‡jvIqvU-NÈv
mvnv‡h¨ g–j WKz‡g‡›U cwiYZ K‡i| Gici wcÖ›Uv‡i †cÖiY K‡i = 230.4 wK‡jvIqvU-NÈv
wcÖ›Uvi WKz‡g›UwU‡K †Q‡c †ei K‡i| d¨v· c×wZ‡Z evZ©v  gv‡m e¨wqZ we`y¨r kw³i cwigvY 230.4 wK‡jvIqvU-NÈv ev
cvVv‡bv mgqmv‡c¶| BDwbU|
 P¨v‡Ýji GmGmwm kU© mv‡Rk‡Ýi DËigvjv  1206

1 BDwbU we`y¨‡Zi g–j¨ 5.75 UvKv n‡j, i gWz‡jkb c×wZ‡Z †jv wd«Kz‡qwÝi ms‡KZ‡K nvB wd«Kz‡qwÝi
230.4 BDwbU we`y¨‡Zi g–j¨ = (230.4  5.75) = 1324.80 evnK ms‡K‡Zi mv‡_ wgwkÖZ Kiv nq| †h c×wZi gva¨‡g g–j
UvKv wmMb¨vj evnK wmMb¨vj †_‡K Avjv`v Kiv nq, Zv‡K wWgWz‡jkb
myZivs, wg‡mm dvwZgvi evwo‡Z gv‡m we`y¨r wej Avm‡e e‡j| A_©vr GwU †jv wd«Kz‡qw݇K nvB-wd«K‡z qwÝ †_‡K Avjv`v
1324.80 UvKv| K‡i| wWgWz‡jk‡bi gva¨‡g Avmj Z_¨‡K cybi“×vi Kiv nq|
gWz‡jkb I wWgWz‡jkb Ki‡Z g‡Wg e¨envi Kiv nq|
k wg‡mm dv‡Zgv Zvi we`y¨r LiP Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ †h we‡kl ai‡bi
evje e¨envi K‡i‡Qb Zv n‡”Q GbvwR© †mwfs evje| mvaviY j DÏxc‡Ki Kvh©µgwU n‡jv †hvMv‡hvM| wb‡P †hvMv‡hv‡Mi
evj‡ei cwie‡Z© GbvwR© †mwfs evje e¨envi wewfbœ w`K w`‡q †gŠwjK bxwZgvjv e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jvÑ
myweavRbK n‡e| wb‡P Zv e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jvÑ 1. †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ Aek¨B †cÖiK Ges MÖvnK _vK‡Z n‡e|
mvaviY evj‡e avZe wdjv‡g›U‡K DËß K‡i Av‡jv ˆZwi Kiv †cÖiK Avi MÖvnK Qvo †hvMv‡hvM nq bv| †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Rb¨
nq| GwU ˆZwi‡Z cÖPzi Zvckw³ Drcbœ nq hv kw³i AcPq NUvq| †cÖiK I MÖvn‡Ki ci¯•‡ii cÖwZ Av¯’v, AvMÖn Ges
MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv _vK‡Z n‡e|
GK mgx¶vq gva¨‡g †`Lv hvq, GKwU cwiev‡i mvaviY evj‡ei
2. †hvMv‡hv‡Mi fvlv n‡Z n‡e mnR, mij, my¯•ó Ges m¤•–Y©|
cwie‡Z© GbvwR© †mwfs evje GKwU K‡i e¨env‡ii d‡j mvkÖqx
Gi Z_¨ ev ms‡KZ ev fvlv n‡e †cÖiK I MÖvn‡Ki wbKU
kw³ w`‡q eQ‡i cÖvq 30 j¶ cwiev‡i ˆe`y¨wZK jvB‡bi ms‡hvM
†evaMg¨ Ges my¯•ó|
†`Iqv m¤¢e n‡e| GKKvjxb GbvwR© †mwfs evje wKb‡Z †ewk A_©
3. mwVK Z_¨ cvVv‡Z n‡e mwVK e¨w³i Kv‡Q|
LiP n‡jI GwU mvaviY evj‡ei †P‡q 3 †_‡K 25 MyY †ewk mgq 4. †hvMv‡hv‡Mi fvlv, K_v ev evZ©vi g‡a¨ Aek¨B †mŠRb¨‡eva
wU‡K _vK‡Z cv‡i| cvkvcvwk G evje e¨env‡i A‡bK Kg we`y¨r _vK‡e|
wej Av‡m| d‡j LiP mvkÖq nq| GbvwR© †mwfs evje Pvjbv Ki‡Z
Kg kw³i `iKvi nq| d‡j GwUi e¨envi kw³i AcPq Kgv‡Z k wgkyi e¨eüZ hš¿wU n‡jv †gvevBj †dvb Ges Zvi †ev‡bi
cv‡i| GKB mv‡_ Rxevk¥ R¡vjvwbi Dci Avgv‡`i wbf©iZv Kgv‡Z e¨eüZ hš¿wU n‡jv j¨vÛ‡dvb| †gvevBj †dvb I j¨vÛ‡dv‡bi
g‡a¨ †gvevBj †dvb AwaKZi myweavRbK| wb‡P Zv we‡kÐlY Kiv
cv‡i| KviY, Rxevk¦ R¡vjvwb w`‡q Zwor Drcv`‡bi d‡j
n‡jvÑ
cwi‡e‡ki Ici weiƒc cÖwZwµqv c‡o| e¨env‡i ¯’vwqZ¡ †ewk
j¨vÛ‡dvb †h‡nZz Zvgvi Zvi w`‡q hy³ ZvB GUv‡K GKUv wbw`©ó
nIqvq GbvwR© †mwf© evje Kg msL¨K cwiZ¨³ nq| d‡j G‡`i
RvqMvq ivL‡Z nq Ges †Uwj‡dvb Kivi Rb¨ wKsev †Uwj‡dvi
gqjv AveR©bv e¨e¯’vcbv myweav †ewk nIqvi d‡j cwi‡e‡ki aivi Rb¨ †mB RvqMvwU‡Z Avm‡Z nq|
Dci Pvc Kg c‡o| †gvevBj †dvb Avgv‡`i †mB eva¨evaKZv †_‡K gyw³ w`‡q‡Q Ges
AZGe ejv hvq, DwjÐwLZ mgm¨v mgvav‡b GbvwR© †mwfs evje GwU Avgiv Avgv‡`i mv‡_ †i‡L †h‡Kv‡bv RvqMvq †h‡Z cvwi Ges
e¨envi hyw³msMZ| hZ¶Y Avgiv †bUIqv‡K©i †fZ‡i AvwQ, †h‡Kv‡bv b¤^‡i †dvb
cÖkœ  11 wgky Zvi mKj †hvMv‡hvM Kvh©µg †gvevBj †dv‡bi Ki‡Z cvwi, K_v ej‡Z wKsev Gm.Gg.Gm wewbgq Ki‡Z cvwi|
gva¨‡g m¤•bœ K‡i Ab¨w`‡K Zvi †evb evmvq j¨vÛ‡dvb e¨envi †m Kvi‡Y †gvevBj †dvb GLb me‡P‡q †ewk e¨eüZ Ges me‡P‡q
K‡i| RbwcÖq †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g|
K. FM †iwWI Kv‡K e‡j? 1 GLv‡b D‡jÐL¨ †h kyi“‡Z kyay K_v ejvi Rb¨ †Uwj‡dvb D™¢veb Kiv
L. wWgWz‡jkb ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2 n‡qwQj| †gvevBj †dv‡b K_vi mv‡_ mv‡_ GmGgGm cvVv‡bvi
e¨e¯’v Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLb ¯§vU©‡dvb bv‡g bZzb †h †dvbMy‡jv
M. DÏxc‡Ki Kvh©µ‡gi †gŠwjK bxwZgvjv e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
G‡m‡Q, †mMy‡jv mivmwi B›Uvi‡b‡Ui mv‡_ hy³ n‡Z cv‡i Ges
N. wgky I Zvi †ev‡bi e¨eüZ h‡š¿i g‡a¨ †KvbwU
Av‡M †h KvRMy‡jv Kw¤•DUvi ev j¨vcUc Qvov Kiv m¤¢e wQj bv,
AwaKZi myweavRbK Zv we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
[Aa¨vq-13 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
†mMy‡jv GB ¯§vU©‡dvb w`‡q Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| kyay Zv-B bq, GB
11bs cÖ‡kœi DËi ¯§vU©‡dvbMy‡jvi Rb¨ bvbv ai‡bi A¨vc ˆZwi n‡”Q, †mMy‡jv w`‡q
¯§vU©‡dvb Avgv‡`i Av‡iv bvbv ai‡bi KvR Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
h we¯@vi mgvb †i‡L K¤•v¼ cwieZ©b K‡i gWz‡jU Kiv n‡j, myZivs DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Avgiv wbtm‡›`‡n ej‡Z cvwi †h,
†mB †iwWI m¤•ÖPvi c×wZ‡K FM †iwWI e‡j| j¨vÛ‡dv‡bi Zzjbvq †gvevBj †dvb AwaKZi myweavRbK|
 weÁvb  1207

h‡kvi †evW©-2024
weÁvb (eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶v) welq †KvW 1 2 7
mgq : 30 wgwbU c–Y©gvb : 30
[we‡kl `ªóe¨ : mieivnK…Z eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶vi DËic‡Î cÖ‡kœi µwgK b¤^‡ii wecix‡Z cÖ`Ë eY©msewjZ e„Ëmg–n n‡Z mwVK/m‡e©vrK…ó Dˇii e„ËwU
ej c‡q›U Kjg Øviv m¤•–Y© fivU Ki| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi gvb 1]
cÖkœc‡Î †Kv‡bv cÖKvi `vM/wPý †`Iqv hv‡e bv|
1. ivbœvi M¨v‡mi cÖavb Dcv`vb n‡jv  wb‡Pi wPÎwU j¶ Ki Ges 20 I 21 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
K wg‡_b L B‡_b M †cÖv‡cb N Aw·‡Rb †m‡›Uªvwgqvi
2. gvbe‡`‡n Kq ai‡bi A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW cvIqv hvq?
K 15 L 18 M 20 N 23
3. e¨envi Dc‡hvMx cvwb n‡jv P-wPÎ
i. n«‡`i cvwb ii. mgy‡`ªi cvwb iii. bjK‚‡ci cvwb 20. wPÎ P GKwU
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K cÐvw÷W L gvB‡UvKwÛªqv M †µv‡gv‡Rvg N MjwR e¯‘
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
21. P A½vYywUi g‡a¨ _v‡K
4. gvbe‡`‡n †KvbwU A¨vw›UewW MVb K‡i? i. †cÖvwUb ii. RNA iii. DNA
K dvBweªb L wbD‡Uªvwdj M g‡bvmvBU N wj‡çvmvBU wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
5. wb‡Pi †KvbwU cÖvwYR Zš‘? K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K †ikg L †iqb M bvBjb N †W·b 22. †KvbwU d¨v‡MvmvB‡Uvwmm cÖwµqvq RxevYy f¶Y K‡i?
6. gvby‡li kix‡ii IR‡bi kZKiv KZ fvM K¨vjwmqvg? K †e‡mvwdj L wbD‡Uªvwdj M BIwm‡bvwdj N †jwmw_b
K2 L3 M4 N5 23. G‡ÛvmKwc Øviv wbY©q Kiv nq
7. wb‡Pi †Kvb †hŠM cvwb‡K weky× Ki‡Z cv‡i? i. cvK¯’wji mgm¨v ii. g–Îbvwji mgm¨v iii. ürwc‡Ûi mgm¨v
K CH4 L Cl2 M H2SO4 N C2H5OH
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
8. A¨vw›U‡Rb‡K cÖwZ‡iva Kivi Rb¨ i³ ˆZwi K‡iÑ
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K †cÖv_ªw¤^b L wn÷vwmb M dvBweª‡bv‡Rb N A¨vw›UewW
24. 8 †KwR f‡ii GKwU e¯‘i Dci 32 wbDUb ej cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j e¯‘wUi
9. †ùv‡bvWb †Kvb ai‡bi cÖvYx?
Z¡iY n‡e
K cvwL L ¯@b¨cvqx M mixm„c N mwÜc`x 2 2 2 2
K 4 wg./†m. L 8 wg./†m. M 24 wg./†m. N 32 wg./†m.
10. eqtmwÜKv‡j †g‡q‡`i kix‡i wewfbœ cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ `vqx ni‡gvb 25. wb‡Pi †KvbwU nR‡g mnvqZv K‡i?
i. †U‡÷v‡÷ib ii. B‡÷ªv‡Rb iii. cÖ‡R‡÷ib
K A¨vmKiweK GwmW L A¨vwmwUK GwmW
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? M j¨vKwUK GwmW N UviUvwiK GwmW
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
26. mvaviYZ Rxeš@ Zv‡ii is n‡jv
11. †Kvb Lvevi gvby‡li †Pv‡Li Rb¨ fv‡jv? K jvj L bxj M njy` N Kv‡jv
K AvUv L Myo M gvsm N `B
27. Kw¤•DUv‡ii cÖavb BbcyU wWfvBm †KvbMy‡jv?
12. GKwU †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `–iZ¡ 2 wgUvi n‡j †jÝwUi ¶gZv KZ? K gwbUi I gvDm L ¯‹¨vbvi I gvB‡µv‡dvb
K  0.5D L + 2D M + 1D N + 0.5D M wK-†evW© I gwbUi N wK-†evW© I gvDm
13. c„w_ex‡Z e¨envi Dc‡hvMx cvwbi kZKiv cwigvY 28. Mvwo‡Z Povi mg‡q Av‡ivnx‡K wmU‡eë co‡Z nq †Kb?
K 1 fvM L 6 fvM M 14 fvM N 21 fvM K MwZi Kvi‡Y L IR‡bi Kvi‡Y
14. †KvbwU GwmW? M Avivg cvIqvi Rb¨ N RoZvi Kvi‡Y
K NaOH L NH4OH  wb‡Pi wPÎwU j¶ Ki Ges 29 I 30 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
M CH3COOH N NH4NO3
15. K…wÎg Zš‘ n‡jv
K †ikg L †iqb M wj‡jb N Dj
16. cwjgvi kãwU †Kvb †`k †_‡K G‡m‡Q?
K BZvwj L d«vÝ M Zzi¯‹ N MÖxm
17. †Kv‡bv Rwgi gvwUi pH Gi gvb 3 n‡j H Rwgi De©iZv e„w×i Rb¨
e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e e¨vUvwi
K NaCl L CaCO3 M CH3COOH N ZnCO3 cÖwZwU e¨vUvwii wefe cv_©K¨ 1.5 V
18. evsjv‡`‡k ax‡i ax‡i kxZKvj msKzwPZ nIqvi KviY 29. e¨vUvwi wZbwU‡Z Kx ai‡bi ms‡hvM we`¨gvb?
K K…wl Rwg‡Z Zxeª msKU L kni e„w×i cÖeYZv K mgvš@ivj L wecixZ M wmwiR N wbi‡c¶
M Rjevqyi cwieZ©b N `xN©¯’vqx eb¨v 30. eZ©bxi †gvU wefe cv_©K¨
19. Avjyi fv‡jv dj‡bi Rb¨ gvwUi pH KZ nIqv `iKvi? K 4.5 V L3V
K 34 L 56 M 78 N 810 M 1.5 V N1V

 Lvwj NiMy‡jv‡Z †cbwmj w`‡q DËiMy‡jv †j‡Lv| Gici QR †Kv‡W cÖ`Ë DËigvjvi mv‡_ wgwj‡q †`‡Lv †Zvgvi DËiMy‡jv mwVK wK bv|
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
DËi

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
 P¨v‡Ýji GmGmwm kU© mv‡Rk‡Ýi DËigvjv  1208

h‡kvi †evW©-2024
weÁvb (ZË¡xq-m„Rbkxj) welq †KvW 1 2 7
mgq : 2 NÈv 30 wgwbU c–Y©gvb : 70
[`ªóe¨ : Wvb cv‡ki msL¨v cÖ‡kœi c–Y©gvb ÁvcK| cÖ`Ë DÏxcKMy‡jv g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i co Ges mswkÐó cÖkœM‡y jvi h_vh_ DËi `vI| †h‡Kv‡bv mvZwU
cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e|]
1| 7| `„k¨Kí-1 : weªwUk‡`i g‡Z, GKUvbv `yB mßvn 0.25 wgwjwgUv‡ii
†Zj A ¯@i Kg e„wó n‡j `y‡h©vM m„wó nq|
gvQ, gvsm B ¯@i `„k¨Kí-2 : mgy`ªZj‡`‡k Av‡MœqwMwii AMœ~¨rcvZ, f‚wg a‡mi d‡j
wgwóKzgov C ¯@i c„w_exi Z…Zxq cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM m„wó nq|
km¨`vbv D ¯@i `„k¨Kí-3 : H2SO4 Ges HNO3 e„wói cvwbi mv‡_ wg‡k cwi‡e‡ki
K. Pwe© Kv‡K e‡j? 1 ¶wZmvab K‡i|
L. gvby‡ li ˆ`wnK IR‡bi 60-70% c`v_©wU _vKv cÖ‡qvRb †Kb? 2 K. Kve©b `–lY Kv‡K e‡j? 1
M. DÏxc‡Ki A ¯@‡ii Lv`¨ Dcv`vbwUi f‚w gKv eY©bv Ki| 3 L. I‡Rvb, wg‡_b, wmGdwm M¨vmMy‡jv e„w×i `ywU KviY D‡jÐL
N. DÏxc‡Ki B, C I D ¯@‡ii Lv`¨ Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ †KvbwU Ki| 2
Rxe‡`‡ni wecvKxq Kv‡Ri Rb¨ kw³ Drcbœ K‡i Ges Gi M. 1 bs `„k¨K‡íi mgm¨vwUi ¶wZKi cÖfve eY©bv Ki| 3
cywóMZ Myi“Z¡ we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 N. `„k¨Kí-2 Ges `„k¨Kí-3 Gi g‡a¨ †KvbwU cÖvK…wZK I gbyl¨m„ó
2| gwbi I kvgxg cyKz‡i gvQ Pvl K‡ib| cix¶v K‡i †`Lv †Mj, gwb‡ii `y‡h©vM? D³ `y‡h©vMwU Kxfv‡e m„wó nq Ges Gi cÖwZKv‡ii Dcvq
cyKz‡i cvwbi pH 7.6 Ges kvgx‡gi cyKz‡ii cvwbi pH 5.4| Aciw`‡K we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
Zv‡`i eÜz mygb †evZjRvZ KviLvbvq I Jla ˆZwii KviLvbvq 8| (i) iweb GKwU 30 †KwR f‡ii e¯‘i Dci 60 wbDUb ej cÖ‡ hvM K‡i|
cvwb‡K RxevYygy³ I weky× K‡i e¨envi K‡ib|
(ii) Rwb GKwU cÐvw÷‡Ki ej‡cb Øviv Pz‡j Nl‡j †mUv KvM‡Ri
K. K‡ivbvwi _ª‡¤^vwmm Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. KPzwicvbv, kvcjv Dw™¢‡`i KvÊ big nIqvi myweav †jL| 2 UzKiv‡K AvKl©Y K‡i|
(iii) Avevi Aqb PvKv jvMv‡bv my¨U‡Km Lye mn‡R †U‡b wb‡q hvIqvq
M. mygb Kxfv‡e cvwb‡K RxevYygy³ I weky× K‡ib? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. gwbi I kvgx‡gi g‡a¨ Kvi cyK‡z ii gv‡Qi e„w× m‡š@vlRbK? Zvckw³ Drcbœ n‡q PvKvwU ¶q n‡Z _v‡K|
we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 K. gnvKl© ej Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. myBP eÜ Kivi ciI cvLv Ny‡i †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
3|
M. DÏxc‡Ki (i) bs e¯‘wUi Z¡iY wbY©q Ki| 3
N. (ii) Ges (iii) bs Gi ej `ywUi g‡a¨ †KvbwU cÖ‡qvRbxq Dc`ªe
Ges GwU Kxfv‡e evov‡bv I Kgv‡bv hvq we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
wPÎ-(i) wPÎ-(ii)
9| (i) Rbve Kwig mv‡ne GKwU Rxe †_‡K GKwU wRb enbKvix wWGbG
K. A¨vw›U‡Rb Kv‡K e‡j? 1
LÊ c„_K K‡i wfbœ GKwU Rxe m„wó K‡ib|
L. i‡³ †Kv‡j‡÷i‡ji AvwaK¨ ¶wZKi e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 (ii) GKB †Kv‡li AmsL¨ ûeû GKB iK‡gi †Kvl m„wó K‡i bZzb
M. DÏxc‡Ki (i) bs wP‡Îi MVb e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 Rx‡ei D™¢e N‡U|
N. DÏxc‡Ki (ii) bs wP‡Îi A I B KwYKvi msL¨v †e‡o †M‡j ev (iii) Dw™¢‡`i ea©bkxj A½ †hgbÑ g–j, Kv‡Êi gva¨‡g RxevYygy³ Pviv
K‡g †M‡j Kx mgm¨v n‡Z cv‡i? we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 Drcv`b Kiv hvq|
4| K. Uªv݇RwbK cÖvYx Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. wbDwK¬qv‡mi myZvi g‡Zv A½vYy‡K eskMwZi †fŠZ wfwË ejv
nq †Kb? 2
wPÎ-1 wPÎ-2 M. DÏxc‡Ki (i) bs cÖwµqvi avcMy‡jv eY©bv Ki| 3
K. Av‡jvi cÖwZmiY Kv‡K e‡j? 1 N. (ii) Ges (iii) bs cÖhyw³i g‡a¨ K…wl‡¶‡Î †KvbwUi f‚wgKv
L. ¯•ó `„wói b–¨bZg `–iZ¡ 25 †m.wg. ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2 AwaK we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
M. DÏxc‡Ki 2bs wP‡Îi †jÝwUi †dvKvm `–iZ¡ wbY©q Ki| 3 10|
N. `xN©`„wó ΓwU `–ixKi‡Y DÏxc‡Ki †Kvb †jÝwU e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z
cv‡i? wPÎmn e¨vL¨v Ki| 4
5|
(i) cwjw_b
wPÎ-1 wPÎ-2
K. e¨vwPs Kv‡K e‡j? 1 K. Zwor we‡kÐlY Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. kx‡Zi w`‡b ck‡gi Kvco cwiavb Kiv nq †Kb? 2 L. wdD‡R Kg Mjbv‡¼i avZz e¨envi Kiv nq †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki (i) bs †hŠMwUi cÖ¯‘ZcÖYvwj eY©bv Ki| 3 M. wPÎ-1 Gi DcKiYMy‡jv ˆ`wbK 5 NÈv e¨eüZ n‡j Rvbyqvwi
N. wPÎ (ii) Ges (iii) bs Zš‘i Øviv ˆZwi e‡¯¿i g‡a¨ †KvbwU e¨envi gv‡m Kx cwigvY we`y¨r e¨wqZ n‡e? wbY©q Ki| 3
Kiv Avivg`vqK Ges †Kb? we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 N. wPÎ-1 Ges wPÎ-2 Gi g‡a¨ we`¨vj‡q ms‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î †KvbwU
6| nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW + †mvwWqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW  X + cvwb myweavRbK bq? hyw³mn we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
11| Kw¤•DUvi †iwWI †gvevBj †dvb
A B
K. wd¬m Dj Kv‡K e‡j? 1 R S M
L. evjy, cwj I Kv`v gvwUi mgš^‡q MwVZ gvwU dmj Pv‡li Rb¨ K. d¨v· Kv‡K e‡j? 1
LyeB Dc‡hvMx †Kb? 2 L. wWwRUvj wmMb¨vj myweavRbK †Kb? 2
M. B †hŠMwUi ˆewkó¨ e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 M. DÏxc‡Ki 'R' hš¿wUi MVb eY©bv Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡K Drcbœ X †hŠMwU wk퇶‡Î AZxe Myi“Z¡c–Y©Ñ hyw³mn N. ʻSʼ I ʻMʼ h‡š¿i g‡a¨ †KvbwUi Ace¨envi Avgv‡`i Rxe‡b
we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 Awfkvc †W‡K Av‡b we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
 weÁvb  1209

DËigvjv
eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶v
1 K 2 M 3 L 4 N 5 K 6 K 7 L 8 N 9 M 10 M 11 N 12 N 13 K 14 M 15 L
DËi

16 N 17 L 18 M 19 L 20 M 21 N 22 L 23 K 24 K 25 M 26 K 27 N 28 N 29 M 30 K

m„Rbkxj
cÖkœ  01 K‡i| k¦mb cÖwµqvq evqy †_‡K Avgiv †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ Acwinvh©
†Zj A ¯@i †h Aw·‡Rb MÖnY Kwi Zv dzmdz‡m Avgv‡`i i‡³i mv‡_ wg‡k
gvQ, gvsm B ¯@i hvq| i‡³i †jvwnZ KwYKv GB Aw·‡Rb Avgv‡`i kix‡ii †Kv‡l
wgwóKzgov C ¯@i †cuŠ‡Q †`q hv kK©ivi Drm MÐy‡Kv‡Ri mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i Zvckw³
km¨`vbv D ¯@i Drcbœ K‡i| GB Zvckw³ Avgv‡`i mKj kw³i Drm| Rxe‡`‡n
K. Pwe© Kv‡K e‡j? 1 wecvKxq Kv‡Ri Rb¨ †h kw³i cÖ‡qvRb nq †mwU kK©iv RvZxq
L. gvby‡li ˆ`wnK IR‡bi 60-70% c`v_©wU _vKv Lv`¨ Rvi‡Yi d‡j Drcbœ nq| MÐvB‡Kv‡Rb RvZxq kK©iv cÖvwY‡`‡n
cÖ‡qvRb †Kb? 2 Lv`¨ NvUwZ‡Z ev AwaK cwikÖ‡gi mgq kw³ mieivn K‡i|
M. DÏxc‡Ki A ¯@‡ii Lv`¨ Dcv`vbwUi f‚wgKv eY©bv Ki| 3 †mjy‡jvR GKwU AcvP¨ cÖK…wZi kK©iv hv Avgv‡`i ˆ`bw›`b
N. DÏxc‡Ki B, C I D ¯@‡ii Lv`¨ Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ gjZ¨v‡M mvnvh¨ K‡i Ges †KvôKvwVb¨ †iva K‡i| GQvov Lv‡`¨
†KvbwU Rxe‡`‡ni wecvKxq Kv‡Ri Rb¨ kw³ Drcbœ †cÖvwUb wKsev d¨v‡Ui Afve n‡j kK©iv †_‡K GMy‡jv ms‡kÐl ev
K‡i Ges Gi cywóMZ Myi“Z¡ we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 ˆZwi nq|
[Aa¨vq-1 Gi Av‡jv‡K] cÖkœ  02 gwbi I kvgxg cyK‡z i gvQ Pvl K‡ib| cix¶v K‡i
1bs cÖ‡kœi DËi †`Lv †Mj, gwb‡ii cyK‡z i cvwbi pH 7.6 Ges kvgx‡gi cyK‡z ii
h mvaviY ZvcgvÎvq cÖvwY‡`n †_‡K cÖvß KwVb †øn c`v_©‡K cvwbi pH 5.4| Aciw`‡K Zv‡`i eÜz mygb †evZjRvZ KviLvbvq
Pwe© e‡j| I Jla ˆZwii KviLvbvq cvwb‡K RxevYyg³ y I weky× K‡i e¨envi
K‡ib|
i gvby‡li ˆ`wnK IR‡bi 6070% c`v_©wU n‡”Q cvwb| GwU
K. K‡ivbvwi _ª‡¤^vwmm Kv‡K e‡j? 1
Lv‡`¨i cÖavb GKwU Dcv`vb| gvbe‡`‡n i³, gvsm, øvqy, nvo,
L. KPzwicvbv, kvcjv Dw™¢‡`i KvÊ big nIqvi myweav
`uvZ BZ¨vw` cÖwZwU A‡½i MV‡bi Rb¨ cvwbi Acwinvh©Zv i‡q‡Q|
†jL| 2
GQvov †`‡n wecvK wµqv m¤•‡bœ I kix‡ii ZvcgvÎv wbqš¿‡Y
M. mygb Kxfv‡e cvwb‡K RxevYyg³ y I weky× K‡ib?
cvwbi f‚wgKv AZzjbxq| ZvB †`‡ni Af¨š@‡i wewfbœ wµqvKjvc
e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z cvwb _vKv cÖ‡qvRb|
N. gwbi I kvgx‡gi g‡a¨ Kvi cyK‡z ii gv‡Qi e„w×
j DÏxc‡Ki A ¯@‡ii Lv`¨ Dcv`vb †Zj n‡jv †øn ev Pwe© m‡š@vlRbK? we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
RvZxq Lv`¨| wb‡P gvbe‡`‡n G Lv`¨ Dcv`v‡bi f‚wgKv eY©bv Kiv [Aa¨vq-2 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
n‡jv 2bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
Lv`¨e¯‘i g‡a¨ †øn c`v_© me‡P‡q †ewk Zvc I kw³ Drcbœ K‡i| h ürwc‡Êi K‡ivbvwi i³bvwji Af¨š@‡i i³ RgvU †eu‡a
†`‡ni cywó Ges e„w×i Rb¨ GwU AZ¨vek¨K| †øn c`v_© †`n hvIqv‡K K‡ivbvwi _ª‡¤^vwmm e‡j|
†_‡K Zv‡ci AcPq eÜ K‡i Ges fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨ Lv`¨fvÊvi i KPzwicvbv, kvcjv RjR Dw™¢` mviv †`‡ni gva¨‡g cvwbmn
wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Z¡‡Ki gm„YZv Ges mRxeZv eRvq ivL‡Z Ges Ab¨vb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb we‡kl K‡i LwbR jeY msMÖn K‡i
Pg©‡ivM cÖwZ‡iv‡a Lv‡`¨i G Dcv`vbwU Myi“Z¡c–Y© f‚wgKv cvjb _v‡K| d‡j cvwbi †mªvZ Ges RjR cÖvYx‡`i PjvP‡ji m‡½
K‡i| GQvov †ønRvZxq c`v‡_© `ªeYxq wfUvwgb †hgb- wfUvwgb mvgÄm¨Zv ivL‡Z Gme Dw™¢‡`i KvÊ I Ab¨vb¨ A½cÖZ¨½ `ye©j
ÔGÕ, ÔwWÕ, ÔBÕ Ges Ô†KÕ BZ¨vw` Dcv`vbMy‡jv †kvl‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i| cÖK…wZi nq| ZvB KPzwicvbv, kvcjv Dw™¢‡`i KvÊ big n‡q
k DÏxc‡Ki B, C Ges D ¯@‡ii Lv`¨ Dcv`vbMy‡jv n‡jv _v‡K|
h_vµ‡g Avwgl, wfUvwgb Ges kK©iv RvZxq Lv`¨ Dcv`vb| G‡`i j DÏxc‡Ki mygb †evZjRvZ KviLvbvq Ges Jla ˆZwii
g‡a¨ Rxe‡`‡ni wecvKxq Kv‡Ri Rb¨ kK©iv RvZxq Lv`¨ Dcv`vb KviLvbvq cvwb‡K h_vµ‡g †K¬vwi‡bkb I cvZb c×wZ‡Z
kw³ Drcbœ K‡i| wb‡P kK©ivi cywóMZ Myi“Z¡ we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jv RxevYyg³
y I weky× K‡ib| wb‡P Zv e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv
kix‡i cywó mva‡bi Rb¨ gvby‡li cÖavb Lv`¨ n‡”Q kK©iv| Lv‡`¨i †evZjRvZ KviLvbvq e¨eüZ cvwb‡K RxevYyg³ y I weky× Ki‡Z
G Dcv`vbwU kix‡ii Kg©¶gZv evovq Ges Zvckw³ Drcv`b †K¬vwib M¨vm‡K e¨envi Kiv nq| cvwb‡Z _vKv †ivMRxevYy aŸsm
 P¨v‡Ýji GmGmwm kU© mv‡Rk‡Ýi DËigvjv  1210

Ki‡Z †K¬vwib M¨vm we‡kl f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| GQvov I‡Rvb M¨vm j DÏxc‡Ki (i)bs wP‡Îi A½wU n‡jv ürwcÊ| wb‡P ürwc‡Êi
I AwZ‡eMywb iwk¥ cÖ‡qvM K‡i †evZjRvZ KviLvbvq cvwb‡K MVb e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv
weky×KiY I RxevYyg³ y Kiv nq| Ab¨w`‡K Jla ˆZwii KviLvbvq ürwcÊ i³ msenbZ‡š¿i Aš@M©Z GK iKg cv¤• hš¿we‡kl|
m¤•–Y©iƒ‡c weky× cvwbi cÖ‡qvRb nIqvq G‡¶‡Î cvZb c×wZ gvby‡li ürwcÊ e¶MnŸ‡i dzmdzm `ywUi gvSLv‡b Ges ga¨”Q`vi
e¨envi Kiv nq| G cÖwµqvq GKwU cv‡Î cvwb wb‡q Zvc w`‡q Dc‡i Aew¯’Z| ürwc‡Êi cÖk¯@ cÖvš@wU Dc‡ii w`‡K Ges
ev‡®• cwiYZ Kiv nq| cieZx©‡Z H ev®•‡K Avevi Nbxf‚Z K‡i myPv‡jv cÖvš@wU wb‡Pi w`‡K web¨¯@ _v‡K| ürwcÊ wد@ix
weky× cvwb msMÖn Kiv nq| G c×wZ‡Z weky× Kiv cvwb‡Z Ab¨ †cwiKvwW©qvg c`©v Øviv †ewóZ _v‡K|
c`v_© _vKvi m¤¢vebv LyeB Kg _v‡K| EaŸ© gnvwkiv
gnvagwb
k gwbi I kvgx‡gi cyK‡z i cvwbi pH Gi cix¶vq cÖvß gvb
h_vµ‡g 7.6 I 5.4| G gvb Abyhvqx gv‡Qi Pv‡li Dc‡hvwMZv dzmdzmxq
Wvb
wb‡P we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jv agwb
Awj›`
pH n‡jv Ggb GKwU ivwk, †hwU Øviv †evSv hvq cvwb ev Ab¨
dzmdzmxq
†Kv‡bv Rjxq `ªeY GwmwWK, ¶vixq bv wbi‡c¶| wbi‡c¶ n‡j pH
wkiv
nq 7, GwmwWK n‡j 7 Gi Kg, Avi ¶vixq n‡j 7 Gi †ewk|
cvwbi Rb¨ pH Gi gvb AZ¨š@ Myi“Z¡c–Y©| †hgbÑ b`-b`xi cvwbi evg Awj›`
pH hw` 6 - 8 Gi g‡a¨ _v‡K, Zvn‡j †mUv RjR Dw™¢` wKsev
cÖvYxi †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv Amyweavi m„wó K‡i bv| Z‡e pH
Gi gvb hw` Gi †P‡q K‡g hvq ev †e‡o hvq, Zvn‡j H cvwb evg wbjq
gvQmn Ab¨vb¨ RjR cÖvYx Avi Dw™¢‡`i Rb¨ gvivÍK ¶wZKi
wbæ gnvwkiv
nq| gv‡Qi wWg, †cvbv gvQ cvwbi pH Lye Kg ev †ewk n‡j euvP‡Z Wvb wbjq
cv‡i bv| GgbwK cvwb‡Z pH Gi gvb K‡g †M‡j A_©vr Gwm‡Wi
wPÎ : ürwc‡Êi MVb
cwigvY †e‡o †M‡j RjR cÖvYx‡`i †`n †_‡K K¨vjwmqvgmn Ab¨vb¨
LwbR c`v_© †`‡ni evB‡i P‡j Av‡m, hvi d‡j gvQ mn‡RB Dfq ¯@‡ii gv‡S †cwiKvwW©qvj d¬zBW _v‡K hv ürwcʇK
†ivMvµvš@ n‡Z kyi“ K‡i| ms‡KvP‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i| gvby‡li ürwcÊ Pvi cÖ‡Kvô wewkó|
DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbv †k‡l ejv hvq, kvgx‡gi cyK‡z ii cvwbi pH Dc‡ii cÖ‡Kvô `ywU‡K h_vµ‡g Wvb I evg Awj›` Ges wb‡Pi
gvb Zzjbvg–jK Kg nIqvq †mLv‡b gv‡Qi e„w× e¨vnZ nq| myZivs cÖ‡Kvô `ywU‡K h_vµ‡g Wvb I evg wbjq e‡j| Awj›` `ywU
gwb‡ii cyK‡z ii gv‡Qi e„w× m‡š@vlRbK| Avš@tAwj›` c`©v w`‡q Ges wbjq `ywU Avš@twbjq c`©v Øviv c„_K
cÖkœ  03 _v‡K| `ywU Awj‡›`i †fZ‡ii cÖvPxi cvZjv Ges wbjq `ywUi cÖvPxi
cyi“ I †cwkeûj| Wvb Awj‡›`i m‡½ GKwU EaŸ© gnvwkiv Ges
GKwU wbæ gnvwkiv hy³ _v‡K| evg wbj‡qi m‡½ PviwU dzmdzmxq
wkiv hy³ _v‡K| Wvb wbjq †_‡K dzmdzmxq agwb Ges evg wbjq
wPÎ-(i) wPÎ-(ii) †_‡K gnvagwb Drcbœ nq|
K. A¨vw›U‡Rb Kv‡K e‡j? 1
k DÏxc‡Ki (ii) bs wP‡Îi A I B Øviv i‡³i †jvwnZ i³KwYKv
L. i‡³ †Kv‡j‡÷i‡ji AvwaK¨ ¶wZKi e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
I †k¦Z i³KwYKv wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q‡Q| wb‡P i‡³i G `ywU KwYKv
M. DÏxc‡Ki (i) bs wP‡Îi MVb e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
†e‡o ev K‡g †M‡j †hme mgm¨v m„wó n‡Z cv‡i Zv we‡kÐlY Kiv
N. DÏxc‡Ki (ii) bs wP‡Îi A I B KwYKvi msL¨v †e‡o
†M‡j ev K‡g †M‡j Kx mgm¨v n‡Z cv‡i? we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 n‡jv
[Aa¨vq-3 Gi Av‡jv‡K] i³ GK cÖKvi Zij †hvRK Kjv, hv ürwc‡Êi µgvMZ ms‡KvPb I
3bs cÖ‡kœi DËi cÖmvi‡Yi d‡j agwb I wkivi gva¨‡g mviv †`‡n cÖevwnZ nq| i‡³
h ewnivMZ †Kv‡bv e¯‘ ev †cÖvwUb i‡³ A¨vw›UewW ˆZwi Ki‡Z †jvwnZ i³KwYKvi msL¨v ¯^vfvwe‡Ki Zzjbvq †e‡o †M‡j
DØy× K‡i Zv‡K A¨vw›U‡Rb e‡j| cwjmvBw_wgqv †ivM nq| Avevi †jvwnZ KwYKv K‡g †M‡j A_ev
wn‡gv‡MÐvwe‡bi cwigvY n«vm †c‡j A¨vwbwgqv ev i³k–b¨Zv †`Lv
i gvby‡li cÖvq cÖ‡Z¨K †Kvl I wUmy¨‡Z †Kv‡j‡÷ij _v‡K| i‡³ †`q| †k¦Z i³KwYKvi ¯^vfvweK gvb A¨vwbwgqv ev i³k–b¨Zv †`Lv
†Kv‡j‡÷i‡ji ¯^vfvweK cwigvY 100-200 wgwjMÖvg/†WwmwjUvi|
¯^vfvwe‡Ki Zzjbvq i‡³ †Kv‡j‡÷i‡ji AvwaK¨ n‡j ü`‡iv‡Mi †`q| †k¦Z i³KwYKvi ¯^vfvweK gvb †e‡o 20,000 - 30,000
Avk¼v evovq| hLb i‡³ G Dcv`vbwUi cwigvY †ewk _v‡K ZLb n‡j wjD‡KvmvB‡Uvwmm †ivM nq| i‡³ eskMZ Kvi‡Y
i³bvwji Aš@tcÖvPx‡ii Mv‡q †Kv‡j‡÷ij I K¨vjwmqvg Rgv n‡q wn‡gv‡MÐvwe‡bi cwigvY A¯^vfvweK nv‡i K‡g i³k–b¨Zvi m„wó nq|
i³bvwji MnŸi msKzwPZ nq| d‡j agwbi cÖvPx‡ii w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv G Ae¯’vi bvg _¨vjvwmwgqv| G †iv‡M i‡³i †jvwnZ KwYKv †f‡O
K‡g hvq Ges k³ n‡q hvq| G‡Z agwbi cÖvPx‡i dvUj †`Lv wM‡q †ivMx i³k–b¨Zvq †fv‡M|
w`‡Z cv‡i Ges ü`‡iv‡Mi SzuwK evovq| ZvB i‡³ †Kv‡j‡÷i‡ji myZivs i‡³ †jvwnZ i³KwYKv I †k¦Z i³KwYKv †e‡o ev K‡g
AvwaK¨ ¶wZKi| †M‡j gvbe‡`‡n bvbviKg mgm¨v m„wó n‡Z cv‡i|
 weÁvb  1211

cÖkœ  04
cÖkœ  05
(i) cwjw_b

wPÎ-1 wPÎ-2 K. e¨vwPs Kv‡K e‡j? 1

K. Av‡jvi cÖwZmiY Kv‡K e‡j? 1 L. kx‡Zi w`‡b ck‡gi Kvco cwiavb Kiv nq †Kb? 2
L. ¯•ó `„wói b–¨bZg `–iZ¡ 25 †m.wg. ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2 M. DÏxc‡Ki (i) bs †hŠMwUi cÖ¯‘ZcÖYvwj eY©bv Ki| 3
M. DÏxc‡Ki 2bs wP‡Îi †jÝwUi †dvKvm `–iZ¡ wbY©q Ki| 3 N. wPÎ (ii) Ges (iii) bs Zš‘i Øviv ˆZwi e‡¯¿i g‡a¨ †KvbwU
N. `xN©`„wó ΓwU `–ixKi‡Y DÏxc‡Ki †Kvb †jÝwU e¨envi e¨envi Kiv Avivg`vqK Ges †Kb? we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i? wPÎmn e¨vL¨v Ki| 4 [Aa¨vq-6 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
[Aa¨vq-5 Gi Av‡jv‡K] 5bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
4bs cÖ‡kœi DËi h cvU Zš‘i †¶‡Î †ej ev MuvU †_‡K wgkÖY ˆZwii cÖwµqv‡K
h Av‡jv hLb GKwU ¯^”Q gva¨g †_‡K Ab¨ ¯^”Q gva¨‡g j¤^fv‡e e¨vwPs e‡j|
AvcwZZ bv n‡q euvKvfv‡e AvcwZZ nq, ZLb gva¨g `ywUi i ckyi †jv‡gi ˆZwi ckg Zš‘i gv‡S duvKv RvqMv _v‡K †hLv‡b
we‡f`Z‡j Gi MwZc_ cwiewZ©Z nq| Av‡jvKiwk¥i w`K cwieZ©b evZvm AvU‡K _vK‡Z cv‡i| evZvm Zvc Acwievnx nIqvq ckg
Kivi G NUbv‡K Av‡jvi cÖwZmiY e‡j| ev D‡ji †cvkvK Zvc Kzcwievnx nq| ZvB ckwg Kvco c‡i
i †Kv‡bv e¯‘‡K †Pv‡Li hZ wbK‡U wb‡q Avmv hvq e¯‘wUI ZZ _vK‡j kx‡Zi w`‡b kixi †_‡K Zvc †ewi‡q †h‡Z cv‡i bv Ges
¯có †`L‡Z cviv hvq| wKš‘ j¶¨e¯‘ †Pv‡Li KvQvKvwQ GKwU GwU Mv‡q w`‡j Avgiv Mig Abyfe Kwi| ZvB kxZKv‡j ck‡gi
wbw`©ó `–iZ¡ A‡c¶v Kg `–i‡Z¡ Ae¯’vb Ki‡j Zv Avi †Pv‡L Kvco cwiavb Kiv nq|
¯có †`Lv hvq bv| ¯có `„wói wbKUZg `–iZ¡ 25 †m.wg. ej‡Z j DÏxc‡Ki (i) bs †hŠMwU n‡jv cwjw_b| wb‡P cwjw_‡bi
eySvq †Pv‡Li me‡P‡q Kv‡Q 25 †m.wg. `–iZ¡ ch©š@ j¶¨e¯‘‡K cÖ¯‘ZcÖYvwj eY©bv Kiv n‡jv
Lvwj †Pv‡L ¯có †`L‡Z cvq| Bw_wjb M¨vm‡K 1000-1200 evqygÊjxq Pv‡c 200 †mjwmqvm
j Avgiv Rvwb, wPÎ-2 n‡Z cvB, ZvcgvÎvq DËß K‡i cwjw_b cvIqv hvq| G‡¶‡Î cwjgviKiY
1 †j‡Ýi ¶gZv = 2D `ª“Z Kivi Rb¨ cÖfveK wn‡m‡e Aw·‡Rb M¨vm e¨envi Kiv nq|
†j‡Ýi ¶gZv =
†dvKvm `–iZ¡ †dvKvm `–iZ¡ = ? D”PZvc I Pvc
n (Bw_wjb)  cwjw_b
ev, †dvKvm `–iZ¡ =
1 O2 cÖfveK
†j‡Ýi ¶gZv D”PZvc I Pvc
1 n (CH2 = CH2)  ( CH2  CH2 )n
=
2
O2 cÖfveK
 †dvKvm `–iZ¡ =  0.5 m =  50 cm D”PPvc c×wZ mnRmva¨ bv nIqvq G cÖwµqvwU †Zgb RbwcÖq bq|
†h‡nZz wPÎ-2 Gi †jÝwU AeZj, †m‡nZz †dvKvm `–iZ¡ FYvÍK eZ©gv‡b evwYwR¨Kfv‡e UvB‡Uwbqvg UªvB‡K¬vivBW (TiCl3) bvgK
cÖfveK e¨envi K‡i mvaviY evqygÊjxq Pv‡c cwjw_b ˆZwi Kiv
n‡e|
nq|
AZGe, DÏxc‡Ki 2bs wP‡Îi †jÝwUi †dvKvm `–iZ¡  50 cm.
D”PZvc
k `xN©`„wó ΓwU `–ixKi‡Y DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ-1 Gi †jÝwU A_©vr n (Bw_wjb) TiCl  cwjw_b
3 cÖfveK
DËj †jÝ e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| wb‡P wPÎmn e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv
DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ (ii) Ges (iii) bs Zš‘i Øviv ˆZwi A_©vr mywZi
`xN©`„wó `–i Kivi Rb¨ †Pv‡Li mvg‡b GKwU DËj †j‡Ýi Pkgv k
Zš‘ I wKDcÖv‡gvwbqvg †iqb †_‡K ˆZwi K…wÎg myZvi e‡¯¿i g‡a¨
e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| †Kbbv GKgvÎ DËj †jÝB j¶¨e¯‘i †P‡qI
mywZi Zš‘i Øviv ˆZwi e¯¿ e¨envi Kiv Avivg`vqK| wb‡P Gi
`–‡i †mvRv Ges Aev¯@e cÖwZwe¤^ MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i| d‡j †Pv‡Li
KviY we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jv
wbKUZg we›`y (N) n‡Z wbM©Z Av‡jvKiwk¥ G mvnvh¨Kvix †j‡Ý
mywZi Zvc cwienb I cwiPjb ¶gZv †ewk| A_©vr mywZi
Ges †Pv‡Li †j‡Ý cici `yBevi cÖwZmwiZ nIqvi ci
†cvkv‡Ki ga¨ w`‡q Lye mn‡RB Zvc PjvPj Ki‡Z cv‡i| Mi‡gi
cÖ‡qvRbg‡Zv Awfmvix n‡q †iwUbv (R) Gi Dc‡i co‡e|
w`‡b evqygʇji ZvcgvÎv †ewk _v‡K| G mg‡q mywZi †cvkvK
cwiavb Ki‡j Lye mn‡RB †`‡ni Zvc evB‡i †ewi‡q †h‡Z cv‡i
Ges evB‡i †_‡K evZvm †cvkv‡Ki ga¨ w`‡q kix‡i jvM‡Z cv‡i|
G Kvco †`‡ni Zvc evB‡i cwienb K‡i Ges Nvg †kvl‡Yi
wPÎ : `xN©`„wó cÖwZKvi gva¨‡g kix‡i ¯^v”Q›`¨ Avb‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| d‡j kixi
G cÖwZmwiZ iwk¥My‡jv‡K wcQ‡bi w`‡K ewa©Z Ki‡j Giv N1 Avivg`vqK g‡b nq|
we›`y‡Z wgwjZ n‡e| AZGe †PvL e¯‘wU‡K N1 we›`y‡Z †`L‡e Ges Aciw`‡K wKDcÖv‡gvwbqvg †iqb Zš‘ Ab¨vb¨ K…wÎg cwjgv‡ii
G (N1) we›`yB `xN©`„wói wbKUZg `–iZ¡| g‡ZvB Zvc Kzcwievnx| d‡j K…wÎg myZvi †cvkvK ci‡j kix‡ii
 P¨v‡Ýji GmGmwm kU© mv‡Rk‡Ýi DËigvjv  1212

Zvc evB‡i †ei n‡Z cv‡i bv Ges evB‡ii evZvmI †cvkv‡Ki ga¨ myZivs ejv hvq, wkíKviLvbvq jeY bvbvwea Kv‡R Myi“Z¡c–Y© f‚wgKv
w`‡q kix‡i jvM‡Z cv‡i bv| d‡j Mi‡gi w`‡b A¯^w¯@ m„wó nq| cvjb Ki‡Q|
myZivs Mi‡gi w`‡b Ges ¯^v”Q›`¨gq e¨env‡i mywZi e¯¿ cwiavb cÖkœ  07 `„k¨Kí-1 : weªwUk‡`i g‡Z, GKUvbv `yB mßvn
Kiv Avivg`vqK| 0.25 wgwjwgUv‡ii Kg e„wó n‡j `y‡h©vM m„wó nq|
cÖkœ  06 `„k¨Kí-2 : mgy`ªZj‡`‡k Av‡MœqwMwii AMœ~¨rcvZ, f‚wg a‡mi d‡j
nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW + †mvwWqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW  X + cvwb c„w_exi Z…Zxq cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM m„wó nq|
A B `„k¨Kí-3 : H2SO4 Ges HNO3 e„wói cvwbi mv‡_ wg‡k
K. wd¬m Dj Kv‡K e‡j? 1 cwi‡e‡ki ¶wZmvab K‡i|
L. evjy, cwj I Kv`v gvwUi mgš^‡q MwVZ gvwU dmj K. Kve©b `–lY Kv‡K e‡j? 1
Pv‡li Rb¨ LyeB Dc‡hvMx †Kb? 2 L. I‡Rvb, wg‡_b, wmGdwm M¨vmMy‡jv e„w×i `ywU KviY
M. B †hŠMwUi ˆewkó¨ e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 D‡jÐL Ki| 2
N. DÏxc‡K Drcbœ X †hŠMwU wk퇶‡Î AZxe Myi“Z¡c–Y©Ñ
M. 1 bs `„k¨K‡íi mgm¨vwUi ¶wZKi cÖfve eY©bv Ki| 3
hyw³mn we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
[Aa¨vq-7 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
N. `„k¨Kí-2 Ges `„k¨Kí-3 Gi g‡a¨ †KvbwU cÖvK…wZK I
6bs cÖ‡kœi DËi gbyl¨m„ó `y‡h©vM? D³ `y‡h©vMwU Kxfv‡e m„wó nq Ges
h Rxeš@ †gl †_‡K †jvg mwi‡q †h ckg ˆZwi Kiv nq Zv‡K Gi cÖwZKv‡ii Dcvq we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
[Aa¨vq-9 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
wd¬m Dj e‡j|
7bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
i evjy, cwj I Kv`v gvwUi mgš^‡q †`vAuvk gvwU ˆZwi nq| G h evqygʇj Kve©b WvBA·vB‡Wi cwigvY †e‡o †h `–lY N‡U
gvwU‡Z _vKv evjy, cwj I Kv`v gvwUi Abycv‡Zi Ici wbf©i K‡i Zv‡K Kve©b `–lY e‡j|
†`vAuvk gvwUi aib †Kgb n‡e| †`vAuvk gvwUi GKw`‡K †hgb
cvwb aviY ¶gZv fv‡jv Ab¨w`‡K †Zgwb cÖ‡qvR‡bi mgq cvwb `ª“Z i I‡Rvb, wg‡_b, wmGdwm BZ¨vw` M¨vmMy‡jv n‡jv wMÖb nvDm
wb®‹vkbI n‡Z cv‡i| ZvB dmj Pvlvev‡`i Rb¨ †`vAuvk gvwU M¨vm| G M¨vmMy‡jv e„w×i `ywU KviY n‡jv
LyeB Dc‡hvMx| i. hvbevnb, wkíKviLvbv, we`y¨r Drcv`b †K›`ª BZ¨vw` †_‡K m„ó
j DÏxc‡Ki B †hŠMwU A_©vr †mvwWqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW GKwU ¶vi| †auvqv wbM©Z nIqv Ges †iwd«Rv‡iUi, kxZvZc wbqš¿Y h‡š¿i
wb‡P ¶v‡ii ˆewkó¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv e¨envi e„w× cvIqv|
¶vi wewfbœ wb‡`©k‡Ki eY© cwieZ©b K‡i| †hgb- ¶vi jvj ii. Av‡MœqwMwii AMœ~¨rcvZ, `vevbj BZ¨vw` cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi
wjUgvm‡K bxj K‡i, jvj i‡Oi wg_vBj †iW‡K njy` K‡i, Kgjv cwigvY w`b w`b †e‡o hvIqv|
i‡Oi wg_vBj A‡ićK njy` K‡i Ges eY©nxb †dbjd_¨vwjb‡K j DÏxc‡Ki 1bs `„k¨K‡íi mgm¨vwU n‡jv Liv hv GKwU
†Mvjvwc K‡i| ¶vixq `ªe‡Yi pH me©`v 7 A‡c¶v †ewk nq| pH cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM| wb‡P Livi ¶wZKi cÖfve eY©bv Kiv n‡jv
Gi gvb 7 †_‡K hZ †ewk n‡e ¶viKZ¡I ZZ †ewk kw³kvjx n‡e|
Livi mgq gvwU‡Z cvwbi cwigvY Kg‡Z Kg‡Z GKmgq gvwU
cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq ¶viK ev ¶vi cvwb‡Z nvB‡Wªv·vBW Avqb (OH–)
cvwbk–b¨ n‡q hvq| d‡j gvwU‡Z fv‡jvfv‡e MvQcvjv ev km¨
Drcbœ K‡i| GwU Gwm‡Wi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i jeY I cvwb Drcbœ
Rš§v‡bv hvq| G Kvi‡Y Liv n‡j dmj Drcv`b n«vm cvq Ges GwU
K‡i hv cÖkgb wewµqv bv‡g cwiwPZ| ¶q‡ivax I cwi®‹viK
A‡bK mgq `ywf©‡¶i KviYI n‡Z cv‡i| Livi d‡j kyay gvbyl bq,
wn‡m‡e GwU Uz_‡c‡÷ e¨eüZ nq| Jlaiƒ‡c GwU G›UvwmW
cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z e¨eüZ nq| GMy‡jvB n‡jv ¶v‡ii D‡jÐL‡hvM¨ ˆewkó¨| Mevw`ckyi Rb¨I Lv`¨msKU †`Lv †`q| K…wlwbf©i wkíKviLvbvq
Drcv`b K‡g hvq, †hwU Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Rb¨ GKwU eo ûgwK n‡q
k DÏxc‡K Drcbœ X †hŠMwU A_©vr †mvwWqvg †K¬vivBW GKwU jeY `uvovq| Livi Kvi‡Y gvwUi De©iZv K‡g hvq| evsjv‡`‡ki DËi-
†kÖwYi †hŠM| wb‡P wk퇶‡Î jeY †hŠ‡Mi Myi“Z¡ hyw³mn we‡kÐlY cwðgv‡ji †ek K‡qKwU †Rjv (ivRkvnx, PuvcvBbeveMÄ,
Kiv n‡jv w`bvRcyi, eMyov, Kzwóqv, h‡kvi) Livi Rb¨ SzuwKc–Y©| evsjv‡`‡k
Avgv‡`i wkíKviLvbvq je‡Yi e¨vcK cÖ‡qvM i‡q‡Q| Pvgov wk‡í 1978Ñ79 mv‡j fqven Liv n‡qwQj| GK mgx¶vq †`Lv †M‡Q, G
Pvgovi U¨vwbs Ki‡Z, gvLb I cwb‡ii wk‡ívrcv`b, Kvco KvPvi Livq ¶wZi cwigvY 1974 mv‡ji fqven eb¨vi †P‡qI †ewk wQj|
†mvWv I Lvevi †mvWv ˆZwi Ki‡Z, Zwor we‡kÐlY BZ¨vw` Kv‡R myZivs Livi cÖfv‡e gvbylmn Ab¨vb¨ Rx‡ei Rxeb `ye©ln n‡q I‡V|
Lvevi jeY (NaCl) e¨eüZ nq| wkíKviLvbvq Zzu‡Z
(CuSO4.5H2O), gviwKDwiK mvj‡dU (HgSO4), wmjfvi mvj‡dU k DÏxc‡Ki `„k¨Kí-2 I `„k¨Kí-3 n‡jv h_vµ‡g mybvwg I
(Ag2SO4) BZ¨vw` cÖfveK wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq| †U·UvBj I is GwmW e„wó| G `ywU `y‡h©v‡Mi g‡a¨ GwmW e„wó cÖvK…wZK I
ˆZwii KviLvbvq is wd· Kivi Kv‡R jeY cÖ‡qvRb| avZz gbyl¨m„ó GKwU `y‡h©vM| wb‡P GwmW e„wó m„wói KviY Ges
weky×Ki‡Y jeY jv‡M| ivevi cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z jeY e¨envi K‡i cÖwZKv‡ii Dcvq we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jv
ivevi‡K j¨v‡U· ev Mv‡Qi wbh©vm †_‡K Avjv`v Kiv nq| Jla GwmW e„wó m„wói KviY : GwmW e„wó m„wói Rb¨ cÖvK…wZK I
KviLvbvq m¨vjvBb I Ab¨vb¨ Jl‡aI jeY e¨eüZ nq| gvbem„ó KviY RwoZ| cÖvK…wZK KviYmg–‡ni g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q
wWUvi‡R›U ˆZwi‡ZI wdjvi wn‡m‡e GwU e¨eüZ nq| Av‡MœqwMwii AMœy¨rcvZ, `vevbj, eRªcvZ, MvQcvjvi cPb BZ¨vw`|
 weÁvb  1213

Gme cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g bvB‡Uªv‡Rb A·vBW I mvjdvi WvBA·vBW k DÏxc‡Ki (ii) bs I (iii) bs ej `ywU n‡jv h_vµ‡g we`y¨r
M¨vm wbtm„Z nq, hv c‡i evZv‡mi Aw·‡Rb I e„wói cvwbi mv‡_ †PŠ¤^Kxq ej I Nl©Y ej| G `ywU e‡ji g‡a¨ Nl©Y ej n‡jv
wewµqv K‡i h_vµ‡g bvBwUªK GwmW I mvjwdDwiK GwmW ˆZwi cÖ‡qvRbxq Dc`ªe| wb‡P GwUi †hŠw³KZv Ges G ej Kxfv‡e
K‡i| GKBfv‡e wewfbœ wkíKviLvbv we‡kl K‡i Kqjv ev evov‡bv I Kgv‡bv hvq Zv we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jv
M¨vmwfwËK we`y¨r Drcv`b †K›`ª ev Ab¨vb¨ wkíKviLvbv, hvbevnb, Avgiv Nl©Y Qvov Rxeb Kíbv Ki‡Z cvwi bv| Nl©Y bv _vK‡j
M„n¯’vwji Pzjv BZ¨vw` Drm †_‡KI mvjdvi WvBA·vBW wbM©Z Avgiv nuvU‡Z cviZvg bv, RyZv ci‡Z cviZvg bv, cvwb †L‡Z
nq, hv Gwm‡W cwiYZ nq Ges e„wói cvwbi mv‡_ wg‡k GwmW cviZvg bv| Avevi Nl©‡Yi Kvi‡Y Avgv‡`i A‡bK AmyweavI
e„wói m„wó K‡i| cvwb‡Z GwmW _vK‡j Zvi pH gvb nq 7-Gi †cvnv‡Z nq| †hgb, hš¿cvwZi ¶q, mvB‡Kj, wiKkv ev Mvwoi
Kg| Uvqvi ¶q BZ¨vw`| G Kvi‡YB Nl©Y ej GKwU cÖ‡qvRbxq Dc`ªe|
cÖwZKv‡ii Dcvq : GwmW e„wó cÖwZKv‡ii Rb¨ we`y¨r Drcv`b Avgv‡`i ˆ`bw›`b KvRKg© I Rxebhvcb‡K mnR Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ
†K‡›`ª e¨eüZ Kqjv ˆZwii Dcv`vb bvB‡Uªv‡Rb A·vBW I cÖ‡qvR‡b KL‡bv Nl©Y‡K Kgv‡Z nq Avevi KL‡bv Nl©Y‡K evov‡Z
nq| †Kv‡bv Zj‡K Lye gm„Y K‡i Nl©Y‡K Kgv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i|
mvjdvi WvBA·vBW M¨vm n‡Z cwi‡kvab Kivi gva¨‡g mvjdvi I
†Zj ev wMÖR Zj‡K gm„Y K‡i Ges Nl©Y‡K Kwg‡q †`q| G Kvi‡Y
bvB‡Uªv‡Rb gy³ K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| cwi‡kva‡bi e¨e¯’v bv _vK‡j
hš¿cvwZi MwZkxj Ask †Zj ev wMÖR Øviv Ave„Z _v‡K| hv
Kqjvi cwie‡Z© weKí R¡vjvwb e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| GQvov
Nl©Y‡K Kgvq Ges hš¿cvwZ‡K ¶q¶wZi nvZ †_‡K i¶v K‡i|
wkíKviLvbv I hvbevnb †_‡K wbM©Z †auvqv wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ h_vh_
†Zj Ges wMÖ‡Ri g‡Zv c`v_© hv Nl©Y Kgvq Zv‡`i jyweª‡K›U e‡j|
AvBbMZ e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| Nl©Y Kgv‡bvi Av‡iKwU Dcvq n‡”Q †Kv‡bv Z‡ji Dci w`‡q
myZivs h_vh_ c`‡¶c MÖn‡Yi cvkvcvwk Rbm‡PZbZv e„w× K‡i e¯‘‡K wcQwj‡q bv wb‡q Mwo‡q †bIqv| †Kv‡bv fvix e¯‘‡K GK
GwmW e„wó cÖwZKv‡i Kvh©Ki e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv hvq| ¯’vb n‡Z Ab¨ ¯’v‡b ¯’vbvš@i mnR Kivi Rb¨ †ivjvi e¨envi
cÖkœ  08 Kiv nq| Abyiƒcfv‡e hš¿cvwZi MwZkxj AskMy‡jvi gv‡S A‡bK
(i) iweb GKwU 30 †KwR f‡ii e¯‘i Dci 60 wbDUb ej mgq ej weqvwis ewm‡q Nl©Y Kgv‡bv nq Ges MwZ mnR Kiv nq|
cÖ‡hvM K‡i| Zj‡K Agm„Y K‡i Nl©Y evov‡bv nq| RyZv I iv¯@vi g‡a¨ Nl©Y
(ii) Rwb GKwU cÐvw÷‡Ki ej‡cb Øviv Pz‡j Nl‡j †mUv evov‡bvi Rb¨ RyZvi †mvj Agm„Y Kiv nq| G‡Z RyZv iv¯@v
KvM‡Ri UzKiv‡K AvKl©Y K‡i| AuvK‡o a‡i iv‡L d‡j Avgv‡`i iv¯@vq PjvPj mnR nq| Mvwoi
(iii) Avevi Aqb PvKv jvMv‡bv my¨U‡Km Lye mn‡R †U‡b wb‡q
Uvqv‡ii my‡Zv Nl©Y evov‡bvi gva¨‡g wfRv iv¯@v †_‡K Mvwoi
w¯‹W Kiv cÖwZnZ K‡i|
hvIqvq Zvckw³ Drcbœ n‡q PvKvwU ¶q n‡Z _v‡K|
K. gnvKl© ej Kv‡K e‡j? 1 cÖkœ  09
L. myBP eÜ Kivi ciI cvLv Ny‡i †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 (i) Rbve Kwig mv‡ne GKwU Rxe †_‡K GKwU wRb
M. DÏxc‡Ki (i) bs e¯‘wUi Z¡iY wbY©q Ki| 3 enbKvix wWGbG LÊ c„_K K‡i wfbœ GKwU Rxe m„wó
N. (ii) Ges (iii) bs Gi ej `ywUi g‡a¨ †KvbwU K‡ib|
cÖ‡qvRbxq Dc`ªe Ges GwU Kxfv‡e evov‡bv I (ii) GKB †Kv‡li AmsL¨ ûeû GKB iK‡gi †Kvl m„wó K‡i
bZzb Rx‡ei D™¢e N‡U|
Kgv‡bv hvq we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
(iii) Dw™¢‡`i ea©bkxj A½ †hgbÑ g–j, Kv‡Êi gva¨‡g
[Aa¨vq-10 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
8bs cÖ‡kœi DËi RxevYygy³ Pviv Drcv`b Kiv hvq|
K. Uªv݇RwbK cÖvYx Kv‡K e‡j? 1
h m„wóRM‡Zi mKj e¯‘ Zv‡`i f‡ii Kvi‡Y G‡K Aci‡K †h L. wbDwK¬qv‡mi myZvi g‡Zv A½vYy‡K eskMwZi †fŠZ
ej w`‡q ci¯•i‡K AvKl©Y K‡i Zv‡K gnvKl© ej e‡j|
wfwË ejv nq †Kb? 2
i myBP Ab Kivi ci ˆe`y¨wZK d¨v‡bi cvLv N–Y©b MwZ‡Z Nyi‡Z M. DÏxc‡Ki (i) bs cÖwµqvi avcMy‡jv eY©bv Ki| 3
_v‡K| hLb myBP eÜ K‡i †`Iqv nq ZLb RoZvi Kvi‡Y N. (ii) Ges (iii) bs cÖhyw³i g‡a¨ K…wl‡¶‡Î †KvbwUi
wKQymgq a‡i cvLvi MwZ eRvq ivL‡Z Pvq| d‡j myBP eÜ Kivi f‚wgKv AwaK we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
ciI ˆe`y¨wZK cvLv †Nv‡i| [Aa¨vq-11 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
GLv‡b, 9bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
j Avgiv Rvwb,
F = ma e¯‘i fi, m = 30 †KwR h wRb cÖ‡KŠk‡ji gva¨‡g wR‡bi ¯’vbvš@i NwU‡q †hme cÖvYx
F
cÖ‡qvMK…Z ej, F = 60 wbDUb m„wó Kiv nq Zv‡`i‡K Uªv݇RwbK cÖvYx e‡j|
ev, a = m
60 i wbDwK¬qv‡m myZvi g‡Zv A½vYy n‡jv †µv‡gv‡Rvg| †Kvlxq G
= A½vYywUi cÖavb Dcv`vb n‡jv wWGbG| GwU Rx‡ei PvwiwÎK
30
2 ˆewk‡ói cÖK…Z aviK hv wRb bv‡g cwiwPZ| AviGbG Rx‡ei
 a = 2 wgUvi/†m.
ˆewkó¨ wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z wWGbG-†K mvnvh¨ K‡i| †µv‡gv‡Rvg
AZGe, DÏxc‡Ki (i) bs e¯‘wUi Z¡iY 2 wgUvi/†m.2| wWGbG Ges AviGbG‡K aviY K‡i evnK wn‡m‡e| G †µv‡gv‡Rvg
 P¨v‡Ýji GmGmwm kU© mv‡Rk‡Ýi DËigvjv  1214

wWGbG Ges AviGbG †K mivmwi enb K‡i wcZv-gvZv †_‡K vii. Uªv݇RwbK Dw™¢` : wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA †KŠkj e¨envi K‡i
Zv‡`i cieZ©x eska‡i wb‡q hvq| †Kvl wefvR‡bi gv‡qvwmm GLb ch©š@ 60wU Dw™¢` cÖRvwZi DbœwZ mvab Kiv n‡q‡Q
cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g eskMwZi G aviv Ae¨vnZ _v‡K| G Kvi‡Y †hMy‡jv cZ½, fvBivm, e¨vK‡Uwiqv I QÎvK cÖwZ‡ivax| G
†µv‡gv‡Rvg‡K eskMwZi †fŠZ wfwË ejv nq| cÖhyw³‡Z Pvl Kiv Dw™¢` †h †Kv‡bv cwi‡ek‡K †gvKvwejv
j DÏxc‡Ki (i) bs cÖwµqvwU n‡jv wiKw¤^‡b›U wWGbG ev wRb Ki‡Z m¶g|
†K¬vwbs| wb‡P K‡qKwU av‡c m¤•bœ G cÖwµqvwU eY©bv Kiv n‡jv myZivs K…wl‡¶‡Î Dbœq‡b RxecÖhyw³ AwaK f‚wgKv iv‡L|
i. cÖ_gZ `vZv Rxe †_‡K Kvw¸¶Z wRbmn wWGbG AYy I evnK
wn‡m‡e e¨vK‡Uwiqvi cÐvRwgW DAN c„_K Kiv nq| cÖkœ  10
ii. G av‡c cÐvRwgW wWGbG Ges `vZv wWGbG‡K GK we‡kl
ai‡bi GbRvBg Øviv LwÊZ Kiv nq| `vZv wWGbG-Gi Gme
L‡Êi †Kv‡bv GKwU‡Z Kvw¸¶Z wRbwU _v‡K|
iii. G av‡c jvB‡MR bvgK GbRvBg Øviv `vZv wWGbG‡K cÐvRwgW
wPÎ-1 wPÎ-2
wWGbG Gi KwZ©Z cÖvš@ `ywUi gvSLv‡b ¯’vcb Kiv nq|
jvB‡MR GLv‡b AvVvi g‡Zv KvR K‡i| d‡j wbw`©ó wRbmn K. Zwor we‡kÐlY Kv‡K e‡j? 1
wiKw¤^‡b›U wWGbG cÐvRwgW m„wó nq| G wiKw¤^‡b›U L. wdD‡R Kg Mjbv‡¼i avZz e¨envi Kiv nq †Kb?
cÐvRwgWMy‡jv GLb `vZv wWGbGb Gi wewfbœ LwÊZ Ask enb e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
K‡i| M. wPÎ-1 Gi DcKiYMy‡jv ˆ`wbK 5 NÈv e¨eüZ n‡j
iv. G ch©v‡q wiKw¤^‡b›U cÐvRwgW‡K UªvÝdi‡gkb c×wZ‡Z Rvbyqvwi gv‡m Kx cwigvY we`y¨r e¨wqZ n‡e? wbY©q
e¨vK‡Uwiqvq cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv nq| d‡j bZzb wRb wb‡q Ki| 3
D™¢vweZ e¨vK‡Uwiqv ev Rxe n‡jv Uªv݇RwbK Rxe| N. wPÎ-1 Ges wPÎ-2 Gi g‡a¨ we`¨vj‡q ms‡hv‡Mi
v. Gici wiKw¤^‡b›U cÐvRwgWevwnZ e¨vK‡Uwiqv‡K c„_K Kiv Ges
†¶‡Î †KvbwU myweavRbK bq? hyw³mn we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
wbw`©ó wRb enbKvix e¨vK‡Uwiqv‡K kbv³ Kiv nq| c‡i [Aa¨vq-12 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
wbw`©ó wRb enbKvix e¨vK‡UwiqvMy‡jvi e¨vcK eske„w×
10bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
NUv‡bv nq| Avi GwUB n‡”Q wRb †K¬vwbs| hvi d‡j wR‡bi eû
Kwc ˆZwi nq| h †Kv‡bv `ªe‡Yi g‡a¨ Zwor cÖevwnZ K‡i Gi AYyMy‡jv‡K
abvÍK I FYvÍK As‡k wef³ Kivi c×wZ‡K Zwor we‡kÐlY
k DÏxc‡Ki (ii) bs I (iii) bs cÖhyw³ `ywU n‡jv h_vµ‡g †mj e‡j|
†K¬vwbs I RxecÖhyw³| G `ywU cÖhyw³i g‡a¨ K…wl‡¶‡Î RxecÖhyw³i
AwaKZi f‚wgKv †`Lv hvq| wb‡P Zv we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jv i wdDR wn‡m‡e wmmv ev Zvgvi g‡Zv Kg Mjbv‡¼i avZe Zvi
i. wUmy¨ KvjPvi : RxecÖhyw³i gva¨‡g Aí RvqMvq wbqwš¿Z e¨envi Kiv nq| AwZwi³ we`y¨r cÖev‡ni d‡j eZ©bx‡K ˆe`y¨wZK
cwi‡e‡k evwYwR¨Kfv‡e jvL jvL Kvw¸¶Z Pviv Drcv`b m¤¢e ms‡hvM †_‡K wew”Qbœ Ki‡Z G ZviwU f‚wgKv iv‡L| hw` †ewk
n‡q‡Q| Mjbv‡¼i avZe Zvi wdD‡R e¨envi Kiv nq Zvn‡j gvÎvwZwi³
ii. AwaK djbkxj Dw™¢‡`i RvZ m„wó : †Kv‡bv eb¨ Dw™¢‡`i we`y¨r cÖev‡n GwU eZ©bx †_‡K ms‡hvM wew”Qbœ nq bv| d‡j
DrK…ó wRb dmwj Dw™¢‡` cÖwZ¯’vcb K‡i wKsev wR‡bi MVb ˆe`y¨wZK hš¿cvwZ‡Z `yN©Ubvi Avk¼v _v‡K| ZvB wdDR Zv‡i
ev web¨v‡mi cwieZ©b NwU‡q DbœZ Rv‡Zi Dw™¢` m„wó Kiv Kg Mjbv‡¼i avZz e¨envi Kiv nq|
m¤¢e n‡q‡Q|
iii. MyYMZ gvb Dbœq‡b : RxecÖhyw³ cÖ‡qvM K‡i cÖvYx I Dw™¢`RvZ j DÏxc‡Ki eZ©bx wPÎ-1 n‡Z cvB,
`ªe¨vw`i MVb, eY©, cywóMyY, ¯^v` BZ¨vw` Dbœqb Kiv m¤¢e wZbwU evj‡ei †gvU ¶gZv = (40 + 40 + 60) W = 140 W
n‡q‡Q| ˆ`wbK e¨wqZ mgq = 5 NÈv
iv. mycvi ivBm m„wó : RxecÖhyw³i gva¨‡g mycvi ivBm ev †Mv‡ìb Avgiv Rvwb, Rvbyqvwi gvm = 31 w`b
ivBm bvgK GK ai‡bi avb D™¢veb Kiv n‡q‡Q| ¶gZv  mgq
v. wfUvwgb mg„× fzÆvi RvZ m„wó : m¤•ÖwZ †¯•‡bi GK`j  e¨wqZ we`y¨r kw³ = 1000
wK‡jvIqvU-NÈv
M‡el‡Ki D™¢vweZ †R‡bwUK¨vwj gwWdvBW fzÆvi exR Gwm‡Wi 140  5  31
= wK‡jvIqvU-NÈv
Pvwn`v c–iY K‡i| wfUvwgb wm, weUv K¨v‡ivwUb I dwjK GwmW 1000
cvIqv G fzÆv e¨v‡jÝ Wv‡q‡Ui cvkvcvwk Mwie †`kMy‡jvi = 21.7 wK‡jvIqvU-NÈv
gvby‡li Acywó `–i Ki‡e| = 21.7 BDwbU
vi. †÷ivBj Bb‡m± †UKwbK : cwi‡ek evÜe G cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g AZGe, wPÎ-1 Gi eZ©bxi DcKiYMy‡jv e¨envi Rvbyqvwi gv‡m
DbœZ †`‡k dm‡ji ¶wZKi cZ½ wbqš¿Y Kiv n‡”Q hv 21.7 BDwbU we`y¨r kw³ e¨wqZ n‡e|
djb‡K AwaK nv‡i evwo‡q w`‡q‡Q|
 weÁvb  1215

k DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ-1 I wPÎ-2 n‡jv h_vµ‡g mgvš@ivj eZ©bx I j DÏxc‡Ki ʻRʼ hš¿wU n‡jv Kw¤•DUvi| wb‡P Kw¤•DUv‡ii
wmwiR eZ©bx| we`¨vj‡q ms‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î mgvš@ivj eZ©bxi †P‡q MVb eY©bv Kiv n‡jv
wmwiR eZ©bx myweavRbK bq| wb‡P hyw³mn we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jv GKwU Kw¤•DUv‡i gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi I †g‡gvwi G `ywU g–j Ask
Avgiv Rvwb, wmwiR ms‡hv‡M GKB we`y¨r cÖevn `ywU evj‡ei _v‡K| †g‡gvwii †fZi wKQy wWwRUvj wmMb¨v‡ji wb‡`©k ev
ga¨w`‡q cÖevwnZ nq| GKwU evje we`y¨rcÖev‡n hZUzKz evav †`q, Bb÷ªvKkb Rgv Kiv _v‡K| †g‡gvwi †_‡K G Bb÷ªvKkbMy‡jv
`ywU evje Zvi †P‡q †ewk evav †`q| ZvB GKwU evje hZ gvB‡µvcÖ‡mm‡i †cÖiY Kiv nq| Kw¤•DUv‡ii G AskwU †Kvb
D¾¡jfv‡e R¡‡j `ywU evje Zvi †P‡q Kg D¾¡jfv‡e R¡‡j| G Bb÷ªvKk‡bi Rb¨ Kx Ki‡Z n‡e, †mwU Rv‡b Ges Zvi Rb¨
eZ©bxi `ywU evje Gi GKwU evje wdDR n‡q †M‡j mg¯@ eZ©bxi eivÏK…Z KvRwU †kl K‡i Ges hLb cÖ‡qvRb nq, ZLb djvdjwU
ga¨w`‡qB we`y¨rcÖevn eÜ n‡q hvq| d‡j Aci evjewU R¡‡j bv| Avevi †g‡gvwi‡Z Rgv K‡i †`q| Gfv‡e †g‡gvwi‡Z ivLv meMy‡jv
Avevi myBP Ab Ki‡j GKB mv‡_ `ywU evje R¡‡j I‡V| myBP Ad Bb÷ªvKkb †kl Kiv n‡j Zvi †cÖvMÖvg m¤•bœ nq| Kw¤•DUv‡ii
Ki‡j GKB mv‡_ `ywU evje wb‡f hv‡e| evje `ywU‡K c„_Kfv‡e Z_¨ msi¶Y Kivi Rb¨ †g‡gvwii cvkvcvwk ¯’vqxfv‡e
R¡vjv‡bv ev wbfv‡bv hvq bv| nvW©WªvB‡fi cÖ‡qvRb nq|
Aciw`‡K, mgvš@ivj eZ©bxwUi evjeMy‡jvi mgvš@ivj ms‡hv‡Mi Kw¤•DUv‡i GKUv †cÖvMÖvg Pvjv‡Z n‡j Zvi mv‡_ evB‡i †_‡K
d‡j cÖ‡Z¨KwU evj‡ei ga¨w`‡q wfbœ wfbœ c‡_ we`y¨r cÖevwnZ nq| †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z nq| BbcyU wWfvBm wK-†evW© I gvDm
ZvB mgvš@ivj eZ©bxi GKwU evje wdDR n‡jI Ab¨ evjeMy‡jv Kw¤•DUv‡ii mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM i¶vi gva¨‡g Kvh©µg mPj iv‡L|
R¡‡j| cÖwZwU evjeB c„_K c„_Kfv‡e R¡vjv‡bv I †bfv‡bv hvq| Avevi Kw¤•DUvi gwbUi, wcÖ›Uvi BZ¨vw` AvDUcyU wWfvB‡mi
cÖwZwU evj‡ei cÖvš@؇qi wefe cv_©K¨ GKB _v‡K| A_©vr gva¨‡g cÖwµqvRvZ †WUv ev DcvË e¨enviKvixi Kv‡Q †cŠu‡Q †`q|
mgvš@ivj eZ©bxi cÖwZwU evjeB we`y¨r †Kv‡li c–Y© we`y¨”PvjK kw³ eZ©gv‡b Kw¤•DUv‡ii mv‡_ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi me‡P‡q mnR c×wZ
cvq| d‡j eZ©bxi me evjeMy‡jv mgvb D¾¡jfv‡e R¡‡j| n‡”Q †bUIqvwK©s| cÖwZwU Kw¤•DUv‡iB †bUIqvK© B›Uvi‡dm KvW©
myZivs we`¨vj‡qi ms‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î wmwiR eZ©bxwU myweavRbK bq| _v‡K| GwU GKwU †bUIqv‡K©i mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K Ges Kw¤•DUvi
†mwU w`‡q Z_¨ MÖnY K‡i Avevi Z_¨‡K †cÖiY K‡i|
cÖkœ  11
k DÏxc‡Ki ʻSʼ I ʻMʼ hš¿ `ywU n‡jv †iwWI I †gvevBj †dvb|
Kw¤•DUvi †iwWI †gvevBj †dvb G‡`i g‡a¨ †gvevBj †dv‡bi Ace¨envi Avgv‡`i Rxe‡b Awfkvc
R S M
†W‡K Av‡b| wb‡P Zv we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jv
K. d¨v· Kv‡K e‡j? 1 †gvevBj †dvb n‡jv GKwU wbæ ¶gZvi †iwWI wWfvBm hv GKwU
L. wWwRUvj wmMb¨vj myweavRbK †Kb? 2 †QvU A¨v‡›Ubvi mvnv‡h¨ GKB mv‡_ †iwWI K¤•v¼ wewKiY, †cÖiY
M. DÏxc‡Ki 'R' hš¿wUi MVb eY©bv Ki| 3 Ges MÖnY K‡i| †gvevBj †dvb e¨env‡ii mgq G A¨v‡›UbvwU
N. ʻSʼ I ʻMʼ h‡š¿i g‡a¨ †KvbwUi Ace¨envi Avgv‡`i
e¨enviKvixi gv_vi Lye Kv‡Q _v‡K| G wb‡q c„w_exi gvbyl DwØMœ
Rxe‡b Awfkvc †W‡K Av‡b we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 †h G gvB‡µv Zi‡½i µgvMZ e¨env‡i gw¯@‡®‹ K¨vbmv‡ii g‡Zv
[Aa¨vq-13 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
giYe¨vwa †iv‡Mi m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| Avi cÖvß eq¯‹‡`i g‡a¨
11bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
wewKi‡Yi cÖfve Lye †ewk bv co‡jI wkky‡`i e¨vcv‡i mZK©
h Zvi ev †iwWIi mvnv‡h¨ MÖvwdK¨vj Z_¨ (Qwe, wPÎ, WvqvMÖvg ev
_vK‡Z n‡e| KviY G wewKiY wkky‡`i gw¯@‡®‹i †Kvl weKv‡k
†jLv) ev †h‡Kv‡bv wjwLZ WKz‡g›U ûeû Kwc K‡i †cÖiY I MÖn‡Yi
mgm¨vi m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| GQvovI AwZwi³ †gvevBj e¨env‡ii
B‡jKUªwbK e¨e¯’v‡K d¨v· e‡j|
d‡j Kv‡b, †Pv‡L I nv‡Z wewfbœ mgm¨v †`Lv †`q| ¯‹zjco~qv
i wWwRUvj wmMb¨vj †cÖi‡Yi mgq cybtweea©b Ki‡Z nq bv| wk¶v_©xiv covkybvi cÖwZ Agb‡hvMx n‡q c‡o| AwZwi³ e¨env‡ii
KviY GwU †h‡Z †h‡Z weewa©Z nq| d‡j wmMb¨vj GKB iKg d‡j gvbwmK mgm¨vI †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| Avevi AwZwi³ †Mg †L‡j
_v‡K| †ewk msL¨K Kw¤•DUvi †bUIqv‡K©i †¶‡Î wWwRUvj g„Zz¨eiY K‡i‡Q Ggb NUbvI Av‡Q|
wmMb¨v‡ji e¨q Abyhvqx cÖvwß †ewk| GQvov wWwRUvj wWfvB‡m myZivs †gvevBj †dv‡bi Ace¨envi wewfbœ kvixwiK mgm¨v m„wói
†Kv‡bv ai‡bi µm Kv‡bKkb nq bv| ZvB wWwRUvj wmMb¨vj cvkvcvwk e¨w³MZ I mvgvwRK Rxe‡b Awfkvc †W‡K Av‡b|
myweavRbK|
 P¨v‡Ýji GmGmwm kU© mv‡Rk‡Ýi DËigvjv  1216

PÆMÖvg †evW©-2024
weÁvb (eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶v) welq †KvW 1 2 7
mgq : 30 wgwbU c–Y©gvb : 30
[we‡kl `ªóe¨ : mieivnK…Z eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶vi DËic‡Î cÖ‡kœi µwgK b¤^‡ii wecix‡Z cÖ`Ë eY©msewjZ e„Ëmg–n n‡Z mwVK/m‡e©vrK…ó Dˇii e„ËwU
ej c‡q›U Kjg Øviv m¤•–Y© fivU Ki| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi gvb 1]
cÖkœc‡Î †Kv‡bv cÖKvi `vM/wPý †`Iqv hv‡e bv|
1. mgy‡`ªi Zj‡`‡k f‚wgK¤• n‡j †h cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM msNwUZ nq Zv n‡jvÑ 15. wWGbG †Z wb‡Pi †KvbwU _v‡K bv?
E N–wY©So F eb¨v G mybvwg H GwmW e„wó E BDivwmj F _vqvwgb G GwWwbb H mvB‡Uvwmb
2. mgy‡`ª cvwbi D”PZv †e‡o †M‡jÑ 16. GB cÖZxKwUi bvg Kx?
i. f‚-LÊ cvwbi wb‡P Zwj‡q †h‡Z cv‡i ii. my‡cq cvwbi Afve †`Lv w`‡e E GKgyLx myBP F e¨vUvwi G wØgyLx myBP H ms‡hvMnxb Zvi
iii. K…wl Rwg Pv‡li Abyc‡hvMx n‡q co‡e
17. 60 Iqv‡Ui GKwU evj¦ cÖwZw`b 6 NÈv K‡i 20 w`b R¡j‡j KZ Zwor
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
kw³ e¨q n‡e?
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
E 7.2 BDwbU F 8.2 BDwbU G 9 BDwbU H 10.8 BDwbU
3. WvDbÕm wmb‡Wªvg †iv‡MÑ
i. †Pv‡Li cvZv †dvjv _v‡K ii. nvZMy‡jv Zzjbvg–jK †QvU nq
18. wWGbG we‡kÐlY K‡i Acivax kbv³ Kiv nq †Kvb †U‡÷i gva¨‡g?
iii. kix‡i i³k–b¨Zv †`Lv †`q E wmwU ¯‹¨vb F G‡ÛvmKwc G †m‡ivjwR H GgAviAvB
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 19. iwOb †Uwjwfk‡bi †gŠwjK is †KvbwU?
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii E meyR F †eMywb G Kgjv H njy`
4. cwjBD‡i‡_b cÐvw÷K †cvov‡j †Kvb welv³ M¨vm Drcbœ nq? 20. †Kvb †iv‡M AYyPwµKvi msL¨v ¯^vfvwe‡Ki Zzjbvq K‡g hvq?
E CO2 F SO2 G HCN H HCl E _¨vjv‡mwgqv F wjD‡Kwgqv G A¨vwbwgqv H cvicyiv
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 5 I 6bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : 21. †K‡gv‡_ivwci SzuwK n‡jvÑ
NaHCO3 + A  NaCl + H2O + B
i. Pz j c‡o hvq ii. nR‡g mgm¨v nq iii. †jvwnZ i³KwYKv Drcv`b evavMÖ ¯ @ nIqv
5. wb‡Pi †KvbwU B †hŠM?
E H2CO3 F NaOH G CO2 H CO wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
6. A †hŠMwUÑ K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
i. Uq‡jU cwi®‹v‡ii g–j Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq 22. HIV msµg‡Yi ci KZ eQi ch©š@ †iv‡Mi j¶Y kix‡i cÖK vk cvq bv?
ii. Lvevi nR‡g mnvqZv K‡i iii. `uvZ cwi®‹v‡i e¨eüZ nq E5 F6 G7 H8
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 23. wbD‡gvwbqv †iv‡M †k¦Z KwYKvi cwigvY _v‡KÑ
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii E 4,000 Ñ 10,000 F 20,000 Ñ 30,000
7. gvwU‡Z we`¨gvb c`v_©My‡jvi g‡a¨ evqexq c`v_© kZKiv KZ fvM? G 50,000 Ñ 4,00,000 H 50,000 Ñ 10,00,000
E5 F 25 G 45 H 51
24. GKRb c–Y©eq¯‹ gvby‡li ˆ`wbK myl g Lv‡`¨ kZKiv 60 fvM _v‡KÑ
 wb‡Pi DÏxc†Ki Av‡jv‡K 8 I 9bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : E †cÖvwUb F kK©iv G m¤•„³ †øn H Am¤•„³ †øn
10 †KwR f‡ii GKwU cv_‡ii Dci 40 wbDUb ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i †g‡S‡Z
25. RjR cÖvYx‡`i †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ cÖwZ wjUvi cvwb‡Z Kgc‡¶ 5 wgwjMÖvg
Mwo‡q †`Iqv n‡jv| wKQy¶Y ci cv_iwU †_‡g †Mj|
8. cv_iwUi Z¡iY KZ? Aw·‡Rb _vKv cÖ‡ qvRb| 0.175 MÖv g Aw·‡Rb KZ wjUvi cvwb‡Z wgwkÖZ _vK‡e?
2 2 2 2 E 25 wjUvi F 35 wjUvi G 125 wjUvi H 525 wjUvi
E 4 wg/†m F 30wg/†m G 50 wg/†m H 400 wg/†m
9. cv_iwUi †_‡g hvIqvi KviYÑ 26. Rjvf‚wgÑ
i. Zj‡`k Ge‡ov‡_e‡ov wQj ii. LuvRMy‡jv G‡K A‡b¨i mv‡_ AvU‡K wQj i. cvwbaviY K‡i ii. ¶wZKi c`v_© †kvlY K‡i iii. b`x‡Z weky × cvwb mÂvjb K‡i
iii. Nl©Y ej m„wó n‡qwQj wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii  wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 27 I 28bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
10. wWwRUvj wmMb¨vj cÖwµqvqÑ
E we‡kl ai‡bi AvBwm ˆZwi Kiv nq F Lye mn‡RB b‡qR cÖ‡ek K‡i
G ˆe`y¨ wZK wmMb¨vj cwieZ© b Kiv m¤¢e H wmMb¨v‡ji My YMZ gvb bó nq
11. m„wóRM‡Zi me‡P‡q kw³kvjx ej †KvbwU?
E mej wbDwK¬q ej F ¯•k© ej G gnvKl© ej H Nl©Y ej
 wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 12 I 13bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
27. wb‡Pi †KvbwU AvcvZb †KvY?
E AOM F AON G BON H CON
28. DÏxc‡KÑ
f = 50 †m.wg. i. x Nb gva¨g, y nvjKv gva¨g ii. x nvjKv gva¨g, y Nb gva¨g
12. wP‡Îi †j‡Ýi ¶gZv KZ? iii. OA AvcwZZ iwk¥, OB cÖwZmwiZ iwk¥
E + 2D F + 0.02D G – 0.02D H – 2D
13. D³ †jÝ e¨env‡ii KviYÑ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
i. †Pv‡Li Awfmvix ¶gZv K‡g hvIqv ii. Aw¶‡Mvj‡Ki e¨vmva© †e‡o hvIqv Ki L ii M i I iii N ii I iii
iii. `xN©`„wói ΓwU 29. ivmvqwbK weeZ©‡bi gva¨‡g †cÖv‡UvfvBivm †_‡K †Kvb RxewUi DrcwË nq?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? E A¨vwgev F fvBivm G e¨vK‡Uwiqv H †cÖv‡Uv‡Rvqv
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 30. WviDB‡bi `„wó‡Z Rx‡ei mnRvZ cÖe„wË n‡jvÑ
14. †h Zwor †PŠ¤^Kxq Zi½ kix‡ii gvsm‡cwk †f` Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv e¨eüZ nqÑ i. mxwgZ Lv`¨MÖnY ii. AZ¨waK nv‡i eske„w× iii. Aw¯@‡Z¡i Rb¨ msMÖvg
i. dzmdz‡mi K¨vbmvi wbY©‡q ii. nv‡oi dvUj kbv³Ki‡Y wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
iii. 僇Yi AvKvi I MVb Rvb‡Z
Ki L ii M i I iii N ii I iii
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii

 Lvwj NiMy‡jv‡Z †cbwmj w`‡q DËiMy‡jv †j‡Lv| Gici QR †Kv‡W cÖ`Ë DËigvjvi mv‡_ wgwj‡q †`‡Lv †Zvgvi DËiMy‡jv mwVK wK bv|
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
DËi

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
 weÁvb  1217

PÆMÖvg †evW©-2024
weÁvb (ZË¡xq-m„Rbkxj) welq †KvW 1 2 7

mgq : 2 NÈv 30 wgwbU c–Y©gvb : 70

[`ªóe¨ : Wvb cv‡ki msL¨v cÖ‡kœi c–Y©gvb ÁvcK| cÖ`Ë DÏxcKMy‡jv g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i co Ges mswkÐó cÖkœM‡y jvi h_vh_ DËi `vI| †h‡Kv‡bv mvZwU
cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e|]
1| wZb Kb¨v mš@v‡bi RbK wknve mv‡ne cyÎ mš@v‡bi Avkvq 7| X Y Z
memgq Zvi ¯¿x‡K †`vlv‡ivc K‡ib| Ab¨w`‡K Zvi †QvU fvB‡qi cÖPzi cvwbaviY cvwbaviY ¶gZv cvwbaviY ¶gZv DËg
¯¿x mš@vb avi‡Y A¶g n‡jI we‡kl GKwU c×wZ Abymi‡Yi ¶gZv| A‡bK Kg| Ges `ª“Z Zv wb®‹vkb nq|
gva¨‡g eZ©gv‡b mš@vb avi‡Y m¶g n‡q‡Qb| K. w`Mejq Kv‡K e‡j? 1
K. wbDwK¬I‡cÖvwUb Kv‡K e‡j? 1 L. K¨vjmvBU Ab¨ LwbR †_‡K Avjv`v †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
L. gvby‡li A¨v‡cbwWK&m Kx ai‡bi A½? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 M. 'Y' Gi ˆewkó¨My‡jv e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
M. †QvU fvB‡qi ¯¿xi DwjÐwLZ we‡kl c×wZwU Kx? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 N. 'X' I 'Z' Gi g‡a¨ †KvbwU dmj Pvlvev‡`i Rb¨ DËg?
N. ¯¿xi cÖwZ wknve mv‡n‡ei AvPi‡Yi †hŠw³KZv we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
2| (i) †ejyb, wUDe, ivevi e¨vÛ| 8| P Q R
D”PZvc I Pvc kyK‡bv dj, K¨v‡ivwUb mg„× AvgjKx, †jey,
(ii) n (Bw_wjb)  cwjw_b
O2 cÖfveK wRiv, gUikyuwU, kvKmewR, Kzgov, U‡g‡Uv, Kijv,
K. e¨vwPs Kv‡K e‡j? 1 km¨exR, Wvj| MvRi, Avg, KuvVvj| KuvPv gwiP|
L. †Wµb Kx ai‡bi Zš‘? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 K. wbDwUª‡q›Um Kv‡K e‡j? 1
M. (i) bs Gi Dcv`vbMy‡jvi ˆewkó¨ e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 L. wN Kx ai‡bi K¨vjwihy³ Lv`¨? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
N. (ii) bs wewµqvi Drcbœ c`v_©wU cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨nxbZvi M. DÏxc‡Ki P Gi Dcv`vbwUi Myi“Z¡ e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
Rb¨ `vqxÑ hyw³mn we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 N. DÏxc‡Ki Q I R GKB Lv`¨ Dcv`v‡bi Aš@fz³ © n‡jI
3| 700 †KwR f‡ii GKwU Mvwo w¯’ive¯’vq wQj| 50 wbDUb e‡j G‡`i KvRMy‡jv wfbœÑ we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
av°v †`Iqvq MvwowU wKQy`–i hvIqvi ci †_‡g hvq| 9| (i) 3HCl + Al(OH)3  X + 3H2O
K. we`y¨r †PŠ¤^Kxq ej Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. c¨vivmyU wb‡P †b‡g Avmvi mgq †Kvb ai‡bi Nl©‡Yi (ii) CaO + Y  CaSO4 + H2O
m¤§yLxb nq? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 K. pH Kv‡K e‡j? 1
M. MvwowUi Z¡iY KZ wbY©q Ki| 3 L. we”Qy ûj dzUv‡j cÖPÊ R¡vjv K‡i †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
N. DÏxc‡Ki MvwowU †_‡g hvIqvi KviY Avgv‡`i Rb¨ GKwU M. (ii) bs wewµqvwUi 'Y' Kx ai‡bi †hŠM? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
cÖ‡qvRbxq Dc`ªeÑ we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 N. (i) bs wewµqvi 'X' wb‡`©wkZ †hŠMwU cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡b
4| dvi“K mv‡ne nVvr ey‡K Zxeª e¨_v wb‡q nvmcvZv‡j †M‡jb| Wv³vi cix¶v Myi“Z¡c–Y© f‚wgKv iv‡LÑ we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq wPwKrmv w`‡q Zv‡K Rvbv‡jb †h, Zvi cv‡¤•i g‡Zv
10| Q  kwdK mv‡ne‡K mywg Zvi evev wn‡m‡e Rv‡b| GKw`b GK
w·KvYvKvi ms‡KvPb cÖmviYkxj AskwU‡Z Pwe© R‡g mgm¨vwU n‡q‡Q|
AvMš‘K e¨w³ mywg‡K Zvi †g‡q wn‡m‡e `vwe K‡ib| G mgm¨v
K. wm‡÷vwjK i³Pvc Kv‡K e‡j? 1
†_‡K D‡Ëvi‡Yi Rb¨ kwdK mv‡ne GK we‡kl cix¶vi kiYvcbœ nb|
L. †k¦Z i³KwYKv Kxfv‡e †`‡ni cÖnix wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i?
e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. DÏxc‡K DwjÐwLZ A½wUi wPwýZ wPÎ A¼b Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡K DwjÐwLZ A½wU my¯’ ivLvi Dcvq we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
5| B`vbxs evsjv‡`‡k Lye Nb Nb f‚wgK¤• n‡”Q| wbæPv‡ci Kvi‡Y R T
AvBjv Ges wmW‡ii g‡Zv `y‡h©vM Øviv Avgiv ¶wZMÖ¯@ nw”Q| G K. †Kvl Kv‡K e‡j? 1
iKg Av‡iv GKwU mvgyw`ªK So Av‡Q hv wfbœ Drm I Kvi‡Y m„wó L. AwaK djbkxj Dw™¢‡`i RvZ m„wó‡Z RxecÖhyw³i Myi“Z¡
nq, hv‡K c„w_exi Z…Zxq cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
K. †UKUwbK †cÐU Kv‡K e‡j? 1 M. Q G DwjÐwLZ we‡kl cix¶vwU e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
L. †m›UgvwU©‡bi cÖevj wejxb nIqvi KviY Kx? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 N. R I T Gi g‡a¨ wfbœZv we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
M. DÏxc‡Ki cÖ_g `y‡h©vMwU NUvi c–‡e© Avgv‡`i KiYxq Kx? 11|
e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡Ki wØZxq I Z…Zxq `y‡h©vM `ywUi g‡a¨ †KvbwU †ewk
gvivÍK? hyw³mn we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
6| hy³ivó« cÖevmx dviRvbvi evev cwiev‡ii †LuvR Lei †bIqvi Rb¨
B-†gBj I d¨v· Dfq gva¨‡gB Qwe I evZ©v Av`vb cÖ`vb K‡ib|
K. wWwRUvj ms‡KZ Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. w¯•Kv‡ii A¨vgwcÐdvqvi Kx KvR K‡i? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. DÏxc‡K DwjÐwLZ evZ©v †cÖi‡Yi cÖ_g †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vwU K. †j‡Ýi ¶gZv Kv‡K e‡j? 1
Kxfv‡e KvR K‡i? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 L. ¯•ó `„wói b–¨bZg `–iZ¡ Kx? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
N. dviRvbvi cwievi wØZxq gva¨g e¨envi K‡i me ai‡bi M. wPÎ P-G AO iwk¥i w`K cwieZ©‡bi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
myweav cv‡e wK bv? g–j¨vqb Ki| 4 N. wPÎ Q Gi mgm¨vwU `–i Kivi Dcvq we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
 P¨v‡Ýji GmGmwm kU© mv‡Rk‡Ýi DËigvjv  1218

DËigvjv
eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶v
1 M 2 N 3 L 4 M 5 M 6 K 7 L 8 K 9 N 10 K 11 K 12 K 13 L 14 K 15 K
DËi

16 M 17 K 18 M 19 K 20 N 21 N 22 K 23 L 24 L 25 L 26 N 27 L 28 M 29 L 30 L

m„Rbkxj
cÖkœ  01 wZb Kb¨v mš@v‡bi RbK wknve mv‡ne cyÎ mš@v‡bi GK‡Rvov wfbœ †µv‡gv‡Rvg _v‡K| A_©vr cyi“‡li †m· †µv‡gv‡Rvg
Avkvq memgq Zvi ¯¿x‡K †`vlv‡ivc K‡ib| Ab¨w`‡K Zvi †QvU n‡jv XY| Avevi bvix‡`i †m· †µv‡gv‡Rv‡g `ywU X Awfbœ
fvB‡qi ¯¿x mš@vb avi‡Y A¶g n‡jI we‡kl GKwU c×wZ †µv‡gv‡Rvg _v‡K| A_©vr bvix‡`i †m· †µv‡gv‡Rvg n‡jv XX|
Abymi‡Yi gva¨‡g eZ©gv‡b mš@vb avi‡Y m¶g n‡q‡Qb| †Kv‡bv bvixi Mf©aviYKv‡j cyi“‡li †m· †µv‡gv‡Rvg X Gi mv‡_
K. wbDwK¬I‡cÖvwUb Kv‡K e‡j? 1 bvixi †m· †µv‡gv‡Rvg X wgwjZ n‡j Kb¨v mš@vb Rš§MÖnY K‡i|
L. gvby‡li A¨v‡cbwWK&m Kx ai‡bi A½? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 Ab¨w`‡K cyi“‡li †m· †µv‡gv‡Rvg Y Gi mv‡_ bvix †m· †µv‡gv‡Rvg
M. †QvU fvB‡qi ¯¿xi DwjÐwLZ we‡kl c×wZwU Kx? X wgwjZ n‡j cyÎ mš@vb Rš§MÖnY K‡i| A_©vr bvixi †m·
e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 †µv‡gv‡Rvg Awfbœ nIqvq cyi“‡li †m· †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi wfbœZvi
N. ¯¿xi cÖwZ wknve mv‡n‡ei AvPi‡Yi †hŠw³KZv Kvi‡Y beRvZK Kb¨v ev cyÎ mš@vb wn‡m‡e Rš§jvf K‡i|
we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 wknve mv‡n‡ei ¯¿xi †¶‡Î Mf©aviYKv‡j wW¤^vYy Zvi ¯^vgx
[Aa¨vq-4 Gi Av‡jv‡K] wknv‡ei mv‡n‡ei X †µv‡gv‡Rvg wewkó kyµvYyi mv‡_ wgjb N‡U|
1bs cÖ‡kœi DËi d‡j cici `yBeviB Kb¨v mš@vb Rš§MÖnY K‡i|
h wbDwK¬K Gwm‡Wi mv‡_ mshy³ †cÖvwUb‡K wbDwK¬I‡cÖvwUb ejv nq| G‡¶‡Î mš@vb †Q‡j bv †g‡q n‡e A_©vr wj½ wba©vi‡Y wknve
i Rxe‡`‡n Ggb KZKMy‡jv A½ †`Lv hvq, †hMy‡jv wKQy mv‡n‡ei ¯¿xi †Kv‡bv f‚wgKv †bB| wknve mv‡n‡ei AmsL¨ kyµvYyi
Rxe‡`‡n mwµq _v‡K wKš‘ Aci Rxe‡`‡n wbw®Œq Ae¯’vq _v‡K, †fZi X †µv‡gv‡Rvg enbKvix bv Y †µv‡gv‡Rvg enbKvix kyµvYy
Ggb A½My‡jv‡K wbw®Œq A½ e‡j| gvby‡li wmKvg Ges wmKvg wW¤^vYyi mv‡_ wgwjZ n‡e, †mwU cÖK…Z KviY|
msjMœ ¶z`ª A¨v‡cbwWK&mwU wbw®Œq n‡jI ¯@b¨cvqxfz³ Z…Y‡fvRx myZivs Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ejv hvq, Kb¨v mš@vb Rš§`v‡bi
cÖvYx‡`i †hgbÑ †Nvov wKsev wMwbwc‡Mi †`‡n GMy‡jv mwµq _v‡K| Rb¨ `vqx K‡i ¯¿xi cÖwZ wknve mv‡n‡ei Giƒc AvPiY m¤•–Y©
myZivs gvby‡li A¨v‡cbwWK&m GKwU wbw®Œq A½| A‡hŠw³K|
j DÏxc‡Ki wknve mv‡n‡ei †QvU fvB‡qi ¯¿xi mš@vb avi‡Y cÖkœ  02
m¶g we‡kl c×wZwU n‡jv Bbwf‡Uªv dvwU©jvB‡Rkb| wb‡P G
cÖwµqvwU e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jvÑ (i) †ejyb, wUDe, ivevi e¨vÛ|
Bbwf‡Uªv dvwU©jvB‡Rkb cÖwµqvq K…wÎg Dcv‡q †`‡ni evB‡i kyµvYy D”PZvc I Pvc
(ii) n (Bw_wjb)  cwjw_b
I wW¤^vYyi wgjb NwU‡q cÖv_wgK åƒY m„wó K‡i †mwU bvix‡`i O2 cÖfveK
Rivqy‡Z cÖwZ¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡g wkkyi Rš§`vb Kiv nq| ¯^vfvweK K. e¨vwPs Kv‡K e‡j? 1
cÖwµqvq mš@vb avi‡Y e¨_© bvix‡`i G c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| L. †Wµb Kx ai‡bi Zš‘? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
ch©vqµ‡g KZKMy‡jv cÖwµqv AbymiY K‡i Bbwf‡Uªv dvwU©jvB‡Rkb M. (i) bs Gi Dcv`vbMy‡jvi ˆewkó¨ e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
NwU‡q †U÷wUDe †ewei Rš§ †`Iqv nq| G cÖwµqvq cÖ_‡g m¶g N. (ii) bs wewµqvi Drcbœ c`v_©wU cwi‡e‡ki
`¤•wZ †_‡K wW¤^vYy I kyµvYy msMÖn K‡i we‡kl ai‡bi cvjb fvimvg¨nxbZvi Rb¨ `vqxÑ hyw³mn we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
gva¨‡g G‡`i wgjb NUv‡bv nq| AZtci cvjb gva¨‡g cÖv_wgK [Aa¨vq-6 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
åƒY Drcv`b Kiv nq| Drcvw`Z åƒY‡K ¯¿x Rivqy‡Z cÖwZ¯’vcb 2bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
Kiv nq| cÖm–wZi h_vh_ cwiPh©v K‡i mš@vb jvf m¤•bœ Kiv nq|
h cvU Zš‘i †¶‡Î †ej ev MuvU †_‡K wgkÖY ˆZwii cÖwµqv‡K
k cyÎ mš@v‡bi Avkvwš^Z wknve mv‡n‡ei ¯¿x cici wZbwU Kb¨v e¨vwPs e‡j|
mš@vb Rš§`v‡bi Rb¨ wknve mv‡ne Zvi ¯¿x‡K †`vlv‡ivc K‡i|
wb‡P ¯¿xi cÖwZ wknve mv‡n‡ei Giƒc AvPi‡Yi †hŠw³KZv we‡kÐlY i †Wµb n‡jv GK ai‡bi K…wÎg bb-†mjy‡jvwRK Zš‘| †hme
Kiv n‡jvÑ K…wÎg Zš‘ †mjy‡jvR †_‡K ˆZwi bv K‡i Ab¨ c`v‡_©i g‡a¨
gvby‡li Rxe‡Kv‡l 23 †Rvov †µv‡gv‡Rvg _v‡K| GB 23 †Rvov ivmvqwbK wewµqv NwU‡q ˆZwi Kiv nq, ZvivB n‡jv bb-
†µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi g‡a¨ wj½ wba©vi‡Y mnvqZvKvix GK †Rvov †µv‡gv‡Rvg †mjy‡jvwRK Zš‘| †Wµb QvovI bvBjb, cwj÷vi, cwj †cÖvwcwjb
n‡jv †m· †µv‡gv‡Rvg| cyi“‡li †m· †µv‡gv‡Rv‡g X I Y BZ¨vw` bb-†mjy‡jvwRK K…wÎg Zš‘ †mjy‡jvR †_‡K ˆZwi nq bv|
 weÁvb  1219

j DÏxc‡Ki (i) bs Dcv`vbMy‡jv ivev‡ii ˆZwi| wb‡P ivev‡ii i c¨vivmyU wb‡P †b‡g Avmvi mgq cÖevnx Nl©‡Yi m¤§yLxb nq|
ˆewkó¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jvÑ hLb †Kv‡bv e¯‘ Zij ev evqexq c`v‡_©i †fZi w`‡q hvq, ZLb
cÖvK…wZK ivevi cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq GKwU A`vbv`vi KwVb c`v_©| †mwU †h Nl©Y ej Abyfe K‡i, †mwU n‡”Q cÖevnx Nl©Y| c¨vivmy¨U
ivevi wKQy wKQy ˆRe `ªveK, †hgb : Gwm‡Uvb, wg_vbjÑ GMy‡jv‡Z wb‡q hLb †KD †cÐb †_‡K Suvwc‡q c‡o, ZLb evZv‡mi cÖevnx
A`ªeYxq n‡jI Uvi‡c›UvBb, †c‡Uªvj, B_vi, †ebwRb GMy‡jv‡Z Nl©‡Yi Kvi‡Y ax‡i ax‡i wb‡P †b‡g Avm‡Z cv‡i|
mn‡RB `ªeYxq| ivevi mvaviYZ mv`v ev nvjKv ev`vwg i‡Oi nq|
j DÏxcK n‡Z cvB, Mvwoi fi, m = 700 †KwR
ivevi GKwU w¯’wZ¯’vcK c`v_© A_©vr G‡K Uvb‡j j¤^v nq Ges
cÖ‡qvMK…Z ej, F = 50 wbDUb
†Q‡o w`‡j Av‡Mi Ae¯’vq wd‡i hvq| †ewkifvM iveviB Zvc
ms‡e`bkxj A_©vr Zvc w`‡j M‡j hvq| weky× ivevi we`y¨r Ges Z¡iY, a = ?
Zvc Kzcwievnx| Avgiv Rvwb, F = ma
Zvc w`‡j ivev‡ii AvqZb K‡g hvq| ivevi †ek wKQy ivmvqwbK F 50 wbDUb
ev, a = m = 700 †KwR = 0.071 wg./†m.2
c`v_©, †hgbÑ `ye©j ¶vi, GwmW, cvwb GMy‡jvi mv‡_ ivmvqwbK
wewµqv K‡i bv| †h Kvi‡Y †Kv‡bv wKQy i¶v Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡jc AZGe, MvwowUi Z¡iY 0.071 wg./†m.2|
†`Iqvi Kv‡R GwU e¨eüZ nq| ivevi evZv‡mi Aw·‡R‡bi mv‡_
k DÏxc‡K MvwowU wKQy`–i hvIqvi ci Nl©Y e‡ji Kvi‡Y †_‡g
wewµqv K‡i GRb¨ ivevi `xN©w`b †i‡L w`‡j bó n‡q hvq| hvq| G‡¶‡Î Mvwoi PvKv Ges iv¯@vi ga¨Kvi Nl©Y ej Drcbœ
Aw·‡Rb QvovI AviI wKQy ivmvqwbK c`v_©, we‡kl K‡i I‡Rvb nq| wb‡Pi MvwowUi †_‡g hvIqvi †¶‡Î Nl©Y e‡ji cÖfve we‡kÐlY
(O3) cÖvK…wZK ivev‡ii mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i, hvi Kvi‡Y ivevi ax‡i
Kiv n‡jv :
ax‡i ¶qcÖvß n‡q bó n‡q hvq| `ywU e¯‘ ci¯•‡ii ms¯•‡k© †_‡K hw` G‡K Ac‡ii Dci wb‡q
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fvimvg¨nxZvi Rb¨ `vqx| myZivs ejv hvq, Mvwoi PvKv Ges iv¯@vi ga¨Kvi Nl©Y e‡ji
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L. c¨vivmyU wb‡P †b‡g Avmvi mgq †Kvb ai‡bi Nl©‡Yi Rvbv‡jb †h, Zvi cv‡¤•i g‡Zv w·KvYvKvi ms‡KvPb cÖmviYkxj
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[Aa¨vq-10 Gi Av‡jv‡K] M. DÏxc‡K DwjÐwLZ A½wUi wPwýZ wPÎ A¼b Ki| 3
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e‡j| [Aa¨vq-3 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
 P¨v‡Ýji GmGmwm kU© mv‡Rk‡Ýi DËigvjv  1220

4bs cÖ‡kœi DËi K. †UKUwbK †cÐU Kv‡K e‡j? 1

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A‡bK Kg _v‡K| mgy`ª Zj‡`‡k f‚wgK¤• n‡j f‚wgK‡¤•i †K›`ª †_‡K kyi“ K‡i
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Ab¨w`‡K, mgy‡`ªi ZvcgvÎv 27 †mjwmqv‡mi †ewk I wbæPv‡c
n‡e| mgqg‡Zv Nygv‡Z n‡e Ges a–gcvb I g`¨cvb m¤•–Y©iƒ‡c
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¶wZMÖ¯@ nw”Q| G iKg Av‡iv GKwU mvgyw`ªK So Av‡Q hv wfbœ n‡q R‡jv”Q¡v‡m iƒc †bq| gyn–‡Z©i g‡a¨ DcK‚jxq Rbc` wbwðý
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 weÁvb  1221

cÖkœ  06 hy³ivó« cÖevmx dviRvbvi evev cwiev‡ii †LuvR Lei †Uwj‡dvb jvB‡bi Ab¨ cÖv‡š@ d¨v· †gwkbwU Zvi Kv‡Q cvVv‡bv
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cÖ`vb K‡ib| GLv‡b GKwU wbf©i‡hvM¨ cÖhyw³, GwU GKwU WKz‡g‡›Ui KwcwU‡K
K. wWwRUvj ms‡KZ Kv‡K e‡j? 1 kyay mv`v Ges Kv‡jv wn‡m‡e cvVv‡bv nq e‡j wjwLZ WKz‡g‡›Ui
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M. DÏxc‡K DwjÐwLZ evZ©v †cÖi‡Yi cÖ_g †hvMv‡hvM †ewkifvM d¨v· †gwk‡b _vg©vj †ccvi e¨envi Kiv nq e‡j
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N. dviRvbvi cwievi wØZxq gva¨g e¨envi K‡i me myZivs ej‡Z cvwi, dviRvbvi cwievi d¨v· †gwkb e¨envi K‡i
ai‡bi myweav cv‡e wK bv? g–j¨vqb Ki| 4 me ai‡bi myweav cv‡e bv|
[Aa¨vq-13 Gi Av‡jv‡K] cÖkœ  07 X Y Z
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cvVv‡bv nq| a‡i| Aciw`‡K †`uvAvk gvwU evjy, cwj I Kv`v gvwUi mgš^‡qB
 P¨v‡Ýji GmGmwm kU© mv‡Rk‡Ýi DËigvjv  1222

ˆZwi nq| G gvwUi GKw`‡K †hgb cvwb aviY ¶gZv fv‡jv Avevi Lv‡`¨i mnvqK G Dcv`v‡bi `ywU wfUvwg‡bi KvRMy‡jvi wfbœZv
cÖ‡qvR‡bi mgq wb®‹vkbI `ª“Z N‡U| ZvB G‡Z dm‡ji fv‡jv wb‡P we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jvÑ
Pvlvev` nq| †`‡ni ¯^vfvweK MVb Ges ea©b myôzfv‡e m¤cbœ Ki‡Z wfUvwgb A
DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbvi †cÖw¶‡Z ejv hvq, 'Z' A_©vr †`vAuvk gvwU AMÖYx f‚wgKv iv‡L| GwU †`‡ni wewfbœ AveiYx Kjv †hgbÑ Z¡K,
Pvlvev‡`i Rb¨ DËg| †Pv‡Li Kwb©qv BZ¨vw`‡K ¯^vfvweK I mRxe iv‡L| wfUvwgb A nvo
cÖkœ  08 Ges `uv‡Zi MVb Ges `uv‡Zi gvwo my¯’ iv‡L| GwU `„wókw³ wVK
P Q R iv‡L Ges ivZKvbv †ivM cÖwZ‡iva K‡i| †`‡n †ivM msµgY
kyK‡bv dj, K¨v‡ivwUb mg„× AvgjKx, †jey, cÖwZ‡iva K‡i|
wRiv, gUikyuwU, kvKmewR, Kzgov, U‡g‡Uv, Kijv, Aciw`‡K wfUvwgb 'C' Z¡K, nvo, `uvZ BZ¨vw` †Kvlmg–n‡K
km¨exR, Wvj| MvRi, Avg, KuvVvj| KuvPv gwiP| ci¯c‡ii mv‡_ †Rvov jvwM‡q gReyZ Muv_ywb ˆZwi‡Z Ges kix‡ii
K. wbDwUª‡q›Um Kv‡K e‡j? 1 ¶Z cybM©V‡bi Kv‡R mvnvh¨ K‡i| `uvZ I gvwo k³ ivL‡Z Ges
L. wN Kx ai‡bi K¨vjwihy³ Lv`¨? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 kix‡ii evB‡ii Ask Z¡‡Ki gm„YZv I D¾¡jZv eRvq ivL‡Z G
M. DÏxc‡Ki P Gi Dcv`vbwUi Myi“Z¡ e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 RvZxq wfUvwgb mnvqZv K‡i| wfUvwgb 'C' †ivM cÖwZ‡iv‡a †`‡ni
N. DÏxc‡Ki Q I R GKB Lv`¨ Dcv`v‡bi Aš@fz©³
cÖnix wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| GQvov †øn, Avwgl I A¨vgvB‡bv Gwm‡Wi
n‡jI G‡`i KvRMy‡jv wfbœÑ we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
wecvKxq Kv‡R wfUvwgb 'C' Myi“Z¡c–Y© f‚wgKv iv‡L|
[Aa¨vq-1 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
8bs cÖ‡kœi DËi myZivs wfUvwgb A I wfUvwgb C DfqB GKB Lv`¨ Dcv`vb
wfUvwg‡bi Aš@fz©³ n‡jI G‡`i KvR wfbœ cÖK…wZi|
h Lv‡`¨i †hme ˆRe A_ev A‰Re Dcv`vb Rx‡ei Rxebxkw³i
†hvMvb †`q Zv‡`i‡K GK‡Î wbDwUª‡q›Um e‡j| cÖkœ  09
i wN n‡”Q †ønRvZxq Lv`¨| d¨vwU GwmW wMÐmvi‡ji mgš^‡q †øn (i) 3HCl + Al(OH)3  X + 3H2O
c`v_© MwVZ| wN n‡jv cÖvwYR †øn| wN Z_v †ønRvZxq Lv‡`¨i (ii) CaO + Y  CaSO4 + H2O
K¨vjwi me‡P‡q †ewk _v‡K| Gi cwigvY n‡jv cÖwZ MÖv‡g 9
K. pH Kv‡K e‡j? 1
wK‡jvK¨vjwi|
L. we”Qy ûj dzUv‡j cÖPÊ R¡vjv K‡i †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
j DÏxc‡Ki P Gi LveviMy‡jv n‡jv kyKbv dj, wRiv, gUikyuwU, M. (ii) bs wewµqvwUi 'Y' Kx ai‡bi †hŠM? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
km¨exR I Wvj GMy‡jv iv‡dR RvZxq Lv`¨ Dcv`vb| iv‡dR g– N. (i) bs wewµqvi 'X' wb‡`©wkZ †hŠMwU cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡b
jZ †mjy‡jvR w`‡q ˆZwi Dw™¢‡`i †KvlcÖvPxi| iv‡dR Avgv‡`i Myi“Z¡c–Y© f‚wgKv iv‡LÑ we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
†`‡n †Kv‡bv cywó †hvMvq bv mwZ¨ wKš‘ †KvôKvwVb¨, ü`&‡ivM, [Aa¨vq-7 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
Wvqv‡ewUm BZ¨vw` †ivM cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| Z‡e wVK 9bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
Kxfv‡e G †ivMMy‡jv cÖwZ‡iva K‡i Zv GLb ch©š@ my¯•ófv‡e
h Rjxq `ªe‡Y nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Avq‡bi (H+) NbgvÎvi FYvÍK
Rvbv hvqwb| iv‡dR mivmwi Lv`¨bvwji ga¨ w`‡q cwievwnZ n‡Z
jMvwi`g‡K pH e‡j|
cv‡i| GwU Lv`¨bvwji Mv‡q †Kv‡bviƒc wcÊ ˆZwi K‡i bv e‡j †ivM
A_©vr pH = – log [H+]
cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z cv‡i|
iv‡dRfz³ Lvev‡ii Myi“Z¡ : i we”Qyi ûj †_‡K wn÷vwgb bvgK ivmvqwbK c`v_© wbtm„Z nq|
1. GwU cwicv‡K mnvqZv K‡i| iv‡cR cvwb †kvlY K‡i GwU ¶viKxq c`v_©| ZvB we”Qyi û‡j Dcw¯’Z ¶viKxq G c`v‡_©i
Ges g‡ji cwigvY e„w× K‡i| wµqvq Z¡‡K R¡vjv K‡i|
2. kixi †_‡K AcvP¨ Lv`¨ wb®‹vk‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i| j DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvq DwjÐwLZ †hŠMwU n‡jv H2SO4| GwU
Y
3. GwU kix‡ii AwZwi³ Pwe© Kgv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| GKwU kw³kvjx GwmW| wb‡æ Gwm‡Wi ˆewkó¨My‡jv †`Iqv n‡jvÑ
4. evievi ¶zavi cÖeYZv Kgv‡Z GwU KvR K‡i| i. GwmWmg–n `ªe‡Y H+ Avqb cÖ`vb K‡i| †hgbÑ H2SO4, HCl
5. aviYv Kiv nq, iv‡dRhy³ Lv`¨ MÖn‡Y wcË_wji †ivM, BZ¨vw`|
Lv`¨bvwj I gjvk‡qi K¨vbmvi, Ak©, A¨v‡cwÛKm, H2SO4  2H+ + SO2
4
ü`&‡ivM I ¯’‚jZv A‡bKvs‡k n«vm K‡i| ii. GwmWmg–n ¶v‡ii mv‡_ wewµqvq jeY I cvwb Drcbœ K‡i|
G Kvi‡Y cÖwZw`b 20-30 MÖvg Auvkhy³ Lv`¨ MÖnY Kiv DwPZ| HCl + KOH  KCl + H2O
kvK-mewR I dj †_‡K G cwigvY Auvk cvIqv m¤¢e| GwmW ¶vi jeY cvwb
k DÏxc‡Ki Q I R Q‡K DwjÐwLZ Lv`¨My‡jv h_vµ‡g wfUvwgb A ii. GwmWmg–n cÖvYx‡`‡ni ms¯•‡k© G‡j Z¡K ev Pvgov Sj‡m
I wfUvwgb C RvZxq| †øn c`v‡_© `ªeYxq wfUvwgb A Ges cvwb‡Z †`evi ¶gZv iv‡L|
`ªeYxq wfUvwgb C GKB RvZxq Lv`¨ Dcv`vb wfUvgv‡bi Aš@fz³© | iv. GwmWmg–n bxj wjUgvm KvM‡Ri is cwieZ©b K‡i jvj K‡i|
 weÁvb  1223

k DÏxc‡Ki (i) bs wewµqvq 'X' wb‡`©wkZ †hŠMwU n‡jv jeY j DÏxc‡K Q G DwjÐwLZ we‡kl cix¶vwU n‡jv wWGbG †U÷|
GwmW I ¶v‡ii wewµqvi gva¨‡g jeY Drcbœ nq| jeY Avgv‡`i wWGbG †U‡÷i gva¨‡g wcZ…Z¡ I gvZ…Z¡ wPwýZ Kiv nq| wb‡P G
gvbeRxe‡b Myi“Z¡c–Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| wb‡P cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡b Gi cÖwµqvwU e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jvÑ
Myi“Z¡ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jvÑ †Kv‡bv mš@v‡bi wcZ…Z¡ I gvZ…Z¡ wb‡q we‡iva wb®•wË nIqv ev `vwe
ZwiZiKvwi‡Z Lvevi jeY ev †Uwej je‡Yi e¨env‡ii d‡j Zv Kiv mš@v‡bi mZ¨Zv cÖgvwYZ Ki‡Z DNA †U÷ Kiv nq| wWGbG
Avgv‡`i Lv‡`¨i ¯^v` evwo‡q Lvevi Dc‡hvMx K‡i †Zv‡j| Avevi, †U÷ Kivi mgq wcZv, gvZv I mš@v‡bi gyLMnŸi †_‡K KUb
cvDi“wU, AvPvi, PvbvPzi BZ¨vw`‡ZI Lvevi jeY e¨envi Kiv nq| ÔevWÕ Gi g‡Zv we‡kl GK ai‡bi e¨e¯’vi Øviv gy‡Li wSwjÐi
dv÷dzW ev PvqwbR RvZxq Lvev‡ii ¯^v` e„w×i Rb¨ †mvwWqvg (wgDKvm) c`©v †bIqv nq| M‡elYvMv‡i wSwjÐi †_‡K wcZv, gvZv
MÐyUv‡gU ev †Uw÷s më e¨envi Kiv nq| GQvov Kvco KvPvi I mš@v‡bi wWGbGi GKwU wPÎ (†cÖvdvBj) cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq bvbv
mvev‡b †mvwWqvg w÷qv‡iU, †mwfs †dv‡g cUvwkqvg w÷qv‡iU Ges ai‡bi ivmvqwbK wewµqvi Øviv| Gici mš@v‡bi wWGbG-Gi
Kvco KvPvi †mvWvi Kve©‡bU e¨envi Kiv nq hv g–jZ jeY| wP‡Îi mv‡_ wcZvgvZvi wWGbG wP‡Îi mv‡_ wgjv‡bv nq Ges hw`
GQvovI Avgiv †h RxevYybvkK Zzu‡Z ev wdUKvwi e¨envi Kwi ZvI cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki mv‡_ cÖvq 50% wgj cvIqv hvq, Zvn‡j †mB mš@v‡bi
jeY| Avevi gvwUi GwmwWwU wbw®Œq Kivi Rb¨ ev cyKz‡ii cvwb ˆRe wcZvgvZv A_©vr cÖK…Z wcZvgvZv wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq|
cwi®‹vi Kivi Rb¨ Avgiv †h Pzbvcv_i e¨envi Kwi †mwUI n‡jv
jeY| gvwUi De©iZv e„w×i Rb¨ e¨eüZ mv‡i A¨v‡gvwbqvg k DÏxc‡Ki R n‡jv RNA Ges T n‡jv DNA| `ywUB
bvB‡UªU, A¨v‡gvwbqvg dm‡dU, cUvwkqvg bvB‡UªU BZ¨vw` jeY †µv‡gv‡Rvgi g‡a¨ we`¨gvb wbDwK¬K GwmW| G‡`i g‡a¨ wKQy
e¨eni Kiv nq| K…wl Rwg‡Z e¨vK‡Uwiqv I fvBivm cÖwZ‡iv‡a wfbœZv i‡q‡Q| wb‡P Zv we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jvÑ
Ges cyKz‡i ˆkev‡ji Drcv`b e‡ÜI Zz‡u Z ev Kcvi mvj‡dU i. wWGbG AYy wØm–Î wewkó j¤^v cwjwbDwK¬IUvBW †kKj|
e¨envi Kiv nq| GQvovI m¨vjvBb Ges wWUvi‡R›U ˆZwi‡Z jeY Ab¨w`‡K AviGbG AYy GKwUgvÎ cwjwbDwK¬UvBW †kK‡j
e¨envi Kiv nq| Kv‡RB †`Lv hv‡”Q Avgv‡`i ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b fuvR n‡q _v‡K|
jeY AZ¨š@ Myi“Z¡c–Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| ii. wWGbG AYyi AvK…wZ A‡bKUv cu¨vPv‡bv wmuwoi g‡Zv|
Ab¨w`‡K AviGbG AYyi AvK…wZ mij|
cÖkœ  10 Q  kwdK mv‡ne‡K mywg Zvi evev wn‡m‡e Rv‡b|
iii. wWGbG AYy‡Z _v‡K wWAw·ivB‡evR kK©iv, wKš‘ AviGbG
GKw`b GK AvMš‘K e¨w³ mywg‡K Zvi †g‡q wn‡m‡e `vwe K‡ib|
AYy‡Z _v‡K ivB‡evR kK©iv|
G mgm¨v †_‡K D‡Ëvi‡Yi Rb¨ kwdK mv‡ne GK we‡kl cix¶vi
iv. wWGbG mvaviYZ †µv‡gv‡Rv‡g _v‡K, Ab¨w`‡K AviGbG
kiYvcbœ nb|
†µv‡gv‡Rvg, mvB‡UvcÐvRg I ivB‡ev‡Rv‡g cvIqv hvq|
v. wWGbG Gi †Kv‡bv cÖKvi‡f` †bB| wKš‘ Kvh©MZ w`K w`‡q
AviGbG wZb cÖKvi| h_vÑ rRNA, tRNA, mRNA|
vi. wWGbG eskMwZi aviK, evnK I wbqš¿K wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
Ab¨w`‡K AviGbG †cÖvwUb ms‡kÐl‡Y f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|
vii. Abywjc‡bi gva¨‡g wWGbG m„wó nq| Ab¨w`‡K AviGbG-Gi
R T
K. †Kvl Kv‡K e‡j? 1 †Kv‡bv Abywjcb nq bv|
L. AwaK djbkxj Dw™¢‡`i RvZ m„wó‡Z RxecÖhyw³i Dchy©³ we‡kÐlY n‡Z ejv hvq †h, R I T A_©vr RNA I DNA Gi
Myi“Z¡ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 g‡a¨ wfbœZv i‡q‡Q|
M. Q G DwjÐwLZ we‡kl cix¶vwU e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 cÖkœ  11
N. R I T Gi g‡a¨ wfbœZv we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
[Aa¨vq-11 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
10bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
h Rxe‡`‡ni MV‡bi GKK‡K †Kvl ejv nq|
i eZ©gv‡b RxecÖhyw³ gva¨‡g eb¨ Dw™¢‡`i DrK…ó wRb dmwj
Dw™¢‡` cÖwZ¯’vcb K‡i wKsev wR‡bi MVb ev web¨v‡mi cwieZ©b
NwU‡q DbœZ Rv‡Zi Dw™¢` m„wó Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| Gfv‡e avb, K. †j‡Ýi ¶gZv Kv‡K e‡j? 1
Mg, †ZjexRmn A‡bK k‡m¨i AwaK djbkxj DbœZ RvZ D™¢veb L. ¯•ó `„wói b–¨bZg `–iZ¡ Kx? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z GKw`‡K †hgb dm‡ji †ivMevjvB K‡g‡Q M. wPÎ P-G AO iwk¥i w`K cwieZ©‡bi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
†Zgwb Ab¨w`‡K dm‡ji Drcv`b e„w× †c‡q‡Q| myZivs AwaK N. wPÎ Q Gi mgm¨vwU `–i Kivi Dcvq we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
djbkxj Dw™¢‡`i RvZ m„wó‡Z RxecÖhyw³i Myi“Z¡ Acwimxg| [Aa¨vq-5 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
 P¨v‡Ýji GmGmwm kU© mv‡Rk‡Ýi DËigvjv  1224

11bs cÖ‡kœi DËi cÖ_g gva¨gwU nvjKv Ges wØZxq gva¨gwU Nb nIqvq Av‡jvKiwk¥
h GKMy”Q mgvš@ivj Av‡jvKiwk¥‡K †Kv‡bv †j‡Ýi Awfmvix ON Gi w`‡K m‡i G‡m OC c‡_ Mgb K‡i| GLv‡b OC
My‡”Q (DËj †j‡Ý) ev Acmvix My‡”Q (AeZj †j‡Ý) cwiYZ Kivi cÖwZmwiZ iwk¥| AON AvcZb †KvY I CON cÖwZmiY †KvY|
wewfbœ gva¨‡g Av‡jvi †e‡Mi wfbœZvi Rb¨ Ggb nq|
cÖeYZv‡K †j‡Ýi ¶gZv e‡j|
k DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ Q G cÖ`wk©Z ΓwUwU n‡”Q †Pv‡Li n«¯^`„wó ΓwU|
i †Pv‡Li me‡P‡q Kv‡Q †h we›`y ch©š@ j¶¨e¯‘‡K Lvwj †Pv‡L
wb‡P G mgm¨vwU `–i Kivi Dcvq we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jvÑ
¯có †`Lv hvq Zv‡K ¯có `„wói wbKU we›`y e‡j Ges †PvL n‡Z
†Pv‡Li †j‡Ýi Awfmvix ¶gZv I Aw¶‡Mvj‡Ki e¨vmva© e„w×
H we›`yi `–iZ¡‡K ¯có `„wói b–¨bZg `–iZ¡ e‡j| G `–iZ¡ gvby‡li
cvIqvi Kvi‡Y n«¯^`„wó ev ¶xY`„wó ΓwU nq| †Pv‡Li G ΓwU `–i
eq‡mi mv‡_ cwiewZ©Z nq| †hgb- GKRb wkïi ¯có `„wói Kivi Rb¨ AeZj †j‡Ýi Pkgv e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e, hvi †dvKvm `–iZ¡
b–¨bZg `–iZ¡ 5 †mw›UwgUv‡ii KvQvKvwQ Ges GKRb ¯^vfvweK nª¯^`„wói `xN©Zg `–i‡Z¡i mgvb| G Pkgvq e¨eüZ †j‡Ýi Acmvix
eq¯‹ †jv‡Ki G `–iZ¡ 25 †mw›UwgUvi| wµqv †Pv‡Li DËj †j‡Ýi Awfmvix wµqvi wecixZ| Kv‡RB †Pv‡Li
j DÏxc‡Ki P wP‡Î AO Av‡jvKiwk¥ O we›`y‡Z AvcwZZ n‡q †dvKvm `–iZ¡ †e‡o hv‡e e‡j cÖwZwe¤^wU Av‡iv wcQ‡b ˆZwi n‡e|
OC c‡_ Mgb K‡i| A_©vr Amxg `–i‡Z¡i e¯‘ n‡Z Avmv mgvš@ivj Av‡jvKiwk¥ Pkgvi
Avgiv Rvwb, Av‡jvKiwk¥ hLb GK ¯^”Q gva¨g †_‡K Ab¨ ¯^”Q AeZj †jÝ L Gi ga¨ w`‡q †Pv‡L covi mgq cÖ‡qvRbg‡Zv
AcmvwiZ nq| GB AcmvwiZ iwk¥My‡jv †Pv‡Li †j‡Ý cÖwZmwiZ
gva¨‡g Zxh©Kfv‡e cÖ‡ek K‡i ZLb gva¨g `ywUi we‡f`Z‡j
n‡q †iwUbv ev Aw¶cU R Gi Dci ¯có cÖwZwe¤^ ˆZwi K‡i| d‡j
Av‡jvKiwk¥ w`K cwieZ©b K‡i| †h gva¨‡gi NbZ¡ †ewk †mB
e¯‘‡K ¯có †`Lv hvq|
gva¨‡g Av‡jvKiw¤§ cÖwZmi‡Yi †¶‡Î cÖwZmwiZ iwk¥ Awfj‡¤^i L
w`‡K m‡i Av‡m Ges †h gva¨‡gi NbZ¡ Kg †m gva¨‡g AvcwZZ
Av‡jvKiwk¥ cÖwZmwiZ nIqvi ci Awfj¤^ †_‡K `–‡i m‡i Av‡m| F
R
P wP‡Î AO AvcwZZ iwk¥wU Zxh©Kfv‡e AvcwZZ n‡q Zv NN
Awfj‡¤^i w`‡K †eu‡K hvq| A_©vr OC c‡_ cÖwZmwiZ nq| G‡¶‡Î wPÎ : nª¯^`„wói cÖwZKvi
AvcZb †KvY A‡c¶v cÖwZmiY †Kv‡Yi gvb Kg n‡e| Gfv‡eB n«¯^`„wó ΓwU‡Z Avµvš@ †Pv‡Li ΓwU cÖwZKvi Kiv m¤¢e|
 weÁvb  1225

wm‡jU †evW©-2024
weÁvb (eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶v) welq †KvW 1 2 7

mgq : 30 wgwbU c–Y©gvb : 30

[we‡kl `ªóe¨ : mieivnK…Z eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶vi DËic‡Î cÖ‡kœi µwgK b¤^‡ii wecix‡Z cÖ`Ë eY©msewjZ e„Ëmg–n n‡Z mwVK/m‡e©vrK…ó Dˇii e„ËwU
ej c‡q›U Kjg Øviv m¤•–Y© fivU Ki| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi gvb 1]
cÖkœc‡Î †Kv‡bv cÖKvi `vM/wPý †`Iqv hv‡e bv|
1. gvby‡li †Kvb eskMZ †iv‡M †jvwnZ i³KwYKvMy‡jv Kv‡¯@i g‡Zv AvKvi 15. weky× cvwbi †¶‡Î
aviY K‡i? i. we`y¨r cwievnx ii. Dfag©x c`v_© iii. mve©Rbxb `ªveK
K wmwKj †mj L nvbwUsUbÕm †ivM wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
M WvDbÕm wmb‡Wªvg N Uvb©viÕm wmb‡Wªvg K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
 wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 2 I 3bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : 16. †KvbwU `ye©j GwmW?
`xN©w`b a‡i †ivwRbvi Z¡K ky®‹ I LmL‡m n‡q iƒc jveY¨Zv bó n‡q hv‡”Q| K nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW L mvjwdDwiK GwmW
2. †Kvb Lv`¨ Dcv`v‡bi Afv‡e †ivwRbvi †ivMwU n‡q‡Q? M bvBwUªK GwmW N Kve©wbK GwmW
K kK©iv L Avwgl M †øn N wfUvwgb
17. †KvbwU cÖvK…wZK cwjgvi?
3. D³ †ivM wbivg‡q †ivwRbvi †h Lv`¨MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e Zv n‡jv K wmé L †iwRb M cwjw_b N †gjvgvBb
i. gvLb ii. Wvj iii. KvRyev`vg 18. †KvbwU †ncvwib wbtm„Z K‡i?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K g‡bvmvBU L wbD‡Uªvwdj M BDwm‡bvwdj N †e‡mvwdj
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
19. dzUej †Lj‡Z wM‡q mvBdz‡ji cv‡qi nvo †f‡O †Mj| GwU wbwðZ Kivi
4. †KvbwU RNA-Gi †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨? Rb¨ †Kvb cix¶vwU Kvh©Kix?
K GwU wØm–ÎK
K G·‡i L BwmwR
L ¶viK BDivwmj _v‡K
M GbwRIMÖvwd N AvjUªvm‡bvMÖvwd
M AvK…wZ cu¨vPv‡bv wmuwoi g‡Zv
N wbDwK¬qv‡mi mKj †µv‡gv‡Rv‡g Gi Ae¯’vb
20. †KvbwU‡Z ÷vP© cvIqv hvq?
K AvOzi L fzÆv M Myo N ZigyR
5. Rvwib †KK, wPcm& †L‡Z cQ›` K‡i| Rvwi‡bi cQ‡›`i Lvev‡ii ˆewkó¨ n‡jv
21. LwbR c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ †`‡n †KvbwUi cwigvY me‡P‡q †ewk?
i. GwU gyL‡ivPK ii. AwZwi³ ivmvqwbK c`v_© _v‡K
K †jŠn L K¨vjwmqvg M dmdivm N g¨vM‡bwkqvg
iii. cÖvwYR Pwe© _v‡K
 wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 22 I 23bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
P Q
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii HNO3 Mg(OH)2
6. †Kvb cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM †h‡Kv‡bv ¯’v‡bB m„wó n‡Z cv‡i? 22. †Kvb †¶‡Î P e¨eüZ nq?
K eb¨v L mybvwg M U‡b©‡Wv N mvB‡K¬vb K Uq‡jU cwi®‹viK wn‡m‡e L cvDi“wU †dvjv‡Z
7. †KvbwU ˆe`y¨wZK hš¿cvwZ‡Z wb‡ivaK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i? M e¨vUvwi‡Z N nR‡g
K g¨vM‡bUvBW L †KvqvU©R M wRcmvg N gvBKv
23. Q-Gi †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡jv
8. †KvbwU ck‡gi †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨?
i. jvj wjUgvm‡K bxj K‡i ii. GwmwWwU Kgv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i
K nvjKv I k³ L †gvUvgywU †UKmB
iii. cwicv‡K mvnvh¨ K‡i
M KzÂb cÖwZ‡iv‡ai ¶gZvm¤•bœ N †cÖvwUb RvZxq c`v_© w`‡q ˆZwi
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
9. †KvbwUi Kvi‡Y Aw¶‡Mvj‡Ki KvwVb¨Zv †`Lv hvq?
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K Ry‡fbvBj MЇy Kvgv L AcwUK A¨vUªwd
M gv‡qvwcqv N ivZKvbv
24. ¯@b¨cvqx‡`i i‡³i †Kvb Dcv`vb Drcbœ nIqvi ci i³i‡m Avmvi c–‡e©
10. widv PKP‡K avZzi †bg‡cÐU evbv‡Z Pvq| †m wb‡Pi †Kvb c×wZ Aej¤^b Ki‡e? wbDwK¬qvmwenxb n‡q hvq?
K avZz wb®‹vkb L avZz †kvab M Zwor we‡kÐlY N Zwor gy`ªY K wmivg L AYyPwµKv M †k¦ZKwYKv N †jvwnZKwYKv
11. †KvbwU ¶xY`„wói KviY? 25. †Kvb gvwU cÖPzi cvwbaviY Ki‡Z cv‡i?
K †dvKvm `–iZ¡ K‡g †M‡j L Awfmvix kw³ n«vm †c‡j K cwj gvwU L Kv`v gvwU M evjy gvwU N †`v-Auvk gvwU
M Aw¶‡Mvj‡Ki e¨vmva© n«vm †c‡j N †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `–i Z¡ †e‡o †M‡j 26. †Kvb Nl©Y e‡ji Kvi‡Y Avgiv nuvU‡Z cvwi?
 wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 12 I 13bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : K MwZ Nl©Y L w¯’wZ Nl©Y M AveZ© Nl©Y N cÖevnx Nl©Y
Avwid 5 †KwR f‡ii GKwU e¯‘i Dci 50 wbDUb ej cÖ‡qvM Kivq 27. iwngv †eM‡gi i³ cix¶v K‡i wn‡gv‡MÐvwe‡bi cwigvY ¯^vfvwe‡Ki Zzjbvq
e¯‘wU wKQy`–i AMÖmi n‡q †_‡g hvq| Kg cvIqv †Mj| iwngv †eMg Kx †iv‡M Avµvš@?
12. e¯‘wUi Z¡iY KZ? K cwjmvBw_wgqv L _¨vjv‡mwgqv M wjD‡Kwgqv N A¨vwbwgqv
2 2 2 2
K 0.1 wg/†m L 10 wg/†m M 55 wg/†m N 250 wg/†m 28. cvK¯’jx‡Z Lv`¨ nRg Kivi Rb¨ `iKvwi pH Gi gvb KZ?
13. †h e‡ji Kvi‡Y e¯‘wU †_‡g hvq Zvi †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡jv K2 L3 M 6.6 N 7.4
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ii. GwUi Kvi‡Y PjvPj m¤¢e nq aŸsm Kiv nq?
iii. GwUi Kvi‡Y Kjg w`‡q wjLv hvq K GbwRIMÖvwd L G‡ÛvmKwc M †iwWI‡_ivwc N †K‡gv‡_ivwc
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K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K L
14. †KvbwU mge„wË A½? M N
K wm‡ji AMÖc` L wZwgi wd¬cvi M ev`y‡oi Wvbv N gvby‡li wmKvg

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
DËi

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2| cvwbi Aci bvg Rxeb| Zvi GKwU gvb`Ê n‡jv pH| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b 8| f‚wgK¤• mybvwg N–wY©So
gvby‡li wewfbœ Kg©Kv‡Êi Kvi‡Y Zv gvivÍKfv‡e `–wlZ n‡”Q| A B C
K. cwimªveY Kv‡K e‡j? 1 K. Kve©b `–lY Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. Bwjk gvQ mgy`ª †_‡K b`x‡Z Av‡m †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 L. GwmW e„wó †Kb nq? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki gvb`ÊwU RjR Rx‡ei Rb¨ Kxfv‡e KvR K‡i? M. 'C' `y‡h©vMwU NUvi KviY eY©bv Ki| 3
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N. DÏxc‡K DwjÐwLZ c`v_©wUi `–lY‡iv‡a Kx Kx c`‡¶c
9| mv‡jnv †eMg cwÎKvi †jLv ¯•ó †`L‡Z cvb bv| Zvi †g‡q mxgv
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3| Zvwbqvi g‡a¨ B`vbxs †R` A‡bK †e‡o †M‡Q| †m wb‡Ri wm×v‡š@ Zviv wPwKrm‡Ki kiYvcbœ n‡j wPwKrmK mxgv‡K 3D Ges mv‡jnv
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N. DÏxc‡Ki †mvwbqvi mv‡_ NUv wel‡qi Rb¨ Kvi f‚wgKv N. mv‡jnv †eMg‡K Wv³v‡ii †`Iqv civg‡k©i †hŠw³KZv
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4| Kwig mv‡ne el©vq e¨env‡ii Rb¨ ivev‡ii RyZv wKb‡j †`vKvb`vi 10| gvwU-A cvwbaviY ¶gZv LyeB Kg
RyZv GKwU cwjw_‡bi e¨v‡M f‡i Kwig mv‡ne‡K w`‡jb| gvwU-B cvwbaviY ¶gZv gvSvwi
K. Zš‘ Kv‡K e‡j? 1 gvwU-C cvwbaviY ¶gZv cÖPzi
L. †ikg‡K Zš‘i ivwb ejv nq †Kb? 2 K. wnDgvm Kv‡K e‡j? 1
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bó K‡i? we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 N. C-gvwUi Zzjbvq B-gvwU‡Z dmj fv‡jv Drcbœ nq
5| wjgb XvKv †_‡K ev‡m Lyjbv hvw”Qj| evmwUi fi 1500 †KwR Ges we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
evmwU 4wg./†m.2 mgZ¡i‡Y PjwQj| evmwU nVvr †eªK Ki‡j hvÎxiv 11|
mvg‡bi w`‡K Ges Avevi Pj‡Z kyi“ Ki‡j hvÎxiv wcQ‡bi w`‡K
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B km¨ I km¨`vbv, i“wU, fvZ
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[Aa¨vq-1 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
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G welqwU hyw³mn we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jvÑ
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†µv‡gv‡Rvg n‡jv †m· †µv‡gv‡Rvg| cyi“‡li †m· †µv‡gv‡Rv‡g X
vi. m‡e©vcwi Rbm‡PZbZv e„w× K‡i, RbM‡Yi mn‡hvwMZvi
I Y GK‡Rvov wfbœ †µv‡gv‡Rvg _v‡K| A_©vr cyi“‡li †m·
gva¨‡gB cvwb `–lY cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z n‡e|
†µv‡gv‡Rvg n‡jv XY| Avevi bvix‡`i †m· †µv‡gv‡Rv‡g `ywU X
AZGe Dchy©³ e¨e¯’vMy‡jv ev¯@evqb Ki‡Z cvi‡j cvwb `–lY Awfbœ †µv‡gv‡Rvg _v‡K| A_©vr bvix‡`i †m· †µv‡gv‡Rvg n‡jv
A‡bKvs‡k Kgv‡bv hv‡e| ZvB Dc‡iv³ c`‡¶cMy‡jv MÖnY Kiv XX|
†h‡Z cv‡i|
†Kv‡bv bvixi Mf©aviYKv‡j cyi“‡li †m· †µv‡gv‡Rvg X Gi mv‡_
cÖkœ  03 Zvwbqvi g‡a¨ B`vbxs †R` A‡bK †e‡o †M‡Q| †m bvixi †m· †µv‡gv‡Rvg X wgwjZ n‡j Kb¨v mš@vb Rš§MÖnY K‡i|
wb‡Ri wm×v‡š@ AUj _vK‡Z Pvq| Aciw`‡K Zvi eo †evb Ab¨w`‡K cyi“‡li †m· †µv‡gv‡Rvg Y Gi mv‡_ bvixi †m·
†mvwbqv cici 2 evi Kb¨v mš@vb Rš§ †`Iqvq Zvi ¯^vgx gbt¶zYœ †µv‡gv‡Rvg X wgwjZ n‡j cyÎ mš@vb Rš§MÖnY K‡i| A_©vr bvixi
n‡jb| †m· †µv‡gv‡Rvg Awfbœ nIqvq cyi“‡li †m· †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi
K. †m· †µv‡gv‡Rvg Kv‡K e‡j? 1 wfbœZvi Kvi‡Y beRvZK Kb¨v ev cyÎ mš@vb wn‡m‡e Rš§jvf
L. Rxeš@ Rxevk¥ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2 K‡i|
M. Zvwbqvi g‡a¨ Giƒc cwieZ©‡bi KviY eY©bv Ki| 3 myZivs Y †µv‡gv‡Rvg bv _vK‡j KL‡bv †Q‡j mš@vb n‡e bv| Y
N. DÏxc‡Ki †mvwbqvi mv‡_ NUv wel‡qi Rb¨ Kvi †µv‡gv‡Rvg _v‡K †Kej cyi“‡liB| ZvB Dc‡iv³ †hŠw³K
f‚wgKv gyL¨ hyw³mn we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 Av‡jvPbvq cÖZxqgvb nq †h, Kb¨v mš@vb Rš§v‡bvi Rb¨ †mvwbqvi
[Aa¨vq-4 Gi Av‡jv‡K] ¯^vgxi f‚wgKvB gyL¨|
3bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
cÖkœ  04 Kwig mv‡ne el©vq e¨env‡ii Rb¨ ivev‡ii RyZv
h †h †µv‡gv‡Rvg †Kv‡bv Rx‡ei wj½ wba©vi‡Y f‚wgKv iv‡L Zv‡K wKb‡j †`vKvb`vi RyZv GKwU cwjw_‡bi e¨v‡M f‡i Kwig
†m· †µv‡gv‡Rvg e‡j| mv‡ne‡K w`‡jb|
i KZKMy‡jv Rxe my`–i AZx‡Z DrcwË jvf K‡iI †Kv‡bviKg K. Zš‘ Kv‡K e‡j? 1
cwieZ©b QvovB GL‡bv c„w_ex‡Z †eu‡P Av‡Q, A_P Zv‡`i L. †ikg‡K Zš‘i ivwb ejv nq †Kb? 2
mg‡MvÎxq Ges mgmvgwqK Rxe‡`i wejywß N‡U‡Q| G mKj M. †`vKvb`v‡ii e¨eüZ e¨v‡Mi Drcv`b cÖwµqv eY©bv
Rxe‡`i Rxeš@ Rxevk¥ e‡j| ivRKuvKov, †ùv‡bvWb, cÐvwUcvm Ki| 3
BZ¨vw` cÖvYx Ges BKzBwRUvg, wbUvg, wM‡¼v evB‡jvev BZ¨vw` N. Kwig mv‡n‡ei µqK…Z e¯‘wU Kxfv‡e cwi‡e‡ki
Dw™¢` Rxeš@ Rxev‡k¥i D`vniY| fvimvg¨ bó K‡i? we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
[Aa¨vq-6 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
j DÏxc‡Ki Zvwbqv GLb eqtmwÜKvj Pj‡Q| G mg‡q Zvi 4bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
gvbwmK I AvPiYMZ cwieZ©‡bi KviY wb‡P e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jvÑ
mvaviYZ 11Ñ19 eQ‡ii mgqKvj‡K †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i eqtmwÜKvj
h e¯¿wk‡í eybb I eq‡bi Kv‡R e¨eüZ Auvkmg–n‡K Zš‘ e‡j|
wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| eqtmwÜKv‡j †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i kvixwiK i †ik‡gi cÖavb MyY Gi †mŠ›`h©| wZb kZvwaK i‡Oi †ikg
cwieZ©‡bi cvkvcvwk gvbwmK I AvPiYMZ cwieZ©b nq| †`‡ni cvIqv hvq| wejvmeûj e¯¿ ˆZwi‡Z †ikg Zš‘ e¨eüZ nq|
Aš@t¶iv MÖwš’ †_‡K wbtm„Z ni‡gvb bvgK ivmvqwbK c`v_© Gi Av‡MKvi w`‡bi ivRv-ivwbi †cvkvK ej‡Z Avgiv †ikwg †cvkvKB
Rb¨ `vqx| GB ni‡gvb kix‡ii wfZ‡i ¯^vfvweK kvixie„Ëxq eywS| GQvov cÖvK…wZK cÖvwYR Zš‘i g‡a¨ †ikg me‡P‡q k³ I
cÖwµqvq ˆZwi nq| Zvwbqv GKRb †g‡q nIqvq Zvi kix‡i `xN©| GwU nvjKv I AwaKZi Dò Ges Lye Aí cwim‡i ivLv hvq|
B‡÷ªv‡Rb I cÖ‡R‡÷ib G `ywU ni‡gv‡bi Dcw¯’wZ _v‡K| Gme G mg¯@ bvbvwea MyYvMy‡Yi Rb¨ †ikg‡K Zš‘i ivwb ejv nq|
 weÁvb  1229

j DÏxc‡Z ewY©Z †`vKvb`v‡ii e¨eüZ e¨vMwU n‡jv cwjw_b| 5bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
wb‡P cwjw_‡bi Drcv`b cÖwµqv eY©bv Kiv n‡jvÑ h fi Ges †e‡Mi MyYdj‡K fi‡eM e‡j|
Bw_wjb M¨vm‡K 1000-1200 evqygÊjxq Pv‡c 200 †mjwmqvm
i hLb †Kv‡bv e¯‘ Zij ev evqexq c`v‡_©i †fZi w`‡q hvq
ZvcgvÎvq DËß K‡i cwjw_b cvIqv hvq| G‡¶‡Î cwjgviKiY
ZLb †mwU †h Nl©Y ej Abyfe K‡i Zv n‡jv cÖevnx Nl©Y| c¨vivmyU
`ª“Z Kivi Rb¨ cÖfveK wn‡m‡e Aw·‡Rb M¨vm e¨envi Kiv nq|
wb‡q hLb †Kv‡bv e¨w³ †cÐb †_‡K bvg‡Z cÖ¯‘wZ MÖnY K‡i ZLb
D”PZvc I Pvc
n (Bw_wjb)  cwjw_b evZv‡mi cÖevnx Nl©‡Yi Kvi‡Y ax‡i ax‡i wb‡Pi w`‡K †b‡g Avm‡Z
O2 cÖfveK cv‡i|
D”PZvc I Pvc
n (CH2 = CH2)  ( CH2  CH2 )n j DÏxcK n‡Z cvB,
O2 cÖfveK
evmwUi fi, m = 1500 †KwR
D”PPvc c×wZ mnRmva¨ bv nIqvq G cÖwµqvwU †Zgb RbwcÖq bq|
evmwUi Z¡iY, a = 4 wg./†m.2
eZ©gv‡b evwYwR¨Kfv‡e UvB‡Uwbqvg UªvB‡K¬vivBW (TiCl3) bvgK evmwUi Dci wµqviZ ej, F = ?
cÖfveK e¨envi K‡i mvaviY evqygÊjxq Pv‡c cwjw_b ˆZwi Kiv Avgiv Rvwb,
nq| F = ma
D”PZvc = 15004
n (Bw_wjb)  cwjw_b
TiCl3 cÖfveK  F = 6000 wbDUb
k Kwig mv‡n‡ei µqK…Z e¯‘wU n‡jv ivev‡ii RyZv| wb‡P AZGe, evmwUi Dci wµqviZ ej 6000 wbDUb|
cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ b‡ó ivev‡ii f‚wgKv we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jvÑ k DÏxc‡K ewY©Z ev‡mi hvÎxiv MwZ RoZvi Kvi‡Y cÖ_‡g
Avgv‡`i ˆ`bw›`b e¨envi Kiv †ewkifvM K…wÎg ivevi cPbkxj mvg‡bi w`‡K Su‡y K co‡jI cieZ©x‡Z w¯’wZ RoZvi Kvi‡Y
bq| Gi cybte¨envi bv K‡i eR©¨ wn‡m‡e AcmviY Ki‡j GMy‡jv wcQ‡bi w`‡K †n‡j c‡o| wb‡P G NUbv `ywUi KviY we‡kÐlY Kiv
cwi‡e‡k Rgv n‡Z _v‡K Ges bvbviKg cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó K‡i| n‡jvÑ
kn‡i wkíKviLvbv †ewk ¯’vc‡bi Kvi‡Y †mLv‡b b`©gvi bvjvq MwZkxj e¯‘i wPiKvj mg‡e‡M MwZkxj _vK‡Z PvIqvi cÖeYZv
cÖPzi ivevi RvZxq wRwbm c‡o _v‡K| GMy‡jv Rg‡Z Rg‡Z ev ag© n‡jv MwZ RoZv| DÏxc‡Ki Pjš@ evmwU MwZkxj _vKvq
GKch©v‡q bvjv eÜ n‡q hvq I b`©gvi bvjvq cvwbi cÖevn eÜ hvÎx‡`i mg¯@ †`nB MwZkxj wQj| A_©vr Pjš@ Ae¯’vq ev‡mi
n‡q hvq| d‡j mvgvb¨ e„wócvZ n‡jB iv¯@vq cvwb R‡g mv‡_ hvÎxivI GKB MwZ cÖvß nq| evmwUi WªvBfvi †eªK Pvcvi
Rjve×Zv m„wó nq, hv cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ bó K‡i| GKBfv‡e d‡j Mvwo _vgvi mv‡_ mv‡_ hvÎx‡`i †`‡ni wbævsk w¯’i Ae¯’vq
eR©¨ cwiKwíZ Dcv‡q e¨e¯’vcbv bv Kivq Gi eo GKwU Ask _v‡K| wKš‘ †`‡ni Dc‡ii Ask MwZ RoZvi cÖfv‡e MwZ eRvq
b`b`x, n«` ev Rjvk‡q wM‡q c‡o| Gfv‡e Rg‡Z _vK‡j GKmgq ivL‡Z mvg‡bi w`‡K GwM‡q †h‡Z Pvq| GRb¨ evmwU nVvr †eªK
b`xi MfxiZv K‡g hvq, hv bve¨Zvi Rb¨ gvivÍK ûgwK¯^iƒc| Pvcvq hvÎxiv mvg‡bi w`‡K Su‡y K coj|
Avevi †d‡j †`Iqv ivev‡ii eR©¨ A‡bK mgq gvwU‡Z _vK‡j Zv Avevi w¯’wZkxj e¯‘i wPiKvj w¯’i _vK‡Z PvIqvi cÖeYZv ev
gvwUi De©iZv bó Ki‡Z cv‡i| GgbwK †d‡j †`Iqv Gme eR©¨ w¯’wZ eRvq ivLvi ag© n‡jv w¯’wZ RoZv| MvwowU hLb
A‡bK mgq Mi“, QvMj, †fov BZ¨vw` ckyi Lvev‡ii mv‡_ wg‡k w¯’wZkxj wQj ZLb hvÎx‡`i mg¯@ †`nB w¯’wZkxj wQj| evmwU
cvK¯’jx‡Z hvq Ges GKch©v‡q Zv gvsm I Pwe©‡Z Rg‡Z _v‡K| Avevi Pj‡Z kyi“ Kivi mv‡_ mv‡_ hvÎx‡`i †`‡ni wbævsk MwZkxj
GKBfv‡e b`b`x, Lvjwe‡j †d‡j †`Iqv ivevi eR©¨ Lvevi MÖn‡Yi nq wKš‘ kix‡ii Dc‡ii Ask w¯’wZ RoZvi Kvi‡Y w¯’i _vK‡Z
mgq gv‡Qi †`‡nI cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i I Rgv n‡Z _v‡K| Avi Pvq| d‡j kix‡ii wb‡Pi Ask †_‡K Dc‡ii Ask wcwQ‡q c‡o|
Avgiv gvQ, gvsm †L‡j †kl ch©š@ Zv Avgv‡`i †`‡n cÖ‡ek K‡i, GRb¨ hvÎxiv cieZ©x‡Z wcQ‡bi w`‡K †n‡j c‡o|
hv K¨vbmv‡ii g‡Zv gvivÍK †ivM m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gfv‡e ivevi cÖkœ  06 H2SO4 + Ca(OH)2  + H2O
mvgMÖx mwVK e¨e¯’vcbvi Afv‡e gvivÍK cwi‡ek wech©q NwU‡q A B
cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ bó K‡i| K. GwmwWwU Kv‡K e‡j? 1
cÖkœ  05 wjgb XvKv †_‡K ev‡m Lyjbv hvw”Qj| evmwUi fi L. wf‡bMvi‡K `ye©j GwmW ejv nq †Kb? 2
1500 †KwR Ges evmwU 4wg./†m.2 mgZ¡i‡Y PjwQj| evmwU nVvr M. A †hŠM e¨env‡i mveavbZv Aej¤^b Kiv DwPZ
†eªK Ki‡j hvÎxiv mvg‡bi w`‡K Ges Avevi Pj‡Z kyi“ Ki‡j e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
hvÎxiv wcQ‡bi w`‡K †n‡j coj| N. K…wl‡Z I wkíKviLvbvq 'B' ai‡bi †hŠ‡Mi Myi“Z¡
K. fi‡eM Kv‡K e‡j? 1 we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
[Aa¨vq-7 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
L. cÖevnx Nl©Y ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2
6bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
M. evmwUi Dci wµqviZ e‡ji gvb wbY©q Ki| 3
N. ev‡mi hvÎxiv cÖ_‡g mvg‡bi w`‡K Ges c‡i wcQ‡bi h cvK¯’jx‡Z nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK Gwm‡Wi cwigvY †e‡o †M‡j
w`‡K †n‡j covi KviY we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 cvK¯’jx‡Z e¨_v Abyf‚Z nq| G Ae¯’v‡KB cvK¯’jxi
[Aa¨vq-10 Gi Av‡jv‡K] GwmwWwU e‡j|
 P¨v‡Ýji GmGmwm kU© mv‡Rk‡Ýi DËigvjv  1230

i GwmWmg–n cvwb‡Z nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Avqb (H+) ˆZwi K‡i| Z‡e cÖkœ  07 i³

ˆRe GwmWmg–n cvwb‡Z cy‡ivcywi we‡qvwRZ nq bv| wf‡bMvi GKwU
ˆRe GwmW| G GwmW cvwb‡Z AvswkK we‡qvwRZ nq A_©vr
hZMy‡jv Gwm‡Wi AYy _v‡K Zvi meMy‡jv nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Avqb (H+)
A B= i³KwYKv
K. i³Pvc Kv‡K e‡j? 1
ˆZwi K‡i bv| GRb¨ wf‡bMvi‡K `ye©j GwmW ejv nq|
L. ˆKwkK RvwjKv ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2
j DÏxc‡Ki A †hŠMwU n‡jv Ca(OH)2 hv GKwU ¶vi †kÖwYi M. DÏxc‡Ki 'A' Dcv`vbwUi KvR e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
†hŠM| N. gvbe‡`‡ni my¯’Zvi Rb¨ 'B' Dcv`vbwUi Dcw¯’wZ
cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡b bvbv ai‡bi mgm¨v `–ixKi‡Y Ges wewfbœ AZ¨š@ Myi“Z¡c–Y©Ñ Dw³wUi h_v_©Zv wbiƒcY Ki| 4
cÖ‡qvR‡b ¶v‡ii Pvwn`v e¨vcK| evwYwR¨K Ges K…wl‡¶‡ÎI Gi [Aa¨vq-3 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
e¨vcK e¨envi cwijw¶Z n‡”Q| wewfbœ ai‡bi k³ I Zij mvev‡b 7bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
¶viK _v‡K| Kvco KvPvi Rb¨ †h mvevb e¨envi Kiv nq Zv‡Z h ürwc‡Êi ms‡KvPb I cÖmvi‡Yi d‡j ürwcÊ †_‡K i³ agwbi
†mvwWqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW Ges †mwfs †dvg ev big mvev‡b cUvwkqvg ga¨ w`‡q cÖevnKv‡j agwb cÖvPx‡i †h cvk¦©Pvc m„wó nq Zv‡K
nvB‡Wªv·vBW _v‡K| GMy‡jvI ¶vi| ZvB GKUz †ewk Kvco GK i³Pvc e‡j|
mv‡_ cwi®‹vi Ki‡j †`Lv hvq nv‡Zi Zvjy †_‡K †QvU †QvU Pvgov
i agwb I wkivi ms‡hvM¯’‡j Aew¯’Z †Kej GK¯@iwewkó
D‡V hv‡”Q| GwmW †hgb gvby‡li †`‡n Qy‡o gvi‡j ¶wZ nq|
G‡Ûv‡_wjqvg w`‡q MwVZ †hme m–¶¥ i³bvwj Rvj‡Ki AvKv‡i
†Zgwb ¶viI kix‡ii Rb¨ ¶wZKi| ZvB ¶vixq `ªe¨vw` wb‡q KvR
web¨¯@ _v‡K Zv‡K ˆKwkK RvwjKv e‡j| ˆKwkK RvwjKvi i³ I
Kivi mgq nv‡Z †gvRv I Mv‡q A¨v‡cÖvb c‡i †bIqv DËg| myZivs
†Kv‡li g‡a¨ e¨vcb cÖwµqvi Øviv cywó`ªe¨, Aw·‡Rb, Kve©b
fqven w`K we‡ePbv K‡i ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi wewfbœ Kv‡R ¶v‡ii
WvBA·vBW, †iPb c`v_© BZ¨vw`i Av`vb-cÖ`vb N‡U|
e¨env‡i mveavbZv Aej¤^b Kiv DwPZ|
j DÏxc‡Ki ÔAÕ Dcv`vbwU n‡jv i³im| wb‡P i³i‡mi KvR
k DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvwU m¤•–Y© K‡i cvB, e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jvÑ
H2SO4 + Ca(OH)2  CaSO4 + H2O i. i³KwYKvmn i³i‡m `ªexf‚Z Lv`¨mvi †`‡ni wewfbœ As‡k
Dc‡ii wewµqvq B †hŠMwU n‡jv CaSO4 hv GKwU jeY †kÖwYi evwnZ nq|
†hŠM| wb‡P K…wl‡¶‡Î I wkíKviLvbvq je‡Yi Myi“Z¡ we‡kÐlY Kiv ii. wUmy¨ †_‡K eR©¨ c`v_© wbM©Z K‡i †iP‡bi Rb¨ e„‡° cwienY
n‡jvÑ K‡i|
K…wl‡¶‡Î : gvwUi GwmwWwU wbw®Œq Kivi Rb¨ Avgiv †h Pzbvcv_i iii. k¦m‡bi d‡j †Kv‡l m„ó CO2 †K evBKve©‡bU wn‡m‡e
e¨envi Kwi Zv GKwU jeY| Avevi gvwUi De©iZv e„w×i Rb¨ †h dzmdz‡m cwienY K‡i|
mvi e¨envi Kwi Zv‡`i †ewki fvMB jeY| †hgbÑ A¨v‡gvwbqvg iv. i³ RgvU euvavi cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vbMy‡jv cwienY K‡i|
bvB‡UªU (NH4NO3), A¨v‡gvwbqvg dm‡dU [(NH4)3PO4], cUvwkqvg v. ni‡gvb, GbRvBg, wjwcW cÖf…wZ †`‡ni wewfbœ As‡k enb
bvB‡UªU (KNO3) BZ¨vw`| Kcvi mvj‡dU (CuSO4. 5H2O) K‡i|
K…wlRwg‡Z e¨vK‡Uwiqv I fvBivm cÖwZ‡iv‡a eûj e¨eüZ GKwU vi. i‡³i Aè-¶v‡ii fvimvg¨ i¶v K‡i|

jeY| GwU ˆkev‡ji Drcv`b e‡Ü LyeB Kvh©Kix| k DÏxc‡Ki †iLvwP‡Îi ÔBÕ AskwU n‡jv i³KwYKv| gvbe‡`‡n
wkíKviLvbvq : wkíKviLvbvq bvbv Kv‡R jeY Acwinvh©| †hgbÑ wZb ai‡bi i³KwYKv i‡q‡Q| †hgbÑ †jvwnZ i³KwYKv, †k¦Z
Pvgov wk‡í Pvgovi U¨vwbs Ki‡Z, gvLb I cwb‡ii wk‡ívrcv`‡b, i³KwYKv I AYyPwµKv| Gme i³KwYKv gvbe‡`‡ni my¯’Zvi
Kvco KvPvi †mvWv I Lvevi †mvWv ˆZwi Ki‡Z, †mvwWqvg Rb¨ Myi“Z¡c–Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| wb‡P Dw³wUi h_v_©Zv wbiƒcY
nvB‡Wªv·vB‡Wi Zwor we‡kÐlY BZ¨vw` Kv‡R Lvevi jeY e¨eüZ Kiv n‡jvÑ
nq| †U·UvBj I is ˆZwii KviLvbvq is wd· Kivi Kv‡R jeY †jvwnZ i³KwYKv :
cÖ‡qvRb nq| avZzi weky×Ki‡Y jeY jv‡M| ivevi cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z i. †`‡ni cÖwZwU †Kv‡l Aw·‡Rb mieivn K‡i|
jeY e¨envi K‡i ivevi‡K j¨v‡U· †_‡K Avjv`v Kiv nq| Jla ii. wb®‹vk‡bi Rb¨ wKQy cwigvY Kve©b WvBA·vBW wUmy¨ †_‡K
KviLvbvq m¨vjvBb I Ab¨vb¨ Jl‡aI jeY e¨envi nq| dzmdz‡m enb K‡i|
myZivs ejv hvq, K…wl‡¶‡Î Ges wkíKviLvbvq je‡Yi Myi“Z¡ iii. wn‡gv‡MÐvweb i‡³i Aè-¶v‡ii mgZv eRvq ivLvi Rb¨
Acwimxg| evdvi wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
 weÁvb  1231

†k¦Z i³KwYKv : wbæPv‡ci m„wó K‡i| wbæPvc m„wó n‡j Av‡kcv‡ki evZvm †mLv‡b
i. wj‡çvmvBU A¨vw›UewW MVb K‡i Ges g‡bvmvBU I avweZ nq, hv evowZ ZvcgvÎvi Kvi‡Y Nyi‡Z Nyi‡Z Dc‡i DV‡Z
wbD‡Uªvwdj d¨v‡MvmvB‡Uvwmm cÖwµqvq RxevYy aŸsm K‡i| _v‡K Ges N–wY©So m„wó K‡i| G cÖwµqvq m„ó N–wY©S‡o evZv‡mi
ii. BIwm‡bvwdj I †e‡mvwdj wn÷vwgb bvgK c`v_© wbtm„Z K‡i †eM A‡bK †ewk| Z‡e evZv‡mi †eM NÈvq 63 wK‡jvwgUvi ev
†`‡n GjvwR© cÖwZ‡iva K‡i| Zvi †ewk n‡j Zv‡K N–wY©So wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq|
iii. †e‡mvwdj †ncvwib wbtm„Z K‡i i³evwnKvq i‡³i RgvU
k DÏxc‡Ki I 'B' `y‡h©vM `ywU n‡jv f‚wgK¤• I mybvwg|
'A'
euva‡Z evav †`q| mybvwgi cÖfve A‡bK fqven n‡jI GwU f‚wgK¤• e¨ZxZ N‡U bv|
AYyPwµKv : wb‡P GwUi mc‡¶ h_v_©Zv g–j¨vqb Kiv n‡jvÑ
i. kix‡ii †Kv‡bv ¶Z¯’vb n‡Z i³¶iY n‡j AYyPwµKv i³ we‡klÁ‡`i g‡Z, mgy`ª Zj‡`‡ki f‚wgK¤c, Av‡MœqwMwii
RgvU euva‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| d‡j i³¶iY eÜ nq| AMœy¨rcvZ, f‚wgam Ges b‡fvRvwZK NUbv mybvwg m„wói KviY| Gi
ii. wewfbœ ms‡KvPbag©x c`v_© ¶i‡Yi gva¨‡g i³evwnKvi ˆewkó¨ n‡”Q mvMi I gnvmvM‡ii Zj‡`‡ki †cÐU `yg‡o †`Iqv|
ms‡KvPb NwU‡q i³cvZ e‡Ü mvnvh¨ K‡i| G †cÐU `ygov‡bvi d‡j m„wó nq cÖPÊ f‚wgK¤c| d‡j mgy‡`ªi cvwb
iii. i³ RvwjKvi ¶wZMÖ¯@ G‡Ûv‡_wjqvg AveiY cybM©V‡b Ask j¶ j¶ U‡bi wekvj †XD ˆZwi K‡i| Avi G †XD hZ †ewk
†bq| Zxif‚wgi KvQvKvwQ hvq AviI `xN© n‡q Zv fq¼i R‡jv”Q¡v‡m iƒc
i³KwYKvmg–‡ni DcwiD³ Kg©KvÊMy‡jv h_vh_fv‡e m¤•v`‡bi †bq| G †XD‡qi MwZ‡eM NÈvq 500 †_‡K 800 gvBj ch©š@ n‡Z
d‡jB gvbe‡`n my¯’ _v‡K| cv‡i| †Lvjv mgy‡`ªB †XD‡qi D”PZv wZb dzU ch©š@ evo‡Z cv‡i|
myZivs ejv hvq, Ògvbe‡`‡ni my¯’Zvi Rb¨ i³KwYKvi Dcw¯’wZ wKš‘ †XD hZ Zx‡ii w`‡K hvq, ZZB kw³ mÂq K‡i| d‡j
AZ¨š@ Myi“Z¡c–Y©ÓÑ Dw³wU †hŠw³K I h_v_©| D”PZvI ZZB evo‡Z _v‡K| ZLb †XD‡qi GKgv_v †_‡K
Ab¨gv_vi `–iZ¡ n‡Z cv‡i 100 gvBj ch©š@| AMfxi cvwb‡Z
mybvwg aŸsmvÍK R‡jv”Q¡v‡m iƒc †bq| d‡j DcK‚‡ji e¨vcK
cÖkœ  08 f‚wgK¤• mybvwg N–wY©So
GjvKv cÐvweZ n‡Z cv‡i Ges DcK‚jxq Rbc` wbwðý K‡i w`‡Z
A B C cv‡i| AMÖmigvb G Rjivwk fq¼i †mªvZ m„wó K‡i †b‡g hvIqvi
K. Kve©b `–lY Kv‡K e‡j? 1 Av‡M 100 dzU ch©š@ DuPz n‡Z cv‡i|
L. GwmW e„wó †Kb nq? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbvi †cÖw¶‡Z ejv hvq, c„w_exi Z…Zxq cÖvK…wZK
M. 'C' `y‡h©vMwU NUvi KviY eY©bv Ki| 3 `y‡h©vM mybvwgi fqvenZv †ewk n‡jI f‚wgK¤• e¨ZxZ G `y‡h©vMwU
N. B-`y‡h©v‡Mi cÖfve A‡bK fqvbK n‡jI Zv A-`y‡h©vM N‡U bv|
e¨ZxZ N‡U bvÑ g–j¨vqb Ki| 4
[Aa¨vq-9 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
8bs cÖ‡kœi DËi cÖkœ  09 mv‡jnv †eMg cwÎKvi †jLv ¯•ó †`L‡Z cvb bv|
Zvi †g‡q mxgv K¬v‡mi wcQ‡bi w`‡Ki †e‡Â e‡m †ev‡W©i †jLv
h evqygʇj Kve©b WvBA·vB‡Wi cwigvY †e‡o †h `–lY N‡U
†`L‡Z cvq bv| Zviv wPwKrm‡Ki kiYvcbœ n‡j wPwKrmK mxgv‡K
Zv‡K Kve©b `–lY e‡j|
3D Ges mv‡jnv †eMg‡K +2D ¶gZvi Pkgv e¨envi Ki‡Z
i GwmW e„wó m„wói Rb¨ cÖvK…wZK I gbyl¨m„ó `yB KviYB ej‡jb|
RwoZ| cÖvK…wZK KviYmg–‡ni g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Av‡MœqwMwii AMœy¨rcvZ, K. †jÝ Kv‡K e‡j? 1
`vevbj, eRªcvZ, MvQcvjvi cPb BZ¨vw`| Gme cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g L. wbivc` WªvBwfs Gi Rb¨ Mvwo‡Z `c©Y e¨envi Kiv
bvB‡Uªv‡Rb A·vBW I mvjdvi WvBA·vBW M¨vm wbtm„Z nq hv nq †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
cieZ©x‡Z evZv‡mi Aw·‡Rb I e„wói cvwbi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i M. mxgvi †Pv‡Li ΓwUi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
bvBwUªK I mvjwdDwiK GwmW ˆZwi K‡i| GKBfv‡e Kqjv ev N. mv‡jnv †eMg‡K Wv³v‡ii †`Iqv civg‡k©i †hŠw³KZv
M¨vmwfwËK we`y¨r Drcv`b †K›`ª ev Ab¨vb¨ wkíKviLvbv, hvbevnb, we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
M„n¯’vwji Pzjv BZ¨vw` Drm n‡ZI mvjdvi WvBA·vBW wbM©Z nq [Aa¨vq-5 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
hv cieZ©x‡Z Gwm‡W cwiYZ n‡q GwmW e„wói m„wó K‡i| 9bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
j DÏxc‡Ki 'C' `y‡h©vMwU n‡jv N–wY©So| wb‡P N–wY©So NUvi h `ywU †Mvjxq c„ô Øviv mxgve× ¯^”Q cÖwZmviK gva¨g‡K †jÝ
KviY eY©bv Kiv n‡jvÑ e‡j|
N–wY©So m„wó nq Mfxi mgy‡`ª| G cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vMwU m„wói cÖavb i Mvwoi `yB cv‡k `ywU `c©Y Ges †fZ‡i mvg‡bi w`‡K GKwUmn
KviY n‡jv wbæPvc I D”P ZvcgvÎv| N–wY©So m„wó n‡Z mvM‡ii †gvU wZbwU `c©Y Av‡Q| G `c©YMy‡jv Mvwoi `ycv‡k Ges wcQ‡bi
ZvcgvÎv 27 †mjwmqv‡mi †ewk n‡Z nq| mvM‡i ev®•xfe‡b m„ó w`‡K WªvBfvi‡K †`L‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| d‡j WªvBfvi‡K nvZ me©`v
ev®• Dc‡i RjKYvq cwiYZ n‡j Zv myßZvc †Q‡o †`q hv ûB‡j †i‡L mvg‡b ev wcQ‡bi w`‡K bRi ivL‡Z mnR nq| GRb¨
ev®•xfeb evwo‡q †`q| Avevi G myßZv‡ci cÖfv‡e evqygʇji Mvwo Pvjv‡bvi c–‡e© `c©YMy‡jv‡K h_vh_fv‡e ¯’vcb K‡i wb‡Z
ZvcgvÎvI †e‡o hvq| d‡j evqygÊj Aw¯’wZkxj n‡q c‡o Ges nq| ZvB wbivc` WªvBwfs Gi Rb¨ Mvwo‡Z `c©Y e¨envi Kiv nq|
 P¨v‡Ýji GmGmwm kU© mv‡Rk‡Ýi DËigvjv  1232

j mxgvi †Pv‡Li ΓwU n‡jv n«¯^`„wó ev ¶xY`„wó| wb‡P n«¯^`„wó 10bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
ΓwUi KviY e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jvÑ
h gvwU‡Z we`¨gvb A¨vwg‡bv GwmW, †cÖvwUb, wPwb, A¨vj‡Kvnj,
n«¯^`„wó ev ¶xY`„wó ΓwUm¤•bœ e¨w³i †Pv‡Li `–iwe›`ywU Amxg `–iZ¡
Pwe©, †Zj, wjMwbb, U¨vwbb I Ab¨vb¨ A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡Mi mgš^‡q
A‡c¶v wKQyUv wbK‡U _v‡K Ges e¯‘‡K ¯•ó `„wói b–¨bZg `–iZ¡
n‡Z AviI Kv‡Q Avb‡j AwaKZi ¯•ó †`Lvq| mvaviYZ G ΓwU MwVZ GKwU we‡kl RwUj ˆRe c`v_©‡K wnDgvm e‡j|
†Pv‡Li †j‡Ýi Awfmvix ¶gZv e„w× †c‡j ev †Pv‡Li †j‡Ýi i gvwUi Gin‡jv dmj Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ GKwU Myi“Z¡c–Y©
pH
†dvKvm `–iZ¡ K‡g †M‡j Ges †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y Aw¶‡Mvj‡Ki e¨vmva© gvb`Ê hvi gva¨‡g gvwU GwmwWK, ¶vixq bv wbi‡c¶ Zv wb‡`©k
e„w× †c‡j †`Lv †`q|
K‡i| gvwUi pH Gi gvb 3 Gi Kg A_©vr †ewk Aèxq n‡j `iKvwi
R Dcv`vb †hgbÑ K¨vjwmqvg, g¨vM‡bwkqvg cÖf…wZ gvwU †_‡K P‡j
hvq| d‡j gvwUi De©iZv K‡g hvq| Avevi gvwU Lye ¶vixq n‡j
F
A_©vr pH Gi gvb 9.5 Gi †ewk n‡jI gvwUi De©iZv bó nq|
G‡Z fv‡jv dmj Drcv`b e¨vnZ nq| ZvB gvwUi pH Rvbv
wPÎ : n«¯^`„wó
G ΓwUi d‡j `–‡ii e¯‘ n‡Z wbM©Z Av‡jvKiwk¥ †Pv‡Li †j‡Ýi cÖ‡qvRb|
ga¨ w`‡q cÖwZmi‡Yi ci †iwUbv R Gi mvg‡b F we›`y‡Z cÖwZwe¤^ j DÏxc‡Ki Q‡K gvwU-A n‡jv evjy gvwU| wb‡P evjy gvwUi MVb
MVb K‡i| †iwUbvq cÖwZwe¤^ MwVZ bv nIqvq j¶¨e¯‘‡K A¯•ó eY©bv Kiv n‡jvÑ
†`Lvq| evjy gvwU `vbvhy³ Ges G gvwU‡Z Lye †QvU †QvU wkjv Avi LwbR
k mv‡jnv †eMg cwÎKvi †jLv ¯•ó †`L‡Z bv cvIqvi Kvi‡Y c`v_© _v‡K| evjy gvwU‡Z we`¨gvb gvwUi KYvi AvKvi me‡P‡q
Zvi †PvL `xN©`„wó ΓwU‡Z Avµvš@| Wv³vi Zvi †Pv‡Li ΓwU `– eo, hvi d‡j KYvMy‡jvi gv‡S duvKv RvqMv A‡bK †ewk _v‡K,
ixKi‡Y +2D ¶gZvi DËj †j‡Ýi Pkgv e¨env‡ii civgk©
ZvB A‡bK †ewk evqevqb nq| evjy gvwU‡Z wnDgvm _v‡K bv|
†`Iqvi †hŠw³KZv wb‡P we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jvÑ
GwUi Dcw¯’wZ _vK‡j Pvlvev‡`i Rb¨ mnRZi nq| G gvwUi
`xN©`„wó ev `–i`„wó ΓwU `–i Kivi Rb¨ †Pv‡Li mvg‡b GKwU DËj
cvwb aviY ¶gZv Kg nIqvq cvwb w`‡j Zv `ª“Z wb®‹vwkZ n‡q hvq
†j‡Ýi Pkgv e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| d‡j †Pv‡Li wbKUZg we›`y (N)
n‡Z wbM©Z Av‡jvKiwk¥ G mvnvh¨Kvix †j‡Ý Ges †Pv‡Li †j‡Ý ci Ges MÖx®§Kv‡j we‡kl K‡i Livi mgq Dw™¢‡` cvwbi ¯^íZv †`Lv
ci `yBevi cÖwZmwiZ nIqvi Kvi‡Y †dvKvm `–iZ¡ K‡g hv‡e Ges hvq| ZvB †h mKj dmjvw`‡Z A‡bK †ewk cvwb jv‡M †mMy‡jv evjy
cÖ‡qvRbg‡Zv Awfmvix n‡q cÖwZwe¤^wU †iwUbv R Gi Dc‡i co‡e| gvwU‡Z fv‡jv nq bv| Rjve×Zv m„wói †Kv‡bv my‡hvM bv _vKvq
d‡j e¯‘wU‡K ¯•ó †`L‡Z cvIqv hv‡e| †hLv‡b cÖPzi cwigv‡Y e„wócvZ nq †mLv‡b evjy gvwU‡Z Pvlvev‡`i
Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i|
R
N
k DÏxc‡K B I gvwU n‡jv h_vµ‡g cwj gvwU I Kv`v gvwU|
C
wb‡P Kv`v gvwUi Zzjbvq cwj gvwU‡Z dmj fv‡jv Drcbœ nIqvi
wPÎ : `xN©`„wói cÖwZKvi KviY we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jvÑ
G‡¶‡Î DËj †jÝ e¨env‡ii d‡j j¶¨e¯‘ †_‡K AvMZ iwk¥ Kv`v gvwUi KYvMy‡jv Lye m–¶¥ nq| d‡j KYvMy‡jvi ga¨Kvi iܪ
mv‡jnv †eM‡gi †Pv‡Li †iwUbvq e¯‘i we¤^ m„wó K‡i hv c‡i
Lye †QvU Avi mi“ nq| ZvB Kv`v gvwU †_‡K mn‡R cvwb wb®‹vwkZ
gw¯@‡®‹i gva¨‡g Zvi `k©‡bi Abyf‚wZ RvMvq| d‡j wZwb
e¯‘wU‡K ¯•ó †`L‡Z cvb| nq bv| G gvwU cÖPzi cvwb aviY Ki‡Z cv‡i| G RvZxq gvwU‡Z
myZivs mv‡jnv †eMg‡K Wv³v‡ii †`Iqv DËj †j‡Ýi Pkgv mvgvb¨ e„wócvZ n‡jB Rjve×Zv m„wó nq| ZvB dmjvw` ev
e¨env‡i civgk©wU †hŠw³K wQj| Dw™¢‡`i g–‡j cPb m„wó nq| dmj Pv‡li Rb¨ G gvwU‡Z ˆRe mvi
gvwU-A cvwbaviY ¶gZv LyeB Kg †`Iqv AZ¨vek¨Kxq n‡q _v‡K| Aciw`‡K, cwj gvwUi cvwb aviY
cÖkœ  10
¶gZv gvSvwi n‡jI G gvwU LyeB De©i Avi gvwUi KYvMy‡jv
gvwU-B cvwbaviY ¶gZv gvSvwi
A‡c¶vK…Z AvKv‡i †QvU nq| cwj gvwUi KYvMy‡jv †QvU nIqvq
gvwU-C cvwbaviY ¶gZv cÖPzi Giv cvwb‡Z fvmgvb AvKv‡i _v‡K Ges GKch©v‡q cvwbi wb‡P
K. wnDgvm Kv‡K e‡j? 1
_vKv Rwg‡Z cwji AvKv‡i Rgv c‡o| G gvwU‡Z ˆRe c`v_© I
L. gvwUi pH Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb †Kb? 2
M. gvwU-A Gi MVb eY©bv Ki| 3 LwbR c`v_© †hgbÑ †KvqvU©R _v‡K| Ab¨vb¨ gvwUi Zzjbvq G
N. C-gvwUi Zzjbvq B-gvwU‡Z dmj fv‡jv Drcbœ gvwU‡Z Dw™¢‡`i Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cywóKi Dcv`vb †ewk _v‡K|
nq we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbv †k‡l ejv hvq, Kv`v gvwUi Zzjbvq cwj
[wm. †ev. 2024] gvwU‡Z dmj fv‡jv Drcbœ nq|
 weÁvb  1233

cÖkœ  11 ¶gZv  mgq

 e¨wqZ we`y¨r kw³ = 1000 wK‡jvIqvU-NÈv
180  10  30
= 1000 wK‡jvIqvU-NÈv

= 54 wK‡jvIqvU-NÈv
= 54 BDwbU
K L AZGe, ÔKÕ wP‡Îi eZ©bx Abyhvqx Ryb gv‡m e¨wqZ we`y¨r kw³i
K. Zwor ¶gZv Kv‡K e‡j? 1 cwigvY 54 BDwbU|
L. Zwor cÖ‡jcb ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2
M. ÔKÕ wP‡Îi cÖwZwU evje Gi ¶gZv 60 IqvU n‡j k DÏx‡Ki wPÎ-K I wPÎ-L n‡jv h_vµ‡g mgvš@ivj eZ©bx I
Ges meMy‡jv evje ˆ`wbK 10 NÈv K‡i R¡j‡j Ryb wmwiR eZ©bx| M„‡n we`y¨Zvq‡bi †¶‡Î mgvš@ivj eZ©bxi ms‡hvM
gv‡m e¨wqZ we`y¨r kw³i cwigvY wbY©q Ki| 3 myweavRbK| wb‡P GwU hyw³mn gZvgZ cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jvÑ
N. M„‡n we`y¨Zvq‡bi †¶‡Î †Kvb wP‡Îi ms‡hvM Avgiv Rvwb, wmwiR ms‡hv‡M GKB we`y¨r cÖevn mKj evj‡ei ga¨
myweavRbK? hyw³mn gZvgZ `vI| 4 w`‡q cÖevwnZ nq| GKwU evje we`y¨r cÖev‡n hZUzKz evav †`q,
[Aa¨vq-12 Gi Av‡jv‡K] mKj evje Zvi †P‡q †ewk evav †`q| ZvB GKwU evje hZ
11bs cÖ‡kœi DËi D¾¡jfv‡e R¡‡j wZbwU evje Zvi †P‡q Kg D¾¡jfv‡e R¡‡j|
h †Kv‡bv hš¿ cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û †h cwigvY Zwor kw³ e¨q K‡i ev GQvov eZ©bx‡Z GKwU evje wdDR n‡j mg¯@ eZ©bxi ga¨ w`‡qB
Ab¨ †Kv‡bv kw³‡Z iƒcvš@wiZ K‡i Zv‡K Zwor ¶gZv e‡j| we`y¨r cÖevn eÜ n‡q hvq| d‡j Aci evjeMy‡jv R¡‡j bv| Avevi
myBP Ab Ki‡j GKB mv‡_ wZbwU evje R¡‡j I‡V Ges myBP Ad
i Zwor we‡kÐlY cÖwµqvq †Kv‡bv avZzi Ici myweavg‡Zv Ab¨
Ki‡j GKB mv‡_ wZbwU evje wb‡f hv‡e| evje wZbwU‡K
†Kv‡bv avZzi cÖ‡jc †`Iqv‡K Zwor cÖ‡jcb e‡j| mvaviYZ Zvgv,
†jvnv, †eªvÄ BZ¨vw` avZz Øviv ˆZwi wRwbm‡K Rjevqy †_‡K i¶v c„_Kfv‡e R¡vjv‡bv ev wbfv‡bv hvq bv|
Ges my›`i †`Lv‡bvi Rb¨ G‡`i Ici †mvbv, i“cv, wb‡Kj BZ¨vw` Aciw`‡K, mgvš@ivj ms‡hv‡Mi d‡j cÖ‡Z¨KwU evj‡ei ga¨ w`‡q
g–j¨evb avZzi cÖ‡jc †`Iqv nq| †h avZzi Dci cÖ‡jc w`‡Z n‡e wfbœ wfbœ c‡_ we`y¨r cÖevwnZ nq| ZvB mgvš@ivj eZ©bxi GKwU
†m avZz‡K †fvëvwgUv‡ii K¨v‡_vW Ges †h avZz Øviv cÖ‡jc w`‡Z evje wdDR n‡jI Ab¨ evjeMy‡jv R¡‡j| cÖwZwU evjeB c„_Kfv‡e
n‡e †m avZz‡K A¨v‡bvW wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv nq| R¡vjv‡bv I †bfv‡bv hvq| cÖwZwU evj‡ei cÖvš@؇qi wefe cv_©K¨
j DÏxc‡Ki ÔKÕ wPÎ n‡Z cvB, GKB _v‡K| A_©vr mgvš@ivj eZ©bxi cÖwZwU evjeB we`y¨r †Kv‡li
wZbwU evj‡ei †gvU ¶gZv = (60 + 60 + 60) IqvU c–Y© we`y¨”PvjK kw³ cvq| d‡j eZ©bxi wZbwU evjeB mgvb
= 180 IqvU D¾¡jfv‡e R¡‡j|
ˆ`wbK e¨wqZ mgq = 10 NÈv myZivs ejv hvq, M„n we`y¨Zvq‡bi †¶‡Î wmwiR ms‡hv‡Mi Zzjbvq
Avgiv Rvwb, Ryb gvm = 30 w`b mgvš@ivj ms‡hvM †ewk myweavRbK|
 P¨v‡Ýji GmGmwm kU© mv‡Rk‡Ýi DËigvjv  1234

ewikvj †evW©-2024
weÁvb (eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶v) welq †KvW 1 2 7

mgq : 30 wgwbU c–Y©gvb : 30

[we‡kl `ªóe¨ : mieivnK…Z eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶vi DËic‡Î cÖ‡kœi µwgK b¤^‡ii wecix‡Z cÖ`Ë eY©msewjZ e„Ëmg–n n‡Z mwVK/m‡e©vrK…ó Dˇii e„ËwU
ej c‡q›U Kjg Øviv m¤•–Y© fivU Ki| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi gvb 1]
cÖkœc‡Î †Kv‡bv cÖKvi `vM/wPý †`Iqv hv‡e bv|
1. mylg Lv`¨ ZvwjKvq †Kvb Dcv`vbwU me©vwaK _v‡K? 17. Zij ev evqyexq c`v‡_©i †fZi w`‡q hvIqvi mgq †h Nl©Y ej Abyfe nq Zv
K Avwgl L kK©iv M wfUvwgb N †øn n‡jv
2. _vqvwg‡bi Afv‡e †Kvb †ivM nq? K AveZ© Nl©Y L MwZ Nl©Y M cÖevnx Nl©Y N w¯’wZ Nl©Y
K gvbwmK Aemv` L i³k–b¨Zv M Z¡K LmL‡m nIqv N †Ric_¨vjwgqv
18. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Zworwe‡kÐl¨ c`v_©?
D”PZvc I Pvc K NH3 L CH4 M CaCO3 N CuSO4
n(CH2 = CH2)  Y
O2 cÖfveK 19. M¨vw÷ªK Avjmvi wbY©‡q †Kvb cix¶vwU Kiv nq?
3. DÏxc‡Ki 'Y' n‡jv K G‡ÛvmKwc L BwmwR M AvjUªvm‡bvMÖvwd N G·-†i
K †iwRb L cwjw_b M †gjvgvBb N ev‡KjvBU 20. †Kvb Dcv`vbwUi Afv‡e A¨vwbwgqv †`Lv †`q?
4. †Pv‡Li †Kvb As‡k cÖwZwe¤^ ˆZwi nq? K †jvwnZ i³KwYKv L †k¦Z i³KwYKv M AYyPwµKv N i³im
K †iwUbv L †jÝ M Kwb©qv N AvBwik 21.
5. mvB‡K¬vb m„wói cÖavb KviY †KvbwU?
K Av`ª©Zv L evqycÖevn M D”PPvc N wbæPvc
 wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU co Ges 6 I 7bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
wcÖZg 7g †kÖwY‡Z c‡o| G mgq Zvi kvixwiK I gvbwmK cwieZ©b nq|
6. wcÖZ‡gi Rxe‡b GB mgq‡K Kx ejv nq?
K ˆkkeKvj L evj¨Kvj M eqtmwÜKvj N †hŠebKvj
7. G mgq wcÖZ‡gi †Kvb ai‡bi kvixwiK cwieZ©b nq?
i. `ª“ Z ˆ`wnK e„w × cvq ii. Kɯ^‡ ii cwieZ© b nq iii. kvixwiK MVb m¤•– Y© nq DcwiD³ wP‡Îi †¶‡Î cÖwZmiYv¼ KZ?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
2 3 1 3
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K L M N
2 2
8. Øviv Kx †evSvq? 3 2
K mshy³ Zvi L cwievnx Zvi M †Kvl N w¯’i †iva 22. me‡P‡q KwVb LwbR †KvbwU?
9. KZ f‡ii GKwU e¯‘i Dci 10 wbDUb ej cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j Z¡iY 4ms2 n‡e? K nxiv L U¨vjK M gvBKv N †KvqvU©R
K 0.4 kg L 2.5 kg M 10 kg N 40 kg 23. †Mv‡ìb ivB‡m wb‡Pi †KvbwU cvIqv hvq?
10. †W½yR‡¡ i Avµvš@ n‡j wb‡Pi †Kvb †ivMwU nq? K dwjK GwmW L weUv K¨v‡ivwUb M wfUvwgb ÔwmÕ N wfUvwgb ÔGÕ
K cwjmvBw_wgqv L A¨vwbwgqv M _ª‡¤^vmvB‡Uvwmm N cvicyiv 24. †KvbwU ˆRe weeZ©‡bi Aš@fz³ © ?
 wb‡Pi wPÎwU j¶ Ki Ges 11 I 12bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : K A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW L wbDwK¬I‡cÖvwUb M wg‡_b N e¨vK‡Uwiqv
25. cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡mi e¨envi me©v‡c¶v †ewk nq
K mv‡ii KuvPvgvj wn‡m‡e L we`y¨r Drcv`‡b
M wkíKviLvbvq N evmvevwo‡Z
 wPÎwU j¶ Ki Ges 26 I 27bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :

GLv‡b f = 50 cm
11. †jÝwUi ¶gZv KZ?
K 0.02D L 0.02D M + 2D N  2D
12. †jÝwUi †¶‡Î mwVK Dw³My‡jv n‡jv
i. GwU DËj ii. GwU n«¯^`„wó ΓwU cÖwZKv‡i e¨eüZ nq 26. 'A' evwZwU ˆ`wbK 5 NÈv R¡vjv‡j gv‡m KZ BDwbU we`y¨r kw³ e¨q n‡e?
iii. GwU GKMy”Q mgvš@ivj Av‡jvKiwk¥‡K Acmvix K‡i K 0.5 BDwbU L 3 BDwbU M 15 BDwbU N 15.5 BDwbU
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 27. DcwiD³ mvwK©‡U
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii i. B I C cyivcywi †fv‡ëR cv‡e bv ii. A eÜ n‡j C R¡j‡e
13. weky× cvwb iii. C eÜ n‡j AI eÜ n‡q hv‡e
i. Zwor cwienb K‡i ii. KL‡bv GwmW, KL‡bv ¶vi wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
iii. pH Gi gvb 7 K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
28. Livi d‡j
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
i. Kg©ms¯’vb ûgwK‡Z c‡o ii. gvwUi De©iZv K‡g hvq
14. AvDUcyU wWfvBm wb‡Pi †KvbwU?
K gwbUi L gvDm M wK-†evW© N †g‡gvwi iii. cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨Zv eRvq _v‡K
 wb‡Pi wewµqvwU †_‡K 15 I 16bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
Na2CO3 + X  Y + H2O + CO2 K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
15. wb‡Pi †KvbwU 'Y' †hŠM? 29. †K‡gv‡_ivwci SzuwK n‡jv
K HCl L NaOH M H2CO3 N NaCl i. Pzj c‡o hvq ii. i³KwYKv Drcv`b e¨vnZ nIqv iii. GjvwR© nq
16. 'X' †hŠMwU
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
i. kw³kvjx GwmW ii. `ye©j GwmW iii. cvK¯’jx‡Z cvIqv hvq
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 30. †mŠiwe`y¨r msi¶‡Y e¨eüZ e¨vUvwii AZ¨vek¨Kxq ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb Kx?
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K HNO3 L (NH4)2SO4 M H3PO4 N H2SO4

 Lvwj NiMy‡jv‡Z †cbwmj w`‡q DËiMy‡jv †j‡Lv| Gici QR †Kv‡W cÖ`Ë DËigvjvi mv‡_ wgwj‡q †`‡Lv †Zvgvi DËiMy‡jv mwVK wK bv|
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
DËi

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
 weÁvb  1235

ewikvj †evW©-2024
weÁvb (ZË¡xq-m„Rbkxj) welq †KvW 1 2 7

mgq : 2 NÈv 30 wgwbU c–Y©gvb : 70

[`ªóe¨ : Wvb cv‡ki msL¨v cÖ‡kœi c–Y©gvb ÁvcK| cÖ`Ë DÏxcKMy‡jv g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i co Ges mswkÐó cÖkœM‡y jvi h_vh_ DËi `vI| †h‡Kv‡bv mvZwU
cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e|]
1| ingvb mv‡n‡ei eqm 50 eQi, IRb 80 †KwR Ges D”PZv 1.5 K. AvB‡mv‡Uvc Kv‡K e‡j? 1
wgUvi| B`vbxs wZwb †ewk †gvUv n‡q hvIqvi Kvi‡Y ¯^vfvweK L. †K‡gv‡_ivwc †Kb Kiv‡bv nq? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
KvRKg© fv‡jvfv‡e Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| Wv³v‡ii kiYvcbœ n‡j M. DÏxc‡Ki cÖ_g D™¢vweZ hš¿wU gvbe kix‡i Kxfv‡e KvR
K‡i? eY©bv Ki| 3
Wv³vi Zv‡K Pwe© RvZxq Lv`¨ eR©b I kvixwiK cwikÖ‡gi civgk© †`b|
N. DÏxc‡K DwjÐwLZ wØZxq hš¿wU †ivM wbY©‡q †Kv‡bv f‚wgKv
K. Lv‡`¨i K¨vjwi Kv‡K e‡j? 1 iv‡L wK? we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
L. ü`‡ivM cÖwZ‡iv‡a iv‡d‡Ri f‚wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
7| mygb‡`i evmvq 100 Iqv‡Ui 4wU d¨vb Ges 60 Iqv‡Ui 3wU evj¦
M. ingvb mv‡n‡ei †`‡ni fim–wP wbY©q Ki| 3
cÖwZw`b 10 NÈv K‡i P‡j| GRb¨ Zv‡`i we`y¨r wej †ewk Av‡m
N. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Wv³v‡ii civgk©wU KZUv MÖnY‡hvM¨?
Ges Zviv Avw_©Kfv‡e ¶wZMÖ¯@ n‡”Q|
Dˇii mc‡¶ †Zvgvi gZvgZ `vI we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 K. Zwor cÖ‡jcb Kv‡K e‡j? 1
2| cvwb `–lY L. eZ©bx‡Z wdDR e¨envi Kiv nq †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. cÖwZ BDwbU we`y¨r Gi g–j¨ 6.00 UvKv n‡j Ryb gv‡m
wkíKviLvbvi cÖwZ‡iv‡ai †KŠkj mygb‡`i KZ we`y¨r wej Avm‡e? wbY©q Ki| 3
A. B. N. DÏxc‡K DwjÐwLZ mygb‡`i Avw_©K ¶wZ †_‡K i¶vi Rb¨
m„ó eR©¨ Ges Rbm‡PZbZv Kx Kx e¨e¯’v †bIqv †h‡Z cv‡i e‡j Zzwg g‡b Ki?
K. cwimªveY Kv‡K e‡j? 1 Dˇii mc‡¶ hyw³mn we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
L. RjR Dw™¢‡`i KvÊ big nq †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
8|
M. DÏxc‡Ki 'A' av‡ci cvwb `–l‡Yi m¤¢ve¨ KviYmg–n eY©bv Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡K DwjÐwLZ 'B' av‡ci †Kv‡bv Myi“Z¡ Av‡Q wK?
we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
3| `„k¨Kí-1 : Avgv‡`i f‚Mf© KZKMy‡jv †UKUwbK †cЇU wef³| nVvr wPÎ-M
†cÐUMy‡jv m‡i †M‡j GK ai‡bi K¤•b m„wó nq| K. †jÝ Kv‡K e‡j? 1
`„k¨Kí-2 : mvM‡i wbæPv‡ci Kvi‡Y evZvm cÖPÊ MwZ‡e‡M Nyi‡Z L. Mvwo‡Z `c©Y e¨envi Kiv nq †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
_v‡K| d‡j GK ai‡bi cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM N‡U| M. wPÎ-M cÖ`wk©Z †Pv‡Li ΓwU eY©bv Ki| 3
K. U‡b©‡Wv Kv‡K e‡j? 1 N. wPÎ-M Gi mgm¨v cÖwZKvi Kiv wK m¤¢e? wPÎmn we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
L. ÔGwmW e„wó cwi‡e‡ki Rb¨ ¶wZKiÕ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 9| Rvgvb mv‡ne Awd‡m GKw`b nVvr ey‡Ki evgw`‡K cÖPÊ e¨_v
M. `„k¨Kí-2 Gi NUbvwUi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 Abyfe Ki‡jb| Zvi i³Pvc cvi` ¯@‡¤¢ 180/120 (mmHg)
N. `„k¨Kí-1 Gi NUbvwU †_‡K euvP‡Z AvMvg cÖ¯‘wZ wn‡m‡e cvIqv †Mj| Aciw`‡K Zvi fvB †mvnvb mvgvb¨ cwikÖ‡g K¬vwš@ I
†Kvb ai‡bi c`‡¶c MÖnY Kiv hvq e‡j Zzwg g‡b Ki? `ye©jZv Abyfe Ki‡Qb Ges kix‡ii Pvgov kywK‡q hv‡”Q|
we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 K. wmivg Kv‡K e‡j? 1
4| 3000 †KwR f‡ii GKwU evm 1500 wbDUb (N) ej wµqv K‡i Z¡iY L. i‡³i A¨vw›UewW ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2
m„wó K‡i, evmwU wbqš¿Y nvwi‡q nVvr GKwU Mv‡Q av°v †j‡M wd‡i G‡jv| M. Rvgvb mvnv‡ei G ai‡bi mgm¨vi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
K. gnvKl© ej Kv‡K e‡j? 1 N. †mvnv‡bi †ivMwU wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z Rxeb k„¸Ljv †g‡b Pjvi
L. wbDwK¬qvi †evgv kw³kvjx nq †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 f‚wgKv Av‡Q wK? we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
M. evmwUi Z¡iY wbY©q Ki| 3 10| P Q R
N. DÏxc‡Ki wØZxq NUbvwU weÁvbx wbDU‡bi †Kvb m–·K
mg_©b K‡i? hyw³mn we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 n(Bw_wjb) ivevi cÐvw÷K
K. cyì Dj Kv‡K e‡j? 1
5| P L. ÔZzjv‡K cÖvK…wZK cwjgvi ejv nqÕ †Kb? 2
RxecÖhyw³ M. DÏxc‡K DwjÐwLZ 'P' †_‡K cwjw_b cÖ¯‘Z cÖwµqv eY©bv Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡Ki 'Q' I 'R' c`v_© `yBwU cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ i¶vq
wPÎ-K wPÎ-L †Kv‡bv f‚wgKv iv‡L wK? we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
K. †mj †K¬vwbs Kv‡K e‡j? 1 11| B C D
L. B›Uvi‡dib ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2
†gvevBj †dvb d¨v· B-†gBj
M. wPÎ-K Gi 'P' A½vYywUi ivmvqwbK MVb e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. Lv‡`¨ ¯^qsm¤•–Y© I iv‡ó«i A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b wPÎ-L Gi K. w¯•Kvi Kv‡K e‡j? 1
Myi“Z¡ Av‡Q wK? Z_¨mn we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 L. wWwRUvj B‡jKUªwb· ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki 'B' Gi AwaK e¨envi ¯^v‡¯’¨i Dci Kx cÖfve
6| eZ©gvb we‡k¦ wPwKrmvi gvb Dbœq‡b gvby‡li Rxeb euvPv‡Z Av‡jvi
cÖwZmi‡Yi mv‡_ R¨vwgwZK wnmv‡ei gva¨‡g wØgvwÎK QweMy‡jv‡K we¯@vi K‡i Zv eY©bv Ki| 3
wÎgvwÎK K‡i †ivM wbY©‡qi hš¿ D™¢veb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avevi Ab¨ N. 'C' I 'D' Gi g‡a¨ `ª“Z †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î †KvbwU †ewk
GKwU h‡š¿i gva¨‡g wPwKrmKMY ey‡K e¨_v, nvU©-A¨vUv‡Ki g‡Zv myweavRbK e‡j Zzwg g‡b Ki? †Zvgvi Dˇii mc‡¶
mgm¨vi mgvavbK‡í mywbw`©ó wm×vš@ wb‡Z cv‡ib| hyw³mn we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
 P¨v‡Ýji GmGmwm kU© mv‡Rk‡Ýi DËigvjv  1236

DËigvjv
eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶v
1 L 2 K 3 L 4 K 5 N 6 M 7 K 8 N 9 L 10 N 11 N 12 M 13 M 14 K 15 N
DËi

16 L 17 M 18 N 19 K 20 K 21 N 22 K 23 N 24 N 25 L 26 M 27 L 28 K 29 K 30 N

m„Rbkxj
cÖkœ  01 ingvb mv‡n‡ei eqm 50 eQi, IRb 80 †KwR Ges Avgv‡`i kix‡ii IRb †e‡o hvq| d‡j weGgAvB Gi cwigvY
D”PZv 1.5 wgUvi| B`vbxs wZwb †ewk †gvUv n‡q hvIqvi Kvi‡Y †e‡o hvq Ges †`n ¯’‚jKvq n‡q c‡o| ZvB ingvb mv‡ne hw` G
¯^vfvweK KvRKg© fv‡jvfv‡e Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| Wv³v‡ii kiYvcbœ gyn–Z© †_‡K mZK© bv nb Ges Wv³v‡ii civgk©wU MÖnY bv K‡ib
n‡j Wv³vi Zv‡K Pwe© RvZxq Lv`¨ eR©b I kvixwiK cwikÖ‡gi Zvn‡j wZwb AwZwi³ †gvUv n‡q co‡eb Ges ZLb g„Zz¨ SzuwKi
civgk© †`b| Avk¼vmn †`‡ni †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ¶gZv K‡g hv‡e d‡j wewfbœ
K. Lv‡`¨i K¨vjwi Kv‡K e‡j? 1 †iv‡M mn‡RB Avµvš@ n‡eb|
L. ü`‡ivM cÖwZ‡iv‡a iv‡d‡Ri f‚wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 ZvB Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ejv hvq, ingvb mv‡n‡ei kvixwiK
M. ingvb mv‡n‡ei †`‡ni fim–wP wbY©q Ki| 3 Ae¯’vi wfwˇZ Wv³v‡ii civgk© m¤•–Y© MÖnY‡hvM¨|
N. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Wv³v‡ii civgk©wU KZUv MÖnY‡hvM¨? cÖkœ  02
Dˇii mc‡¶ †Zvgvi gZvgZ `vI we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 cvwb `–lY
[Aa¨vq-1 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
1bs cÖ‡kœi DËi wkíKviLvbvi cÖwZ‡iv‡ai †KŠkj
A. B.
h GK MÖvg Lv`¨ Rvi‡Yi d‡j †h cwigvY Zvckw³ Drcbœ nq m„ó eR©¨ Ges Rbm‡PZbZv
Zv‡K Lv‡`¨i K¨vjwi e‡j| K. cwimªveY Kv‡K e‡j? 1
i iv‡dR g–jZ Auvkhy³ Lv`¨| G Lv`¨ †KvôKvwVb¨, ü`‡ivM, L. RjR Dw™¢‡`i KvÊ big nq †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
Wvqv‡ewUm BZ¨vw` cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z m¶g| iv‡dRhy³ Lv`¨ kix‡ii M. DÏxc‡Ki 'A' av‡ci cvwb `–l‡Yi m¤¢ve¨ KviYmg–n
AwZwi³ Pwe© Kgv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| iv‡dR cÖavbZ Dw™¢` †_‡K eY©bv Ki| 3
cvIqv hvq| km¨exR, Wvj, Avjy, †Lvmvm‡gZ UvUKv dj Ges N. DÏxc‡K DwjÐwLZ 'B' av‡ci †Kv‡bv Myi“Z¡ Av‡Q wK?
kvKmewR iv‡d‡Ri cÖavb Drm| Gme Lv‡`¨ Avwgl I †øn c`v_© we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
[Aa¨vq-2 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
Abycw¯’Z _vKvi d‡j i‡³ †Kv‡j‡÷i‡ji cwigvY Kgvq Ges
2bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
i³ RgvU euvavi cÖeYZv n«vm K‡i| d‡j ü`‡ivM cÖwZ‡iv‡a
iv‡dR Myi“Z¡c–Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| h Zij I KwVb c`v‡_©i wgkÖY †_‡K KwVb c`v_©‡K Avjv`v
j DÏxcK n‡Z cvB, Kivi cÖwµqv‡K cwimªveY e‡j|
ingvb mv‡n‡ei D”PZv = 1.5 wgUvi i RjR Dw™¢`mg–n mviv †`‡ni gva¨‡g cvwb †_‡K cvwbmn Ab¨vb¨
IRb = 80 †KwR cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb we‡kl K‡i LwbR jeY msMÖn K‡i _v‡K| ZvB
†`‡ni fim–wP = ? G‡`i mgMÖ †`n cvwbi ms¯•‡k© _v‡K| cvwbi †mªv‡Z †f‡O bv
IRb (†KwR) hvIqv I RjR cÖvYxi PjvP‡ji mv‡_ gvbvbmB Ggb ˆ`wnK KvVv‡gvi
Avgiv Rvwb, fim–wP = [D”PZv (wg.)]2
Rb¨ mvaviYZ RjR Dw™¢‡`i KvÛ I Ab¨vb¨ A½ big nq|
80
= (1.5)2 j DÏxc‡K wb‡`©wkZ 'A'n‡jv wkíKviLvbvi m„ó eR©¨| wkí
KviLvbvi e‡R©¨i cÖfv‡e cvwb `–l‡Yi m¤¢ve¨ KviYmg–n wb‡P eY©bv
= 35.56 (cÖvq) Kiv n‡jvÑ
AZGe, ingvb mv‡n‡ei †`‡ni fim–wP 35.56 (cÖvq)| b`xi Zx‡i M‡o DVv bvbv iKg wkíKviLvbv †_‡K bvbv ai‡bi
k DÏxc‡K Av‡jvP¨ ingvb mv‡n‡ei †`‡ni D”PZv Abyhvqx ivmvqwbK eR©¨ I Ab¨vb¨ wkí eR©¨ †djv nq| Gme eR©¨ c`v‡_©
†`‡ni IRb †ewk nIqvq Wv³vi Zv‡K Pwe©RvZxq Lv`¨ eR©b I _v‡K wmmv, cvi` BZ¨vw` †_‡K kyi“ K‡i GwmW, ¶vi I wewfbœ
kvixwiK cwikÖ‡gi civgk© †`b| †`‡ni D”PZvi mv‡_ hw` IR‡bi cÖKvi jeY| Gme welv³ Dcv`vbmg„× wkíKviLvbvi eR©¨ hw`
mvgÄm¨ _v‡K, Z‡eB cywóMZ w`K †_‡K kixi‡K my¯’ ejv nq| cvwb‡Z †djv nq Z‡e Zv cvwb‡K gvivÍKfv‡e `–wlZ K‡i| Gme
Avgiv Rvwb GKRb e¨w³i †`‡ni ¯^vfvweK weGgAvB (BMI) cvwb e¨envi Ki‡j UvBd‡qW, K‡jiv, Avgvkq, msµvgK
18.5 Ñ 24.9| wKš‘ ingvb mv‡n‡ei weGgAvB 35.56 hv †ncvUvBwUm we BZ¨vw` cvwbevwnZ †ivM nq| GQvov cvwb‡Z cvi`,
¯^vfvwe‡Ki Zzjbvq †ewk| Avgv‡`i †`‡ni Pwe© cwigv‡Yi wb‡`©kK wmmv, Av‡m©wbK _vK‡j gw¯@®‹, Z¡Kmn kix‡ii bvbv iKg †ivM
n‡jv weGgAvB| Avi gvÎvwZwi³ cywóRwbZ Lvevi LvIqvi Kvi‡Y †`Lv †`q| GQvov U¨vbvwi wk‡íi eR©¨I Gme b`x‡Z †djv nq|
 weÁvb  1237

U¨vbvwi wk‡íi ckyi Pvgov, i³ BZ¨vw`‡Z wewfbœ ai‡bi RxevYy j DÏxc‡K `„k¨Kí-2 Gi NUbvwU n‡jv N–wY©So|
_v‡K hv cvwbi mv‡_ wg‡k cvwb‡K `–wlZ K‡i| XvKv kn‡ii cvk N–wY©So cÖPÊ MwZ‡e‡M evZvm KzÊjxi AvKv‡i NyicvK †L‡q Mfxi
w`‡q e‡q Pjv b`xi cvwb `–wlZ n‡q e¨env‡ii A‡hvM¨ n‡q mgy‡`ª m„wó nq| G cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vMwU m„wói cÖavb KviY n‡jv
c‡o‡Q| wbæPvc I D”P ZvcgvÎv| mvaviYZ GwU m„wó n‡Z mvM‡ii
k DwjÐwLZ ÔBÕ avcwU n‡”Q cÖwZ‡iv‡ai †KŠkj I Rbm‡PZbZv| ZvcgvÎv 27 †mjwmqv‡mi †ewk n‡Z nq| mvM‡ii DËß cvwb
Gav‡ci gva¨‡gB cvwb `–lY †iva Kiv m¤¢e| †hgbÑ ev®•xfe‡bi d‡j Dc‡i D‡V hLb cvwbKYvq cwiYZ nq ZLb
i. wkíKviLvbvi eR©¨ wbM©Z Kivi mgq cvwb`–l‡Y f‚wgKv ivL‡Z ev®•xfe‡bi myßZvcwU evZv‡m †Q‡o hvq| Avevi G myßZv‡ci
bv cv‡i| Ggbfv‡e ivmvqwbK wUªU‡g›U e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖfv‡e cwi‡e‡ki ZvcgvÎvI †e‡o hvIqvq evqygÊj Aw¯’wZkxj
ii. cÐvw÷K, cwjw_b RvZxq c`v_© Rjvf‚wg‡Z bv †djv Ges Gme n‡q c‡o Ges wbæPv‡ci m„wó K‡i| Gmgq Av‡kcv‡ki evZvm
mvgMÖx Øviv cvwb `–lY m¤•‡K© RbMY‡K m‡PZb Ki‡Z n‡e| †mLv‡b avweZ nq, hv evowZ ZvcgvÎvi Kvi‡Y Nyi‡Z Nyi‡Z Dc‡i
iii. Rwg‡Z AwZwi³ ivmvqwbK mvi e¨envi bv K‡i Ges KxUbvkK DV‡Z _v‡K Ges N–wY©So m„wó K‡i| G cÖwµqvq m„ó N–wY©S‡o
e¨envi eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e Ges G‡`i ¶wZKi w`K m¤•‡K© evZv‡mi †eM NÈvq 63 wK‡jvwgUvi ev Zvi †ewk _v‡K|
mKj‡K m‡PZb Ki‡Z n‡e| ˆRe mvi e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| k DÏxc‡Ki `„k¨Kí-1 Gi NUbvwU n‡”Q f‚wgK¤•| f‚wgK¤•
iv. Rjvf‚wg I ebf‚wg i¶vi h_vh_ e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| †_‡K euvP‡Z AvMvg cÖ¯‘wZ wnmv‡e †h mKj c`‡¶c MÖnb Kiv hvq
v. †bŠhvb †hgbÑ jÂ, w÷gvi, RvnvR n‡Z wbM©Z e‡R©¨i e‡j Avwg g‡b Kwi Zv wb‡æ we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jvÑ
cwigvY Kgv‡Z n‡e| f‚wgK¤• †_‡K i¶v cvIqvi †Kv‡bv Dcvq †bB, Z‡e G‡Z
Dc‡ii m‡PZbZvg–jK KvRMy‡jvi gva¨‡g cvwb `–lY A‡bKvs‡k Rvbgv‡ji ¶q¶wZ Kgv‡bv hvq| †m‡¶‡Î me‡P‡q Myi“Z¡c–Y© welq
Kgv‡bv m¤¢e| ZvB ejv hvq, `–lY‡iv‡a 'B' avcwU ev cÖwZ‡iv‡ai n‡jv wbqg †g‡b Nievwo I Ab¨vb¨ ¯’vcbv ˆZwi Kiv| Avgv‡`i
†KŠkj I Rbm‡PZbvi Myi“Z¡ Acixmxg| †`‡k we‡kl K‡i kniv‡j †h mKj eo eo `vjvb-†KvVv ˆZwi
Kiv nq, †mLv‡b Aek¨B f‚wgK¤• cÖwZ‡ivaK e¨e¯’v _vK‡Z n‡e|
cÖkœ  03 `„k¨Kí-1 : Avgv‡`i f‚Mf© KZKMy‡jv †UKUwbK †cЇU m¤¢e n‡j mKj evmv‡ZB AwMœwbe©vcK cÖ¯‘wZ _vKv `iKvi| Gi
wef³| nVvr †cÐUMy‡jv m‡i †M‡j GK ai‡bi K¤•b m„wó nq| mv‡_ cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv wKU, e¨vUvwi PvwjZ †iwWI, UP© jvBU, wKQz
`„k¨Kí-2 : mvM‡i wbæPv‡ci Kvi‡Y evZvm cÖPÊ MwZ‡e‡M Nyi‡Z evowZ e¨vUvwi, ïK‡bv Lvevi I cvwb ivLvi e¨e¯’v _vKv `iKvi|
_v‡K| d‡j GK ai‡bi cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM N‡U| f‚wgK‡¤•i mgq Kx Ki‡Z n‡e, †mwU ¯‹zj K‡jR ev Kg©‡¶‡Î
K. U‡b©‡Wv Kv‡K e‡j? 1 ÒwWªjÓ K‡i wk‡L †bIqv Ges cvkvcvwk Kxfv‡e cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv
L. ÔGwmW e„wó cwi‡e‡ki Rb¨ ¶wZKiÕ e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 wb‡Z nq Zv wk‡L ivLv `iKvi| f‚wgK‡¤•i mZK©Zv wn‡m‡e Ri“wi
M. `„k¨Kí-2 Gi NUbvwUi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 Ges `ª“Z mvov †`Iqvi e¨e¯’v _vK‡Z n‡e|
N. `„k¨Kí-1 Gi NUbvwU †_‡K euvP‡Z AvMvg cÖ¯‘wZ
wn‡m‡e †Kvb ai‡bi c`‡¶c MÖnY Kiv hvq e‡j Zzwg cÖkœ  04 3000 †KwR f‡ii GKwU evm 1500 wbDUb (N) ej
g‡b Ki? we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 wµqv K‡i Z¡iY m„wó K‡i, evmwU wbqš¿Y nvwi‡q nVvr GKwU Mv‡Q
[Aa¨vq-9 Gi Av‡jv‡K] av°v †j‡M wd‡i G‡jv|
3bs cÖ‡kœi DËi K. gnvKl© ej Kv‡K e‡j? 1
h wbæPv‡ci Kvi‡Y NÈvq 100 wK‡jvwgUv‡ii †ewk evZv‡mi L. wbDwK¬qvi †evgv kw³kvjx nq †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
MwZ‡e‡Mi N–Y©‡b m„ó cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM‡K U‡b©‡Wv e‡j| M. evmwUi Z¡
i Y wbY©
q Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡Ki wØZxq NUbvwU weÁvbx wbDU‡bi †Kvb m–·K
i GwmW e„wó cwi‡e‡k gvivÍK ¶wZmvab K‡i| GwmW e„wó‡Z
mg_©b K‡i? hyw³mn we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
Gwm‡Wi cÖwZ ms‡e`bkxj A‡bK MvQ g‡i hvq| GQvov wKQy AwZ [Aa¨vq-10 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb (†hgb : Ca, Mg) GwmW e„wó‡Z `ªexf‚Z n‡q 4bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
gvwU †_‡K m‡i hvq, hv dmj Drcv`‡b weiƒc cÖfve †d‡j| GwmW
e„wó n‡j me‡P‡q †ewk ¶wZMÖ¯@ nq cvwbm¤•` Ges RjR h m„wóRM‡Zi mKj e¯‘ Zv‡`i f‡ii Kvi‡Y G‡K Aci‡K †h
cÖvYxMy‡jvi| cvwb‡Z GwmW _vK‡j pH 7-Gi Kg nq| pH-Gi ej w`‡q AvKl©Y K‡i Zv‡K gnvKl© ej e‡j|
gvb 5-Gi Kg n‡j †ewki fvM gv‡Qi wWg bó n‡q hvq| ZLb i cigvYyi †K‡›`ª Aew¯’Z wbDwK¬qv‡mi g‡a¨ Zv‡K †cÖvUb I
gvQ Drcv`b e¨vnZ nq| gv‡Qi †iYy ev †cvbv Gwm‡Wi cÖwZ AZ¨š@ wbDUb mej wbDK¬xq e‡ji cÖfv‡e wb‡R‡`i AvU‡K iv‡L|
ms‡e`bkxj| GwW‡mi gvÎv †ewk n‡j cy‡iv Rxe‰ewPΨ bó n‡q wbDK¬xq †evgv ˆZwii †¶‡Î eo wbDwK¬qvm‡K fv½v ev †QvU †QvU
†h‡Z cv‡i| gvby‡li kix‡ii Rb¨I GwmW e„wó ¶wZKi| GwmW wbDwK¬qvm‡K †Rvov †`Iqv nq| hvi dj¯^iƒc mej wbDK¬xq e‡ji
e„wó gvbe‡`‡n ürwcÊ I dzmdz‡mi mgm¨v, A¨vRgv I cÖfv‡e wbDK¬xq †evgvq AwaK kw³ Drcbœ nq| ZvB wbDK¬xq †evgv
eª¼vBwU‡mi g‡Zv gvivÍK †iv‡Mi m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| GZ kw³kvjx n‡q _v‡K|
 P¨v‡Ýji GmGmwm kU© mv‡Rk‡Ýi DËigvjv  1238

j Avgiv Rvwb, †`Iqv Av‡Q, hy³ kK©iv I dm‡dU Øviv| `ycv‡k¦©i kK©ivi mv‡_ `ywU K‡i
F = ma ev‡mi fi, m = 3000 †KwR bvB‡Uv‡Rb ¶viK ev †em †Rvo †eu‡a ˆZwi K‡i wmuwoi avcMy‡jv|
F
cÖhy³ ej, F = 1500 wbDUb wWGbG AYyi Pvi ai‡bi ¶viK n‡jv GwWwbb, Myqvwbb, mvB‡Uvwmb
ev, a = m
I _vBwgb|
1500 wbDUb Z¡iY, a = ?
AviGbG n‡jv ivB‡ev wbDwK¬K GwmW| GwU GKwUgvÎ
=
3000 †KwR cwjwbDwK¬IUvBW †kK‡j fuvR n‡q _v‡K| AviGbG cuvP Kve©b hy³
= 0.5wgUvi/†m.
2 ivB‡evR kK©iv I dm‡dU wbwg©Z GKwUgvÎ cvk¦© KvVv‡gv Øviv
2 MwVZ, hvi Pvi ai‡bi bvB‡Uªv‡Rb ¶viK wWGbGi g‡ZvB| kyay
 evmwUi Z¡iY 0.5 wg./†m.
cv_©K¨ n‡”Q wWGbG‡Z cvBiwgwWb ¶viK _vBwgb Av‡Q; wKš‘
k DÏxc‡Ki wØZxq NUbvwU wbDU‡bi Z…Zxq m–·K mg_©b K‡i| AviGbG-†Z _vBwg‡bi cwie‡Z© _v‡K BDivwmj (U)|
wb‡P Zv hyw³mn we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jvÑ †µv‡gv‡Rv‡g wn‡÷vb I bb-wn‡÷vb `yÕai‡bi †cÖvwUb _v‡K| Dc‡i
wbDU‡bi Z…Zxq m–Îvbymv‡i Avgiv Rvwb, cÖ‡Z¨K wµqviB GKwU ewY©Z ivmvqwbK c`v_©My‡jv Qvov †µv‡gv‡Rv‡g wjwcW, K¨vjwmqvg,
mgvb I wecixZgyLx cÖwZwµqv Av‡Q| DÏxcK Abymv‡i 3000 †jŠn, g¨vM‡bwmqvg Avqb I Ab¨vb¨ ivmvqwbK c`v_© Aí cwigv‡Y
†KwR f‡ii GKwU evm 1500 wbDUb ej wµqv K‡i wbw`©ó Z¡iY cvIqv hvq|
cÖvß n‡q GKwU Mv‡Q AvNvZ K‡i Ges AvNv‡Zi cÖwZwµqv wn‡m‡e k DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ-L n‡”Q RxecÖhyw³| hv Lv‡`¨ ¯^qsm¤•–Y© I
evmwU Avevi wd‡i Av‡m| A_©vr e¯‘wUi wµqv e‡ji Kvi‡Y MvQ iv‡ó«i A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b Myi“Z¡c–Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| wb‡P Zv
evmwUi Dci GKwU mgvb I wecixZgyLx cÖwZwµqv ej cÖ‡qvM Z_¨mn we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jvÑ
K‡i‡Q| A_©vr G NUbvwU wµqv cÖwZwµqv e‡ji ev¯@weK cÖ‡qvM| RbmsL¨v w`b w`b e„w× cvIqvi Kvi‡Y gvby‡li Avevw` f‚wg K‡g
myZivs ejv hvq, DÏxc‡Ki wØZxq NUbvwU wbDU‡bi Z…Zxq m–·K hv‡”Q| d‡j Avgv‡`i Ab¨Zg †gŠwjKv Pvwn`v Lv‡`¨i m¼U †`Lv
mg_©b K‡i| †`q| Lv‡`¨ ¯^qsm¤•–Y© nIqvi Rb¨ RxecÖhyw³ †KŠkj cÖ‡qvM K‡i
K…wl‡¶‡Î Af‚Zc–Y© DbœwZ mvwaZ nq| RxecÖhyw³ †KŠkj Aej¤^b
K‡i GKwU Kvw¸¶Z wRb K…wl Dcv`vb Dw™¢`‡`‡ni †Kv‡li
cÖkœ  05 P
†cÖv‡UvcÐvR‡g cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv nq| Myi“Z¡c–Y© I A_©Kix dmj‡K
RxecÖhyw³ Uªv݇RwbK Dw™¢‡` cwibZ K‡i cZ½, fvBivm, e¨vK‡Uwiqv I
QÎvK cÖwZ‡ivax K‡i Drcv`b Kiv n‡”Q| ˆkZ¨, jeYv³Zv I Liv
mn¨Kvix Ges bvB‡Uªv‡Rb I dvB‡Uvni‡gvb ¯^íZv cÖwZ‡ivax
wPÎ-K wPÎ-L Rv‡Zi Uªv݇RwbK Dw™¢` D™¢veb Kiv n‡”Q| cÖwZK‚j cwi‡e‡k
K. †mj †K¬vwbs Kv‡K e‡j? 1 Kvw¸¶Z cwigv‡Y dmj Drcvw`Z n‡Z G RvZxq Dw™¢‡`i Pvlvev`
L. B›Uvi‡dib ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2 gvbeKj¨v‡Y mydj e‡q Av‡b| †Zgwb iv‡ó«i A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b
M. wPÎ-K Gi 'P' A½vYywUi ivmvqwbK MVb e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 mvnvh¨ K‡i U‡g‡Uv, ZvgvK, Avjy, †jUzm, euvavKwc, mqvweb, m–
N. Lv‡`¨ ¯^qsm¤•–Y© I iv‡ó«i A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b wPÎ-L h©gyLx, kkv, Zzjv, gUi, MvRi, Av‡cj, gyjv, †cu‡c, avb, Mg, fzÆv
Gi Myi“Z¡ Av‡Q wK? Z_¨mn we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 BZ¨vw` D‡jÐL‡hvM¨| Uªv݇RwbK U‡g‡Uv D™¢vweZ nIqvi d‡j
[Aa¨vq-11 Gi Av‡jv‡K] U‡g‡Uvi Z¡K `xN©w`b k³ ivLv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| GQvov
5bs cÖ‡kœi DËi U‡g‡UvMy‡jv‡K wej‡¤^ cvKv‡bv Ges we`¨gvb my‡µv‡Ri cwigvY
h GKB †Kv‡li AmsL¨ ûeû GKB iK‡gi †Kvl m„wó Kiv‡K †mj h‡_ó e„w× †c‡q‡Q|
†K¬vwbs e‡j| AZGe DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ejv hvq Lv`¨ ¯^qsm¤•–Y© I
iv‡ó«i A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b RxecÖhyw³i Myi“Z¡ Ab¯^xKvh©|
i B›Uvi‡dib n‡jv ¶z`ª ¶z`ª †cÖvwUb AYyi mgš^‡q MwVZ †`‡ni
†ivM cÖwZ‡iva e¨e¯’vq mnvqK Jlawk‡íi RxecÖhyw³i GKwU cÖkœ  06 eZ©gvb we‡k¦ wPwKrmvi gvb Dbœq‡b gvby‡li Rxeb
Dcv`vb| GwU †ncvUvBwU‡mi wPwKrmvq e¨eüZ nq Ges K¨vbmvi euvPv‡Z Av‡jvi cÖwZmi‡Yi mv‡_ R¨vwgwZK wnmv‡ei gva¨‡g
†ivMx‡`i‡K cÖv_wgKfv‡e cÖ‡qvM K‡i giYe¨vwa G †ivMwU wbqš¿‡Y wØgvwÎK QweMy‡jv‡K wÎgvwÎK K‡i †ivM wbY©‡qi hš¿ D™¢veb Kiv
ivLv hvq| n‡q‡Q| Avevi Ab¨ GKwU h‡š¿i gva¨‡g wPwKrmKMY ey‡K e¨_v,
j wP‡Î P A½vYywU n‡jv †µv‡gv‡Rvg| †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi ivmvqwbK nvU©-A¨vUv‡Ki g‡Zv mgm¨vi mgvavbK‡í mywbw`©ó wm×vš@ wb‡Z
MV‡b †`Lv hvq, Gi g‡a¨ i‡h‡Q wbDwK¬K GwmW, †cÖvwUb I Ab¨vb¨ cv‡ib|
Dcv`vb| wbDwK¬K GwmW `yÕai‡bi nq| h_vÑ wWGbG Ges K. AvB‡mv‡Uvc Kv‡K e‡j? 1
AviGbG| wWGbG Gi c–Y© bvg wW Aw·ivB‡ev wbDwK¬K GwmW| L. †K‡gv‡_ivwc †Kb Kiv‡bv nq? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
GKwU wWGbG AYy wØm–Îwewkó j¤^v k„¸L‡ji cwjwbDwK¬IUvBW| M. DÏxc‡Ki cÖ_g D™¢vweZ hš¿wU gvbe kix‡i Kxfv‡e
A‡bKMy‡jv wbDwK¬IUvBW wb‡q MwVZ, ZvB G‡K cwjwbDwK¬IUvBW KvR K‡i? eY©bv Ki| 3
e‡j| cÖwZUv GKK‡K wbDwK¬IUvBW e‡j| wWGbG Abyi AvK…wZ N. DÏxc‡K DwjÐwLZ wØZxq hš¿wU †ivM wbY©‡q †Kv‡bv
A‡bKUv cu¨vPv‡bv wmuwoi `ycv‡k¦©i g–j KvVv‡gv MwVZ nq cuvP Kve©b f‚wgKv iv‡L wK? we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
[Aa¨vq-14 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
 weÁvb  1239

6bs cÖ‡kœi DËi cÖkœ  07 mygb‡`i evmvq 100 Iqv‡Ui 4wU d¨vb Ges 60
h †gŠwjK c`v‡_©i wbDwK¬qv‡m wbDUª‡bi msL¨v wfbœ n‡j Zv‡K Iqv‡Ui 3wU evj¦ cÖwZw`b 10 NÈv K‡i P‡j| GRb¨ Zv‡`i we`y¨r
wej †ewk Av‡m Ges Zviv Avw_©Kfv‡e ¶wZMÖ¯@ n‡”Q|
†mB †gŠwjK c`v‡_©i AvB‡mv‡Uvc e‡j|
K. Zwor cÖ‡jcb Kv‡K e‡j? 1
i †K‡gv‡_ivwc n‡jv Ggb GK ai‡bi wPwKrmv †hLv‡b we‡kl L. eZ©bx‡Z wdDR e¨envi Kiv nq †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
ai‡bi ivmvqwbK Jla e¨envi K‡i kix‡ii Rb¨ ¶wZKi `ª“Z M. cÖwZ BDwbU we`y¨r Gi g–j¨ 6.00 UvKv n‡j Ryb
wefvRbiZ †Kvl aŸsm Kiv nq| GwU K¨vbmvi wPwKrmvq GKwU gv‡m mygb‡`i KZ we`y¨r wej Avm‡e? wbY©q Ki| 3
eûj e¨eüZ c×wZ| kix‡ii wKQy †Kvl wefvR‡bi MwZ N. DÏxc‡K DwjÐwLZ mygb‡`i Avw_©K ¶wZ †_‡K i¶vi
Rb¨ Kx Kx e¨e¯’v †bIqv †h‡Z cv‡i e‡j Zzwg g‡b
A¯^vfvweKfv‡e †e‡o †M‡j †K‡gv‡_ivwci gva¨‡g wefvRb _vgv‡bv
Ki? Dˇii mc‡¶ hyw³mn we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
nq| GRb¨ K¨vbmvi wPwKrmvq †K‡gv‡_ivwc Kiv‡bv nq| [Aa¨vq-12 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
j DÏxc‡K cÖ_g D™¢vweZ hš¿wU n‡jv G·-†i| wb‡P Gi 7bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
Kvh©cÖYvwj e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jvÑ h Zwor we‡kÐlY cÖwµqvq †Kv‡bv avZzi Ici myweavg‡Zv Ab¨
G·-†i †gwk‡b GKwU Kv‡Pi †Mvj‡Ki `yB cv‡k K¨v‡_vW I †Kv‡bv avZzi cÖ‡jc †`Iqv‡K Zwor cÖ‡jcb e‡j|
A¨v‡bvW `ywU B‡jK‡UªvW _v‡K| K¨v‡_vW Uvs‡÷‡bi †fZi w`‡q i wdDR GKwU †ivaK hvi Mjbv¼ Kg| evmvevwo‡Z ˆe`y¨wZK
we`y¨r cÖevn K‡i DËß Kiv nq| Zv‡ci Kvi‡Y wdjv‡g›U †_‡K eZ©bx‡Z GwU e¨envi Kiv nq| Avgiv Rvwb, AwZwi³ we`y¨r cÖev‡ni
B‡jKUªb gy³ nq Ges A¨v‡bv‡Wi abvÍK †fv‡ë‡Ri Kvi‡Y †mwU `i“b B‡jKUªwbK hš¿cvwZ bó nq| eZ©bx‡Z wdDR bv _vK‡j
Zvi w`‡K Qy‡U hvq| K¨v‡_vW Ges A¨v‡bv‡Wi †fZi †fv‡ëR hZ cÖ‡qvR‡bi †ewk we`y¨r cÖevngvÎvq GwU N‡U _v‡K| wdDR _vK‡j
†ewk n‡e, B‡jKUªb ZZ †ewk MwZkw³‡Z A¨v‡bv‡Wi w`‡K Qy‡U cÖ‡qvR‡bi †ewk we`y¨r cÖevngvÎv _vK‡j wdDRwU M‡j hvq Ges
we`y¨r ms‡hvM wew”Qbœ nq| d‡j m¤¢ve¨ ¶wZ †_‡K hš¿cvwZ i¶v
hv‡e| G·-†i wUD‡e G †fv‡ëR 100 nvRvi †fv‡ë‡Ri KvQvKvwQ
cvq| G welqwU wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ eZ©bx‡Z wdDR e¨envi Kiv nq|
n‡Z cv‡i| K¨v‡_vW †_‡K cÖPÊ kw³‡Z Qy‡U Avmv B‡jKUªb
j DÏxcK n‡Z,
A¨v‡bvW‡K AvNvZ K‡i| G kw³kvjx B‡jKUª‡bi AvNv‡Z
100 Iqv‡Ui 4wU d¨v‡bi ¶gZv = (100  4) = 400W
A¨v‡bv‡Wi cigvYyi †fZi w`‡Ki K¶c‡_i B‡jKUªb K¶c_Pz¨Z
60 Iqv‡Ui 3wU evj‡ei ¶gZv = (60  3) = 180W
nq| ZLb evB‡ii w`‡Ki K¶c‡_i †Kv‡bv GKwU B‡jKUªb †mB
¶gZv  mgq
 4wU d¨vb KZ…©K e¨wqZ kw³ =
RvqMvUv c–iY K‡i| G mgq †h kw³UzKz Aewkó †_‡K hvq, †mwU 1000 wK‡jvIqvU NÈv
kw³kvjx G·-†i wn‡m‡e †ei n‡q Av‡m| GwU kix‡ii gvsm‡cwk 400  10  30
†f` K‡i wM‡q d‡UvMÖvwdK †cЇU Qwe Zzj‡Z cv‡i| d‡j nv‡oi =
1000
¶q n‡j ev †f‡O †M‡j G·-†i Gi gva¨‡g Zv kbv³ Kiv hvq| = 120 wK‡jvIqvU NÈv
k DÏxc‡K DwjÐwLZ wØZxq hš¿wU n‡jv BwmwR| 180  10  30
3wU evje KZ…©K e¨wqZ kw³ = 1000 wK‡jvIqvU NÈv
BwmwR ev B‡jK‡UªvKvwW©IMÖvg n‡”Q AZ¨š@ mnR, e¨_vwenxb GKwU
= 54 wK‡jvIqvU NÈv
cix¶v hvq gva¨‡g ürwc‡Êi eZ©gvb ev c–‡e©i mgm¨v †evSv hvq|  Ryb gv‡m †gvU e¨wqZ kw³ = W1 + W2
Gi gva¨‡g ürwcÊ mwVKfv‡e KvR Ki‡Q wKbv, ü`K¤•b wbqwgZ = 120 + 54
n‡”Q wKbv, kix‡ii wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv A‡½ i³ PjvPj mwVK Av‡Q = 174 wK‡jvIqvU NÈv
wKbv Zv †evSv hvq| Gi me‡P‡q Myi“Z¡c–b© welq n‡jv GwU m¤¢ve¨ = 174 BDwbU
nvU© A¨vUvK m¤•‡K© wbf©i‡hvM¨ mZK© ms‡KZ w`‡Z cv‡i|  cªwZ BDwbU we`y¨‡Zi g–j¨ 6.00 UvKv n‡j,

BwmwR cix¶vwU Zi‡½i gva¨‡g Kiv nq| G‡¶‡Î ey‡Ki Dci 174 BDwbU we`y¨‡Zi g–j¨ = (174  6)
= 1044 UvKv
`ywU avZe `Û †mU Kiv nq| †mUv ü`K¤•b I ürwcÊ †_‡K †h
myZivs mygb‡`i Ryb gv‡m 1044 UvKv we`y¨r wej Avm‡e|
ˆe`y¨wZK Zi½ wbtm„Z nq Zv BwmwR †gwk‡b cvwV‡q †`q| BwmwR
†gwkb mvaviYZ GKwU MÖvd AvKv‡i cÖ`k©b K‡i| GB MÖvd †`‡LB k mygb‡`i Avw_©K ¶wZ †_‡K i¶vi Rb¨ wewfbœ c`‡¶c MÖnY
Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| M„nxZ c`‡¶cmg–n gZvg‡Zi gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb
ürwcÊ mwVKfv‡e KvR Ki‡Q wKbv †evSv hvq| we‡klÁ wPwKrmK
Kiv n‡jvÑ
Ges M‡elK‡`i g‡Z BwmwRi †Kv‡bv cvk¦©cÖwZwµqv bvB| mvaviY evje e¨env‡i A‡bK Zwor kw³ LiP nq| GwUi cwie‡Z©
myZivs ey‡K e¨_v, ürwc‡Êi †Kv‡bv mgm¨vi A_ev m¤¢ve¨ nvU© GbvwR© †mwfs evje e¨env‡i A_©‰bwZK mg„w×i cvkvcvwk
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Acwimxg| GKKvjxb LiP †ewk n‡jI GwU mvaviY evj‡ei Zzjbvq A‡bK
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†ewk w`b wU‡K| GbvwR© †mwfs evj‡e 20 Ñ 80% we`y¨r mvkÖq nq k wPÎ-M †Pv‡Li ΓwU n‡”Q nª¯^`„wó ev ¶xY`„wó| †Pv‡Li ΓwUi G
Ges GwU mvaviY evj‡ei Zzjbvq 3 †_‡K 25 MyY †ewk mgq wU‡K mgm¨v cÖwZKvi Kiv m¤¢e| wb‡P wPÎmn we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jvÑ
_vK‡Z cv‡i| GbvwR© †mwfs evje Pvjbv Ki‡Z Kg kw³i `iKvi †Pv‡Li †j‡Ýi Awfmvix ¶gZv I Aw¶‡Mvj‡Ki e¨vmva© e„w×
nq| ZvB G evje e¨env‡i we`y¨r wej A‡bK Kg Avm‡e| cyivZb cvIqvi Kvi‡Y ¶xY`„wó ΓwU nq| †Pv‡Li G ΓwU `–i Kivi Rb¨
Zwor DcKi‡Yi e¨envi eÜ K‡i bZzb DcKiYmg–n e¨env‡i AeZj †j‡Ýi Pkgv e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e, hvi †dvKvm `–iZ¡
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†j‡Ýi Acmvix wµqv †Pv‡Li DËj †j‡Ýi Awfmvix wµqvi
eÜ ivLvi gva¨‡g we`y¨r wej Kgv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i| AwZwi³ we`y¨r
e¨q nq Ggb Zwor hš¿cvwZ †hgbÑ Gwm, i“g wnUvi BZ¨vw`i wecixZ| Kv‡RB †Pv‡Li †dvKvm `–iZ¡ †e‡o hv‡e e‡j cÖwZwe¤^wU
e¨env‡i D‡`¨vMx bv n‡Z cv‡ib| GQvov mܨv †_‡K ivZ ch©š@ Av‡iv wcQ‡b ˆZwi n‡e| A_©vr Amxg `–i‡Z¡i e¯‘ n‡Z Avmv
wcK AvIqvi mg‡q h_vm¤¢e Zwor DcKiYmg–n Kg e¨envi Kiv mgvš@ivj Av‡jvKiwk¥ Pkgvi AeZj †jÝ L Gi ga¨ w`‡q †Pv‡L
†h‡Z cv‡i| covi mgq cÖ‡qvRbg‡Zv AcmvwiZ nq| GB AcmvwiZ iwk¥My‡jv
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myZivs mygb‡`i DcwiD³ c`‡¶cmg–n MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g Avw_©K ¶wZ
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cÖkœ  08
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wPÎ : nª¯^`„wói cÖwZKvi

wPÎ-M
K. †jÝ Kv‡K e‡j? 1 Gfv‡eB †Pv‡Li n«¯^`„wó ev ¶xY`„wó ΓwU cÖwZKvi Kiv m¤¢e|
L. Mvwo‡Z `c©Y e¨envi Kiv nq †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
M. wPÎ-M cÖ`wk©Z †Pv‡Li ΓwU eY©bv Ki| 3 cÖkœ  09 Rvgvb mv‡ne Awd‡m GKw`b nVvr ey‡Ki evgw`‡K
N. wPÎ-M Gi mgm¨v cÖwZKvi Kiv wK m¤¢e? wPÎmn cÖPÊ e¨_v Abyfe Ki‡jb| Zvi i³Pvc cvi` ¯@‡¤¢ 180/120
we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 (mmHg) cvIqv †Mj| Aciw`‡K Zvi fvB †mvnvb mvgvb¨ cwikÖ‡g
[Aa¨vq-5 Gi Av‡jv‡K] K¬vwš@ I `ye©jZv Abyfe Ki‡Qb Ges kix‡ii Pvgov kywK‡q
8bs cÖ‡kœi DËi hv‡”Q|
h `ywU †Mvjxq c„ô Øviv mxgve× †Kv‡bv ¯^”Q cÖwZmviK gva¨g‡K †jÝ e‡j| K. wmivg Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. i‡³i A¨vw›UewW ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2
i Mvwoi `yB cv‡k `ywU `c©Y Ges †fZ‡i mvg‡bi w`‡K GKwUmn
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†gvU wZbwU `c©Y Av‡Q| G `c©YMy‡jv Mvwoi `ycv‡k Ges wcQ‡bi
N. †mvnv‡bi †ivMwU wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z Rxeb k„¸Ljv †g‡b
w`‡K WªvBfvi‡K †`L‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| d‡j WªvBfvi‡K nvZ me©`v
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ûB‡j †i‡L mvg‡b ev wcQ‡bi w`‡K bRi ivL‡Z mnR nq| GRb¨ [Aa¨vq-3 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
Mvwo‡Z `c©‡Yi e¨envi Kiv nq| 9bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
j wPÎ-M cÖ`wk©Z †Pv‡Li ΓwUwU n‡jv n«¯^`„wó ev ¶xY`„wó| wb‡P
h i³ RgvU euvavi ci i‡³i RgvU Ask †_‡K †h nvjKv njy`
G ΓwU eY©bv Kiv n‡jvÑ
i‡Oi ¯^”Q im cvIqv hvq Zv‡K wmivg e‡j|
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MVb K‡i| d‡j †PvL j¶¨e¯‘‡K †`L‡Z cvq bv| Avk¼v wØMyY †e‡o hvq|
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ii. D”P i³Pvc _vK‡j G †ivM n‡Z cv‡i| j DÏxc‡K 'P' n‡jv Bw_wjb| wb‡P Bw_wjb n‡Z cwjw_b cÖ¯‘Z
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hvq|
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v. a–gcvb, AwZwi³ A¨vj‡Kvnj MÖnY Ki‡j G †ivM nq|
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¯’‚jZv, ¯^í kvixwiK cwikÖg G †ivM n‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| D”PZvc I Pvc
vii. n (Bw_wjb)  cwjw_b
O2 cÖfveK
viii. GQvovI mvgwMÖKfv‡e evqy `–lY ü`‡iv‡Mi Ab¨Zg KviY|
D”PZvc I Pvc
k DÏxc‡K ewY©Z †mvnv‡bi †ivMwU n‡jv Wvqv‡ewUm| G †ivM n(CH2 = CH2)  O2 cÖfveK
( CH2  CH2 )
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we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jvÑ
eZ©gv‡b evwYwR¨Kfv‡e UvB‡Uwbqvg UªvB‡K¬vivBW (TiCl3) bvgK
Wvqv‡ewUm GKwU wecvKRwbZ †ivM| Wvqv‡ewUm n‡j i‡³ kK©ivi
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n (Bw_wjb)  cwjw_b
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k„¸Ljv I Jla †meb| †gvUv †jvK‡`i Wvqv‡ewUm n‡j IRb k DÏxc‡K DwjÐwLZ Q Ges R h_vµ‡g ivevi I cÐvw÷K| c`v_©
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`ywU Df‡qB cwi‡e‡ki Rb¨ ¶wZKi|
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cwinvi Ki‡Z n‡e Ges †cÖvwUbmg„× Lvevi †hgbÑ kvKmewR, †ewkifvM cÐvw÷K Ges K…wÎg ivevi cPbkxj bq| Gi d‡j
i“wU, gvki“g, ev`vg, wWg, gvQ, Pwe© Qvov gvsm BZ¨vw` Ges Kg cyb©e¨envi bv K‡i eR©¨ wn‡m‡e †d‡j w`‡j GMy‡jv cwi‡e‡k Rgv
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Ki‡j G †ivM mvaviYZ wbqš¿‡Y P‡j Av‡m| wKš‘ Bbmywjb wbf©i fvM bvjv-b`©gvq cÖPzi cÐvw÷K ev ivevi RvZxq wRwbm c‡o _v‡K|
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Wvqv‡ewUm †ivMx‡K Lv`¨ wbqš¿Y I k„¸Ljv †g‡b Pj‡Z n‡e|
eÜ n‡q hvq| d‡j †`Lv hvq, mvgvb¨ e„wócvZ n‡jB iv¯@vq cvwb
Zv‡`i‡K wbqwgZ I cwigvYg‡Zv mylg Lv`¨ MÖnY I e¨vqvg Ki‡Z
R‡g Rjve×Zv m„wó nq, hv cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ bó K‡i|
n‡e| wbqwgZ i‡³ I cÖmªv‡e kK©ivi cwigvY cwigvc K‡i I
djvdj wj‡L ivL‡Z n‡e| GKBfv‡e cÐvw÷K eR©¨ cwiKwíZ Dcv‡q e¨e¯’vcbv bv Kivq Gi
eo GKwU Ask b`-b`x, MfxiZv K‡g hvq, hv bve¨Zvi Rb¨
AZGe DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbv n‡Z ejv hvq, †mvnv‡bi †ivMwU
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ivev‡ii eR©¨ A‡bK mgq gvwU‡Z _vK‡j Zv gvUi De©iZv bó
cÖkœ  10 P Q R
Ki‡Z cv‡i|
n(Bw_wjb) ivevi cÐvw÷K
K. cyì Dj Kv‡K e‡j? 1 AZGe ejv hvq †h, cÐvw÷K I ivevi mvgMÖx mwVK e¨e¯’vcbv bv
L. ÔZzjv‡K cÖvK…wZK cwjgvi ejv nqÕ †Kb? 2 Ki‡j Zv gvivÍK cwi‡ek wech©q NwU‡q cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ bó
M. DÏxc‡K DwjÐwLZ 'P' †_‡K cwjw_b cÖ¯‘Z cÖwµqv K‡i|
eY©bv Ki| 3 cÖkœ  11 B C D
N. DÏxc‡Ki 'Q' I 'R' c`v_© `ywU cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨
†gvevBj †dvb d¨v· B-†gBj
i¶vq †Kv‡bv f‚wgKv iv‡L wK? we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
[Aa¨vq-6 Gi Av‡jv‡K] K. w¯•Kvi Kv‡K e‡j? 1
10bs cÖ‡kœi DËi L. wWwRUvj B‡jKUªwb· ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2
h g„Z ev RevB Kiv †gl †_‡K †h ckg ˆZwi Kiv nq Zv‡K cyì Dj e‡j| M. DÏxc‡Ki 'B' Gi AwaK e¨envi ¯^v‡¯’¨i Dci Kx
i cwjgvi n‡”Q A‡bKMy‡jv GKBiKg †QvU †QvU Ask mgš^‡q cÖfve we¯@vi K‡i Zv eY©bv Ki| 3
GKwU eo wRwbm| cÖK…wZ †_‡K †h mKj cwjgvi cvIqv hvq N. 'C' I 'D' Gi g‡a¨ `ª“Z †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î †KvbwU
Zv‡`i‡K cÖvK…wZK cwjgvi ejv nq| Zzjv MwVZ nq A‡bKMy‡jv †ewk myweavRbK e‡j Zzwg g‡b Ki? †Zvgvi Dˇii
MЇy Kv‡Ri mvnv‡h¨ Ges GB MÐy‡KvR GKgvÎ MvQ †_‡K cÖvK…wZK mc‡¶ hyw³mn we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
fv‡e ˆZwi nq| GRb¨ Zzjv‡K cÖvK…wZK cwjgvi ejv nq| [Aa¨vq-13 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
 P¨v‡Ýji GmGmwm kU© mv‡Rk‡Ýi DËigvjv  1242

11bs cÖ‡kœi DËi k DÏxc‡Ki 'C' I 'D' n‡jv h_vµ‡g d¨v· Ges B-†gBj| `ª“Z

h †h hš¿ we`y¨r kw³‡K k‡ã iƒcvš@wiZ K‡i Zv‡K w¯•Kvi e‡j| †hvMv‡hvM‡i †¶‡Î d¨v· Gi †P‡q B-†gBj e¨envi Kiv †ewk
myweavRbK| wb‡P we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jvÑ
i B‡jKUªwb‡· msL¨v cÖKvk Kiv nq evBbvwi msL¨v w`‡q, KviY
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wWwRUvj B‡jKUªwb· ejv nq| wWwRUvj B‡jKUªwb‡·i gva¨‡g †hvMv‡hvM G gva¨gwUi mvnv‡h¨ GKB mv‡_ GKwU WKz‡g‡›Ui Kwc
wWwRUvj wmMb¨vj cÖwµqv Kiv nq| cvVv‡Z cv‡i Ges GB †gwk‡b cvVv‡bv GKwU Kwc‡K wcÖ›U K‡i
w`‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e WKz‡g‡›Ui KwcwU‡K kyay mv`v Ges Kv‡jv
j DÏxc‡Ki 'B' n‡”Q †gvevBj †dvb| †gvevBj †dvb AwZwi³
wn‡m‡e cvVv‡bv nq e‡j wjwLZ WKz‡g‡›Ui Rb¨ GwU gvbvbmB
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†QvU A¨v‡›Ubvi mvnv‡h¨ GKB mv‡_ †iwWI K¤•v¼ wewKiY, †cÖiY
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GKRb ev GKBmv‡_ A‡bKR‡bi mv‡_ wWwRUvj Z_¨ wewbgq
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KviY G wewKiY wkky‡`i gw¯@‡®‹i †Kvl weKv‡k mgm¨vi m„wó Yahoo, Hotmail BZ¨vw`i mvnv‡h¨ Lye mn‡RB B-†gBj Av`vb-

Ki‡Z cv‡i| GQvovI AwZwi³ †gvevBj e¨env‡ii d‡j Kv‡b, cÖ`vb Kiv hvq Ges B-†gBj msi¶Y Kiv hvq| d¨v‡· kyaygvÎ
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w`bvRcyi †evW©-2024
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1. wb‡Pi †KvbMy‡jv wfUvwgb 'C' Gi Drm?  wb‡Pi wPÎwU j¶ Ki Ges 17 I 18bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
K wW‡gi Kzmyg, euvavKwc, Avbvim L AvgjwK, dzjKwc, Avbvim
M †XuwKQvUv Pvj, cyw`bv cvZv, wWg N `ya, gvsm, KuvPv gwiP
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 2 I 3bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
wg. X Gi kix‡ii Rb¨ ¶wZKi `ª“Z wefvRbiZ †Kvl aŸsm Kivi Rb¨ GK
we‡kl ai‡bi ivmvqwbK Jla e¨envi Kiv nq|
2. wb‡Pi †KvbwU wg. X Gi wPwKrmv c×wZ? 17. wP‡Îi cÖvYxwUi bvg Kx?
K †K‡gv‡_ivwc L †iwWI‡_ivwc M GwRIMÖvwd N wcBwU K †ùv‡bvWb L wjgyjvm M cÐvwUcvm N AvwK©Ic‡Uwi·

3. DÏxc‡K DwjÐwLZ wPwKrmvi d‡j 18. DÏxc‡Ki cÖvYxwUi

i. i³KwYKvi Drcv`b evavMÖ¯@ nq i. cvwLi g‡Zv cvjKwewkó `ywU Wvbv Av‡Q
ii. nR‡g mgm¨v nq ii. mixm„‡ci g‡Zv cv I `uvZ Av‡Q
iii. Pzj c‡o hvq iii. ey‡K `y»MÖwš’ Av‡Q
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
4. gvby‡li cÖwZwU †`n‡Kv‡l KZwU †µv‡gv‡Rvg _v‡K? 19. evqygÊjxq Pv‡c †Kvb cÖfveKwU cwjw_b ˆZwi‡Z e¨envi nq?
K O2 L KOH M TiCl3 N HNO3
K 46 L 23 M 22 N2
20. wbnv‡bi †`‡ni IRb 62 †KwR Ges D”PZv 1.54 wgUvi n‡j, Zvi
5. evmvevwo‡Z Rxeš@ Zv‡i ˆe`y¨wZK †fv‡ëR KZ?
K 200V L 220V M 240V N 250V weGgAvB KZ?
6. †ivM 'X' Gij¶Y †Pv‡Li cvZv dz‡j hvIqv, wRnŸv j¤^v nIqv I gvbwmK K 22.14 cÖvq L 26.14 cÖvq M 28.32 cÖvq N 40.25 cÖvq
cwicK¡Zv K‡g hvIqv| 'X' †ivMwUi bvg Kx? 21. wkiv I agwbi ms‡hvM¯’‡ji i³bvwj †KvbwU?
K wmwKj †mj L Uvb©viÕm wmb‡Wªvg K A¨v‡U©vwiIj L cvj‡gvbvwi agwb
M nvbwUsUbÕm N WvDbÕm wmb‡Wªvg M cvj‡gvbvwi wkiv N ˆKwkK RvwjKv
7. †KvbwU cvwb‡Z AvswkK we‡qvwRZ nq? 22. †Kv‡bv †j‡Ýi ¶gZv '3D' n‡j †jÝwU
K A¨vwmwUK GwmW L mvjwdDwiK GwmW i. DËj ii. AeZj iii. Awfmvix
M nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW N bvBwUªK GwmW wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 8 I 9bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
Avwiev 8 wbDUb e‡j GKwU †jvnvi †MvjK †g‡S‡Z Mwo‡q w`‡j †MvjKwUi 23. †KvbwU wfUvwgb 'E' Gi DËg Drm?
Z¡iY 2 wgUvi/†m.2 nq| †MvjKwU wKQy`–i hvIqvi ci †_‡g †Mj| K Kjv L MvRi M hK…Z N cvg‡Zj
8. †MvjKwUi fi KZ? 24. †KvbwU wMÖb nvDm M¨v‡mi Drm?
K 0.25 †KwR L 2 †KwR M 4 †KwR N 16 †KwR K Kw¤•DUvi L †iwd«Rv‡iUi M †Uwjwfkb N †iwWI
9. †Kvb e‡ji Kvi‡Y †MvjKwU †_‡g †Mj? 25. cvwb weky× Kivi Ab¨Zg c`v_© †KvbwU?
K Cl2 L O3 M NaOCl N Ca(OCl)Cl
K w¯’wZ Nl©Y L MwZ Nl©Y M AveZ© Nl©Y N cÖevnx Nl©Y
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 26 I 27bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
10. d¨v‡b e¨eüZ wdDR Gi gvb KZ? ÒGKwU †j‡Ýi ¶gZv  5DÓ
K 5 A¨vw¤•qvi L 10 A¨vw¤•qvi M 15 A¨vw¤•qvi N 30 A¨vw¤•qvi
26. †jÝwUi †dvKvm `–iZ¡ KZ?
11. GKwU e¨vUvwi †mj 1.5 †fvë n‡j 6wU †m‡ji wmwiR ms‡hv‡M KZ †fvë
K  2 wgUvi L 0.2 wgUvi M 2 wgUvi N 20 wgUvi
cvIqv hv‡e?
K4 L 4.5 M 7.5 N9
27. DÏxc‡K DwjÐwLZ †jÝwU e¨eüZ nq
i. Aw¶ †Mvj‡Ki e¨vmva© e„w× †c‡j
12. dzmdz‡mi K¨vbmv‡ii Rb¨ `vqx M¨vm n‡”Q ii. †Pv‡Li †j‡Ýi Awfmvix kw³ e„w× †c‡j
i. CO ii. NO2 iii. SO2
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? iii. †Pv‡Li †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `–iZ¡ K‡g †M‡j
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
13. cvK¯’jxi GwmwWwUi Rb¨ `vqx †KvbwU? K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K HCl L KOH M H2SO4 N CH3COOH 28. PVC †cvov‡j †Kvb M¨vmwU wbM©Z nq?
14. wb‡Pi †KvbwU †ZRw¯Œq †gŠj? K Kve©b g‡bv·vBW L nvB‡Wªv‡Rb mvqvbvBW
K gviKvwi L wmwjKb M wmwRqvg N cÐvwUbvg M nvB‡Wªv‡Rb †K¬vivBW N Kve©b WvBA·vBW
15. †jvwnZ KwYKv †Kv_vq mwÂZ _v‡K? 29. K…wl‡¶‡Î cvwb `–lY †iv‡ai Dcvq
K ürwc‡Ê L i³i‡m M cÐxnv‡Z N Aw¯’g¾vq i. ˆRe mvi e¨envi ii. ivmvqwbK mvi e¨envi iii. dm‡ji aib cwieZ©b
16. wb‡Pi †KvbMy‡jv Kv`v gvwUi ˆewkó¨? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K KYv cvwb‡Z fv‡m, Mnbv ˆZwi nq K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
L Pvlvev‡`i Dc‡hvMx, †QvU †QvU wkjv _v‡K 30. Avgv‡`i †`‡n †Kvb LwbR c`v‡_©i cwigvY me‡P‡q †ewk?
M cvwbaviY ¶gZv †ewk, ˆZRlcÎ ˆZwi nq K Ca LK MP N Fe
N cvwb wb®‹vkb ¶gZv †ewk, AvVv‡jv nq

 Lvwj NiMy‡jv‡Z †cbwmj w`‡q DËiMy‡jv †j‡Lv| Gici QR †Kv‡W cÖ`Ë DËigvjvi mv‡_ wgwj‡q †`‡Lv †Zvgvi DËiMy‡jv mwVK wK bv|
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
DËi

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
 P¨v‡Ýji GmGmwm kU© mv‡Rk‡Ýi DËigvjv  1244

w`bvRcyi †evW©-2024
weÁvb (ZË¡xq-m„Rbkxj) welq †KvW 1 2 7

mgq : 2 NÈv 30 wgwbU c–Y©gvb : 70

[`ªóe¨ : Wvb cv‡ki msL¨v cÖ‡kœi c–Y©gvb ÁvcK| cÖ`Ë DÏxcKMy‡jv g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i co Ges mswkÐó cÖkœM‡y jvi h_vh_ DËi `vI| †h‡Kv‡bv mvZwU
cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e|]
1| i“wgi D”PZv 1.6 wgUvi, IRb 64 †KwR| †m Wvj, Avjy, 7| `„k¨Kí-1 : GKwU e¯‘i Dci 60 wbDUb ej cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j Gi
†Lvmvm‡gZ UvUKv dj Ges kvKmewR †L‡Z cQ›` K‡i| Z¡iY 2 wgUvi/†m.2 nq|
K. Pwe© Kv‡K e‡j? 1 `„k¨Kí-2 : GKwU †_‡g _vKv evm nVvr Pj‡Z kyi“ Ki‡j hvÎxiv
L. dv÷dzW‡K mylg Lv‡`¨i g‡a¨ aiv nq bv †Kb? 2 wcQ‡bi w`‡K †n‡j c‡o, Avevi Pjš@ evm nVvr †eªK Ki‡j hvÎxiv
M. i“wgi BMI wbY©q Ki| 3 mvg‡bi w`‡K Sz‡u K c‡o|
N. DwjÐwLZ LveviMy‡jv gvbe‡`‡ni Rb¨ KZUv Myi“Z¡c–Y©? K. `ye©j wbDwK¬q ej Kv‡K e‡j? 1
we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 L. Nl©Y GKwU cÖ‡qvRbxq Dc`ªe †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
2| Zij c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ me‡P‡q mnRjf¨ n‡jv cvwb| Zvi GKwU M. `„k¨Kí-1 Gi e¯‘wUi fi KZ? 3
gvb`Ê n‡jv pH| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b gvby‡li wewfbœ Kg©Kv‡Êi Kvi‡Y N. `„k¨Kí-2 Gi NUbv `ywUi g‡a¨ Kx ai‡bi m¤•K© Av‡Q?
cvwb gvivÍKfv‡e `–wlZ n‡”Q|
hyw³mn we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
K. ùzUbv¼ Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. cvwb‡K mve©Rbxb `ªveK ejv nq †Kb? 2 8| Wv³vi Kvgi“j A‡bKw`b a‡i Uvb©viÕm wmb‡Wªvg †ivM wb‡q KvR
M. DÏxc‡Ki gvb`ÊwU RjR Rx‡ei Rb¨ Kxfv‡e KvR K‡i? K‡ib| Ab¨w`‡K W. Avwiev wiKw¤^‡b›U wWGbG cÖhyw³i Dbœq‡b
KvR Ki‡Qb|
e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡Ki c`v_©wUi `–lY †iv‡a Kx Kx c`‡¶c †bIqv K. wRb Kv‡K e‡j? 1
hvq? we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 L. wWGbG †U÷ †Kb Kiv nq? 2
3| M. W. Avwievi cÖhyw³i avcMy‡jv e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. ÔWv³vi Kvgi“j †h †ivM wb‡q KvR K‡ib †mwU cyi“‡li
f = 200 cm
†¶‡Î KvwU‡q DVv m¤¢e bqÕ we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
9|
wPÎ-A
K. Av‡jvi cÖwZmiY Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. Mvwo‡Z mvBW wgii †Kb e¨envi Kiv nq? 2
M. wPÎ-A Gi ¶gZv wbY©q Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡Ki 'A' wPÎwU †Pv‡Li †Kvb ai‡bi ΓwUi Rb¨ e¨envi
Kiv nq? wPÎmn KviY we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
4| AvwZK mv‡n‡ei †Q‡ji Rš§w`b Dcj‡¶ cwjw_b e¨v‡M K‡i wKQy K. GwmW e„wó Kv‡K e‡j? 1
†ejyb I cÐvw÷‡Ki †Ljbv Mvwo wK‡b Avb‡jb|
L. eb¨v †Kb nq? 2
K. cwjgvi Kv‡K e‡j? 1
M. DÏxc‡Ki 'B' `y‡h©vMwU m„wói KviY e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
L. †ikg‡K Zš‘i ivwb ejv nq †Kb? 2
M. AvwZK mv‡n‡ei e¨eüZ e¨v‡Mi Dcv`v‡bi Drcv`b cÖwµqv N. DÏxc‡Ki 'P' Ae¯’v m„wói Rb¨ 'A', 'B', 'C' I 'D' `vqx
eY©bv Ki| 3 we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
N. AvwZK mv‡n‡ei †Kbv e¯‘ `ywU cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ bó 10| wg‡mm bvwdmv Zvi evwo‡Z 80 IqvU Gi 6wU evje, 100 IqvU
K‡i‡Q wK? we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 Gi `ywU d¨vb, 200 IqvU Gi GKwU TV cÖwZw`b 10 NÈv e¨envi
5| Ca(OH)2 + A = CaSO4 + H2O K‡ib| Zvi gvwmK LiP †e‡o hvIqvq wZwb Ggb GK ai‡bi evje
K. cÖkgb wewµqv Kv‡K e‡j? 1 e¨envi Ki‡jb d‡j Zvi we`y¨r wej K‡g †Mj|
L. gvwUi pH Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb †Kb? 2 K. Zwor we‡kÐl¨ c`v_© Kv‡K e‡j? 1
M. DÏxc‡Ki 1g wewµq‡Ki ˆewkó¨ e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 L. GK IqvU-NÈv ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2
N. ÒDÏxc‡Ki 'A' Gi Ace¨envi mgv‡R weiƒc cÖfve M. cÖwZ BDwbU we`y¨‡Zi `vg 6.25 UvKv n‡j D³ evwoi
†d‡jÓ Dw³wUi h_v_©Zv we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 gvwmK we`y¨r wej KZ n‡e? 3
6| N. DwjÐwLZ mgm¨v mgvav‡b we‡kl ai‡bi evje e¨env‡ii
†hŠw³KZv we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
11| wkejx MvQ †_‡K gvwU‡Z c‡o cv‡q cÖPÊ e¨_v †cj Ges Zvi cv
dz‡j †Mj| Wv³v‡ii kiYvcbœ n‡j G·‡i K‡i Wv³vi wbwðZ n‡jb
wPÎ-A wPÎ-B wPÎ-C
†h, Zvi nvo †f‡O †M‡Q|
K. †c‡Uªvwjqvg Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. evjy gvwU‡Z †ewk evqevqb nq †Kb? 2 K. †iwWI‡_ivwc Kx? 1
M. wPÎ-A Gi DwjÐwLZ R¡vjvwbi cÖwµqvKiY e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 L. G‡ÛvmKwc †Kb Kiv nq? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
N. DÏxc‡K DwjÐwLZ wPÎ-A I wPÎ-C Gi R¡vjvwb `ywUi g‡a¨ M. wkejxi †ivM wbY©‡qi c×wZwUi Kvh©cÖYvwj eY©bv Ki| 3
†KvbwU wPÎ-B Gi Drcv`‡b AwaKZi mvkÖqx? we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 N. DÏxc‡Ki c×wZi SzuwK I SzuwK Gov‡bvi †KŠkj we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
 weÁvb  1245

DËigvjv
eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶v
1 L 2 K 3 N 4 K 5 L 6 N 7 K 8 M 9 L 10 L 11 N 12 N 13 K 14 M 15 M
DËi

16 M 17 N 18 K 19 M 20 L 21 N 22 L 23 N 24 L 25 K 26 * 27 N 28 M 29 L 30 K

we.`ª. : 26. mwVK DËi - 0.2 wgUvi|

m„Rbkxj
cÖkœ  01 i“wgi D”PZv 1.6 wgUvi, IRb 64 †KwR| †m Wvj, cÖkœ  02 Zij c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ me‡P‡q mnRjf¨ n‡jv cvwb|
Avjy, †Lvmvm‡gZ UvUKv dj Ges kvKmewR †L‡Z cQ›` K‡i| Zvi GKwU gvb`Ê n‡jv pH| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b gvby‡li wewfbœ
K. Pwe© Kv‡K e‡j? 1 Kg©Kv‡Êi Kvi‡Y cvwb gvivÍKfv‡e `–wlZ n‡”Q|
L. dv÷dzW‡K mylg Lv‡`¨i g‡a¨ aiv nq bv †Kb? 2 K. ùzUbv¼ Kv‡K e‡j? 1
M. i“wgi BMI wbY©q Ki| 3 L. cvwb‡K mve©Rbxb `ªveK ejv nq †Kb? 2
N. DwjÐwLZ LveviMy‡jv gvbe‡`‡ni Rb¨ KZUv Myi“Z¡c–Y©? M. DÏxc‡Ki gvb`ÊwU RjR Rx‡ei Rb¨ Kxfv‡e KvR
we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 K‡i? e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
[Aa¨vq-1 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
N. DÏxc‡Ki c`v_©wUi `–lY †iv‡a Kx Kx c`‡¶c †bIqv
1bs cÖ‡kœi DËi hvq? we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
h m¤•„³ d¨vwU GwmW wbw`©ó KwVb †øn c`v_©‡K Pwe© e‡j| [Aa¨vq-2 Gi Av‡jv‡K]

i dv÷dzW n‡”Q Ggb GK ai‡bi Lvevi, hv Gi ¯^v¯’¨MZ 2bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

g–‡j¨i †P‡q eis Gi gyL‡ivPK ¯^v‡`i Rb¨ Drcv`b Kiv nq| h evqygÊjxq Pv‡c †Kv‡bv Zij c`v_© †h ZvcgvÎvq ev‡®•
dv÷dz‡W i‡q‡Q AwZ D”PgvÎvq cÖvwYR Pwe© I wPwb, hv Avgv‡`i cwiYZ nq †mB ZvcgvÎv‡K H Zij c`v‡_©i ùzUbv¼ e‡j|
kix‡ii Rb¨ LyeB ¶wZKi| Ab¨w`‡K mylg Lv`¨ n‡jv wewfbœ i cvwbi GKwU we‡kl ag© n‡jv GwU †ewkifvM A‰Re †hŠM I
Lv`¨e¯‘i Ggb mgvnvi hvi g‡a¨ Lv`¨ Dcv`v‡bi meMy‡jvB
ˆRe †hŠM‡K `ªexf‚Z Ki‡Z cv‡i| cvwbi G ˆewkó¨ Ab¨vb¨ `ªve‡K
cwigvYg‡Zv _v‡K| Lv`¨ Dcv`v‡bi meMy‡jv Dcv`vb Dcw¯’Z bv
Abycw¯’Z _v‡K| ZvB cvwb‡K mve©Rbxb `ªveK ejv nq|
_vKvi Kvi‡Y dv÷dzW‡K mylg Lv‡`¨i g‡a¨ aiv nq bv|
j DÏxc‡Ki gvb`ÊwU n‡jv pH| G gvb`ÊwU RjR Rx‡ei Rb¨
j DÏxcK n‡Z cvB, LyeB Myi“Z¡c–Y©|
i“wgi IRb = 64 †KwR
Ges D”PZv = 1.6 wgUvi pH n‡jv Ggb GKwU ivwk, †hwU Øviv †evSv hvq cvwb ev Ab¨
†`‡ni IRb (†KwR) †Kv‡bv Rjxq `ªeY GwmwWK, ¶vixq bv wbi‡c¶| wbi‡c¶ n‡j pH
Avgiv Rvwb, weGgAvB (BMI) = [†`‡ni D”PZv (wgUvi)]2 nq 7, GwmwWK n‡j 7 Gi Kg, Avi ¶vixq n‡j 7 Gi †ewk|
64 cvwbi Rb¨ pH Gi gvb AZ¨š@ Myi“Z¡c–Y©| †hgbÑ b`-b`xi cvwbi
 i“wgi weGgAvB (BMI) = (1.6)2 = 25 (cÖvq) pH hw` 6 - 8 Gi g‡a¨ _v‡K, Zvn‡j †mUv RjR Dw™¢` wKsev
myZivs i“wgi BMI n‡jv 25 (cÖvq)| cÖvYxi †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv Amyweavi m„wó K‡i bv| Z‡e pH
Gi gvb hw` Gi PvB‡Z K‡g hvq ev †e‡o hvq, Zvn‡j H cvwb
k DÏxc‡K DwjÐwLZ LveviMy‡jv n‡jv iv‡dR RvZxq Lvevi| gvQmn Ab¨vb¨ RjR cÖvYx Avi Dw™¢‡`i Rb¨ gvivÍK ¶wZKi
Wvj, Avjy, wRiv, a‡b, gUikyuwU BZ¨vw` Lvev‡i ch©vß cwigv‡Y nq| gv‡Qi wWg, †cvbv gvQ cvwbi pH Lye Kg ev †ewk n‡j euvP‡Z
iv‡dR cvIqv hvq| GQvov †Lvmvm‡gZ UvUKv dj I kvK mewRi cv‡i bv| GgbwK cvwb‡Z pH Gi gvb K‡g †M‡j A_©vr Gwm‡Wi
iv‡dR g–jZ †mjy‡jvR wbwg©Z †KvlcÖvPxi| iv‡dR cÖavbZ Dw™¢`
cwigvY †e‡o †M‡j RjR cÖvYx‡`i †`n †_‡K K¨vjwmqvgmn Ab¨vb¨
†_‡KB cvIqv hvq| Avgv‡`i ¯^v¯’¨ i¶vi Rbi¨ GwU LyeB Myi“Z¡c–Y©
LwbR c`v_© †`‡ni evB‡i P‡j Av‡m, hvi d‡j gvQ mn‡RB
Dcv`vb| iv‡dR mivmwi Lv`¨bvwji g‡a¨ w`‡q cwievwnZ n‡Z
†ivMvµvš@ n‡Z kyi“ K‡i|
cv‡i| GwU Lv`¨bvwji Mv‡q †Kv‡bviƒc wcÊ ˆZwi K‡i bv e‡j †ivM
cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z m¶g| Auvkhy³ Lv`¨, Lv`¨bvwj cwi®‹vi iv‡L I k DÏxc‡K DwjÐwLZ c`v_©wU n‡jv cvwb| cvwb `–lY †iv‡a †hme
gjZ¨vM myôzfv‡e n‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| GQvovI GwU Lv`¨bvjxi †cwk c`‡¶c †bIqv hvq Zv wb‡P Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jvÑ
µg ms‡KvPb I mÂvj‡b mnvqZv K‡i| iv‡dR RvZxq Lvevi Kg 1. wkí KviLvbvi eR©¨ wbM©Z Kivi mgq G‡`i ivmvqwbK
LvIqvi d‡j Zvi †KvôKvwVb¨, ü`‡ivM I Wvqv‡ewU‡mi SzuwK wUªU‡g‡›Ui e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| hv‡Z Gme eR©¨ cvwb `–l‡Y
ev‡o| iv‡dR RvZxq Lv`¨ ¶zavi cÖeYZv Kwg‡q †`q d‡j, f‚wgKv ivL‡Z bv cv‡i|
evievi LvIqvi Sv‡gjv †cvnv‡Z nq bv| GQvovI iv‡dRhy³ Lv`¨ 2. Rjvf‚wg I ebf‚wg i¶vi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|
bv †L‡j wcË_wji †ivM, Lv`¨bvwj I gjvk‡qi K¨vbmvi, Ak©, 3. cÐvw÷K, cwjw_b RvZxq c`v_© Rjvf‚wg‡Z bv †djv| GRb¨
A¨v‡cwÛKm, ü`‡ivM I ¯’‚jZv A‡bKvs‡k e„w× cvq| K‡Vvi AvBb cÖ‡qvM K‡i Zvi h_vh_ cÖ‡qvM NUv‡Z n‡e|
 P¨v‡Ýji GmGmwm kU© mv‡Rk‡Ýi DËigvjv  1246

4. Rwg‡Z AwZwi³ ivmvqwbK mvi I KxUbvkK e¨envi eÜ cÖwZmwiZ n‡q DÏxc‡Ki b¨vq †iwUbvi wcQ‡b F we›`y‡Z cÖwZwe¤^
Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡qvR‡b ivmvqwbK mv‡ii cwie‡Z© ˆRe mvi K‡i| d‡j †PvL j¶¨e¯‘ ¯•ófv‡e †`L‡Z cvq bv|
e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
R
5. †bŠhvb †hgbÑ jÂ, w÷gvi, RvnvR n‡Z wbM©Z eR©¨ c`v‡_©i N F
cwigvY Kgv‡Z n‡e|
6. m‡e©vcwi Rbm‡PZbZv e„w× K‡i, RbM‡Yi mn‡hvwMZvi wPÎ : `xN©`„wó ΓwU
gva¨‡gB cvwb `–lY cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖkœ  04 AvwZK mv‡n‡ei †Q‡ji Rš§w`b Dcj‡¶ cwjw_b
AZGe Dchy©³ e¨e¯’vMy‡jv ev¯@evqb Ki‡Z cvi‡j cvwb `–lY e¨v‡M K‡i wKQy †ejyb I cÐvw÷‡Ki †Ljbv Mvwo wK‡b Avb‡jb|
A‡bKvs‡k Kgv‡bv hv‡e| ZvB Dc‡iv³ c`‡¶cMy‡jv MÖnY Kiv K. cwjgvi Kv‡K e‡j? 1
†h‡Z cv‡i| L. †ikg‡K Zš‘i ivwb ejv nq †Kb? 2
cÖkœ  03 M. AvwZK mv‡n‡ei e¨eüZ e¨v‡Mi Dcv`v‡bi Drcv`b
cÖwµqv eY©bv Ki| 3
f = 200 cm
N. AvwZK mv‡n‡ei †Kbv e¯‘ `ywU cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨
bó K‡i‡Q wK? we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
[Aa¨vq-6 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
wPÎ-A 4bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
K. Av‡jvi cÖwZmiY Kv‡K e‡j? 1 h A‡bKMy‡jv GKB iKg †QvU †QvU Ask †Rvov w`‡q †h GKwU
L. Mvwo‡Z mvBW wgii †Kb e¨envi Kiv nq? 2 eo wRwbm cvIqv hvq Zv‡K cwjgvi e‡j|
M. wPÎ-A Gi ¶gZv wbY©q Ki| 3 i †ik‡gi cÖavb MyY Gi †mŠ›`h©| wZb kZvwaK i‡Oi †ikg
N. DÏxc‡Ki 'A' wPÎwU †Pv‡Li †Kvb ai‡bi ΓwUi Rb¨ cvIqv hvq| wejvmeûj e¯¿ ˆZwi‡Z †ikg Zš‘ e¨eüZ nq|
e¨envi Kiv nq? wPÎmn KviY we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 Av‡MKvi w`‡bi ivRv-ivwbi †cvkvK ej‡Z Avgiv †ikwg
[Aa¨vq-5 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
†cvkvKB eywS| GQvov cÖvK…wZK cÖvwYR Zš‘i g‡a¨ †ikg me‡P‡q
3bs cÖ‡kœi DËi k³ I `xN©| G mg¯@ bvbvwea MyYvMy‡Yi Rb¨ †ikg‡K Zš‘i ivwb
h Av‡jv hLb GKwU ¯^”Q gva¨g †_‡K Ab¨ ¯^”Q gva¨‡g j¤^fv‡e ejv nq|
AvcwZZ bv n‡q euvKvfv‡e AvcwZZ nq, ZLb gva¨g `ywUi j DÏxc‡K AvwZK mv‡n‡ei e¨eüZ e¨vMwU n‡jv cwjw_b| wb‡P
we‡f`Z‡j Gi MwZc_ cwiewZ©Z nq| Av‡jvKiwk¥i w`K cwieZ©b cwjw_‡bi Drcv`b cÖwµqv e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jvÑ
Kivi G NUbv‡K Av‡jvi cÖwZmiY e‡j| Bw_wjb M¨vm‡K 1000-1200 evqygÊjxq Pv‡c 200 †mjwmqvm
i Mvwoi wbivc` WªvBwfs‡qi Rb¨ Ab¨Zg cÖavb kZ© n‡jv wbR ZvcgvÎvq DËß K‡i cwjw_b cvIqv hvq| G‡¶‡Î cwjgviKiY
Mvwoi Av‡kcv‡k me©`v Kx NU‡Q Zv †Lqvj ivLv| mvaviYZ Mvwoi `ª“Z Kivi Rb¨ cÖfveK wn‡m‡e Aw·‡Rb M¨vm e¨envi Kiv nq|
D”PZvc I Pvc
WªvBfv‡ii wm‡Ui `iRvi mvg‡bi w`‡K `yB cv‡k mvBW wgii bv‡g n (Bw_wjb)  cwjw_b
`ywU Avqbv ev `c©Y e¨envi Kiv nq| GMy‡jv Mvwoi `yÕcv‡k Kx O2 cÖfveK
NU‡Q ev Kx Ae¯’v weivRgvb Zv †`Lvi Kv‡R jv‡M| G‡Z n (CH2 = CH2)  D”PZvc I Pvc
( CH2  CH2 )n
WªvBfvi‡K Zvi kix‡i †Kv‡bv iKg †gvPo ev bovPov Kivi O2 cÖfveK
cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| ZvB Mvwo‡Z mvBW wgii e¨envi Kiv nq| D”PPvc c×wZ mnRmva¨ bv nIqvq G cÖwµqvwU †Zgb RbwcÖq bq|
j DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ A n‡Z cvB, eZ©gv‡b evwYwR¨Kfv‡e UvB‡Uwbqvg UªvB‡K¬vivBW (TiCl3) bvgK
200 cÖfveK e¨envi K‡i mvaviY evqygÊjxq Pv‡c cwjw_b ˆZwi Kiv
†jÝwUi †dvKvm `–iZ¡, f = 200 cm = 100 = 2 m| nq|
1 1 D”PZvc
Avgiv Rvwb, †j‡Ýi ¶gZv = †dvKvm `–iZ¡ = 2m = 0.5D n (Bw_wjb)  cwjw_b
TiCl3 cÖfveK
†h‡nZz wPÎ-A Gi †jÝwU DËj, †m‡nZz †jÝwUi ¶gZv n‡e
k AvwZK mv‡n‡ei †Kbv e¯‘ `ywU cwjw_b I cÐvw÷‡Ki ˆZwi|
abvÍK, A_©vr +0.5D| cwjw_b I cÐvw÷K cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ bó Ki‡Q| wb‡P G welqwU
k wPÎ-A †Z DËj †j݇K †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| mvaviYZ †Pv‡Li we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jvÑ
`xN©`„wó ΓwU `–i Kivi †¶‡Î GB †jÝ e¨envi Kiv nq| Avgv‡`i evmvevwo‡Z e¨eüZ cwjw_b Ges cÐvw÷K n‡”Q K…wÎg
`xN©`„wó ΓwUMÖ¯@ †PvL `–‡ii e¯‘ †`L‡Z cvq wKš‘ Kv‡Qi e¯‘ cwjgvi ev Zš‘ †hMy‡jv cPbkxj bq| GMy‡jvi cybte¨envi bv
†`L‡Z cvq bv| †Pv‡Li Awfmvix ¶gZv n«vm cvIqv ev †Pv‡Li K‡i eR©¨ wn‡m‡e AcmviY Ki‡j GMy‡jv cwi‡e‡k Rgv n‡Z _v‡K
†j‡Ýi †dvKvm `–iZ¡ e„w× cvIqvB G ΓwUi KviY| G ΓwUMÖ¯@ Ges bvbviKg cÖwZeÜKZvi m„wó K‡i| kn‡i wkíKviLvbv †ewk
†Pv‡Li mvg‡b j¶¨e¯‘ †_‡K AvMZ Av‡jvKiwk¥ †Pv‡Li †j‡Ý ¯’vc‡bi Kvi‡Y †mLv‡b b`©gvi bvjvq cÖPzi cwjw_b I cÐvw÷K
 weÁvb  1247

RvZxq wRwbm c‡o _v‡K| GMy‡jv Rg‡Z Rg‡Z GKch©v‡q bvjv A‡b¨i kix‡i GwmW wb‡¶c Kiv Gwm‡Wi Ace¨env‡ii GKwU
eÜ n‡q hvq Ges b`©gvi bvjvq cvwbi cÖevn eÜ n‡q hvq| d‡j Ab¨Zg D`vniY| mgv‡Ri wKQy Lvivc ev wbôzi Pwi‡Îi gvbyl
†`Lv hvq, mvgvb¨ e„wócvZ n‡jB iv¯@vq cvwb R‡g Rjve×Zvi wb‡R‡`i cÖwZwnsmv †gUv‡Z, Av‡Mi †Kv‡bv NUbvi cÖwZ‡kva wb‡Z,
m„wó nq, hv cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ bó K‡i| GKBfv‡e cwjw_b I †µv‡ai e‡k GwmW Qy‡o gvivi gZ fqvbK Aciva K‡i| GwmW
cÐvw÷K eR©¨ AcwiKwíZ Dcv‡q e¨e¯’vcbvi Afv‡e Gi eo GKwU Qy‡o gvivi d‡j gvby‡li kix‡ii IB wbw`©ó Ask m¤•–Y© Sj‡m
Ask b`b`x, Lvj ev Rjvk‡q wM‡q c‡o| Gfv‡e Rg‡Z Rg‡Z hvq| gy‡L GwmW gvi‡j Zv weK…Z n‡q hvq| †hmKj gvbyl GB
GKmgq b`xi MfxiZv K‡g hvq, hv bve¨Zvi Rb¨ gvivÍK ûgwK GwmW mš¿v‡mi fqvenZvi wkKvi nb Zviv weK…Z †Pnviv wb‡q
n‡q `uvovq| Avevi, cwjw_b I cÐvw÷K eR©¨ gvwUi mv‡_ wg‡k mevi mvg‡b ev evB‡i Avm‡Z Pvq bv| d‡j A‡bK m¤¢vebvgq I
gvwUi De©iZv kw³ bó K‡i †`q| GgbwK Gme cwjw_b I †gavex QvÎx‡`i cov‡kvbv m¤•–Y© eÜ n‡q hvq| GwmW mš¿v‡mi
cÐvw÷K eR©¨ Mevw`ckyi Lvev‡ii mv‡_ wg‡k Zv‡`i gvsm I Pwe©‡Z wkKvi A‡bK cwiev‡i †b‡g Av‡m `ywe©ln Rxeb; gvbwmK
Rgv _v‡K| Gme ckyi gvsm †L‡j K¨vbmv‡ii g‡Zv gvivÍK wech©¯@Zv †`Lv †`q|
†iv‡M Avµvš@ nIqvi m¤¢vebv †_‡K hvq| Dchy©³ we‡kÐlY †_‡K ejv hvq, Gwm‡Wi Ace¨envi mgv‡R weiƒc
myZivs GwU ¯•ó †h, AvwZK mv‡n‡ei †Kbv e¯‘ `ywU cwjw_b I cÖfve †d‡j Dw³wU h_v_©|
cÐvw÷K mvgMÖx mwVK e¨e¯’vcbv bv Ki‡j Zv gvivÍK cwi‡ek cÖkœ  06
wech©q NwU‡q cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ bó K‡i| A_©vr GMy‡jv
cwi‡e‡ki Rb¨ ûgwK¯^iƒc|
cÖkœ  05 Ca(OH)2 + A = CaSO4 + H2O
K. cÖkgb wewµqv Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. gvwUi pH Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb †Kb? 2 wPÎ-A wPÎ-B wPÎ-C
M. DÏxc‡Ki 1g wewµq‡Ki ˆewkó¨ e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 K. †c‡Uªvwjqvg Kv‡K e‡j? 1
N. ÒDÏxc‡Ki 'A' Gi Ace¨envi mgv‡R weiƒc cÖfve L. evjy gvwU‡Z †ewk evqevqb nq †Kb? 2
†d‡jÓ Dw³wUi h_v_©Zv we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 M. wPÎ-A Gi DwjÐwLZ R¡vjvwbi cÖwµqvKiY e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
[Aa¨vq-7 Gi Av‡jv‡K] N. DÏxc‡K DwjÐwLZ wPÎ-A I wPÎ-C Gi R¡vjvwb `ywUi
5bs cÖ‡kœi DËi g‡a¨ †KvbwU wPÎ-B Gi Drcv`‡b AwaKZi mvkÖqx?
h †h ivmvqwbK wewµqvq GwmW I ¶v‡ii g‡a¨ wewµqvi d‡j we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
wbi‡c¶ c`v_© jeY I cvwb Drcbœ nq Zv‡K cÖkgb wewµqv e‡j| [Aa¨vq-8 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
6bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
i pH n‡”Q Ggb GKwU ivwk hv Øviv †Kv‡bv `ªe‡Yi GwmW ev
¶v‡ii gvÎv wbY©q Kiv hvq| gvwUi ¯^vfvweK pH n‡jv 4-8| me h Lwb n‡Z cÖvß Zij R¡vjvwb c`v_©‡K †c‡Uªvwjqvg e‡j|
pH Gi gvwU‡Z me dmj fv‡jv nq bv| †hme dmj Aèxq gvwU‡Z i evqygʇji M¨vm gvwU‡Z hvIqv Ges gvwU‡Z _vKv M¨vm
R‡š§ †mMy‡jv ¶vi gvwUi mn¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Avevi ¶vixq evqygʇj wd‡i Avmvi cÖwµqvB n‡jv gvwUi evqevqb| evjy gvwUi
gvwU‡Z Rš§v‡bv dmj AèZv mn¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †ewkifvM KYvi AvKvi me‡P‡q eo Ges `vbvhy³| G gvwUi KYvMy‡jvi gv‡S
dm‡ji †¶‡Î gvwUi pH Gi gvb 7 ev Zvi Lye KvQvKvwQ n‡j duvKv A‡bK †ewk _v‡K e‡j evjy gvwU‡Z evqevqb †ewk nq|
m‡e©v”P Drcv`b cvIqv hvq| ZvB dmj mwVKfv‡e Drcv`‡bi Rb¨
j DÏxc‡K wPÎ-A G †`Lv‡bv wmwjÛv‡ii R¡vjvwb Dcv`vbwU n‡jv
gvwUi pH Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb|
wg‡_b (CH4) M¨vm| Avi M¨vm‡K cÖwµqvRvZKi‡Yi gva¨‡g
j DÏxc‡Ki 1g wewµqK Ca(OH) †hŠMwU n‡”Q ¶vi| wb‡P e¨envi Dc‡hvMx Kiv nq| wb‡P wg‡_b M¨v‡mi cÖwµqvKiY cÖwµqv
¶v‡ii ˆewkó¨ D‡jÐL Kiv n‡jv : eY©bv Kiv n‡jvÑ
i. GwU GwmW‡K wbw®Œq K‡i| wg‡_b M¨v‡mi cÖwµqvKiY GKwU RwUj wkí cÖwµqv, GwU K‡qK
ii. G‡Z †Kv‡bv cÖwZ¯’vcb‡hvM¨ nvB‡Wªv‡Rb _v‡K bv| av‡c m¤•bœ nq| mvaviYfv‡e †hLv‡b M¨vmK‚c cvIqv hvq,
iii. GwU cvwb‡Z nvB‡Wªv·vBW Avqb (OH–) Drcbœ K‡i| †mLv‡bB Rxevk¥ G R¡vjvwbi cÖwµqvKiY m¤•bœ Kiv nq| G‡¶‡Î
iv. GwU Gwm‡Wi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i jeY Drcbœ K‡i| M¨v‡mi MVb A_©vr G‡Z we`¨gvb Ab¨vb¨ c`v‡_©i Ici
v. GwU jvj wjUgvm‡K bxj K‡i| cÖwµqvKi‡Yi av‡ci G cÖwµqvwU wbf©i K‡i|
k DÏxc‡Ki 'A' †hŠMwU n‡jv GwmW| Rxe‡bi bvbv †¶‡Î †hgb mvaviYZ M¨vmK‚‡c M¨vm I †Zj GK‡Î _v‡K| G‡¶‡Î cÖ_‡g
Gwm‡Wi e¨envi n‡q _v‡K †ZgbB Gi Ace¨enviI n‡q _v‡K| †Zj‡K c„_K Kiv nq| Gici cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡m _vKv †ebwRb I
Gwm‡Wi Ace¨envi mgv‡R †ek weiƒc cÖfve †d‡j| weD‡Ub Nbxf‚Z K‡i Avjv`v Kiv nq| cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡m _vKv cvwb
 P¨v‡Ýji GmGmwm kU© mv‡Rk‡Ýi DËigvjv  1248

`–i Kivi Rb¨ wbi“`‡Ki g‡a¨ w`‡q Pvjbv Kiv nq| AZtci M¨v‡m 7bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
_vKv `–lYxq c`v_© nvB‡Wªv‡Rb mvjdvBW Ges Kve©b WvBA·vBW
h ZwoZ‡PŠ¤^K e‡ji †P‡q 1010 MyY `ye©j †gŠwjK ej‡K `ye©j
c„_K Kiv nq| Avevi cÖvß M¨v‡mi wgkÖY †_‡K bvB‡Uªv‡Rb‡K
wbDwK¬q ej e‡j|
Avjv`v Kiv nq| G Ae¯’vq cÖvß cÖvK…wZK M¨vmB weky× wg‡_b
M¨vm, hv cvBcjvB‡bi gva¨‡g mÂvjb K‡i e¨envi Dc‡hvMx Kiv nq| i Avgv‡`i ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi KvRK‡g© Nl©‡Yi Myi“Z¡ Acwimxg|
wb‡P wP‡Îi gva¨‡g cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡mi cÖwµqvRvZKiY c×wZwU Avgiv Nl©Y Qvov Rxeb Kíbv Ki‡Z cvwi bv| Nl©Y bv _vK‡j
†`Lv‡bv n‡jvÑ Avgiv nuvU‡Z cviZvg bv, Ry‡Zv ci‡Z cviZvg bv, cvwb †L‡Z
cviZvg bv| Avevi Nl©‡Yi Kvi‡Y Avgv‡`i A‡bK AmyweavI
†cvnv‡Z nq| †hgb, hš¿cvwZi ¶q, mvB‡Kj, wiKkv ev Mvwoi
Uvqvi ¶q BZ¨vw`| G Kvi‡YB ejv hvq, Nl©Y GKwU cÖ‡qvRbxq
Dc`ªe|
j †`Iqv Av‡Q,
e¯‘i Dci cÖhy³ ej, F = 60 wbDUb
Z¡iY, a = 2 wg./†m.2
fi, m = ?
wPÎ : wg‡_b M¨vm cÖwµqvRvZKiY Avgiv Rvwb, F = ma
F
k DÏxc‡K DwjÐwLZ wPÎ A I wPÎ C R¡vjvwb `ywU n‡jv h_vµ‡g ev, m = a
wg‡_b ev cÖvK…wZK M¨vm I Kqjv| G‡`i g‡a¨ wPÎ-B A_©vr we`y¨r
Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ wPÎ C ev KqjvB †ewk mvkÖqx| wb‡P hyw³mn 60 wbDUb
=
Avgvi gZvgZ †`Iqv n‡jvÑ 2 wg./†m.2
wmwjÛvi M¨vm n‡jv msKzwPZ cÖvK…wZK M¨vm| GwUi cÖavb Dcv`vb = 30 †KwR|
n‡jv wg‡_b M¨vm hv K‡qKwU avc m¤•‡bœi gva¨‡g cÖ¯‘Z Kiv k `„k¨Kí-2 Gi NUbv `ywUi g‡a¨ RoZv A_©vr w¯’wZ RoZv I
nq| wg‡_b M¨v‡mi cÖvwßi Rb¨ M¨vmK‚‡ci †Zj‡K M¨vm †_‡K MwZ RoZvi m¤•K© i‡q‡Q| wb‡P Zv we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jvÑ
Avjv`v Kiv nq| ch©vqµ‡g wewfbœ av‡c cÖPÊ Pv‡c msKzwPZ K‡i
†_‡g _vKv Mvwo nVvr Pj‡Z kyi“ Ki‡j Avgiv w¯’wZ RoZvi
R¡vjvwb Dc‡hvMx K‡i wg‡_b M¨vm cvIqv hvq| G cÖwµqvwU
K‡qKwU av‡c m¤•bœ Kiv e¨qmv‡c¶| GQvov G cÖwµqvwU †`kxq cÖhyw³ Kvi‡Y wcQ‡bi w`‡K †n‡j cwo| w¯’wZkxj e¯‘i wPiKvj w¯’i
e¨envi K‡i D‡Ëvjb Kiv m¤¢eci bv nIqvq e¨qeûj n‡q c‡o| _vK‡Z PvIqvi cÖeYZv ev w¯’wZ eRvq ivLvi ag© n‡jv w¯’wZ
Ab¨w`‡K, Kqjvi ¯@i f‚M‡f©i KvQvKvwQ _vKvi d‡j D‡Ëvjb RoZv| Mvwo hLb w¯’wZkxj _v‡K ZLb Av‡ivnx‡`i mg¯@ †`nB
Kiv mnRZi nq| †gwkb w`‡q f‚Mf© †_‡K Kqjv †Zvjvi ci w¯’wZkxj _v‡K| Avevi Mvwo Pj‡Z kyi“ Kivi mv‡_ mv‡_
Kb‡fqvi †eë w`‡q †mMy‡jv cÖwµqvKiY cÐv‡›U †bIqv nq| †mLv‡b
Kqjvq Dcw¯’Z gqjv, QvB, wkjv KYv cÖf…wZ c`v_©My‡jv c„_K Avgv‡`i †`‡ni wbævsk MwZkxj nq wKš‘ kix‡ii Dc‡ii Ask
K‡i Dš§y³ Lbb c×wZ‡Z D‡Ëvjb Kiv nq| GwU A‡bK Kg Li‡P w¯’wZ RoZvi Kvi‡Y w¯’i _vK‡Z Pvq| d‡j kix‡ii wb‡Pi Ask
Kiv m¤¢e| †_‡K Dc‡ii Ask wcwQ‡q c‡o| GRb¨ Avgiv cieZ©x‡Z wcQ‡bi
myZivs DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ejv hvq, we`y¨r Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ w`‡K †n‡j cwo|
R¡vjvwb wn‡m‡e Kqjv †ewk mvkÖqx|
Avevi Pjš@ Mvwo nVvr †eªK Pvc‡j Avgiv MwZ RoZvi Kvi‡Y
cÖkœ  07 `„k¨Kí-1 : GKwU e¯‘i Dci 60 wbDUb ej cÖ‡qvM mvg‡bi w`‡K Sz‡u K cwo| MwZkxj e¯‘i wPiKvj mg‡e‡M _vK‡Z
Ki‡j Gi Z¡iY 2 wgUvi/†m.2 nq|
PvIqvi cÖeYZv ev ag© n‡jv MwZ RoZv| Mvwo MwZkxj _vKvq
`„k¨Kí-2 : GKwU †_‡g _vKv evm nVvr Pj‡Z kyi“ Ki‡j hvÎxiv Av‡ivnx‡`i mg¯@ †`nB MwZkxj _v‡K A_©vr Pjš@ Ae¯’vq
wcQ‡bi w`‡K †n‡j c‡o, Avevi Pjš@ evm nVvr †eªK Ki‡j
hvÎxiv mvg‡bi w`‡K Sz‡u K c‡o| Mvwoi mv‡_ hvÎxivI GKB MwZ cÖvß nq| wKš‘ †eªK Pvcvi d‡j
K. `ye©j wbDwK¬q ej Kv‡K e‡j? 1 Mvwo _vgvi mv‡_ mv‡_ hvÎx‡`i †`‡ni wbævsk w¯’i Ae¯’vq
L. Nl©Y GKwU cÖ‡qvRbxq Dc`ªe †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 _v‡K, wKš‘ †`‡ni Dc‡ii Ask MwZ RoZvi cÖfv‡e MwZ eRvq
M. `„k¨Kí-1 Gi e¯‘wUi fi KZ? 3 ivL‡Z mvg‡bi w`‡K Sz‡u K c‡o|
N. `„k¨Kí-2 Gi NUbv `ywUi g‡a¨ Kx ai‡bi m¤•K©
myZivs MwZ RoZvi Kvi‡Y Avgiv mvg‡bi w`‡K Sz‡u K co‡jI
Av‡Q? hyw³mn we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
[Aa¨vq-10 Gi Av‡jv‡K] w¯’wZ RoZvi Kvi‡Y cieZ©x‡Z wcQ‡bi w`‡K †n‡j cwo|
 weÁvb  1249

cÖkœ  08 Wv³vi Kvgi“j A‡bKw`b a‡i Uvb©viÕm wmb‡Wªvg †ivM Nvo, AweKwkZ ¯@b I Rbbv½, eܨvZ¡ BZ¨vw` j¶Y †`Lv †`q|
wb‡q KvR K‡ib| Ab¨w`‡K W. Avwiev wiKw¤^‡b›U wWGbG cÖhyw³i †nv‡gvRvBMvm Ae¯’vq †Kv‡bv GKwU †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi GKwU wR‡b
Dbœq‡b KvR Ki‡Qb| mgm¨v _vK‡j Ab¨ †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi †mB wRbwU mvaviYZ `vwqZ¡ †bq
K. wRb Kv‡K e‡j? 1 e‡j mgm¨vwU cÖKvk cvq bv| wKš‘ †nUv‡ivRvBMvm Ae¯’vq
L. wWGbG †U÷ †Kb Kiv nq? 2 wR‡bi mgm¨vwU cÖKvk cvq| †h‡nZz Uvb©viÕm wmb‡Wªvg X-
M. W. Avwievi cÖhyw³i avcMy‡jv e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 †µv‡gv‡Rvg msµvš@ †ivM ZvB G †ivM enbKvix X-†µv‡gv‡RvgwU
N. ÔWv³vi Kvgi“j †h †ivM wb‡q KvR K‡ib †mwU cyi“‡li cyi“l †`‡n †nUv‡ivRvBMvm Ae¯’vq _v‡K Gi d‡j cyi“‡li †¶‡Î
†¶‡Î KvwU‡q DVv m¤¢e bqÕ we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 G j¶Y cÖKvk cvq|
[Aa¨vq-11 Gi Av‡jv‡K] Dchy©³ we‡kÐlY †_‡K †evSv hvq, Wv³vi Kvgi“j †h †ivM wb‡q KvR
8bs cÖ‡kœi DËi K‡ib A_©vr Uvb©viÕm wmb‡Wªvg cyi“‡li †¶‡Î KvwU‡q IVv m¤¢e
bq|
h eskci¤•ivq Rx‡ei †Kv‡bv ˆewk‡ó¨i wba©vi‡Ki GKK‡K wRb
e‡j|
cÖkœ  09
i †Kv‡bv mš@v‡bi wcZ…Z¡ ev gvZ…Z¡ wb‡q we‡iva m„wó A_ev `vwe
Kiv mš@v‡bi wWGbG †U÷ Kiv nq| wWGbG †U÷ Kivi mgq
wcZv, gvZv I mš@v‡bi kixi †_‡K †Kv‡bv ai‡bi Rxe‡Kvl
†hgbÑ i³, jvjv BZ¨vw` msMÖn Kiv nq| G‡¶‡Î mš@v‡bi
wWGbG †cÖvdvBj wP‡Îi mv‡_ hw` wcZvgvZvi cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki †cÖvdvBj
wP‡Îi 50% wgj cvIqv hvq, Z‡e Zv‡`i‡K H mš@v‡bi cÖK…Z
wcZvgvZv wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq|
K. GwmW e„wó Kv‡K e‡j? 1
j DÏxc‡K W. Avwievi †h cÖhyw³i Dbœq‡b KvR Ki‡Qb Zv n‡jv L. eb¨v †Kb nq? 2
wiKw¤^‡bU wWGbG cÖhyw³| wb‡P G cÖhyw³i avcMy‡jv eY©bv Kiv
M. DÏxc‡Ki 'B' `y‡h©vMwU m„wói KviY e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
n‡jvÑ
N. DÏxc‡Ki 'P' Ae¯’v m„wói Rb¨ 'A', 'B', 'C' I 'D'
i. cÖ_‡g `vZv Rxe †_‡K Kvw¸¶Z wRbmn DNA AYy I evnK
wn‡m‡e e¨vK‡Uwiqvi cÐvRwgW DNA c„_K Kiv nq| `vqx we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
[Aa¨vq-9 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
ii. G av‡c cÐvRwgW wWGbG Ges `vZv wWGbG GK we‡kl
9bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
ai‡bi Dr‡mPK (GbRvBg) Øviv LwÊZ Kiv nq| `vZv
wWGbG-Gi Gme L‡Êi †Kv‡bv GKwU‡Z Kvw¸¶Z wRbwU h hLb e„wó‡Z A‡bK †ewk cwigv‡Y GwmW _v‡K ZLb Zv‡K
_v‡K| GwmW e„wó e‡j|
iii. G av‡c jvB‡MR bvgK GK ai‡bi GbRvBg Øviv `vZv i b`xgvZ…K evsjv‡`‡ki †¶‡Î GKwU wbqwgZ cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM
wWGbG †K cÐvRwgW wWGbG Gi KwZ©Z cÖvš@ `ywUi gvSLv‡b n‡”Q eb¨v| eb¨v nIqvi †ek wKQy RwUj KviY i‡q‡Q| b`-b`xi
¯’vcb Kiv nq| jvB‡MR GLv‡b AvVvi g‡Zv KvR K‡i| cvwb aviY¶gZv K‡g hvIqv, b`x fvOb, b`-b`x fivU n‡q
d‡j wbw`©ó wRbmn wiKw¤^‡b›U wWGbG cÐvRwgW m„wó nq| G hvIqv, †gŠmywg evqyi cÖfv‡e m„ó †Rvqv‡ii Kvi‡Y eb¨v n‡q _v‡K|
wiKw¤^‡b›U cÐvRwgWMy‡jv GLb `vZv wWGbG Gi wewfbœ LwÊZ
j DÏxc‡K 'B' `y‡h©vMwU n‡jv eb¨v| wb‡P eb¨v m„wói KviY
Ask enb K‡i|
e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jvÑ
iv. GLb G wiKw¤^‡b›U cÐvRwgW‡K UªvÝdi‡gkb c×wZ‡Z
Avgv‡`i †`‡k b`xfvOb, eR¨© Ae¨e¯’vcbvmn bvbv Kvi‡Y b`b`x
e¨vK‡Uwiqvq cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv nq| G c×wZ‡Z LwÊZ wWGbG
fivU n‡q hvIqvq G‡`i cvwb aviY¶gZv K‡g hvq| d‡j fvix
MÖvnK †Kv‡l XzKv‡bv nq| UªvÝdi‡gk‡bi d‡j bZzb wRb
el©Y ev DRv‡bi AeevwnKv †_‡K Avmv cvwb Lye mn‡RB mvM‡ii
wb‡q D™¢vweZ e¨vK‡Uwiqv ev Rxe n‡jv Uªv݇RwbK Rxe|
AwfgyLx nq bv| G cvwb b`x f‡i `yK‚j Qvwc‡q eb¨vi m„wó K‡i|
v. wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA cÐvRwgW evwnZ e¨vK‡Uwiqv‡K kbv³ K‡i
GQvov †gŠmywg evqyi cÖfv‡e e‡½vcmvM‡i m„ó †Rvqv‡ii Kvi‡Y
Gi gva¨‡g Kvw¸¶Z Rx‡e wRbwU cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv nq|
DRv‡bi cvwbI b`b`xi gva¨‡g mvM‡i †h‡Z cv‡i bv| d‡j
k Wv³vi Kvgi“j †h †ivM wb‡q KvR K‡ib †mwU n‡jv Uvb©viÕm b`b`xi msjMœ GjvKvq eb¨v m„wó nq| Avevi evsjv‡`‡ki
wmb‡Wªvg| G †ivMwU cyi“‡li †¶‡Î KvwU‡q IVv m¤¢e bq| †ewkifvM GjvKv mgZj nIqvq e„wói cvwb mn‡R b`b`x‡Z wM‡q
Uvb©viÕm wmb‡Wªvg n‡”Q GKwU eskMZ †ivM| bvix‡`i †m· co‡Z cv‡i bv| Kv‡RB fvix el©Y n‡j we¯@xY© GjvKv, we‡kl
†µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi bb-wWmRvsk‡bi Kvi‡Y GKwU X-†µv‡gv‡Rvg K‡i DcK‚jxq GjvKv cÐvweZ n‡q eb¨v m„wó nq| Gme GjvKvq
Abycw¯’Z _v‡K| G †iv‡M Avµvš@ bvix‡`i g‡a¨ Le©vK…wZ, cÖk¯@ mvB‡K¬v‡bi cÖfv‡e m„ó R‡jv”Q¡v‡mI eb¨v †`Lv †`q|
 P¨v‡Ýji GmGmwm kU© mv‡Rk‡Ýi DËigvjv  1250

k DÏxc‡Ki 'P' A_©vr Ô`–lYÕ m„wói Rb¨ 'A', 'B', 'C' I 'D' Z_v 100  2  10  30
Ôe„¶ wbabÕ, Ôeb¨vÕ, ÔGwmW e„wóÕ I Ôwkí KjKviLvbvÕ `vqx| wb‡P 2wU d¨vb KZ©…K e¨wqZ kw³ = 1000 wK‡jvIqvU-NÈv
Zv we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jvÑ = 60 wK‡jvIqvU-NÈv
AwZwi³ RbmsL¨vi Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z w`b w`b e„¶ wbab †e‡o
200  1  10  30
P‡j‡Q| AwZgvÎvq e„¶ wba‡bi d‡j ebR MvQcvjv I RxeRš‘i 1wU TV KZ©K e¨wqZ kw³ = wK‡jvIqvU-NÈv
1000
Aw¯@Z¡ wejxb n‡q hv‡”Q| Avevw` Rwg I ebf‚wg aŸsm n‡q hv‡”Q
hvi dj¯^iƒc cwi‡e‡ki ZvcgvÎv e„w× cv‡”Q| GQvov bZzb bZzb = 60 wK‡jvIqvU-NÈv
wkí KviLvbv ¯’vcb Ges GMy‡jv †_‡K wMÖb nvDR M¨v‡mi  †gvU e¨wqZ kw³ = (144 + 60 + 60) wK‡jvIqvU-NÈv
wbtmiY †e‡oB hv‡”Q| AwaK nv‡i e„¶ wba‡bi d‡j wkíKviLvbv = 264 BDwbU
†_‡K wbM©Z M¨vm `–lY †e‡oB P‡j‡Q| GQvovI wkí KviLvbv, cÖwZ BDwbU we`y¨‡Zi g–j¨ 6.25 UvKv n‡j 264 BDwbU we`y¨‡Zi
B‡Ui fvUv †_‡K wbM©Z wewfbœ M¨vm †hgbÑ SO2, NO2, CO evZv‡m
wg‡k GwmW e„wó m„wó K‡i| GwmW e„wói d‡j cwi‡ek `–wlZ n‡q g–j¨ = (264  6.25) UvKv = 1650 UvKv
Dw™¢` I RjR cÖvYx gviv hvq| gv‡Qi wWg bó nq Ges wewfbœ myZivs D³ evwoi gvwmK we`y¨r wej 1650 UvKv n‡e|
gvivÍK †ivM m„wó K‡i| eb¨vI cwi‡ek `–l‡Y f‚wgKv iv‡L| k wg‡mm bvwdmv †h we‡kl ai‡bi evje e¨envi K‡i‡Qb Zv
eb¨vi d‡j wewfbœ eR©¨ I AveR©bv w`‡q DcK‚jxq GjvKv cÐvweZ GbvwR© †mwfs evje| wb‡P G evje e¨env‡ii †hŠw³KZv we‡kÐlY
nq, b`-b`xi AveR©bv mvM‡i wM‡q †g‡k, wkíKviLvbvi eR©¨ wg‡k
Kiv n‡jvÑ
cvwb I gvwU `–lY NUvq|
Dc‡i DwjÐwLZ Z_¨ we‡kÐlY †_‡K ejv hvq †h, Ô`–lYÕ m„wói Rb¨ mvaviY evj‡e avZe wdjv‡g›U‡K DËß K‡i Av‡jv ˆZwi Kiv
Ôe„¶wbabÕ, Ôeb¨vÕ, ÔGwmW e„wóÕ I Ôwkí KjKviLvbvÕ `vqx| nq| GwU ˆZwi‡Z cÖPzi Zvckw³ Drcbœ nq hv kw³i AcPq NUvq|
GK mgx¶vq gva¨‡g †`Lv hvq, GKwU cwiev‡i mvaviY evj‡ei
cÖkœ  10 wg‡mm bvwdmv Zvi evwo‡Z 80 IqvU Gi 6wU evje,
100 IqvU Gi `ywU d¨vb, 200 IqvU Gi GKwU TV cÖwZw`b 10 cwie‡Z© GbvwR© †mwfs evje GKwU K‡i e¨env‡ii d‡j mvkÖqx
NÈv e¨envi K‡ib| Zvi gvwmK LiP †e‡o hvIqvq wZwb Ggb GK kw³ w`‡q eQ‡i cÖvq 30 j¶ cwiev‡i ˆe`y¨wZK jvB‡bi ms‡hvM
ai‡bi evje e¨envi Ki‡jb d‡j Zvi we`y¨r wej K‡g †Mj| †`Iqv m¤¢e n‡e| GKKvjxb GbvwR© †mwfs evje wKb‡Z †ewk A_©
K. Zwor we‡kÐl¨ c`v_© Kv‡K e‡j? 1 LiP n‡jI GwU mvaviY evj‡ei †P‡q 3 †_‡K 25 MyY †ewk mgq
L. GK IqvU-NÈv ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2 wU‡K _vK‡Z cv‡i| cvkvcvwk G evje e¨env‡i A‡bK Kg we`y¨r
M. cÖwZ BDwbU we`y¨‡Zi `vg 6.25 UvKv n‡j D³ wej Av‡m| d‡j LiP mvkÖq nq| GbvwR© †mwfs evje Pvjbv Ki‡Z
evwoi gvwmK we`y¨r wej KZ n‡e? 3
Kg kw³i `iKvi nq| d‡j GwUi e¨envi kw³i AcPq Kgv‡Z
N. DwjÐwLZ mgm¨v mgvav‡b we‡kl ai‡bi evje
e¨env‡ii †hŠw³KZv we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 cv‡i| GKB mv‡_ Rxevk¥ R¡vjvwbi Dci Avgv‡`i wbf©iZv Kgv‡Z
[Aa¨vq-12 Gi Av‡jv‡K] cv‡i| KviY, Rxevk¦ R¡vjvwb w`‡q Zwor Drcv`‡bi d‡j
10bs cÖ‡kœi DËi cwi‡e‡ki Ici weiƒc cÖwZwµqv c‡o| e¨env‡i ¯’vwqZ¡ †ewk
h Zwor cÖevn Pvjbv K‡i `ªe‡Yi †h `ªeYwU‡K `yB fv‡M wef³ ev nIqvq GbvwR© †mwf© evje Kg msL¨K cwiZ¨³ nq| d‡j G‡`i
we‡kÐlY Kiv nq, Zv‡K Zwor `ªe ev Zwor we‡kÐl¨ c`v_© e‡j| gqjv AveR©bv e¨e¯’vcbv myweav †ewk nIqvi d‡j cwi‡e‡ki
i GK IqvU ¶gZv m¤•bœ †Kv‡bv Zwor h‡š¿i ga¨ w`‡q GK Dci Pvc Kg c‡o|
NÈv a‡i Zwor cÖevwnZ n‡j †h cwigvY Zwor kw³ Ab¨ kw³‡Z AZGe ejv hvq, wg‡mm bvwdmvi evwo‡Z we`y¨r LiP mvkÖ‡qi Rb¨
iƒcvš@wiZ nq †mwU n‡”Q GK IqvUÑNÈv| GbvwR© †mwfs evje e¨envi hyw³msMZ|
A_©vr 1 IqvU-NÈv = 1 IqvU  3600 †m‡KÛ = 3600 Ryj| cÖkœ  11 wkejx MvQ †_‡K gvwU‡Z c‡o cv‡q cÖPÊ e¨_v †cj
j DÏxcK n‡Z cvB, Ges Zvi cv dz‡j †Mj| Wv³v‡ii kiYvcbœ n‡j G·‡i K‡i
cÖwZwU evj‡ei ¶gZv = 80 IqvU
Wv³vi wbwðZ n‡jb †h, Zvi nvo †f‡O †M‡Q|
cÖwZwU d¨v‡bi ¶gZv = 100 IqvU
wUwfi ¶gZv = 200 IqvU K. †iwWI‡_ivwc Kx? 1
1 gvm = 30 w`b L. G‡ÛvmKwc †Kb Kiv nq? e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
¶gZv  mgq M. wkejxi †ivM wbY©‡qi c×wZwUi Kvh©cÖYvwj eY©bv
 6wU evje KZ©…K e¨wqZ kw³ =
1000 wK‡jvIqvU-NÈv Ki| 3
80  6  10  30 N. DÏxc‡Ki c×wZi SzuwK I SzuwK Gov‡bvi †KŠkj
= 1000 Ó
we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
= 144 wK‡jvIqvU-NÈv [Aa¨vq-14 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
 weÁvb  1251

11bs cÖ‡kœi DËi A¨v‡bv‡Wi cigvYyi †fZi w`‡Ki K¶c‡_i B‡jKUªb K¶c_Pz¨Z
h †iwWI‡_ivwc n‡”Q K¨vbmvi †ivM wbqš¿‡Yi GKwU †KŠkj hvi nq| ZLb evB‡ii w`‡Ki K¶c‡_i †Kv‡bv GKwU B‡jKUªb †mB
gva¨‡g kix‡ii †h A‡½ K¨vbmvi n‡q‡Q D”P¶gZvi G·-†i RvqMvUv c–iY K‡i| G mgq †h kw³UzKz Aewkó †_‡K hvq, †mwU
e¨envi K‡i †mB A‡½i Avµvš@ †KvlMy‡jv aŸsm Kiv nq| kw³kvjx G·-†i wn‡m‡e †ei n‡q Av‡m| GwU kix‡ii gvsm‡cwk
†f` K‡i wM‡q d‡UvMÖvwdK †cЇU Qwe Zzj‡Z cv‡i| ZvB nv‡oi
i gvby‡li kix‡i wewfbœ †ivM mwVK Dcv‡q wbY©‡qi Rb¨ bvbv ¶q n‡j ev †f‡O †M‡j G·-†i Gi gva¨‡g Zv kbv³ Kiv hvq|
ai‡bi wPwKrmv c×wZ e¨envi Kiv nq| A‡¯¿vcPvi bv K‡i
evB‡i †_‡K kix‡ii Af¨š@‡i A½cÖZ¨½My‡jvi †fZi †`Lvi Rb¨ k DÏxc‡Ki cÖhyw³ A_©vr G·-†ii mvnv‡h¨ †hgb †ivM wbY©q Kiv
G‡ÛvmKwc cix¶v Kiv nq| dzmdzm, cvK¯’jx, ¶z`ªvš¿, e„n`š¿, hvq wVK †Zgwb GB wPwKrmv c×wZi wKQy SzwKI i‡q‡Q| wb‡P GB
¯¿x cÖRbb A½, D`i, †cjwfm, g–Îbvwji Af¨š@ifvM, SuywK I SzuwK Gov‡bvi †KŠkj we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jvÑ
bvmvMnŸi, bv‡Ki Pvicv‡k mvBbvm Ges Kv‡bi wewfbœ mgm¨v G·-†i e¨env‡ii SuywKMy‡jv n‡jvÑ
G·-†i ev wmwU ¯‹¨v‡b kbv³ Kiv hvq bv| †m‡¶‡Î kix‡ii i. AwZwi³ G·-†i Rxe‡Kvl aŸsm K‡i|
†fZ‡ii Gme A½cÖZ¨½mg–‡ni wbLyuZ I ¯•ó Qwe cvIqvi Rb¨ ii. wkky‡`i cÖRbbZ‡š¿ G·-†i ¶wZKi cÖfve †d‡j|
G‡ÛvmKwc Kiv nq| iii. Mf©eZx Ae¯’vq (we‡klZ 2Ñ4 gvm mg‡qi gv‡S) G·-†i
gv I wkky Df‡qi Ici ¶wZKi cÖfve †d‡j|
j wkewji †ivM wbY©‡qi c×wZwU n‡”Q G·-†i| wb‡P Gi
iv. GKB RvqMvq evievi G·-†i Kivi d‡j wUDgvi m„wói
Kvh©cÖYvwj e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jvÑ
G·-†i †gwk‡b GKwU Kv‡Pi †Mvj‡Ki `yB cv‡k K¨v‡_vW I m¤¢vebv †e‡o hvq|
A¨v‡bvW `ywU B‡jK‡UªvW _v‡K| K¨v‡_vW Uvs‡÷‡bi †fZi w`‡q G·-†i Gi SuywK Gov‡bvi †KŠkjmg–n wbæiƒc :
we`y¨r cÖevn K‡i DËß Kiv nq| Zv‡ci Kvi‡Y wdjv‡g›U †_‡K i. Mf©eZx gwnjv‡`i we‡klÁ wPwKrm‡Ki civgk© Qvov G·-†i
B‡jKUªb gy³ nq Ges A¨v‡bv‡Wi abvÍK †fv‡ë‡Ri Kvi‡Y †mwU i“‡g hvIqv wVK bq|
Zvi w`‡K Qy‡U hvq| K¨v‡_vW Ges A¨v‡bv‡Wi †fZi †fv‡ëR hZ ii. AwZ cÖ‡qvRb Qvov Mf©eZx gwnjvi †cU ev Zj‡c‡Ui AskUzKz
†ewk n‡e, B‡jKUªb ZZ †ewk MwZkw³‡Z A¨v‡bv‡Wi w`‡K Qy‡U G·-†i Kiv DwPZ bq|
hv‡e| G·-†i wUD‡e G †fv‡ëR 100 nvRvi †fv‡ë‡Ri KvQvKvwQ iii. wkky‡`i G·-†i Kivi †¶‡Î AZ¨š@ mZK© _vK‡Z n‡e|
n‡Z cv‡i| K¨v‡_vW †_‡K cÖPÊ kw³‡Z Qy‡U Avmv B‡jKUªb iv. †ivMxi G·-†i cix¶v Kivi mgq G·-†i Kiv AskUzKz Qvov
A¨v‡bvW‡K AvNvZ K‡i| G kw³kvjx B‡jKUª‡bi AvNv‡Z evwK kixi wmmv w`‡q ˆZwi A¨v‡cÖvb w`‡q †X‡K wb‡Z n‡e|
 P¨v‡Ýji GmGmwm kU© mv‡Rk‡Ýi DËigvjv  1252

gqgbwmsn †evW©-2024
weÁvb (eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶v) welq †KvW 1 2 7
mgq : 30 wgwbU c–Y©gvb : 30
[we‡kl `ªóe¨ : mieivnK…Z eûwbe©vPwb Afx¶vi DËic‡Î cÖ‡kœi µwgK b¤^‡ii wecix‡Z cÖ`Ë eY©msewjZ e„Ëmg–n n‡Z mwVK/m‡e©vrK…ó Dˇii e„ËwU
ej c‡q›U Kjg Øviv m¤•–Y© fivU Ki| cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœi gvb 1]
cÖkœc‡Î †Kv‡bv cÖKvi `vM/wPý †`Iqv hv‡e bv|
1. †KvbwU e‡ji GKK?  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 18 I 19 bs cÖ‡ kœi DËi `vI :
K Ryj L IqvU M wbDUb N WvqÞvi †iwg wm‡éi †cvkvK cQ›` K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K i“gv Ggb GKwU †cvkvK cQ›`
2. iycvi Mnbvq †mvbvi Zwor cÖ‡jcb Ki‡Z n‡j, wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K‡i hv Zvc Kzcwievnx|
K K¨v‡_v‡W †gv‡gi QuvP e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e 18. †iwgi †cvkvKwU cQ‡›`i KviYÑ
L `ªe‡Y †h †Kv‡bv jeY e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e i. GwU †mŠ›`h© we‡ePbvq †miv ii. m–h©v‡jv‡K Gi MyYvMyY A¶zYœ _v‡K
M A¨v‡bvW wn‡m‡e †mvbvi `Ê e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e iii. Av‡MKvi w`‡b ivbxiv e¨envi Ki‡Zb
N A¨v‡bv‡W MÖvdvBU Myuov Qwo‡q w`‡Z n‡e wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
 wb‡Pi wPÎwU j¶ Ki Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
19. i“gvi cQ‡›`i †cvkvKwU Kx‡mi ˆZwi?
K †iqb L bvBjb M cwj÷vi N Dj
20. A¨v‡gvwbqvg bvB‡UªU Gi ms‡KZ Kx?
K (NH4)3PO4 L (NH4)2SO4 M NH4NO3 N NH4CN
wPÎ-K wPÎ-L 21. †Kvb gvwU‡Z fv‡jv dmj d‡j?
3. ÔKÕ bs wPÎwU Kx‡mi? K evjy I LwbR wgwkÖZ gvwU‡Z L Pzb I LwbR wgwkÖZ gvwU‡Z
K †jvwnZ i³KwYKv L †k¦Z i³KwYKv M wj‡çvmvBU N g‡bvmvBU M evwj I cwj wgwkÖZ gvwU‡Z N evwj I cwj Kv`v wgwkÖZ gvwU‡Z
4. ÔLÕ bs wPÎwUi †¶‡Î †Kvb Z_¨wU mwVK? 22. mycvi ivBm-G †Kvb wfUvwgb cvIqv hvq?
K GwU †ncvwib wbtm„Z K‡i i³‡K RgvU euva‡Z evav †`q K wfUvwgb-A L wfUvwgb-B M wfvUvwgb-C N wfUvwgb-D
L GwU _ª‡¤^vcÐvmwUb bvgK c`v_© ˆZwi K‡i 23. wfUvwgb 'C'-Gi KvR †KvbwU?
M GwU A¨vw›UewW ˆZwi K‡i †ivMRxevYy aŸsm K‡i K †Pv‡Li Kwb©qvi Avjmvi †iv‡a mnvqZv Kiv
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M ¶zavi cÖeYZv n«vm Kiv N kix‡ii mwÂZ †cÖvwUb ¶q Kiv
5. †KvbwU mve©Rbxb `ªveK?
 wb‡Pi wPÎwU j¶ Ki Ges 24 I 25 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
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8. †Kvb weÁvbx Fossil Avwe®‹vi K‡ib? 25. DÏxc‡Ki wP‡Îi ˆewkó¨ n‡jv
K A¨vwi÷Uj L †R‡bv‡db M nvievU© †¯cbmvi N †cUª~wm i. GwU mKj Rx‡ei Avw` e¯‘
ii. G‡Z GKwU dm‡dU I bvB‡Uªv‡Rb ¶viK we`¨gvb
9. †Kvb cÖwµqvq i³bvwj‡Z ÔWvBÕ cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv nq?
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K GgAviAvB L †iwWI‡_ivwc M AvjUªvm‡bvMÖvwd N GbwRIMÖvwd
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10. DÏxc‡Ki wewµqvq 'Y' wPwýZ c`v_©wU Kx? K A¨vjeywgb L A¨v‡gvwbqv M †Kv‡j‡÷ij N A¨vwg‡bv GwmW
K GwmW L ¶vi M jeY N ¶viK 27. MZKvj ivZ 10 Uvq Zzwj j¶ Kij Zvi covi †UwejUv bo‡Q|
11. DÏxc‡Ki ʻXʼ wPwýZ c`v_©wUi ˆewkó¨Ñ DÏxc‡Ki `y‡h©v‡M
i. jvj wjUgvm‡K bxj K‡i ii. bxj wjUgvm‡K jvj K‡i
i. AvZ‡¼ Ávbk–b¨ nIqv hv‡e bv ii. wjdU w`‡q `ª“Z bvgvi †Póv Ki‡Z n‡e
iii. cvwb‡Z nvB‡Wªv·vBW Avqb ˆZwi K‡i iii. Kv‡Pi Rvbvjv †_‡K `–‡i _vK‡Z n‡e
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
12. ckwg †cvkv‡Ki ˆewkó¨ †KvbwU?
K GwU dvB‡eªqb w`‡q ˆZwi L Zvc Kzcwievnx
M GwU wfR‡j w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv wØMy Y nq N kxZKv‡j msKzwPZ n‡q hvq
13. †KvbwU Kw¤•DUv‡ii AvDUcyU wWfvBm?
K gvDm L ¯‹¨vbvi M gwbUi N wK-†KvW©
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K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
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K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii iii. Gi gva¨‡g Rxebavivi ˆecÐweK cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q
17. cvwbi pH = 7 Gi Kg n‡j cvwb Kx cÖK…wZi n‡e? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K ¶vixq L GwmwWK M wbi‡c¶ N †bvbv K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii

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DËi

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M. †h mg¯@ †jvK †ewk cwikÖg K‡i Zv‡`i Rb¨ PvU©-2 Gi K. wK‡jvIqvU-NÈv Kv‡K e‡j? 1
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K. cwimªveb Kv‡K e‡j? 1 8| gvwU
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M. DÏxc‡K gvb`ÊwU RjR Rx‡ei Rb¨ Kxfv‡e KvR K‡i?
e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 A=? B : cwjgvwU C : Kv`vgvwU D : †`v-Auvk gvwU
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†bIqv hvq? we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 L. Kxfv‡e gvwU msi¶Y Kiv hvq? 2
3| i³ M. ʻAʼ Gi ˆewkó¨ e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. dmj Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ DwjÐwLZ ʻBʼ, ʻCʼ Ges ʻDʼ
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M. DÏxc‡Ki 'A' Dcv`vbwUi KvR e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
N. gvbe‡`‡ni my¯’Zvi Rb¨ 'B' Dcv`vbwUi Dcw¯’wZ Wv³vi wfbœ wfbœ cix¶v w`‡jb|
AZ¨š@ Myi“Z¡c–Y©Ñ Dw³wUi h_v_©Zv wbiƒcY Ki| 4 K. AvB‡mv‡Uvc Kv‡K e‡j? 1
4| AvwRg mv‡n‡ei eqm 50 eQi| B`vbxs wZwb Le‡ii KvM‡Ri †QvU L. kix‡ii wewfbœ As‡ki e¨_vi wPwKrmvq wdwRI‡_ivwc
A¶iMy‡jv Svcmv †`‡Lb| wKš‘ `–‡ii e¯‘ ¯•ó †`L‡Z cvb| AZxe Myi“Z¡c–Y© †Kb e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
Aciw`‡K Zvi †g‡q jxbv 100 †m.wg. `–‡ii e¯‘ Svcmv †`‡L| P¶z M. gv_vq AvNv‡Z Rb¨ Rwni mv‡n‡ei †Kvb cix¶v †`Iqv
we‡kl‡Ái Kv‡Q †M‡j Zv‡`i wfbœ wfbœ †j‡Ýi Pkgv †`b| n‡q‡Q eY©bv Ki| 3
K. †dvKvm `–iZ¡ Kv‡K e‡j? 1 N. gv_vi AvNvZ I ey‡Ki e¨_vi wPwKrmv c×wZ wfbœ
L. cvnvwo iv¯@vq euv‡K †Mvjxq `c©Y e¨envi Kiv nq †Kb? 2 cÖK…wZi †Zvgvi gZgZ we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
M. jxbvi Pkgvq e¨eüZ †j‡Ýi ¶gZv wbY©q Ki| 3 10| AwbK †cvjvI, †iv÷, wewiqvwb I evM©vi cQ›` K‡i| wKš‘ wc›Uz
N. AvwRg mv‡ne I Zvi †g‡qi c„_K †jÝ e¨env‡ii KviY fvZ, gvQ, kvKmewR I djg–j cQ›` K‡i| Awb‡Ki cvK¯’jxi
we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
pH gvb 1 Ges wc›Uzi cvK¯’jxi pH gvb 2|
5| dvnv` e„wói g‡a¨ evmvq hvw”Qj| AwZe„wói Kvi‡Y b`©gvi cvwb K. `ye©j GwmW Kv‡K e‡j? 1
AcmvwiZ bv n‡Z †c‡i iv¯@vq D‡V G‡m‡Q Ges H cvwb‡Z cÖPzi L. mej Gwm‡Wi ˆewkó¨My‡jv †jL| 2
cwjw_b fvm‡Q| M. Awb‡Ki cvK¯’jxi pH gvb ¯^v‡¯’¨i Rb¨ KZUv Dc‡hvMx
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N. wc›Uzi Lvevi I Awb‡Ki Lvev‡ii g‡a¨ †KvbwU ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z I
M. cvwb‡Z fvmgvb e¯‘wUi cÖ¯‘ZcÖYvwj eY©bv Ki| 3
wbivc`? †Zvgvi gZvgZ we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
N. DÏxc‡K DwjÐwLZ e¯‘wU cwi‡e‡ki Dci KZUv cÖfve
†dj‡e Zv we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 11| †Qvqv I wgg BwRevB‡K P‡o bvbvevwo hvw”Qj| w¯’i Ae¯’v †_‡K
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fq I k¼vi g‡a¨ Rxebhvcb K‡i| fi wQj 150 †KwR| PvjK MvwowU‡K †U‡b DVv‡Z cvi‡jb bv|
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L. GwmW m„wó †Kb nq e¨vL¨v Ki| 2 L. RoZv ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki wØZxq `y‡h©vMwUi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 M. Pvj‡Ki cÖ‡qvMK…Z e‡ji gvb wbY©q Ki| 3
N. DÏxc‡Ki `y‡h©vMMy‡jv †_‡K cwiÎv‡Yi Dcvq we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 N. MvwowU †_‡g hvIqvi KviY we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
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cÖkœ  01 mieivn K‡i| †mjy‡jvR GKwU AcvP¨ cÖK…wZi kK©iv hv Avgv‡`i
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mnvqZv K‡i| my¯’ gvbwmK weKv‡kI Avwgl Acwinvh©| Lv‡`¨i
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 weÁvb  1255

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iii. k¦m‡bi d‡j †Kv‡l m„ó CO2 †K evBKve©‡bU wn‡m‡e
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n‡Z kyi“ K‡i|
k DÏxc‡Ki †iLvwP‡Îi 'B' Dcv`vbwU n‡jv i³KwYKv|
k DÏxc‡K DwjÐwLZ c`v_©wU n‡jv cvwb| cvwb `–lY †iv‡a †hme gvbe‡`‡n †jvwnZ i³KwYKv, †k¦Z i³KwYKv I AYyPwµKv G wZb
c`‡¶c †bIqv hvq wb‡P Zv we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jvÑ ai‡bi i³KwYKv i‡q‡Q| Gme i³KwYKv gvbe‡`‡ni my¯’Zvi
i. wkíKviLvbvi eR©¨ wbM©Z Kivi mgq G‡`i ivmvqwbK Rb¨ Myi“Z¡c–Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| wb‡P Dw³wUi h_v_©Zv wbiƒcY
Kiv n‡jvÑ
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ii. Rjvf‚wg I ebf‚wg i¶vi Rb¨ Kvh©Ki e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
i. †`‡ni cÖwZwU †Kv‡l Aw·‡Rb mieivn K‡i|
iii. cÐvw÷K, cwjw_b RvZxq c`v_© Rjvf‚wg‡Z bv †djv| GRb¨ii. wb®‹vk‡bi Rb¨ wKQy cwigvY Kve©b WvBA·vBW wUmy¨ †_‡K
K‡Vvi AvBb cÖ‡qvM K‡i Zvi h_vh_ cÖ‡qvM NUv‡Z n‡e| dzmdz‡m enb K‡i|
iv. Rwg‡Z AwZwi³ ivmvqwbK mvi I KxUbvkK e¨envi eÜ iii. wn‡gv‡MÐvweb i‡³i Aè-¶v‡ii mgZv eRvq ivLvi Rb¨
Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡qvR‡b ivmvqwbK mv‡ii cwie‡Z© ˆRe mvi evdvi wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| †k¦Z i³KwYKv :
v. †bŠhvb †hgbÑ jÂ, w÷gvi, RvnvR n‡Z wbM©Z eR©¨ c`v‡_©ii. wj‡çvmvBU A¨vw›UewW MVb K‡i Ges g‡bvmvBU I
cwigvY Kgv‡Z n‡e| wbD‡Uªvwdj d¨v‡MvmvB‡Uvwmm cÖwµqvq RxevYy aŸsm K‡i|
ii. BIwm‡bvwdj I †e‡mvwdj wn÷vwgb bvgK c`v_© wbtm„Z K‡i
vi. m‡e©vcwi Rbm‡PZbZv e„w× K‡i, RbM‡Yi mn‡hvwMZvi
†`‡n GjvwR© cÖwZ‡iva K‡i|
gva¨‡gB cvwb `–lY cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z n‡e|
iii. †e‡mvwdj †ncvwib wbtm„Z K‡i i³evwnKvq i‡³i RgvU
AZGe Dchy©³ e¨e¯’vMy‡jv ev¯@evqb Ki‡Z cvi‡j cvwb `–lY euva‡Z evav †`q|
A‡bKvs‡k Kgv‡bv hv‡e| ZvB Dc‡iv³ c`‡¶cMy‡jv MÖnY Kiv AYyPwµKv :
†h‡Z cv‡i| i. kix‡ii †Kv‡bv ¶Z¯’vb n‡Z i³¶iY n‡j AYyPwµKv i³
cÖkœ  03 RgvU euva‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| d‡j i³¶iY eÜ nq|
i³ ii. wewfbœ ms‡KvPbag©x c`v_© ¶i‡Yi gva¨‡g i³evwnKvi
ms‡KvPb NwU‡q i³cvZ e‡Ü mvnvh¨ K‡i|
A B = i³KwYKv iii. i³ RvwjKvi ¶wZMÖ¯ @ G‡Ûv‡_wjqvg AveiY cybM©V ‡b Ask †bq|
K. i³Pvc Kv‡K e‡j? 1 i³KwYKvmg–‡ni DcwiD³ Kg©KvÊMy‡jv h_vh_fv‡e m¤•v`‡bi
L. ˆKwkK RvwjKv ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2 d‡jB gvbe‡`n my¯’ _v‡K|
M. DÏxc‡Ki 'A' Dcv`vbwUi KvR e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 myZivs ejv hvq, Ògvbe‡`‡ni my¯’Zvi Rb¨ i³KwYKvi Dcw¯’wZ
N. gvbe‡`‡ni my¯’Zvi Rb¨ 'B' Dcv`vbwUi Dcw¯’wZ AZ¨š@ Myi“Z¡c–Y©ÓÑ Dw³wU †hŠw³K I h_v_©|
AZ¨š@ Myi“Z¡c–Y©Ñ Dw³wUi h_v_©Zv wbiƒcY Ki| 4 cÖkœ  04 AvwRg mv‡n‡ei eqm 50 eQi| B`vbxs wZwb Le‡ii
[Aa¨vq-3 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
KvM‡Ri †QvU A¶iMy‡jv Svcmv †`‡Lb| wKš‘ `–‡ii e¯‘ ¯•ó
3bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
†`L‡Z cvb| Aciw`‡K Zvi †g‡q jxbv 100 †m.wg. `–‡ii e¯‘
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ga¨ w`‡q cÖevnKv‡j agwb cÖvPx‡i †h cvk¦©Pvc m„wó nq Zv‡K Pkgv †`b|
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M. jxbvi Pkgvq e¨eüZ †j‡Ýi ¶gZv wbY©q Ki| 3
web¨¯@ _v‡K Zv‡K ˆKwkK RvwjKv e‡j| ˆKwkK RvwjKvi i³ I N. AvwRg mv‡ne I Zvi †g‡qi c„_K †jÝ e¨env‡ii
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WvBA·vBW, †iPb c`v_© BZ¨vw`i Av`vb-cÖ`vb N‡U| [Aa¨vq-5 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
 P¨v‡Ýji GmGmwm kU© mv‡Rk‡Ýi DËigvjv  1256

4bs cÖ‡kœi DËi †Pv‡Li †j‡Ý cÖwZmwiZ n‡q †iwUbv ev Aw¶cU R Gi Dci ¯•ó
cÖwZwe¤^ ˆZwi K‡i| d‡j wZwb e¯‘‡K ¯•ó †`L‡Z cv‡ib|
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L
H †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `–iZ¡ e‡j|
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bv| G Kvi‡Y cvnvwo iv¯@vq WªvBwfs Kiv wec`RbK| iv¯@vi cÖkœ 05
 dvnv` e„wói g‡a¨ evmvq hvw”Qj| AwZe„wói Kvi‡Y
†gv‡oi KvQvKvwQ G‡m ÷¨v‡Ûi mv‡_ ¯’vwcZ `c©‡Yi w`‡K
b`©gvi cvwb AcmvwiZ bv n‡Z †c‡i iv¯@vq D‡V G‡m‡Q Ges H
ZvKv‡j Ab¨ cvk †_‡K AvMZ †Kv‡bv Mvwoi Ges WªvBfvi mveavb
cvwb‡Z cÖPzi cwjw_b fvm‡Q|
n‡q Mvwoi MwZ wbqš¿Y K‡i wbivc‡` Mvwo Pvjv‡Z cv‡i| ZvB
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L. †ikg‡K Zš‘i ivwb ejv nq †Kb? 2
nq|
M. cvwb‡Z fvmgvb e¯‘wUi cÖ¯‘ZcÖYvwj eY©bv Ki| 3
j DÏxc‡Ki jxbv ¶xY`„wó ΓwU‡Z Avµvš@| Zvi Pkgvq e¨eüZ N. DÏxc‡K DwjÐwLZ e¯‘wU cwi‡e‡ki Dci KZUv
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Avgiv Rvwb, DÏxcK n‡Z cvB, [Aa¨vq-6 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
1 †dvKvm `–iZ¡ =  100 †m.wg. 5bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
†j‡Ýi ¶gZv = †dvKvm `–iZ¡
100
=  100 wg. h g„Z ev RevB Kiv †gl †_‡K †h ckg ˆZwi Kiv nq Zv‡K cyì Dj e‡j|
1
= i †ik‡gi cÖavb MyY Gi †mŠ›`h©| wZb kZvwaK i‡Oi †ikg
1 =  1 wg. cvIqv hvq| wejvmeûj e¯¿ ˆZwi‡Z †ikg Zš‘ e¨eüZ nq|
=  1 WvqÞvi [†jÝwU AeZj nIqvq †dvKvm Av‡MKvi w`‡bi ivRv-ivwbi †cvkvK ej‡Z Avgiv †ikwg †cvkvKB
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AZGe, jxbvi Pkgvq e¨eüZ †j‡Ýi ¶gZv  1 WvqÞvi| G mg¯@ bvbvwea MyYvMy‡Yi Rb¨ †ikg‡K Zš‘i ivwb ejv nq|
k DÏxc‡Ki AvwRg mv‡ne `xN©`„wó ΓwU‡Z Ges Zvi †g‡q jxbv j DÏxc‡K ewY©Z cvwb‡Z fvmgvb e¯‘wU n‡jv cwjw_b| wb‡P
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AvwRg mv‡ne `xN©`„wóRwbZ ΓwU‡Z Avµvš@| Zvi †Pv‡Li G `ª“Z Kivi Rb¨ cÖfveK wn‡m‡e Aw·‡Rb M¨vm e¨envi Kiv nq|
mgm¨v `–i Kivi Rb¨ Wv³vi Zv‡K DËj †j‡Ýi ˆZwi Pkgv D”PZvc I Pvc
e¨envi Kivi civgk© cÖ`vb K‡ib| Zvi †Pv‡Li †j‡Ýi Awfmvix n (Bw_wjb)  O2 cÖfveK
cwjw_b
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( CH2  CH2 )n
ci ci `yBevi cÖwZmwiZ nIqvi Kvi‡Y †dvKvm `–iZ¡ K‡g hv‡e O2 cÖfveK
Ges cÖ‡qvRbg‡Zv Awfmvix n‡q cÖwZwe¤^wU †iwUbv (R) Gi Dci D”PPvc c×wZ mnRmva¨ bv nIqvq G cÖwµqvwU †Zgb RbwcÖq bq|
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D”PZvc
n (Bw_wjb)  cwjw_b
wPÎ : `xN©`„wói cÖwZKvi TiCl 3 cÖfveK

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mgvš@ivj Av‡jvKiwk¥ Pkgvi AeZj †jÝ L Gi ga¨ w`‡q †Pv‡L hv cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ bó K‡i| cwjw_b RvZxq eR©¨ cwiKwíZ
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Rjvk‡q wM‡q c‡o| G‡Z b`b`xi MfxiZv K‡g hvq, hv bve¨Zvi wbR Ae¯’v‡b i¶v Kiv `iKvi| GB cwi‡ek hw` gvbm¤§Z I
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K¨vbmv‡ii g‡Zv †ivM m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| wMÖb nvDm M¨v‡mi wbtmiY Kgv‡bv| wMÖb nvDm M¨v‡mi wbtmiY bv
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cÖkœ  06 evsjv‡`‡ki `w¶YvÂj we‡kl `y‡h©vMcÖeY GjvKv| cwieZ©b N‡U hvi d‡j †e‡o hvq cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM| MvQcvjv wMÖb
e‡½vcmvM‡i wbæPvc, N–wY©So I R‡jv”Q¡vm n‡q _v‡K| ZvB nDm M¨v‡mi cÖfve A‡bKUv Kwg‡q Avb‡Z cv‡i ZvB MvQvcvjv
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L. GwmW m„wó †Kb nq e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
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[Aa¨vq-9 Gi Av‡jv‡K] AwZ Myi“Z¡c–Y© cÖvK…wZK m¤•` n‡”Q evZvm, cvwb, gvwU, MvQcvjv,
6bs cÖ‡kœi DËi cÖvwYR m¤•`, LwbR m¤•`, †Zj, M¨vm BZ¨vw`| cÖK…wZi
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ev®• Dc‡i RjKYvq cwiYZ n‡j Zv myßZvc †Q‡o †`q hv [Aa¨vq-12 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
ev®•xfeb evwo‡q †`q| Avevi G myßZv‡ci cÖfv‡e evqygʇji 7bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
ZvcgvÎvI †e‡o hvq| d‡j evqygÊj Aw¯’wZkxj n‡q c‡o Ges h GKK wK‡jvIqvU ¶gZvm¤•bœ †Kv‡bv Zwor hš¿ GK NÈv
wbæPv‡ci m„wó K‡i| wbæPvc m„wó n‡j Av‡kcv‡ki evZvm †mLv‡b a‡i †h cwigvY Zwor kw³‡K Ab¨ kw³‡Z iƒcvš@wiZ K‡i ev e¨q
avweZ nq, hv evowZ ZvcgvÎvi Kvi‡Y Nyi‡Z Nyi‡Z Dc‡i DV‡Z K‡i Zv‡K wK‡jvIqvU-NÈv e‡j|
_v‡K Ges N–wY©So m„wó K‡i| G cÖwµqvq m„ó N–wY©S‡o evZv‡mi
i mvaviY evj‡ei Zzjbvq GbvwR© †mwfs evje e¨envi
†eM A‡bK †ewk| Z‡e evZv‡mi †eM NÈvq 63 wK‡jvwgUvi ev myweavRbK| KviY mvaviY evj‡ei Zzjbvq G ai‡bi evje
Zvi †ewk n‡j Zv‡K N–wY©So wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq| †ewkw`b wU‡K Ges G‡Z we`y¨r wej Kg Av‡m| d‡j Li‡Pi mvkÖq
k DÏxc‡Ki `y‡h©vMMy‡jv n‡jv wbæPvc, N–wY©So I R‡jv”Q¡vm| nq| GB evje Pvjbv Ki‡Z Kg kw³i `iKvi nq| Rxevk¥
Gme `y‡h©vM †_‡K cwiÎv‡Yi Dcvq wb‡P we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jvÑ R¡vjvwbi Ici wbf©iZv K‡g hvq| d‡j cwi‡e‡ki Ici weiƒc
wbæPvc, N–wY©So I R‡jv”Q¡vm GmKj cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM †_‡K cÖwZwµqv covi m¤¢vebv K‡g| †ewkw`b wU‡K e‡j Kg cwiZ¨³
cwiÎvY †c‡Z n‡j Avgv‡`i ˆewk¦K DòZv e„w× †iva Ki‡Z n‡e nq Ges gqjv-AveR©bvi e¨e¯’vcbvI myweavRbK nq|
Ges cwi‡e‡ki `–lY †iva K‡i cÖK…wZ msi¶‡Yi gva¨‡g Gi j DÏxcK n‡Z cvB,
fvimvg¨ i¶v Ki‡Z n‡e| Avgv‡`i cwi‡e‡ki cÖavb AZ¨vek¨Kxq 100 Iqv‡Ui GKwU evj‡ei ¶gZv = (1  100) IqvU
Dcv`vb †hgbÑ gvwU, cvwb, evqy GgbwK Dw™¢` I cÖvYx‡`iI wbR = 100 IqvU
 P¨v‡Ýji GmGmwm kU© mv‡Rk‡Ýi DËigvjv  1258

Avgiv Rvwb, 1 gvm = 30 w`b GQvov b`x AwaK Li‡mªvZv n‡j b`xi cv‡o evjyi e¯@v †d‡j ev
 †gvU e¨wqZ mgq = (30  10) NÈv = 300 NÈv Kswµ‡Ui ˆZwi eÐK w`‡qI b`x fvO‡bi nvZ †_‡K gvwU msi¶Y
¶gZv  mgq Kiv hvq|
 e¨wqZ kw³ =  1000  wK‡jvIqvU-NÈv j DÏxc‡Ki 'A' n‡jv evjy gvwU| wb‡P evjy gvwUi ˆewkó¨ e¨vL¨v
 
Kiv n‡jvÑ
100  300
=  1000  wK‡jvIqvU-NÈv evjy gvwUi cÖavb ˆewkó¨ n‡jv G‡`i cvwb aviY ¶gZv LyeB Kg|
 
= 30 wK‡jvIqvU-NÈv G gvwU we`¨gvb KYvi AvKvi me‡P‡q eo _v‡K| d‡j KYvMy‡jvi
= 30 BDwbU g‡a¨ duvKv RvqMv A‡bK †ewk _v‡K| G gvwU‡Z AwZ ¶z`ª wkjv I
AZGe, 1g evjewUi 1 gv‡m 30 BDwbU we`y¨r LiP n‡e| LwbR c`v_© _v‡K| evjy gvwU‡Z wnDgvm _vK‡j Pvlvev‡`i Rb¨
mnRmva¨ nq| cvwb aviY ¶gZv Kg nIqvq G gvwU‡Z cvwb w`‡j
k DÏxc‡Ki †k‡li hš¿wU A_©vr we`y¨r mieiv‡ni hš¿ n‡jv Zv `ª“Z wb®‹vwkZ nq| d‡j G gvwU Pvlvev‡`i Rb¨ †Zgb
AvBwcGm| wb‡P AvBwcGm h‡š¿i Kvh©vewj we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jvÑ
Dc‡hvMx bq| e„wócvZ A‡j Rjve×Zv m„wói d‡j evjy gvwU
AvBwcGm Gi Kvh©µ‡gi Ici e¨vUvwii f‚wgKv i‡q‡Q| g–j we`y¨r Pvlvev‡`i Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i|
cÖevn hLb Pvjy _v‡K ZLb AvBwcGm-Gi e¨vUvwiMy‡jv PvR© n‡Z
_v‡K| nVvr g–j we`y¨r Ges myBPwU g–j mvcÐvB †_‡K mwi‡q k DÏxc‡K DwjÐwLZ 'B' I 'C' Ges 'D' Øviv cwj gvwU, Kv`v gvwU
e¨vUvwii mvwK©‡Ui mv‡_ mshy³ K‡i †`q| e¨vUvwi †_‡K wWwm Ges †`vAuvk gvwU †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| GMy‡jvi g‡a¨ dmj Drcv`‡bi
mvcÐvB cvIqv hvq e‡j GwU BbfvU©vi w`‡q Av‡M Gwm K‡i wb‡Z Rb¨ †`vAuvk gvwU †ewk Dc‡hvMx| wb‡P hyw³mn gZvgZ Zz‡j aiv
nq| hLb g–j mvcÐvB eÜ n‡q hvq ZLb K‡›Uªvj mvwK©U n‡jvÑ
BbfvU©v‡ii mvwK©UI Pvjy K‡i †`q| Gfv‡e AvBwcGm G e¨vUvwi †`vAuvk gvwU‡Z evjy, cwj I Kv`v KYvi cvkvcvwk ˆRe c`v‡_©i
f‚wgKv iv‡L| cwigvYI †ewk _v‡K| ˆRe c`v_© gvwUi De©iZv evovq Ges
Dw™¢‡`i Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cywó Dcv`vb mieivn K‡i| †`vAuvk
gvwU‡Z cvwb aviY ¶gZv fv‡jv _v‡K| G Kvi‡Y gvwU‡Z ch©vß
cvwb _v‡K, hv Dw™¢‡`i e„w×i Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq| G gvwU‡Z evZvm
PjvP‡ji e¨e¯’v fv‡jv _vKvi Kvi‡Y Aw·‡R‡bi mieivn eRvq
_v‡K| Dw™¢‡`i ¯^vfvweK e„w× Ae¨vnZ ivL‡Z G Dcv`vbwU
wkK‡oi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq| GQvov †`vAuvk gvwUi pH gvb wbi‡c¶
_v‡K| G Kvi‡Y gvwU‡Z Dw™¢‡`i Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cywó Dcv`v‡bi
wPÎ : AvBwcGm Gi Kvh©c×wZ
NvUwZ †`Lv hvq bv| Ab¨w`‡K cwj gvwU‡Z dmj Drcv`‡bi Rb¨
cÖkœ  08 cÖ‡qvRbxq cywó Dcv`vb †ewk _vK‡jI cvwb aviY ¶gZv †`vAuvk
gvwU gvwU †_‡K Kg _v‡K| GQvov Kv`v gvwU‡Z mn‡R cvwb wb®‹vwkZ
bv nIqvq mvgvb¨ e„wócv‡Z Rjve×Zv m„wó nq| G‡Z dmjvw` ev
Dw™¢‡`i g–‡j cPb a‡i|
A=? B : cwjgvwU C : Kv`vgvwU D : †`v-Auvk gvwU
myZivs Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbvi †cÖw¶‡Z ejv hvq, dmj Drcv`‡bi Rb¨
K. gvwUi evqevqb Kv‡K e‡j? 1
Ab¨vb¨ gvwU †_‡K †`vAuvk gvwU †ewk Dc‡hvMx|
L. Kxfv‡e gvwU msi¶Y Kiv hvq? 2
M. ʻAʼ Gi ˆewkó¨ e¨vL¨v Ki| 3 cÖkœ  09 wg. Rwni evm `yN©Ubvq gv_vq cÖPÊ AvNvZ †c‡jb|
N. dmj Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ DwjÐwLZ ʻBʼ, ʻCʼ Ges ʻDʼ Zvi eo fvB ey‡K Zxeª e¨_v Abyfe Ki‡jb| Zv‡`i‡K nvmcvZv‡j
gvwUMy‡jvi g‡a¨ †KvbwU Dc‡hvMx hyw³mn gZ `vI| 4 wb‡q †M‡j Wv³vi wfbœ wfbœ cix¶v w`‡jb|
[Aa¨vq-8 Gi Av‡jv‡K] K. AvB‡mv‡Uvc Kv‡K e‡j? 1
8bs cÖ‡kœi DËi L. kix‡ii wewfbœ As‡ki e¨_vi wPwKrmvq wdwRI‡_ivwc
h evq“
g ʇji M¨vm gvwU‡Z hvq Ges gvwU‡Z _vKv M¨vm AZxe Myi“Z¡c–Y© †Kb e¨vL¨v Ki| 2
evqygʇj P‡j Av‡m| GB cÖwµqv‡K gvwUi evqevqb e‡j| M. gv_vq AvNv‡Z Rb¨ Rwni mv‡n‡ei †Kvb cix¶v
i gvwU msi¶‡Yi me‡P‡q Kvh©Ki Ges mnR †KŠkj n‡jv †`Iqv n‡q‡Q eY©bv Ki| 3
gvwU‡Z †ewk K‡i MvQ jvMv‡bv| ˆRe mv‡i Dcw¯’Z Dcv`vb I N. gv_vi AvNvZ I ey‡Ki e¨_vi wPwKrmv c×wZ wfbœ
wnDgvm cvwb †kvlY Ki‡Z m¶g nIqvq Aí e„wócv‡Z gvwUi cÖK…wZi †Zvgvi gZgZ we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
¶q‡iva Kiv hvq| ZvB Rwg‡Z ivmvqwbK mv‡ii cwie‡Z© hZUzKz [Aa¨vq-14 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
m¤¢e ˆRe mvi e¨envi Kiv DwPZ| GKB Rwg‡Z wewfbœ mg‡q 9bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
wewfbœ dmj Pvl K‡iI gvwUi ¶q †iva Kiv hvq| b`xi cv‡o h †gŠwjK c`v‡_©i wbDwK¬qv‡m wbDUª‡bi msL¨v wfbœ n‡j Zv‡K
Kjwg, ab‡P BZ¨vw` MvQ jvwM‡q gvwUi ¶qmvab †iva Kiv hvq| †mB †gŠwjK c`v‡_©i AvB‡mv‡Uvc e‡j|
 weÁvb  1259

i wdwRI‡_ivwc n‡jv GKwU AvaywbK I weÁvbm¤§Z wPwKrmv cÖkœ  10 AwbK †cvjvI, †iv÷, wewiqvwb I evM©vi cQ›` K‡i|
c×wZ| G wPwKrmv e¨e¯’vq GKRb wdwRI‡_ivwc wPwKrmK wKš‘ wc›Uz fvZ, gvQ, kvKmewR I djg–j cQ›` K‡i| Awb‡Ki
¯^Zš¿fv‡e †ivMxi †ivM wbY©q K‡i wPwKrmv cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡Kb| cvK¯’jxi pH gvb 1 Ges wc›Uzi cvK¯’jxi pH gvb 2|
kix‡i wKQy †ivM Av‡Q †hMy‡jv kyay Ilya w`‡q wbivgq Kiv m¤¢e K. `ye©j GwmW Kv‡K e‡j? 1
bq| we‡kl K‡i †hme †iv‡Mi Drm wewfbœ A½ ms‡hvM¯’‡ji L. mej Gwm‡Wi ˆewkó¨My‡jv †jL| 2
mgm¨v †mme †¶‡Î Ily‡ai f‚wgKv Zzjbvg–jK Kg| †hgbÑ evZ, M. Awb‡Ki cvK¯’jxi pH gvb ¯^v‡¯’¨i Rb¨ KZUv
†Kvgi e¨_v, Nvo e¨_v, nuvUz e¨_v, AvNvZRwbZ e¨_v, nvo Dc‡hvMx e¨vL¨v Ki| 3
¶qRwbZ †ivM, R‡q›U k³ n‡q hvIqv, c¨vivjvBwmm, †Ljva–jv N. wc›Uzi Lvevi I Awb‡Ki Lvev‡ii g‡a¨ †KvbwU
msµvš@ AvNvZ BZ¨vw`| kix‡ii Gme As‡ki e¨_vq cvk¦© cÖwZwµqv ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z I wbivc`? †Zvgvi gZvgZ we‡kÐlY Ki| 4
gy³ wPwKrmvq wdwRI‡_ivwc AZxe Myi“Z¡c–Y©| [Aa¨vq-7 Gi Av‡jv‡K]
j gv_vq AvNv‡Zi Rb¨ Rwni mv‡n‡ei wmwU ¯‹¨vb cix¶v †`Iqv 10bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
n‡q‡Q| wb‡P wmwU ¯‹¨vb cix¶vwU eY©bv Kiv n‡jvÑ
h †hme GwmWmg–n cvwb‡Z cy‡ivcywi we‡qvwRZ bv n‡q
wmwU ¯‹¨v‡bi mvnv‡h¨ wÎgvwÎK e¯‘i GKwU dvwji ev wØgvwÎK
AvswkKfv‡e we‡qvwRZ nq A_©vr hZMy‡jv Gwm‡Wi AYy _v‡K Zvi
As‡ki cÖwZwe¤^ ˆZwi Kiv nq| G h‡š¿ GKwU G·-†i wUDe
meMy‡jv nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Avqb (H+) ˆZwi K‡i bv Zv‡`i‡K `ye©j
†ivMxi kixi‡K e„ËvKv‡i Ny‡i G·-†i wbM©Z Ki‡Z _v‡K Ges Ab¨
GwmW ejv nq|
cv‡k wW‡UKUi cÖwZwe¤^ MÖnY Ki‡Z _v‡K| cÖwZwe¤^wU ¯•ó Kivi
Rb¨ A‡bK mgq †ivMxi kix‡i we‡kl Contrast `ªe¨ Bb‡RKkb i mej Gwm‡Wi ˆewkó¨My‡jv n‡jvÑ
Kiv nq| e„ËvKv‡i Pvicv‡ki G·-†i cÖwZwe¤^ cvIqvi ci i. Rjxq `ªe‡Y m¤•–Y© AvqwbZ nq|
Kw¤•DUvi w`‡q †mMy‡jv we‡kÐlY K‡i mgš^q Kiv nq Ges GKwU ii. A‡·v Gwm‡Wi †Kw›`ªq cigvYyi abvÍK RviY msL¨v †ewk
cwic–Y© dvwji Af¨š@ixY MVb cvIqv hvq| GKwU dvwji Qwe e„w× cvq|
†bIqvi ci wmwU ¯‹¨vb Kivi h‡š¿ †ivMx‡K GKUzLvwb mvg‡b iii. Rjxq `ªe‡Y Gwm‡Wi we‡qvRb aª“e‡Ki gvb †ewk nq|
mwi‡q cybivq e„ËvKvi Pviw`K †_‡K G·-†i cÖwZ”Qwe MÖnY K‡i| j DÏxc‡K Awb‡Ki cvK¯’jxi pH Gi gvb 1 hv Zvi ¯^v‡¯’¨i
†mMy‡jv we‡kÐlY K‡i wØZxq Av‡iKwU dvwji Af¨š@ixY MVbwUi Rb¨ SzuwKc–Y©| pH Gi gvb 1 Gi A_© n‡”Q GwmwWK Ae¯’v|
GKwU c–Y©v½ Qwe ˆZwi K‡i| Gici QweMy‡jv‡K GKwÎZ K‡i Avgv‡`i cvK¯’jx‡Z Lv`¨ nRg Kivi Rb¨ `iKvix pH n‡”Q 2|
†ivMxi kix‡ii †fZ‡ii GKwU wÎgvwÎK cÖwZ”Qwe ˆZwi Kiv nq| GwU n‡”Q h‡_ó kw³kvjx Gwm‡Wi cwigvY| Lv`¨ nRg Kivi Rb¨
hvi mvnv‡h¨ †Kv‡bv e¯‘i Ae¯’vb wbLyuZfv‡e wbY©q Kiv mnR nq| cvK¯’jx‡Z nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK Gwm‡Wi g‡Zv kw³kvjx GwmW _v‡K|
k DÏxc‡K DwjÐwLZ gv_vi AvNv‡Zi Ges ey‡K e¨_vi Rb¨ pH Gi gvb 0.5 Gi g‡Zv ZviZg¨ n‡jB Zv e`nRg m„wó K‡i|
wPwKrmv c×wZ `ywU n‡jv wmwU ¯‹¨vb I BwmwR cix¶v| wb‡P Avi Zxeª GwmWWwUi Kvi‡YB Avgv‡`i M¨vw÷ª‡Ki mgm¨v m„wó
wPwKrmvi G `ywU cix¶v wfbœ cÖK…wZ nIqvi KviY we‡kÐlY Kiv nq| GgbwK M¨vw÷ªK †_‡K Avjmvi n‡Z cv‡i| d‡j Awb‡Ki
n‡jvÑ cvK¯’jxi pH Gi gvb 1 hv 2 †_‡K Kg nIqvq ¯^v‡¯’¨i Dci
wmwU ¯‹¨v‡bi gva¨‡g kix‡ii †fZ‡ii wbLyuZ Qwe cvIqv hvq| weiƒc cÖfve †dj‡Z cv‡i| A_©vr Awb‡Ki e`nRg †_‡K ïi“ K‡i
d‡j †`‡ni wfZ‡i _vKv wewfbœ †ivM wbY©‡q G cix¶vwU we‡kl M¨vw÷ªK Avjmvi ch©š@ n‡Z cv‡i|
f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| †`‡n K¨vbmvi ev wUDgvi kbv³KiY, A_©vr Awb‡Ki cvK¯’jxi pH Gi gvb ¯^v‡¯’¨i Rb¨ SuywKc–Y©|
gw¯@‡®‹i †Kv‡bv †ivM ev i³¶iY n‡q‡Q wK bv Zv wbY©q, wKWwbi
k DÏxc‡K AwbK Zvi Lv`¨ ZvwjKvq †cvjvI, †iv÷, wewiqvwb I
cv_i kbv³KiY, wcË_wj, wjfvi ev AMœvk‡qi †ivM wbY©q,
evM©vi ivL‡Z cQ›` K‡i| Aciw`‡K wc›Uz Zvi Lv`¨ ZvwjKvq
dzmdz‡mi †ivM wbY©q BZ¨vw` †¶‡Î wmwU ¯‹¨vb cix¶vwU Myi“Z¡c–Y©|
fvZ, gvQ, kvKmewR I djg–j ivL‡Z cQ›` K‡i| G‡`i
Ab¨w`‡K BwmwRi gva¨‡g gvby‡li ürwc‡Êi ˆe`y¨wZK Ges
`yBR‡bi Lv`¨ ZvwjKvi g‡a¨ wc›Uzi Lv`¨ ZvwjKv ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z I
†cwkRwbZ KvRKg©M‡y jv ch©‡e¶Y Kiv hvq| mvaviYZ †Kv‡bv
wbivc`| wb‡P Zzjbvg–jK we‡kÐl‡Yi gva¨‡g Zv we‡kÐlY Kiv
†iv‡Mi KviY wn‡m‡e ey‡Ki aodovwb, AwbqwgZ ev `ª“Z ür¯•›`b,
n‡jvÑ
ey‡K e¨_v BZ¨vw` mgm¨vi Kvi‡Y BwmwR Kiv nq| ürwc‡Êi
A¯^vfvweK ¯•›`b, nvU© A¨vUvK, ürwc‡Êi AvKvi eo cÖf…wZ weiƒc †cvjvI, †iv÷, wewiqvwb BZ¨vw` n‡”Q Myi“cvK Lvevi| GMy‡jv ˆZwi
Ae¯’vi Rb¨ BwmwR Kiv nq| GQvov kix‡ii wbqwgZ †PK Avc Ki‡Z cÖPzi †Zj I gmjv e¨eüZ nq hv A¯^v¯’¨Ki| Avi evM©vi
Kivi Rb¨ Ges eo Acv‡ik‡bi Av‡M BwmwR Kiv nq| n‡”Q dv÷ dzW| Gme Lvevi gyL‡ivPK, my¯^v`y n‡jI ¯^v¯’¨Ki
myZivs ejv hvq, †ivM kbv³Ki‡Yi aib Avjv`v nIqvi Kvi‡Y bq| KviY Gme Lvev‡i cÖPzi cwigv‡Y Pwe© I wPwb _v‡K hv
wmwU ¯‹¨vb I BwmwR cix¶v `ywU wfbœ cÖK…wZi| Awb‡Ki ¯^v‡¯’¨i Rb¨ ¶wZKi| Aciw`‡K kvKmewR I djg–‡j
 P¨v‡Ýji GmGmwm kU© mv‡Rk‡Ýi DËigvjv  1260

cÖPzi cwigv‡Y wfUvwgb, wgbv‡ij, LwbR jeY I cvwb _v‡K hv j Avgiv Rvwb, DÏxcK n‡Z cvB,
kix‡ii Rb¨ AwZ cÖ‡qvRb| gvQ Avwgl RvZxq Lvevi hv †`n MV‡b F = ma Z¡iY, a = 3.2 wg./†m.2
mnvqZv K‡i| Avi fvZ kK©iv RvZxq Lvevi hv kix‡i Kg©¶gZv = 3.2  150 fi, m = 150 †KwR
e„wׇZ mvnvh¨ K‡i| Gme Lvevi ¯^v¯’¨Ki Ges kix‡ii Rb¨  F = 480 wbDUb cÖ‡qvMK…Z ej, F = ?
DcKvix| AZGe, Pvj‡Ki cÖ‡qvMK…Z ej 480 wbDUb|
AZGe DcDwi³ ch©v‡jvPbv †_‡K ejv hvq, wc›Uz I Awb‡Ki k BwRevB‡Ki Pvj‡Ki AmveavbZvi Kvi‡Y MvwowU M‡Z© c‡o
Lvev‡ii g‡a¨ wc›Uzi Lvevi ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z I wbivc`| hvIqvi ci Nl©Y ej Drc‡bœi d‡j GwU †_‡g hvq| wb‡P BwRevBK
cÖkœ  11 †Qvqv I wgg BwRevB‡K P‡o bvbvevwo hvw”Qj| w¯’i MvwowU †_‡g hvIqvi KviY we‡kÐlY Kiv n‡jvÑ
Ae¯’v †_‡K 3.2 wg./†m.2 Z¡i‡Y Mvwo Pvjv‡bv kyi“ Ki‡jb| `ywU e¯‘ ci¯•‡ii ms¯•‡k© †_‡K hw` G‡K Ac‡ii Dci w`‡q
Pvj‡Ki AmveavbZvi Kvi‡Y MvwowU M‡Z© c‡o MwZ eÜ n‡q Pj‡Z †Póv K‡i A_ev Pj‡Z _v‡K Zvn‡j e¯‘؇qi ¯•k©Z‡j G
hvq| MvwowUi fi wQj 150 †KwR| PvjK MvwowU‡K †U‡b DVv‡Z MwZi wei“‡× GKUv evavi DrcwË nq, evavi d‡j m„ó ej n‡jv
cvi‡jb bv| Nl©Y ej| G ej e¯‘i fi I c„‡ôi cÖK…wZi wbf©i K‡i| e¯‘i
K. AwfKl© ej Kv‡K e‡j? 1 fi †ewk n‡j Nl©Y ej †ewk Drcbœ n‡e| c„ô Agm„Y, LmL‡m ev
L. RoZv ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 2 Ge‡ov‡_e‡ov n‡j Nl©Y e‡ji cwigvY †ewk n‡e|
M. Pvj‡Ki cÖ‡qvMK…Z e‡ji gvb wbY©q Ki| 3 iv¯@vi Z‡j DuPz-wbPz LuvR _v‡K| BwRevB‡Ki PvKv hLb iv¯@vi
N. MvwowU †_‡g hvIqvi KviY we‡kÐlY Ki| 4 Dci w`‡q MwZkxj nq ZLb BwRevB‡Ki PvKvi DuPz-wbPz LuvR
[Aa¨vq-10 Gi Av‡jv‡K] Kiv‡Zi `uv‡Zi g‡Zv G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ AvU‡K hvq, d‡j iv¯@vi
11bs cÖ‡kœi DËi Z‡ji Dci w`‡q BwRevB‡Ki PvKvi Zj evavcÖvß nq| A_©vr MwZ
e¨vnZ nIqvq BwRevB‡Ki fi Nl©Y ej Drcbœ Ki‡Z mnvqZv
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