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STATISTICS

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32 views10 pages

STATISTICS

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FURIOUS GAMING
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PM SHRI

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATAN

GACHIBOWLI HYDERABAD

MATHS PROJECT
CLASS-XI
STATISTICS
“STATITICS MAY BE RIGHTLY CALLED THE SCIENCE OF AVERAGES AND
THEIR ESTIMATES.”

-A.L.BOWLEY & A.L BODDINGTON

Karl Pearson
(1857-1936)

Karl Pearson born on 27 march 1857, was an English


mathematician and bio-statistician.He has been credited
with establishing the discipline of mathematical
statistics.He founded the world’s first university statistics
department at University College London in 1911.
INTRODUCTION
STATISTICS In our daily life, we have to collect facts which
help us in answering most of the questions concerning the
world in which we live. The facts we collect are often
number facts such as the number of runs scored by Indian
team against Pakistan. The methods and techniques of
collection, presentation, analyses and interpretations of
numerical data in a logical and systematic manner so as
to serve a purpose is known as ‘statistics’. Statistics is a
mathematical science pertaining to the collection,
analysis, interpretation and presentation of data.

MEANING OF STATISTICS :
Statistics is concerned with scientific method for collecting
and presenting, organizing and summarizing and
analyzing data as well as deriving valid conclusions and
making reasonable decisions on the basis of this analysis
ORIGIN AND GROWTH OF STATISTICS
(history):
The word ‘statistics’ and ‘statistical’ are derived from the
Latin word status, means political state

→ The German stastistik, first introduced by Gottfried ache


wall (1749), originally designated the data analysis of
state.

→It was used by the British mainly for administrative and


governmental bodies.

→ In particular census provides regular information about


the population.
→Today however statistics had broadened Far beyond the
service of a state or government ,it includes areas such as
→Business
→Natural and social sciences and
→Medicines

→Before 3000B.C. the Babylonians used small clay tablets’


to record tabulations of agricultural yields and of
commodities bartered or sold.

→The Egyptians analyzed the population and material


wealth of their kingdoms.

→The Roman Empire was the first government to gather


extensive data about population, area and wealth of
territories.

FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTERSTICS OF
STAISTICS

→They are related to each other and are comparable.


→They are aggregate of facts and not a single
observation . Statistics do not take into account individual
cases.
→ Statistics data are numerically expressed. Statistics are
collection of data in a systematic manner. Statistics are
collected for a predetermined purpose.
→ Statistics deals with group and doesn’t study
individually.
→Statistics laws are not exact, they are true only on
averages.

→The data collected by someone else, other than the


investigator, are known as secondary data.
→The data obtained in the original form are called
ungrouped data or raw data.
→An arrangement of raw numerical data in ascending or
descending order of magnitude is called array.

SOME RELATED DEFINATIONS

These fig. are in the ascending order :


4,5,8,18,28,29,29,31,40,40,43,43,46,46,46,47,47,50,50,55
,55,70,71,75,75,80,90

→The way of arrangement of data in the table is known is


known as “frequency distribution”.
→CONTINOUS: Quantities which can take all numerical
values within a certain interval.

→DISCONTINOUS: Quantities or variable which can take


only a finite set of values.
→Each groups into which a raw data is condensed is called
a “class”. The size of class is known as the “class
interval”.

→For example 10 is the class interval of class “0-10”. Each


class is bounded by 2 fig. which are called the lower limits
and upper limit.
→ The difference between the upper limit of the class and
the lower limit of class is called as the “class size”.

→The value which lies midway between lower and upper


limits of a class is known as its “mid value or class mark”.

→ Class mark = upper limit + lower limit / 2


→The difference between the two extreme observations in
an arranged data i.e. the difference between the
maximum and minimum values of observations is known
as the “Range”.

→ Three measures of central tendency are


Ø Mean
Ø Mode
Ø Median
MEAN
Mean = Sum of the Given Data/Total number of Data

What is Mean?
Mean is the most commonly used measure of central
tendency. It actually represents the average of the given
collection of data. It is applicable for both continuous and
discrete data.

It is equal to the sum of all the values in the collection of


data divided by the total number of values.

Suppose we have n values in a set of data namely as X 1,


X2, X3 ,...,Xn , then the mean of data is given by: overline
x= x1+ x2 + x3 +.......+xn / 2

It can also be denoted as:

Types of Mean
There are majorly three different types of mean value that
you will be studying in statistics.

1. Arithmetic Mean
2. Geometric Mean
3. Harmonic Mean

For grouped data, we can calculate the mean using three


different methods of formula.
MEDIAN
What is Median?
Generally median represents the mid-value of the given
set of data when arranged in a particular order.
Median: Given that the data collection is arranged in
ascending or descending order, the following method is
applied:

 If number of values or observations in the given data


is odd, then the median is given by
[(n+1)/2]th observation.
 If in the given data set, the number of values or
observations is even, then the median is given by the
average of (n/2)th and [(n/2) +1]th observation.
The median for grouped data can be calculated using the
formula,

Median Formula
The formula to calculate the median of the finite number
of data set is given here. The median formula is different
for even and odd numbers of observations. Therefore, it is
necessary to recognise first if we have odd number of
values or even number of values in a given data set.
The formula to calculate the median of the data set is
given as follows.
Odd Number of Observations
If the total number of observations given is odd, then the
formula to calculate the median is:

where n is the number of observations


Even Number of Observations
If the total number of observation is even, then the
median formula is:

where n is the number of observations

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