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01 Manometers273

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Ayodele Masta
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Fluid Statics and January 24 and 29,

Manometers 2008

Introduction to Fluid Outline


Statics and Manometers • Review course introduction
• Pressure independent of direction
Larry Caretto • Pressure-density-distance
Mechanical Engineering 390 relationship in a static
Fluid Mechanics (nonmoving fluid)
• Use of manometers for
January 24 and 29, 2008 pressure measurements
• Calculations with manometers.

Review Review Typical Units


• Dimensions and units Quantity SI units EE units BG units
– SI, BG and EE unit systems Density kg/m3 lbm/ft3 slug/ft3
• Fluid density, , (mass/volume) Pressure & kPa 1 psi = 1 lbf/in2 =
and specific weight shear = 144 psf = 144 lbf/ft2
(weight/volume),  = g, and stress kN/m
2
specific gravity
Velocity m/s ft/s
• States of matter and vapor pressure
Viscosity N·s/m2 lbf·s/ft2 = lbf·s/ft2
• Viscosity = 32.2 =
• Surface tension kg/m·s lbm/ft·s slug/ft·
s 4

Review States of Matter Viscosity


• Triple point: Newtonian 
Boiling line
shows Pvapor solid, liquid Fluids u y
= f(T) and vapor have a
linear
Critical coexist
Liquid variation of
Pressur

Point • No liquid-gas shearing


Solid

transition stress with


e

above critical rate of


Triple Point Gas point shearing
strain – slope
• Vapor pressure is viscosity
Temperatur for liquid-gas
Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson,
Donald Young, and Theodore Okiishi,Copyright © 2005 6
e by John Wiley &

ME 390 – Fluid 1
Fluid Statics and January 24 and 29,
Manometers 2008

Review Surface Tension Pressure Relations


• Pressure is a scalar
• The force exerted by a pressure
is the same in all directions
• Want to see how pressure
changes in a static (nonmoving)
• Vertical force balance: R2h =
fluid
2Rcos
– Surface tension depends on fluid,
• Look at balance of pressure
force and fluid weight over a
2cos
h differential volume element,
 Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald
7 xyz
R Young, and Theodore Okiishi,Copyright © 2005 by John
Wiley &

 Fz  0 
Gravity in –z xyz
 p  g xy
p z
direction  z 2 
p z 
Integrating the Result

 p  xy
 z 2 
• Since p/x =p/y = 0, p = f(z)
Sum only, and we can write p/z = –
forces in as dp/dz = –
each
Fundamentals of Fluid • Multiply by (p
two points dz,and integrate
z ) and
direction Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce
1 1
Munson, Donald Young,
p z2
and and Theodore
Okiishi,Copyright © (p2, z2) 2
divide by
 dp  p2  p1 z  
2005 by John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. All rights

xyz p1 1
Result dz
• To integrate dz we have to know
p s p p how 
  
x 0y 0z 9
depends on z
0

Incompressible Fluid Incompressible Fluid II


• An incompressible fluid has • Which pressure
p2  z2  p1 
constant density (and specific is
higher
z1
weight) z2 p2 p ? p   z  z
1 2 2 1
• For an incompressible (constant
z2
h p1  p2  h 
density) fluid thenz2 p2
z1 p1
p2  p1   
z1 dz  
z1  dz  z2  z1 • Pressure
p2  z2  p1  increases
with depth
z1
11 12

ME 390 – Fluid 2
Fluid Statics and January 24 and 29,
Manometers 2008

Problem Solution
• If the pressure at the surface of a Depth = 10
body of water ( = 9789 N/m3 at m p2  p1   z1  z2   101
20oC) is 101 kPa, what are the  2

pressures at depths of 10 m and 0 m  10 m


9789 NkPa  kPa
m
 198.9
m3 1000 N kPa
100 m?
• Given: p1 = 101 kPa at z1 = 0 Depth = 100
• Find: p at z2 = –10 m and z3 = –100 m m p3  p1   z1  z3   101
 100 m kPa  m 1080 kPa
2
• Equation: 9789 NkPa
0 m
 1000 N
p2  z2  p1  z1  p2  p1  z1  z2  m3
14

13

Pressure Head P = 1 Atm for Water at


p1  p2  z2  z1  • Fluid height 20oC
p 2 p 1
equivalent to
p1  p2  h  2  • At 20oC, water = 9789 N/m3 =
ha
p 62.32 lbf/ft3 (p 761, text)
z2 p2 pressure p2  p1 in2 ft 2
h h  33.96
• h is called pressure  62.32 lbf ft
head 
z1 ft3
p1 • For p2 – p1 = 14.696 1000 N
101.325 kPa
2
psia = p2  p1 kPa  m  10.35
101.325 kPa, h = 0.76 h  9789 N
 m
m
p?= 15 m3 16

Free Surface Free Surface II


• Surface of liquid open to
atmosphere is called a “free
surface”
– Pressure, p0, is atmospheric pressure, p0
– Height, z0 = 0
– In the liquid, p + z= p0 + z0, where z <
0
– Depth h = z0 – z > 0 • Pressure, p, at depth, h, not
– p = p0 + (z0 – z) = p0 + h influenced by size or shape of
container
• Pressure, p, at depth, h, not Figure 2.4, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce
18
Munson, Donald Young, and Theodore Okiishi
influenced by size or shape of Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All

ME 390 – Fluid 3
Fluid Statics and January 24 and 29,
Manometers 2008

Reference Pressure Gage Pressure


• Free surface equation: p = p0 + (z0 – • For taking pressure differences,
z) we can use any reference
• Apply this to two different pressures pressure
– p1 = p0 + (z0 – z1) • Many pressure measurement
– p2 = p0 + (z0 – z2) methods measure the difference
• Find p2 – p1 from these equations between actual and atmospheric
– Result: p2 – p1 = p0 + (z0 – z2) – [p0 + (z0 pressure
– z1)] = (z1 – z2) independent of p0 or z0 • We can used this measured
• Reference pressure cancels in pressure difference, called gage
taking pressure differences pressure, directly in p
19
calculations

Gage and Absolute Barometric Pressure


Pressure • Mercury barometer
used to measure
atmospheric
pressure
– Top is evacuated and
fills with mercury
vapor
– Patm = h + pvapor
– pvapor = 0.000023 psia
= 0.1586 Pa at 68oF
Figure 2.7, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce
(20oC)
21 22
Munson, Donald Young, and Theodore Okiishi Munson, Donald Young, and Theodore Okiishi
Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

What a Barometer Measures Gage/Absolute Notation


• It actually measures the local pressure • For pressure differences a
• A barometer in a undersea specification of gage or absolute
submersible, pressurized to 4 is not required
times atmospheric pressure would • Traditional notation is psig (or
measure this level psfg) and psia (or psfg) for gage
• Weather barometer readings and absolute pressure,
are corrected to mean sea respectively
level • Can also use kPa(abs) or kPa(gage)
• Standard atmosphere: 760 mm • Munson uses psi or kPa for gage
Hg, 760 torr, 29.921 in Hg, pressures and psi(abs) or
101.325 kPa, kPa(abs) for absolute pressures

ME 390 – Fluid 4
Fluid Statics and January 24 and 29,
Manometers 2008

Variable Density Variable Density II


• Problem: integrate dp/dz = –z • Result: the pressure change of
when density (and hence ) is 0.1181 kPa is only 0.12% of patm =
not constant 101.325 kPa
• Simple solution: for gases  is small • Simple solution: for gases with
so that p does not change much small elevation changes we can
with z assume that the specific weight is
– E. g. air at atmospheric pressure and constant!
T = 20oC has  = 11.81 N/m3
• This is not valid for changes of
– If  = 11.81 N/m3 were constant an
elevation change of 10 m gives p = several kilometers as in the
(11.81 N/m3)(10 m) = 118.1 N/m2 = atmosphere
0.1181 kPa – Standard atmosphere defined and used for

U. S.
Standar
d
Atmospher
Constant specific
weight is a good e
assumption for (See appendix
gases except for C for more
large elevation data)
changes
Figure 2.6,
Fundamentals of
Fluid Mechanics, 5/E
by Bruce Munson,
Figure E2.2, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce 2 Donald Young,
Munson, Donald Young, and Theodore Okiishi and Theodore
7
Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Okiishi Copyright
rights reserved. © 2005 by John

Open
means p
Piezomete = patm
Problem
r• A passage between a • Find the pressure at point
container (such as the pipe A if the fluid is water at
at A) and the atmosphere 20oC, h1 =
is called a piezometer tube 0.2 m, and patm = 101 kPa
• For a • From table B.2,
piezometer 1 = water = 9.789
tube the kN/m3 at 20oC
pressure in the
• pA = p1 = patm +
fluid, pA =
 1 h1
p1 = patm +
 1 h1 Figure 2.9, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce
Munson, Donald Young, and Theodore Okiishi Copyright ©

ME 390 – Fluid 5
Fluid Statics and January 24 and 29,
Manometers 2008

Solution Simple U-Tube Manometer


• h1 = 0.2 m, patm = 101 • Manometers measure
kPa, and 1 =water = pressure by measuring
9.789 kN/m3 height differences
• pA = patm + 1h1
9.789 kN 0.2 m  kPa 
PA  101  • Point A is
 m3 1 kN
fluid ( =
kPa
• pA = 103 1) in a
kPa pipe
(absolute)
• h1 and h2 are measured
• pA = 1.96
kPa (gage) • Gage fluid has  = 2 3

Figure 2.9, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald Young, • What is pressure at A? 2

Simple U-Tube Manometer Simple U-Tube Manometer III


•IIRight side: p3 = patm + • Result for absolute pressure:
pat
 2 h2 pA = patm + 2h2 – 1h1
2 A 1 1
m
• pLeft =

3
side:pp = p +  h
2
gives patm
+  2 h2 =
pA + 1h1
p2 = p3 = p0 – • Result for gage pressure:
2h0 h0 pA = 2h2 – 1h1

• Conclusion: Figure 2.10, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald3
3 p 3 Young,
Figure 2.10, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald
and Theodore Okiishi Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All 4 rights
Young, and Theodore Okiishi Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 0 reserved.

• Given: Known specific weights


and measured heights shown
pA  p1  1h1 p1  p2  p3 p3  p4  2h2
above p5  p4 pB  p5  1h1  h2 
• Find: pA – pB Equation: p + z = p + 36
FigureE2.5, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald Young, and

z Theodore Okiishi Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights
reserved.

ME 390 – Fluid 6
Fluid Statics and January 24 and 29,
Manometers 2008

FigureE2.5,
Fundamentals of Fluid
Mechanics, 5/E by
Bruce Munson,
Donald Young, and
Theodore Okiishi
Copyright © 2005
by John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. All

Combine first set of equations Combine result


from
previous page
pA  p4  2h2 
pA  p1  1h1 p1  p2  p3 p3  p4  2h2 with
second set of equations p5 1h1 pB  p5  1h1 
pA  p1  1h1  p3  1h1  p4  2h2  p  p   h   1 1  pB  h
h 1h1  h2  2h2 
2
p4 A 5 2 2
1h1 1h1 pA  pB  2  1 38

37
h2

Incline Manometer Problem Incline Manometer Problem II


p1  pA  1h1 p1  p2  2 z2  z1   p2  2 l2 sin
• Incline used to increase
accuracy for small pressure 
differences p2  pB  3h3  pB  p2  3h3
• Want to find pB – pA when we know 1, pB  p2  3h3  p1  2 l2 sin   3h3
2, 3, h1, l2, h3, and  pB  pA  1h1  2 l2 sin   3h3

Equation: pA  pB 
p + z = p + z 3h3  2 l2 sin   1h1
Figure 2.9, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald Young,
3 9 40
a n d Theodore Okiishi Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Solving Manometer Solving Manometer


Problems •Problems II for (1) pressures
Write equations ope
n
• Basic equation: pressures at two at two depths in same fluid and (2)
• “Open” means p = patm 3 equal pressures at same level 3

– patm = 101.325 kPa = 14.696 (with same fluid) at all branches in


psia manometer.
– For gage pressure, patm = 0 • Eliminate intermediate
• Same pressures at pressures from
same level on two equations to get desired
sides of a manometer P
– p2 = p3 4
1
• Watch units for length, 4
2
psi or psf, N or kN

ME 390 – Fluid 7
Fluid Statics and January 24 and 29,
Manometers 2008

Problem Problem Continued


• Given: air at 0.50 psig, pA = 2 psig, • Given: air at 0.50 psig, pA = 2 psig,
and and
oil = 54.0 lbf/ft3 and other data oil = 54.0 lbf/ft3 and other datap
open =
shown on diagram. Find: z and z=4 h ft p A  oil 2 ft  0
pA  pair
z popen  manoh psig
oil 
2 lbf 0.5 lbf mano  SGmano 
2  2
 in in  62.4 lbf H2O lb
 190.3 f
54.0 lbf ft  05 
3  3
2 3.  ft  ft
3 2 4
Figure P2.27, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce
4
ft 144 in 3
Munson, Donald Young, and Theodore Okiishi Copyright
© 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights 4
Figure P2.27, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce

Problem Concluded Problem 2.38


3
• popen = 0 psig, mano = 190.3 lbf/ft , A hemispherical shell
h = p?A  oil 2 ft   popen  on the ocean floor
manoh pA  oil 2 ft  popen has an internal
h h = 2.08 barometric pressure
 mano 0 ft of 765 mm Hg. A
mercury manometer
2 lb f 144 in 2 54.0 lb f
 2 ft measures the
in2 ft 2 ft3  differential pressure
h between the sea
 190.3 lbf
outside and the shell
ft3 interior as shown in
Figure P2.27, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce
Munson, Donald Young, and Theodore Okiishi Copyright
4 the diagram.
ocean 46
© 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 5
surface?

Problem 2.38 Part 2 Problem 2.38 Part 3


PoceanP  Pshell   Hg (0.735
left • Rearrange equations from
Pshell m)  Pright  Pocean previous slide and substitute
  (10 m  0.36 Pleft given data
Pshell   Hg (0.735 m)  Pright  Pocean  (10.36 m)
 sea water
water m)
Equal Pocean  Pshell   Hg (0.735 m)  (10.36 m)
pressure
Use specific water
weight data from  133 kN 101.745 kN
line Pshell  Hg hbaro   (0.765 m)

Table 1-6 (ignore  m3   m2
Pshell = difference in
Hghbaro temperature) 101.745 kN 133 kN 10.1 kN
Pocean   (0.735 m)  (10.36
m3 m3 m3
hbaro = 765 mm Hg = 133 kN/m3 m) 94.9 kN
Pocean   94.9
Hg sea water = 10.1 48
m2

ME 390 – Fluid 8

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