13.

1
REFLECTING
LIGHT
page 230 - 258
 REFER TO YOUR COURSE BOOK

▪ Light usually travels in ______1_______ lines. It changes direction if

it hits a ______2_______ surface, or if it travels from one material
into another.

▪ The change in direction at a shiny surface such as mirror is called

______3_______.

▪ A ______4_______ bulb produces light. A ray box produces a broad

______5_______.
 REFER TO YOUR COURSE BOOK

▪ A laser is a different source of ______6_______. All its energy is

concentrated in a narrow beam rather than spreading out in all
directions like the light bulb.

▪ The total amount of energy coming from the laser is lesser that from
a light bulb that is why it is dangerous if a laser beam gets into your
______7_______.

▪ Psychologist use ______8_______ to test intelligence of animals.

 DISCOVERY OF
MIRROR
ARCHAEOLOGISTS
have found
bronze mirrors
over 2000 years old,
so the desire to see
ourselves clearly has
been around for a
long time
MODERN MIRRORS
Gives us a
very clear image.
When you look into the
mirror, rays of light
from your face reflect
off the shiny surface
and back to your eyes.
You seem to see an
image of yourself
behind the mirror.
ANIMALS IN FRONT
OF THE MIRROR
APES
clearly understand
what they see in the
mirror is an
image of themselves
– they make silly faces
at themselves.
ANIMALS IN FRONT
OF THE MIRROR
DOGS and CATS
do not recognize
themselves in front of
the mirror
– they may even try to
attack their own
reflection
 LASER BEAM
When working with laser beams, it is
strongly recommended to wear
SAFETY GLASSES to protect the
EYES from STRAY REFLECTIONS
of the beams.
 When a ray of light
reflects off a mirror or
other reflecting surface, it
follows a path shown in
the figure. The two rays
are known as
Incident Ray (IR) and
Reflected Ray (RR).
Angle of Incidence (i)
is EQUAL to
Angle of Reflection (r).
This is known as the
Law of Reflection.
To find the angles i and r,
we have to draw the
normal or normal line
to the reflecting surface
(at exactly 90º)
to the surface, at the point
where the ray strikes it.
This example is a
Law of Reflection in a
flat surface .
 The images formed using
curved surfaces namely the
concave mirror(converging)
and
convex mirror (diverging).
This example is a
Law of Reflection in a
curved surface.
Curved mirrors
is also known as
Spherical mirrors.
 REAL IMAGE VIRTUAL IMAGE
Formed by actual light rays. Formed by virtual rays.
The incident ray (IR) and reflected The incident ray (IR) do not pass
ray (RR) pass through the image through the image point.
point.
They are able to be seen directly It can be seen by the human eye.
with the human eye, and can also be However, it cannot be projected onto
projected onto a screen. a screen!
The image appears to be on the Appearance of light originating from
same side of the mirror as the a certain location, although light
object. never actually did (it was redirected
by a mirror or lens to look like it did!
CONCAVE MIRROR & CONVEX MIRROR
CONCAVE MIRROR VS. CONVEX MIRROR
 SPOON
A stainless steel spoon
also act like a mirror.
The inner side acts
like a concave mirror.
The outer side acts
like a convex mirror.
Examples of CONVEX MIRRORS
APPLICATIONS OF CONVEX MIRRORS 1 (CAR’S SIDE & FRONT MIRROR)
APPLICATIONS OF CONVEX MIRRORS 2 (MAGNIFYING LENS)
APPLICATIONS OF CONVEX MIRRORS 3 (STORE, ROAD & EYEGLASS)
APPLICATIONS OF CONVEX MIRRORS 4 (CAMERA)
Examples of CONCAVE MIRRORS
APPLICATIONS OF CONCAVE MIRRORS
APPLICATIONS OF CONCAVE MIRRORS 1 (FLASHLIGHT & COSMETICS)
APPLICATIONS OF CONCAVE MIRRORS 2 (MICROSCOPE & TELESCOPE)
APPLICATIONS OF CONCAVE MIRRORS 3 (DENTISTRY)
APPLICATIONS OF CONCAVE MIRRORS 4 (SATELLITE DISH)
APPLICATIONS OF CONCAVE MIRRORS 5 (CAR’S HEADLIGHT)
 What kind of mirror is being used in projectors?
Projectors can be
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) & DLP (Digital Light Processing)
1. Optical mirrors are mirrors used for
▪ high quality projection purposes
▪ must be 1st grade quality with absolute flatness and a high reflection.
2. Optical mirrors are available in two different types:
▪ glass, or as a film or foil stretched over a metal frame.
3. Reflection from high quality optical mirrors is typically around 90%; the
perceivable light loss due to mirrors in the light path is negligible.
 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) & DLP (Digital Light Processing)
▪ Optical mirrors are always first surface mirrors, i.e. mirrors without glass in front
of the reflective layer, in comparison with standard “bathroom” mirrors.
▪ Standard mirrors cannot be used because the glass will create reflections and
ghost images.
 SUMMARY
✓ When an object is reflected in a plane mirror, its image is
The same as the object.
The same distance behind the mirror as the object is in front of it.
Left – Right inverted.
Virtual.
✓ When an object is reflected in a curve mirror, its image is
If concave ( real image if the position is inverted )
( virtual image if the position is upright )
If convex ( virtual image if the position is upright and smaller )
✓ In law of reflection, the angle of incidence (i) is equal to the angle of
reflection(r).
 What is a Lens?
A lens is a transparent curved device that is used
to refract light.
A lens is usually made from glass. There are two
different shapes for lenses. They are
called convex and concave.
 Convex Lens Concave Lens
• thicker in the middle and thinner at • thinner in the middle and thicker at
the edges. the edges.
• called as converging lens. • called a diverging lens.
• The image formed is real and inverted • The image formed is virtual, upright
(and can be bigger or smaller than and smaller than the object.
the object unless it is being used as
a magnifying glass

• CAR’S HEADLIGHT
• CAMERA • SATELLITE DISH
• STORE, ROAD & EYEGLASS • DENTISTRY
• CAR’S SIDE & FRONT MIRROR • MICROSCOPE & TELESCOPE
• MAGNIFYING LENS • FLASHLIGHT & COSMETICS
An object is placed 8 cm in front of
converging lens. A real image is produced at
12 cm. Find the focal distance of the lens.
A 15.0 cm object is placed 60.0 cm from a convex
lens, which has a focal length of 15.0 cm. Draw a
ray diagram and use the information from the ray
diagram to fill in the box.

Type of Image
Orientation of Image
Size of Image
Image Distance
If an object is 8 cm from a lens and produces an image 4 cm from the lens, what is the magnification factor,

M if u = 6 cm and v = - 12 cm