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Anatomy Chapter 1

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50 views3 pages

Anatomy Chapter 1

Uploaded by

meherun2468
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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LAKSAM MODEL NURSING COLLEGE

Subject: Anatomy and Physiology


Chapter-1
Part: Introduction of anatomy and physiology

Define anatomy: The word “Anatomy” is derived from the Greek anatome, where ana means ‘up’ and
tome means ‘process of cutting’. Anatomy is the study of the structure of human body and the physical
relationships involved between the body system.
OR,
Anatomy is the branch of biology concerned with the structure of living organisms, including humans. It
involves the study of the physical structure of organisms, their organs, tissues, and systems, as well as
their spatial relationships. Anatomy explores the arrangement and organization of body parts, their
composition, and how they function together to support life processes. This discipline encompasses
macroscopic anatomy (visible to the naked eye), microscopic anatomy (viewed under a microscope), and
developmental.

Subdivisions of Anatomy:

1. Gross Anatomy: It is the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye without using
microscope. Gross anatomy can be further subdivided into three different felds:
 Surface anatomy (or superficial anatomy) is the study of external anatomical features without
dissection.
 Regional anatomy focuses on specific external and internal regions of the body (such as the head
or chest) and how different systems work together in that region.
 Systemic anatomy focuses on the anatomy of different organ systems, such as the respiratory or
nervous system.

2. Microscopic Anatomy: It is the study of the structures that cannot be seen with the naked eye. It can
be seen with the aid of microscope. Within microscopic anatomy, two topics of study are of great
importance:

 Cytology, the study of the structure and function of cells


 Histology, the study of the organization and details of biological tissues
3. Embryology
It is the study of the developmental changes of human embryos and foetuses before birth during intra-
uterine life.
4. Highly specialised branches of anatomy:
 Pathological anatomy is the study of structural changes (from gross to microscopic)
associated with disease.
 Radiographic (imaging) anatomy is the study of the internal structures as visualized by X-ray
images or specialized imaging procedures.
 Clinical anatomy is the application of anatomical knowledge in clinical practice, with a view to
help the clinicians for reaching at the correct diagnosis and treatment of the patients.

Anatomical position: The anatomical position is a standardized reference posture used in anatomy and
medicine. In this position, the body is standing upright, facing forward, with the arms at the sides and
the palms facing forward. The feet are parallel to each other and flat on the ground. This position
provides a consistent frame of reference when describing the location and orientation of body parts,
regardless of the actual position of the body.

Prone position
If the body is lying face down, it is in the prone position.

Supine position
If the body is lying flat on the back with the face up, it is in the supine position.

Right lateral recumbent position


If the body is lying on the right side which touches the surface, it is the right lateral recumbent position.

Left lateral recumbent position


If the body is lying on the left side which touches the surface, it is the left lateral recumbent position.

Fowler's position
If the body is sitting straight up or leaning slightly back, legs may be straight or bent, it is the Fowler's
position.
Lithotomy position
A position in which the body is lying supine with knees bent and thighs apart; assumed for vaginal or
rectal examination.

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