Research in Nursing

Research

The word research derived from the
french term recerchier, a compound word
composed of a ref ix , re, and a verb,
search. Re means ‘once again’,anew’or
afresh’ and search means to look for
something or examine closely and
carefully’, to look for information’, to test
and try ‘, or to prove’.
 Research
Research is def in ed as a systematic
process to answer to questions about
facts and relationship between facts. It is
an activity involved in seeking answer to
unanswered questions.
Research is the process of systematically
obtained accurate answer to signif icant
and pertinent questions by the use of the
scientif ic method of gathering and
interpreting information (Clover and
Balsley, 1979) .
Research : Research is the systematic
inquiry that uses orderly scientif ic
methods to answer questions or to solve
problems(Polit & Beck, 2017).
 Nursing research
 Nursing research is def in ed as the
application of scientif ic inquiry to the
phenomena of concern to Nursing.
Nursing research seeks to f in d new
knowledge that can eventually be
applied in providing nursing care to
patients.
 Nursing research is a scientif ic process
that validates and ref in es existing
know led g e a nd g enera tes new
knowledge, which directly and indirectly
in uences nursing practice
(Burn and Grove, 2005)
Nursing research is a way to identify new
knowledge, improve professional
education and practices and use of
resources e ectively(ICN, 1986)
Types of research
Research can be classif ie d based on
several criteria. However basically,
research is classif ied based on either an
approach of studying the variable(
quantitative and qualitative research) or
the purpose of conducting the research
(basic and applied research).
These classif ic ation or types are
discussed below-
Types of research
Based on Approach
1. Qualitative research
a. Phenomenological research
b. Ethnography research
c. Grounded theory research
d. Case study research
e. Historical research
Phenomenological research:
Phenomenological research is the
researcher is interested in a description
of experiences of people, e.g. a study on
experience of people who survived in the
tsunami disaster in the coastal area of
Bangladesh.
Ethnographical research:
it involves the collection and analysis of
data about cultural groups. Researchers
live and become part of their culture to
explore the sociocultural practices and
ritual customs of the population under
study.
 Grounded theory research:
This appro ach may be us ed by
researchers to collect data, eg. If they are
interested in learning about the
experience that the survivors went
through to resolve their crisis during
tsunami disaster.
Case study
Case studies are in depth examination
of people, object, or institutions; eg.
Case study on emergency services in
CMCH.
Historical research
This approach of qualitative research is
concerned with identifying, locating,
evaluating and synthesizing data from
the past, eg a study on evolution f
nursing services in Bangladesh.
 Action research
The researcher is interested in learning
about how nurses worked with sunami
survivors to reach a resolution of the
crisis situation.
2. Quantitative research

a. Experimental research
b. Quasi-experimental research
c. Non-experimental research/
Observational research
-Descriptive research
-Exploratory research
-Correlational research
 Experimental Research
In experimental researches, there is
random assignment of subjects, and an
availability of control group to compare
with the experimental group, and
manipulation of independent variable to
observe ef fect on dependent variable in
an experimental group.
 Quasiexperimental research:
Quasiexperimental research involve
manipulation of independent variable to
observe ef fe ct on dependent variables but
usually they do not exert complete control
over extraneous variables in manipulation
and randomization.
 Nonexperimental research:
In this research, research variables are
studied without manipulating them in
natural setting for the purpose of
description, exploration, explanation, or
identi cation of correlation between two
or more variables.


Based on Purpose

1. Basic Research
2. Applied Research


Basic Research:


Necessary to generate new knowledge &
t e c h n o l o gy ; m a i n l y c o n c e r n e d w i t h
generalization & formulation of theory; research
concerning natural phenomenon & pure
mathematics, are examples; in health sciences,
conducted for new vaccines, new drugs etc.
Characteristics of Basic Research:
 Basic or “Pure” Research.
 Pursuit of knowledge or nding truth
 Generates, re nes or tests theory
 Often uses laboratory setting
 Findings may not be directly useful in practice.
 May be used later in development of
treatment, drug, theory.


Applied or Practical Research:


Aims

at nding a solution for an immediate
problem; conducted for identifying priority
health programs, designing interventions &
evaluating new policies & programs. E
g .HIV/AIDS
 Knowledge intended to directly in uence
clinical practice
 Conducted in actual practice conditions
 Solve problems make decisions,
predict/control outcomes
 Evaluate interventions
 Test/validate theories
 Evaluate ”Basic” research knowledge for
usefulness.
Importance of Research in
Nursing
Research must be an integral part of
Nursing. It provide the power to Nurses to
be professional and develop, def ine and
ref in e nursing knowledge for providing
ef fective patient care, nursing education
and administration. Importance of research
in nursing-
1. The development and utilization of
Nursing Knowledge by the help of nursing
research is essential for continued
development in patient care.
2. Nurses are increasingly expected to
adopt with EBP, using research f indings to
guide their decisions, actions, and
interactions with patients, patients family
and community.
3. Nurses get involved in research is rapid
advancement in medical science and
technology.
4. To understand the varied dimensions of
Nursing profession.
5. To study the characteristics of
particular nursing situation about which
little is known.
6. Nurses nd solution for cost e ective
care through research.
7. Research makes health care e cient
and e ective.
8. Research helps to eliminate nursing
actions that do not achieve desired care
outcome for patients.


Purpose of nursing research:

 Research ndings from rigorous studies
provide specially strong evidence for
informing nurses ‘decisions and actions.
Purposes of nursing research as-
 Basic research enhances the base of
knowledge or to formulate or ref ine a
theory.
 Applied research seeks solution to
existing problems and tends to be of
greater immediate utility for EBP.
 To nd out the various aspects of a
problem of care
 To solve a problem
 To nd out the evidence to inform practice
 To contribute to other people’s wellbeing
 To understand another person’s point of
view
 To contribute to personal needs
 To test or disapprove a theory
 To create more interest in the researcher
 To develop a greater understanding of
people and their world, etc.
Qualitative research: explores feelings,
experiences, cultures, philosophies
Examples: what does it feel like to have cancer?
How do nurses de ne patient satisfaction?
Quantitative research: uses numbers, precise
measurement
Examples: rates of wound healing, control of
BP or blood sugar
Scope and areas of nursing
research
Nursing research encompasses wide
scope of scienti c inquiry including
clinical research, health system and
outcome research, nursing
administration research and nursing
education research.
Scope of research in clinical nursing
practice-


1. Health promotion, maintenance and
disease prevention.
2. Patient safety and quality of health
care.
3. Promotion and risk reduction
interventions of health of vulnerable,
minority groups and marginalized
community.
4. Patient centered care and care
coordination.
5. Promotion of the health and well-being
of older people.
6. Palliative and end of life care.
7. Nurses working Environment.
8. Home care and community health
Nursing practices.
9. Care implication of therapeutics.


Scope of Research in Nursing Education:

1. Testing the e ectivity and e cacy of the old
teaching methods/techniques, and
generating newer e ective teaching tools
and techniques.
2. Curriculum tought and learning experience of
nursing students at undergraduate and
postgraduate level.
3. Enhancing the psychomotor domain of
learning among nursing students in clinical
practice.
4. Promoting clinical and class room learning.
5. Re ning and generating the evaluation
methods.
6. Identifying and managing problems of
absenteeism .
Scope of Research in Nursing
Administration:


1. Assessing existing organizational
structure, span of control, communication,
sta ng pattern, wages, bene ts,
performance evaluation,etc.
2. Developing new knoeledge and or
re ning old knowledge regarding nursing
administrative phenomena.
3. Developing and testing di erent
administrative model.
4. Recruitment, deployment and retention,
and e ective use of nursing personnel.
Scope of research in health care system
1. Health system and outcome research
examines the availability, quality and
cost of health care services.
2. Developing model of health care for
remote and hilly area.
3. Developing cost e ective model of
health care for rural and deprived
community.
4. E ective use of information and
technology.
5. Evaluate the e ectiveness of existing
policies and programs.
Ethics and research
 Ethics:
– The discipline dealing with what is
good
and bad and with moral duty and
obligation
– A set of moral principles
– A theory or system of moral values
– Rules of behavior based on ideas
about what is morally good and bad
Govt Regulations for protecting study participants
 Bangladesh
–Bangladesh Medical Research Council
(BMRC)
–Nursing Research Cell (NRC)
-NIANER -IRB
Importance of ethics in
Research
 Promote the aims of research
– Knowledge, truth, & avoidance of error
 Promote the values essential to
collaborative work
– Trust
– Accountability
– Mutual Respect &
– Fairness
 Importance…
 Ensure to hold accountable to the public
Ethical norms help to build public support
for research


 People are more likely to fund a research

project if they can trust the quality and
integrity of research.
 Promote a variety of important moral &
social values
– Social responsibility
– Human rights
– Compliance with the law &
– Public health and safety
Ethical principles for protecting
study participants
Bene cence
 The Right to Freedom from Harm &
Discomfort
– Physical (injury, fatigue)
– Emotional (stress, fear)
– Social (loss of social support)
– Financial (loss of wages)
Bene cence
 The Right to Protection from
Exploitation
– Sexual exploitation
– Blood donation in a commercial
purpose
Respect for human dignity
 The Right to Self-Determination
– Respect to subjects autonomy
– Informed consent
– Allow them to participate as
volunteer
– Right to withdraw
Respect to human dignity
 The Right to Self-Determination
– Protecting persons with diminished
autonomy
• Legally & mentally incompetent
persons
• The Right to Full Disclosure
– Maintain privacy to protect from any
harm
Justice
The Right to Fair Treatment
– Fair selection of subject
– Fair treatment to subjects
• The Right to Privacy
– Autonomy
– Con dentiality
• Anonymity
• Privacy
Informed consent and participant
authorization
 Information Essential for Consent
-Introduction of Research Activities
-Description of Risks & Discomfort
-Dscription of Bene ts
-Disclosure to Alternative/others
-Assurance of Anonymity &
Con dentiality
-Compensation for Participation in
Research
-O er to Answer Questions
-Non coercive Disclaimer (Grove, p 177)
• BMRC Informed Consent Format
• BSMMU Informed Consent Format
Con dentiality procedure
Anonymity
– Disclose name, social security
number
• When anonymity is impossible
– A promise of con dentiality
– Use ID instead of name, address or
social security number
– Maintain identifying information in a
locked le
Debrie ng
Researcher should be gracious, polite,
& sensitive to cultural and linguistic
diversity.
Communications

-Thanks for providing data
-O er to know study nding if they
want
referrals
-Some situations, researcher need to
refer study participants to appropriate
health care.
For vulnerable group
Children
• Mentally or emotionally disabled
people
• Severely ill or physically disabled
people
• The terminally ill people
• Institutionalize people- Prison,
correctional facility
• Pregnant women
• Fetus
Research Misconduct
 Fabrication
 Falsi cation or
 Plagiarism in
– proposing, performing, or reviewing
research, or in reporting research
results
Such as- literature review