Adama Science and Technology University,

School of Applied Natural Science,

Department of Applied Mathematics,
Introduction to Real Analysis (Math4321) Worksheet-1

1. Determine whether the following double series converges condi-

tionally or absolutely:
∞ X ∞
X (−1)m+n
.
m=1 n=1
m2 + n2

Solution: To determine the convergence of the double series, we first

consider the absolute convergence:

∞ X ∞ ∞ X ∞
X (−1)m+n X 1
2 + n2
= 2 + n2
.
m=1 n=1
m m=1 n=1
m

Since m2 + n2 ≥ m2 for each m, n ≥ 1, we have

1 1
≤ 2.
m2 + n2 m
This implies that
∞ X
∞ ∞ X ∞
X 1 X 1
2 2
≤ .
m=1 n=1
m +n m=1 n=1
m2
P∞
However, it is known that m=1 m12 converges, which suggests absolute
convergence. Therefore, the double series converges absolutely.
2. Consider the double series
∞ X ∞
X 1
n
.
m=1 n=1
m

Does the order of summation affect the convergence of this se-

ries? Explain.
Solution: Changing the order of summation does not affect the conver-
gence in this case. Since the terms m1n decrease rapidly as n grows for
each fixed m, we can sum over n first, which results in a convergent series.
Therefore, the order of summation does not affect the convergence of this
series.
3. Prove that the following double series converges:
∞ X
∞
X 1
.
m=1 n=1
(m + n)3

1
 P∞
Hint: Use the fact that n=1 n13 converges.
P∞ P∞ 1
Solution: Let S = m=1 n=1 (m+n) 3 . Note that for each k = m + n ≥

2, there are k − 1 pairs (m, n) such that m + n = k. Therefore, we can

rewrite the series as
∞ ∞ ∞
X k−1 X 1 X 1
S= = − .
k3 k2 k3
k=2 k=2 k=2
P∞ 1
P∞ 1
Since k=2 k2 and k=2 k3 converge, the series S converges.
xn
P∞
4. Prove that the series n=1 n2 converges uniformly on [0, 1] using
the Weierstrass M-Test.
n
Solution: Define fn (x) = xn2 . Since |fn (x)| ≤ P1
n2 for x ∈ [0, 1], we
∞ P∞
apply the Weierstrass M-Test with Mn = n2 . Since P n=1 Mn = n=1 n12
1
∞
converges, the Weierstrass M-Test guarantees that n=1 fn (x) converges
uniformly on [0, 1].
P∞ P∞ 1
5. Determine whether the double series m=1 n=1 m2 +n 3 converges

absolutely.
Solution: Consider the absolute series:
∞ X
∞ ∞ X ∞
X 1 X 1
= .
m=1 n=1
m2 + n3 m=1 n=1
m 2 + n3

Since m2 + n3 ≥ m2 for each m, n ≥ 1, we have

1 1
≤ 2.
m2 +n 3 m
P∞
The series m=1 m12 converges, so by comparison, the double series con-
verges absolutely.
nx
6. Show that the sequence of functions fn (x) = 1+nx2 converges uni-
formly on [0, 1].
Solution: We have
(
nx 0 if x = 0,
lim fn (x) = lim = 1
n→∞ n→∞ 1 + nx2 if x > 0.
x

Therefore, fn (x) does not converge uniformly to a single continuous limit

function on [0, 1].

2
 Adama Science and Technology University,
School of Applied Natural Science,
Department of Applied Mathematics,
Introduction to Real Analysis (Math4321) Worksheet-2

1. Consider the power series:

∞
X (−1)n n2 xn
.
n=1
3n

Find the radius of convergence using the lim sup formula:

1 p
= lim sup n |an |,
R n→∞

(−1)n n2
where an = 3n .
Solution:
The general term is:
(−1)n n2
an = .
3n
We apply the lim sup formula to find the radius of convergence:
1 p
= lim sup n |an |.
R n→∞

Now compute |an |:

n2
|an | = .
3n
We need to find: r
n n2 n2/n
lim sup n
= lim sup .
n→∞ 3 n→∞ 3
Since n2/n → 1 as n → ∞, we have:
p
n 1
lim sup |an | = .
n→∞ 3
Thus, the radius of convergence is:

R = 3.

2. Given the power series:

∞
X 2n xn
,
n=1
n3
find the radius of convergence using the lim sup method.
Solution:

3
 The general term is:
2n
.
an =
n3
We apply the lim sup formula to find the radius of convergence:
1 p
= lim sup n |an |.
R n→∞

Now compute |an |:

2n
|an | = .
n3
We need to find: r
n 2n 2
lim sup = lim sup 3/n .
n→∞ n3 n→∞ n
3/n
Since n → 1 as n → ∞, we have:
p
lim sup n |an | = 2.
n→∞

Thus, the radius of convergence is:

1
R= .
2

3. Consider the following power series:

∞
X (−1)n n!xn
.
n=1
5n

Find the radius of convergence using both the ratio test and the lim sup
formula.
Solution using the Ratio Test:
The general term is:
(−1)n n!
an = .
5n
We apply the ratio test:

an+1 (−1)n+1 (n + 1)! 5n n+1

lim = lim n+1
· n
= lim .
n→∞ an n→∞ 5 (−1) n! n→∞ 5

Thus, the limit is:

n+1
lim = ∞.
n→∞ 5
Since the limit is infinity, the series converges only for x = 0, meaning the
radius of convergence is:
R = 0.

4
 Solution using the lim sup formula:
Now, using the lim sup formula, we find |an |:

n!
|an | = .
5n
We apply the lim sup formula:
r
1 pn n n!
= lim sup |an | = lim sup .
R n→∞ n→∞ 5n
√
n
Using Stirling’s approximation n! ∼ 2πn ne , we get:
√
n n
n! ∼ .
e
Thus:
n
lim sup = ∞.
n→∞ 5e
Therefore, the radius of convergence is:

R = 0.

4. Consider the power series:

∞
X (2n)!xn
.
n=0
(n!)2

Find the radius of convergence using the lim sup method.

Solution:
The general term is:
(2n)!
an = .
(n!)2
We use Stirling’s approximation for large n:

(2n)! 4n
an = ∼ √ .
(n!)2 πn

Now apply the lim sup formula:

s
1 p 4n
= lim sup n |an | = lim sup n
√ = 4.
R n→∞ n→∞ πn

Thus, the radius of convergence is:

1
R= .
4

5
5. Approximate ln(1.2) using the series for ln(1 + x)
The Taylor series for ln(1 + x) around x = 0 is:
x2 x3 x4
ln(1 + x) = x − + − + ···
2 3 4
To approximate ln(1.2), we set x = 0.2 because 1.2 = 1 + 0.2. Thus:
0.22 0.23 0.24
ln(1.2) = 0.2 −+ − + ···
2 3 4
Now, compute the first few terms:
0.04 0.008
ln(1.2) ≈ 0.2 − + = 0.2 − 0.02 + 0.00267 = 0.18267.
2 3
Hence, ln(1.2) ≈ 0.18267.
6. Prove that the Fourier series of f (x) = x2 for x ∈ [−π, π] converges to
f (x)
The Fourier series of a periodic function f (x) is given by:
∞
a0 X
f (x) ∼ + (an cos(nx) + bn sin(nx)) ,
2 n=1

where the Fourier coefficients are:

Z π
1
a0 = f (x) dx,
π −π
Z π Z π
1 1
an = f (x) cos(nx) dx, bn = f (x) sin(nx) dx.
π −π π −π

For f (x) = x2 : - The function is even, so bn = 0 for all n. - We compute

a0 and an for f (x) = x2 .
First, compute a0 :
 π
1 π 2 1 x3 1 π3 π3 2π 3 2π 2
Z   
a0 = x dx = = − − = = .
π −π π 3 −π π 3 3 3π 3
Now compute an for n ≥ 1:
1 π 2 4(−1)n
Z
an = x cos(nx) dx = .
π −π n2
Thus, the Fourier series for x2 is:
∞
2 π 2 X 4(−1)n
x ∼ + cos(nx).
3 n=1
n2

By the properties of Fourier series, this series converges to f (x) = x2 at

all points where f (x) is continuous. Since x2 is continuous, the Fourier
series converges to x2 for all x ∈ [−π, π].

6
7. Show that (zn )∞ ∞
n=1 = (xn + iyn )n=1 converges to Z = X + iY if and only
if (xn )n=1 converges to X and (yn )∞
∞
n=1 converges to Y
We are given that (zn ) = (xn + iyn ) is a sequence of complex numbers.
We want to show that:

zn → Z = X + iY if and only if xn → X and yn → Y.

Proof:
- Suppose that zn → Z. This means that:

lim zn = lim (xn + iyn ) = X + iY.

n→∞ n→∞

This implies that the real part and the imaginary part of zn must also
converge:
lim xn = X and lim yn = Y.
n→∞ n→∞
Thus, if zn → Z, then xn → X and yn → Y .
- Conversely, suppose that xn → X and yn → Y . Then, we have:

lim (xn + iyn ) = X + iY = Z.

n→∞

Thus, if xn → X and yn → Y , then zn → Z.

Therefore, (zn ) → Z if and only if xn → X and yn → Y .
8. Fourier series of f (x) = x on the interval [−π, π]
The Fourier coefficients of f (x) = x are given by:
1 π 1 π 1 π
Z Z Z
a0 = x dx = 0, an = x cos(nx) dx, bn = x sin(nx) dx.
π −π π −π π −π

First, compute a0 : Z π
1
a0 = x dx = 0.
π −π

Next, compute an :
1 π
Z
an = x cos(nx) dx = 0 (since the integrand is an odd function).
π −π

Now compute bn :
1 π
Z
2
bn = x sin(nx) dx = (using integration by parts).
π −π n

Thus, the Fourier series of f (x) = x is:

∞
X 2
f (x) = sin(nx).
n=1
n

7
 9. Fourier series of f (x) = |x| for x ∈ [−π, π]
The function f (x) = |x| is even, so its Fourier series contains only cosine
terms. The Fourier coefficients are:
1 π 2 π 2 π2
Z Z
a0 = |x| dx = x dx = · = π,
π −π π 0 π 2

1 π 4 π 4(−1)n
Z Z
an = |x| cos(nx) dx = x cos(nx) dx = .
π −π π 0 n2
Thus, the Fourier series for f (x) = |x| is:
∞
X 4(−1)n
f (x) = π + cos(nx).
n=1
n2

10. Fourier coefficients of f (x) = eix

We compute the Fourier coefficients of f (x) = eix :

1 π ix
Z
a0 = e dx = 0,
π −π

1 π ix
Z
an = e cos(nx) dx = 0,
π −π
1 π ix
Z
bn = e sin(nx) dx = 1 for n = 1.
π −π
Thus, the Fourier series is:

f (x) = eix .

11. Evaluate Γ(4) using the recursive property of the Gamma function
Using the recursive property Γ(z + 1) = zΓ(z), we have:

Γ(4) = 3Γ(3) = 3 × 2Γ(2) = 3 × 2 × 1Γ(1) = 3 × 2 × 1 × 1 = 6.

Thus, Γ(4) = 6.
12. Γ 23 and Γ 52 using the Legendre duplication formula

Using the Legendre duplication formula:

√
√ 1√
     
1 3 1 1 π
Γ = π, Γ = Γ = π= ,
2 2 2 2 2 2
    √ √
5 3 3 3 π 3 π
Γ = Γ = × = .
2 4 2 4 2 8

8
 9


13. Calculate Γ 2
3


Using the recursive property and the result for Γ 2 :
   
9 7 7
Γ = Γ ,
2 2 2
   
7 5 5
Γ = Γ ,
2 2 2
  √
5 3 π
Γ = .
2 8
Finally:   √ √
9 7 5 3 π 105 π
Γ = × × = .
2 2 2 8 32