PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENTS

Kring & Johnson, Abnormal Psychology 12th Ed.

Sources:

• Kring & Johnson, Abnormal Psychology 12th Ed.

• https://dictionary.apa.org/

• https://www.recoveryanswers.org/resource/community-reinforcement-approach-cra/

• https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bjpsych-advances/article/family-
psychoeducation-for-people-living-with-schizophrenia-and-their-
families/1F624040803C69204CB936C7826185E3

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PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENTS
Kring & Johnson, Abnormal Psychology 12th Ed.
GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER

❖ Cognitive Therapy (CT)

➔ a form of psychotherapy based on the concept that emotional and behavioral problems in an individual are,
at least in part, the result of maladaptive or faulty ways of thinking and distorted attitudes toward oneself
and others.

➔ The objective of the therapy is to identify these faulty cognitions and replace them with more adaptive ones,
a process known as cognitive restructuring.

➔ The therapist takes the role of an active guide who attempts to make the client aware of these distorted
thinking patterns and who helps the client correct and revise their perceptions and attitudes by citing
evidence to the contrary or by eliciting it from the client.

➔ See also cognitive behavior therapy. Also called Beck therapy. [developed by Aaron T. Beck]

❖ Applied Relaxation
➔ a technique in which clients are taught, in a stepwise fashion, to relax more and more rapidly over a series of
sessions in order to master panic, anxiety, phobias, pain, and other symptoms.

➔ The goal is for clients to be able to relax in 20 to 30 seconds in situations in which their symptoms typically
occur.

➔ See also progressive relaxation.

SOCIAL PHOBIA

❖ Exposure Therapy
➔ a form of behavior therapy that is effective in treating anxiety disorders.

➔ It involves systematic and repeated confrontation with a feared stimulus, either in vivo (live) or in the
imagination, and may encompass any of a number of behavioral interventions, including desensitization,
flooding, implosive therapy, and extinction-based techniques.

➔ It works by:
(a) habituation, in which repeated exposure reduces anxiety over time by a process of extinction;
(b) disconfirming fearful predictions; and
(c) increasing feelings of self-efficacy and mastery.

❖ Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)

➔ a form of psychotherapy that integrates theories of cognition and learning with treatment techniques derived
from cognitive therapy and behavior therapy.

➔ CBT assumes that cognitive, emotional, and behavioral variables are functionally interrelated.

➔ Treatment is aimed at identifying and modifying the client’s maladaptive thought processes and problematic
behaviors through cognitive restructuring and behavioral techniques to achieve change.

➔ Also called cognitive behavior modification; cognitive behavioral therapy.

❖ Systematic Desensitization
➔ a form of behavior therapy in which counterconditioning is used to reduce anxiety associated with a
particular stimulus.

➔ It involves the following stages:

(a) The client is trained in deep-muscle relaxation;
(b) various anxiety-provoking situations related to a particular problem, such as fear of death or a specific
phobia, are listed in order from weakest to strongest; and
(c) each of these situations is presented in imagination or in reality, beginning with the weakest, while the
client practices muscle relaxation.

➔ Since the muscle relaxation is incompatible with the anxiety, the client gradually responds less to the anxiety-
provoking situations.

➔ See also covert desensitization; in vivo desensitization; reciprocal inhibition. [introduced by Joseph Wolpe]

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PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENTS
Kring & Johnson, Abnormal Psychology 12th Ed.
SIMPLE PHOBIA

❖ Exposure Therapy

❖ Guided Mastery
➔ Guided mastery provides a quick and effective way of restoring reality testing by disconfirming tests of phobic
beliefs.

➔ But even more important, guided mastery treatment enables people with phobias to eliminate their
intractable phobic behavior (Bandura, 1997; Bandura, Blanchard, & Ritter, 1969).

❖ Systematic Desensitization

OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER

❖ Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP; EX/RP)

➔ an intensive form of behavior therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder, involving exposure to situations or
cues that trigger recurrent, intrusive, and distressing thoughts (obsessions) or provoke repetitive behaviors
(compulsions), followed by abstinence from the compulsive behavior.

➔ Typically, exposures are conducted in a graduated fashion, with moderately distressing situations confronted
before more upsetting ones.

➔ For example, for a person who fears contact with dirt and germs and repeatedly washes throughout the day,
ERP might involve the therapist asking the client first to touch doorknobs and then a well-traveled floor, then
to sit on a public toilet seat, and so forth without engaging in compulsive cleaning behavior.

➔ An alternative method is flooding, in which therapy is started with the most feared situation.

➔ Regardless of the approach taken, the exposure exercises are performed multiple times until the client’s
emotional responses no longer occur or are greatly diminished.

➔ Therapists conducting ERP do not, however, actually prevent clients from engaging in compulsive rituals.

➔ Instead, they encourage the client to remain in the fear-evoking situation until the urge to perform a ritual
decrease noticeably.

➔ Empirically demonstrated to be highly effective, ERP is the most commonly used treatment for obsessive-
compulsive disorder and has been extended to other conditions as well (e.g., phobias).

➔ Also called exposure and ritual prevention; response prevention.

❖ Cognitive Therapy

AGORAPHOBIA

❖ Exposure Therapy

❖ Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

PANIC DISORDER

❖ Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

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PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENTS
Kring & Johnson, Abnormal Psychology 12th Ed.

POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER

❖ Prolonged Exposure Therapy

➔ a form of cognitive behavior therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in adults.

➔ The first two sessions are devoted to information gathering, explanation of treatment rationale,
treatment planning, and breathing retraining.

➔ During the remaining sessions, clients relive their traumatic experiences by imagining them as vividly as
possible and describing them aloud in the present tense (i.e., imaginal exposure), including their
thoughts, feelings, and physical sensations at the time.

➔ These narratives are recorded, and clients are instructed to listen to the recordings as homework.

➔ They are also instructed to confront, as homework, situations and stimuli that trigger distressing
memories and thoughts and thus have been avoided (i.e., in vivo exposure).

➔ The homework assignments and imaginal exposure are reviewed in session: Clients discuss their
emotions, cognitions, and other responses to the activity, while the therapist uses nondirective
statements to validate and normalize the clients’ experiences and reactions.

➔ The exposure exercises are intended to teach clients that trauma memories are in fact not harmful and
that they can cope with them; the in-session discussion seeks to help clients change their erroneous
beliefs about the trauma and reevaluate their feelings about it.

➔ Ultimately, this method aims to habituate clients to the traumatic event so that it no longer evokes the
excessive anxiety, fear, and other distressing emotions that it previously did.

❖ Cognitive Processing Therapy

➔ a form of cognitive behavior therapy originally used with victims of rape or sexual trauma and later
applied to those with posttraumatic stress disorder resulting from any trauma.

➔ CPT emphasizes cognitive strategies to help people alter erroneous thinking that has emerged because of
a traumatic event.

➔ Practitioners may work with clients on false beliefs that the world is no longer safe, for example, or that
they are incompetent because they “let” the traumatic event happen to them.

BULIMIA NERVOSA

❖ Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

❖ Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT)

➔ a time-limited form of psychotherapy, originally based on the interpersonal theory of Harry Stack
Sullivan, positing that relations with others constitute the primary force motivating human behavior.

➔ A central feature of IPT is the clarification of the client’s interpersonal interactions with significant others,
including the therapist.

➔ The therapist helps the client explore current and past experiences in detail, relating not only to
interpersonal reaction but also to general environmental influences on personal adaptive and
maladaptive thinking and behavior.

ANOREXIA NERVOSA

❖ Family Based Treatment

➔ A treatment approach that includes all family members, not just the identified patient.

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PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENTS
Kring & Johnson, Abnormal Psychology 12th Ed.
DEPRESSION

❖ Cognitive Therapy

❖ Behavior Therapy
➔ a form of psychotherapy that applies the principles of learning, operant conditioning, and classical
conditioning to eliminate symptoms and modify ineffective or maladaptive patterns of behavior.

➔ The focus of this therapy is upon the behavior itself and the contingencies and environmental factors that
reinforce it, rather than exploration of the underlying psychological causes of the behavior.

➔ A wide variety of techniques are used in behavior therapy, such as behavior rehearsal, biofeedback,
modeling, and systematic desensitization.

➔ Also called behavioral psychotherapy; conditioning therapy.

❖ Interpersonal Psychotherapy

❖ Problem-Solving Therapy (PST)

➔ an evidence-based cognitive behavior intervention to improve an individual’s ability to cope with stressful
life experiences by enhancing their problem-solving skills.

➔ The skills that the therapy aims to augment are

(a) problem orientation (the way one approaches and recognizes problems);
(b) problem definition in concrete terms;
(c) generation of possible solutions;
(d) decision making (evaluating the consequences of alternative solutions and selecting ones that are
most optimal); and
(e) solution implementation and evaluation of a solution’s outcome after implementation.

➔ PST has been effective in the treatment of various psychological and behavioral problems, such as
depression, anxiety, and conduct disorder, and of distress associated with chronic medical conditions,
such as coronary heart disease, cancer, and HIV/AIDS.

➔ Also called problem-solving training. [developed in the 1980s by U.S. clinical psychologists Thomas J.
D’Zurilla (1938– ), Arthur M. Nezu (1952– ), and Christine Maguth Nezu (1952– )]

❖ Self-Management Therapy / Self-Control Therapy

➔ a form of behavior therapy that involves self-monitoring (e.g., diaries of behavior), self-evaluation, goal
setting, behavior contracts, self-reinforcement, and relapse prevention.

➔ [developed by Austrian-born U.S. clinical psychologist Frederick H. Kanfer (1925–2002)]

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PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENTS
Kring & Johnson, Abnormal Psychology 12th Ed.
SCHIZOPHRENIA

❖ Family Psychoeducation
➔ Most people with schizophrenia have frequent contact with their families.

➔ Therefore, the family should be involved in their relative's treatment and care wherever possible, so that
they can contribute to that person's recovery and the family's own needs for information, support and
treatment can be addressed.

➔ Family psychoeducation refers to a group of structured psychotherapeutic interventions that involve the
person with schizophrenia and their family as partners in care.

❖ Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

❖ Social Learning / Token Economy Programs

➔ in behavior therapy, a program, sometimes conducted in an institutional setting (e.g., a hospital or
classroom), in which desired behavior is reinforced by offering tokens that can be exchanged for special
foods, television time, passes, or other rewards.

➔ See also backup reinforcer; behavior modification; operant conditioning therapy.

❖ Cognitive Remediation
➔ an intervention to improve neuropsychological function, such as in attention or memory, that has been
impaired due to traumatic brain injury, stroke, severe mental illness (e.g., schizophrenia), or other
conditions.

➔ See cognitive rehabilitation.

❖ Social Skills Training (SST)

➔ a form of individual or group therapy for those who need to overcome social inhibition or ineffectiveness.

➔ It uses many techniques for teaching effective social interaction in specific situations (e.g., job interviews,
dating), including assertiveness training and behavioral and cognitive rehearsal.

❖ Behavioral Family Therapy

➔ a family treatment that is characterized by behavioral analysis of presenting problems and a focus on
overt behavior change through application of learning-based behavioral principles and techniques of
behavior therapy.

➔ Techniques used to modify targeted behavior patterns include behavior contracts, instruction, modeling,
and rehearsal.

❖ Supported Employment Programs

➔ a vocational rehabilitation program that places individuals with disabilities directly into the paid
competitive working environment as quickly as possible.

➔ With an emphasis on matching an individual with an appropriate employer and work environment, it
involves individualized, rapid placement and ongoing support, training, and assessment that take into
account the person’s vocational and personal needs.

➔ Supported employment differs from employment in a sheltered workshop in that the latter occurs in a
controlled, noncompetitive working environment.

➔ See also transitional employment.

❖ Assertive Community Treatment

➔ a service delivery system for individuals with severe mental illness that includes a range of treatment,
rehabilitation, and support services provided by a mobile multidisciplinary team comprised of, for
example, a psychologist, a psychiatrist, a social worker, a case manager, and a nurse.

➔ The team establishes a close, consistent relationship with each individual and delivers services and
supports to them at home and work.

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PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENTS
Kring & Johnson, Abnormal Psychology 12th Ed.
ALCOHOL ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE

❖ Community Reinforcement Approach

➔ It is a psychosocial intervention for individuals with alcohol and other drug use disorders that has been
adapted for several populations, including adolescents (the Adolescent-Community Reinforcement
Approach; A-CRA)

➔ and family members of individuals resistant or reluctant to enter treatment (Community Reinforcement
and Family Training; CRAFT).

➔ clinicians and patients work collaboratively on identifying individual goals and conducting a “functional
analysis” of substance use (i.e., taking a close look at the function served by the use of substances) and
functional analysis of pro-social behaviors (i.e., sober activities).

RELATIONSHIP DISTRESS

❖ Behavioral Couples Therapy

➔ Clinical approach to depression in which a couple works to improve communication and satisfaction;

➔ more likely to relieve relationship distress than individual cognitive therapy.

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