DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Subject Name: Computer Hardware and Network Troubleshooting

Subject Code: CS T72

UNIT – I

Personal Computer: Introduction – History of the Personal Computers – System Components - Data flow
inside the PC – Processor types and specifications – 16-bit to 64-bit evolution – specifications – Cache
Memory – Processor Features: System Management Mode – Super scalar execution – Dynamic Execution
- Dual independent bus architecture – Hyper threading – Dual and multi core technology - socket and slot
types – Intel’s Pentium and Core Processors – AMD K6 to K8 series processors.

2 Marks
1. What is Cache Memory? (NOV 2012) (NOV 2018)
What is cache memory? What is the advantage if a processor with more cache memory you are
using? (May 2019)
Cache memory is random access memory (RAM) that a computer microprocessor can access more
quickly than it can access regular RAM. As the microprocessor processes data, it looks first in the
cache memory and if it finds the data there (from a previous reading of data), it does not have to do the
more time-consuming reading of data from larger memory.
Advantages of Cache Memory:
1. Cache memory is faster than main memory.
2. It stores the program that can be executed within a short period of time.
3. It consumes less access time as compared to main memory.
4. It stores data for temporary use.
2. What is processor?(NOV 2013)
A processor is the logic circuitry that responds to and processes the basic instructions that drive a
computer. The term processor has generally replaced the term central processing unit (CPU). The
processor in a personal computer or embedded in small devices is often called a microprocessor.
3. Define system clock?(NOV 2013)
System clock that shows a time-of-day clock in a computer system. It is an electronic device in a
computer that issues a steadyhigh-frequencysignalthatsynchronizesalltheinternalcomponents
4. What are the two types of hardware interrupts(NOV 2010)
There are two basic types of hardware interrupts: Non Maskable Interrupts (NMI) and (maskable)
Interrupt Requests (IRQ)
5. What is BIOS? (APR 2011), (NOV 2012) (NOV 2018)
BIOS (basic input/output system) is the program a personal computer's microprocessor uses to get the
computer system started after you turn it on. It also manages data flow between the computer's
operating system and attached devices such as the hard disk, video adapter, keyboard, mouse and
printer.
6. List any four components of Mother Board? (APR 2011)
1. North Bridge
2. Soth Bridge
 3. Chipset
4. Processor Sockets
5. Memory Slots
6. Power Connectors
7. Expand SMPS, DMA? (APR 2012)
SMPS - switched-mode power supply
DMA - Direct memory access
8. What are the types of memory? (APR 2012)
The types of memory in a computer system are:
Cache Memory - This is a small amounts of memory used to speed up system performance.
Main memory - This is the RAM (random access memory)
Secondary memory - This is a magnetic storage that keeps applications and data available to be used,
and may also serves as virtual memory depending upon the operating system
9. List out the Hardware components of PC? (NOV 2012) (NOV 2018)
 Power Supply
 Motherboard
 Microprocessor.
 Memory
 Drive controllers
 Hard disk drive(s)
 CD-ROM drive(s)
 Floppy drive(s)
 Monitor
 Keyboard
 Mouse
10. Define computer? (NOV 2012)
A computer is a device that accepts information (in the form of digitalized data) and manipulates it for
some result based on a program or sequence of instructions on how the data is to be processed. Complex
computers also include the means for storing data (including the program, which is also a form of data)
for some necessary duration. A program may be invariable and built into the computer (and called logic
circuitry as it is on microprocessors) or different programs may be provided to the computer (loaded
into its storage and then started by an administrator or user). Today's computers have both kinds of
programming.
11. Why is the maximum value in decimal that can be represented by an eight bit binary number?
( NOV 2014)
Each character can be converted to its equivalent ASCII code. That ASCII code will be stored in the
memory in 8 bit form.
12. If the number of bits in MAR is 10, What is the maximum memory capacity? (NOV 2014)
210 = 1024 locations
0000000000 -> location no. 0
0000000001 -> location no. 1
…..
1111111111 -> Location no.1023
So totally 1024 locations.
13. How does speculative execution increase the rate of instruction execution?(DEC 2016)
Speculative execution which allow the execution of complete instructions or parts of instructions before
being certain whether this execution should take place. A commonly used form of speculative execution
is control flow speculation where instructions past a control flow instruction (e.g., a branch) are
executed before the target of the control flow instruction is determined. Several other forms of
speculative execution have been proposed and are in use including speculative execution driven by
value prediction, memory dependence prediction and cache latency prediction.
14. Write the advantages of hub design architecture. (APR 2017)
The most common architectural pattern for data integration is hub-and-spoke architecture. In this
architecture, inter-server communication and data transfer pass through a central hub, where an
 integration server manages communications and performs data transformations. When data integration
solutions are built atop a vendor’s tool, the server at the hub is usually a vendor’s data integration server.
15. Compare SRAM and DRAM. (APR 2017)
SRAM is static while dram is dynamic

Cache Type Hit Ratio Search Speed

Direct Mapped Good Best
Fully Associative Best Moderate
N-Way Set Associative, N>1 Very Good, Better as N Increases Good, Worse as N Increases
SRAM is faster compared to dram
SRAM consumes less power than dram
SRAM uses more transistors per bit of memory compared to dram
SRAM is more expensive than dram
Cheaper dram is used in main memory while SRAM is commonly used in cache memory
16. Differentiate fully associative mapped cache, direct mapped cache and set associative
cache.(DEC 2016)
Direct mapping maps each block of main memory into only one possible cache line.
Fully associative mapping permits each main memory block to be loaded into any line of the cache.
Set-associative mapping the cache is divided into a number of sets of cache lines; each main memory
block can be mapped into any line in a particular set.
17. What do you mean by Super scalar execution?(NOV 2017)
A superscalar CPU can execute more than one instruction per clock cycle. Because processing speeds
are measured in clock cycles per second (megahertz), a superscalar processor will be faster than a
scalar processor rated at the same megahertz.
18. What is Hyper-threading and how does it work?(Apr 2018)
Hyper-threading is a technology developed by Intel Corporation. It is used in certain Pentium 4
processors and all Intel Xeon processors. Hyper-threading technology, commonly referred to as "HT
Technology," enables the processor to execute two threads, or sets of instructions, at the same time.
Since hyper-threading allows two streams to be executed in parallel, it is almost like having two
separate processors working together.
19. What is the difference between AMD Athlon and Intel Pentium Processors? (APR 2018)
Intel and AMD (Advanced Micro Devices) are the two major manufacturers of processors for PCs. Intel
makes the Pentium and Celeron processors; AMD makes the K6 and Athlon processors. Pentium
processors have had the best overall performance. However, the new AMD processors are faster than
their Pentium counterparts in some tests. In general, AMD processors typically have a better price-
performance ratio.
20. Denote the uses of personal computer.(Nov 2017)
 Education
 Business
 Gaming
 Communication
21. What is Hyper Threading?(May 2019)
Hyper-Threading is a technology used by some Intel microprocessor s that allows a single
microprocessor to act like two separate processors to the operating system and the application programs
that use it. It is a feature of Intel's IA-32 processor architecture.

22. Define Personal Computer (PC)?

A personal computer (PC) is any general-purpose computer whose size, capabilities, and original sales
price make it useful for individuals, and which is intended to be operated directly by an end-user with
no intervening computer operator.
23. Define PC System Design Guide?
The PC System Design Guide (also known as the PC 97, PC 98, PC 99, or PC 2001 specification) is a
series of hardware design requirements and recommendations for IBM PC compatible personal
computers, compiled by Microsoft and Intel Corporation during 1997–2001.
24. Draw the data flow diagram inside the PC?

25. What is UMA and HMA?

Upper Memory Area (UMA): This is the upper 384 KB of the first megabyte of system memory
(immediately above conventional memory). It is reserved for use by system devices and for special
uses such as ROM shadowing and drivers. It uses addresses A0000h to FFFFFh.
High Memory Area (HMA): This is the first 64 KB (less 16 bytes) of the second megabyte of system
memory. Technically this is the first 64 KB of extended memory, but it can be accessed when the
processor is in real mode, which makes it different from the rest of extended memory. It is usually used
for DOS, to allow more conventional memory to be preserved. It occupies addresses 100000h to
10FFEFh.
26. Define Over clocking?
Over clocking is the process of making a computer or component operate faster than specified by the
manufacturer by modifying system parameters.
27. What is Dual-core Technology?
A single chip that contains two distinct processors that work simultaneously. IBM introduced dual cores
in its Power 4 chips in 2000. In 2004, Sun and HP introduced their first dual core CPUs.
28. What is meant by Power Management?
Power management is a feature of some electrical appliances, especially copiers, computers and
computer peripherals such as monitors and printers, that turns off the power or switches the system to
a low-power state when inactive. In computing this is known as PC power management.
29. Define Dual Independent Bus (DIB)
Dual Independent Bus (DIB) is a processor architecture that includes two buses: one to the main system
memory and another to the level 2 cache. The processor can access both simultaneously for improved
performance. In Dual Independent Bus (DIB) architecture systems the single system bus is replaced
by a back-side bus for accessing level 2 cache, and a front-side bus for communicating data between
the CPU and main memory and input and output devices.
30. Write the Microprocessor Types and Specifications?
Processor Types
P1 (086) First-Generation Processors
P2 (286) Second-Generation Processors
P3 (386) Third-Generation Processors
P4 (486) Fourth-Generation Processors
P5 (586) Fifth-Generation Processors
Pseudo-Fifth-Generation Processors
P6 (686) Sixth-Generation Processors
Pseudo-Sixth-Generation Processors
P7 (786) Seventh-Generation Processors
Processor Upgrades
OverDrive Processors
OverDrive Processor Installation
OverDrive Compatibility Problems
 Processor Benchmarks
Processor Specifications
Processor Speed Ratings
Data Bus
Internal Registers
Address Bus
Internal (Level 1) Cache
Processor Modes
Processor Features
Processor Manufacturing
Physical Packaging
Processor Sockets
CPU Operating Voltages
Heat and Cooling Problems
Math Coprocessors
31. Define Processor Codenames?
Intel, AMD, and Cyrix have always used codenames when talking about future processors. The
codenames usually are not supposed to become public, but they typically do. They can often be found
in online and print news and magazine articles talking about future-generation processors. Sometimes,
they even appear in motherboard manuals because the manuals are written before the Processors are
officially introduced.
32. Differentiate hardware and software?
Hardware and software work together in digital devices and systems to provide computerized
functionality. Hardware includes the physical components, such as the motherboard, chips, memory,
and hard drives, while software includes the programs that run on the hardware.
33. Explain the history of PC?
The history of personal computers began in the 1970s. A personal computer is one intended for
individual use, as opposed to a mainframe computer where the end user's requests are filtered through
operating staff, or a time sharing system in which one large processor is shared by many individuals.
After the development of the microprocessor, individual personal computers were low enough in cost
that they eventually became affordable consumer goods. Early personal computers – generally called
microcomputers – were sold often in electronic kit form and in limited numbers, and were of interest
mostly to hobbyists and technicians.
11 MARKS
Personal Computer:
A personal computer (PC) is comprised of hardware, Operating system and software. Each of these
components is fairly complex; However
The Hardware:The most fundamental elements of a PC’s hardware are the central processing unit(CPU)
and memory modules mounted on the motherboard. When the PC is powered on, the CPU begins
communicating with motherboard and starts the basic input output system(BIOS) which is stored on a chip
on the motherboard. After verifying that the required components are present and functioning, it may check
the floppy drive, hard disk or CD ROM for the presence of an OS. Other common examples of hardware
which may be a part of a PC include a modem, soundcard, network card and video card. The components
attached outside of the computer such as the keyboard, mouse, printer and monitor are called peripherals.
The Operating System: The OS is responsible for everything from enabling hardware components to
function to how to communicate with the internet as well as playing the role of traffic cop for all the
software.
The OS allocates the resources of the PC to the software and hardware in an organized way. The
resources include things like memory storage space, access to the hard disk and what is displayed on the
monitor. Without the OS, the software programs might interface with each other, causing the PC to
malfunction or crash continually. Even with the OS, many PCs have difficulty operating smoothly.
The software: While the OS is technically a software program it is distinct from other software specifically
referred to as”Application Software”. Application software, we’ll just call it software are programs that you
install onto a PC that make the PC useful.
Software is a complex series of instructions telling the computer what to do. The instructions are very
detailed because they have to tell the computer every single step to be performed. For example a word
processing program has instructions for what to do when you press the letter ‘A’. The software tells the
computer to take the letters you alreadytyped and it tells he computer to display the letters on the screen so
you can see what you have typed. The computer doesnot do anything without very explicit instructions.
1. Explain briefly about History of the PC
1617 - John Napier creates “Napier’s Bones” wood (or) Ivory rods used for calculation.
1642 - Blaise Pascal introduces the Pascaline digital adding machine.
1822 - Charles Babbage introduces the difference engine and later the analytical engine, a true
general purpose computing machine.
1937 - John V Atanesoff begins work on the Atanasoff Berry Computer(ABC). First electronic
computer,uses tubes, transistors,Selenoids and relays.
1945 - John Von Neuman writes “First draft of a report on the EDVAC”, architecture of the
modern stored program computer.
1946 - ENIAC is introduced by John Mouchly and J.Prespe Eckert.
1949 - Maurice wilkes assembles the EDSAC, First practical stored program computer at
Cambridege University.
1953 - IBM ships its first electronic computer the 701.
1955 - Bell laboratories announces the first fully transistorised computer, TRADIC.
1956 - MIT researchers build TX-0, the first general purpose, programmable computer build with
transistors.
1959 - IBM’s 7000 series mainframes are the company’s first transitorised computer.
1960 - Bell labs designs its Dataphone, the first commercial modem specifically for converting
digital data to analog signals for transmission across long distnce network.
1964 - Online transaction processing makes its debut in IBM’s SABRE reservation system, setup
for American Airlines.
1969 - Internet begins when the department of defence establishes 4 nodes on the ARPANET, two
at University of Californiacampuses and one each at Sri international and the University of
Utah.
1971 - A team at IBM’s Sanjoselabortories invents 8” floppy disk.
1974 - Xerox Palo Alto research centre design the Alto, the first workstation with a built in mouse
for input.
1975 - Telenet, the first commercial packet switching network and civilian equivalent of
ARPANE is born.
1976 - Steve Wozniak designs the Apple I, a single board computer.
1980 - Seagate technology creates the first hard disk drive for micro computers, ST-506.
1981 - The first optical data storage disk has 60 times the capacity of 5¼” floppy disk.
1981 - Xerox introduces PC with graphical user interface(GUI)
1981 - Sony introduces the first 3 ½ “ FDD.
1981 - Adam Osborne completes the first portable computer OsborneJ, which weighs 24 lbs and
cost $1,795.
1981 - Philips and Sony introduces the CD-DA format(Compact Disk Digital Audio)
1982 - Sony is the first with a CD Player on the market.
1983 - Compaque introduces its first PC clone that uses the same software as the IBM PC.
1990 - The world wide web is born when Tim Borners –Lee develops HTML.
1993 - Intel releases Pentium 5 processor.
1995 - Intel releases Pentium 6 processor.
1995 - Microsoft releases Windows 95, the first mainstream 32bit OS.
1997 - Intel releases Pentium III processor.
1998 - Microsoft releases Windows 98.
1998 - AMD releases Athlon.
1999 - IEEE officially approves the 5Ghz band 802.11a 54mbps and 2.4Ghz band 802.11b
11mbps wireless networking standards.
2000 - The first 802.11b wi-fi certified products are introduced.
2000 - Microsoft releases Windows ME and Windows
2001 - Microsoft releases Windows XP.
2006 - Microsoft releases Windows Vista.
2009 - Microsoft releases Windows 7.
2012 - Microsoft releases Windows 8.
2013 - Microsoft releases Windows 8.1
2015 - Microsoft releases Windows 10

2. Draw the functional Block diagram of the PC and explain its parts (APR 2011)
3. List any five PC system components and explain them briefly (NOV 2016)(APR 2017)(NOV 2017)
(MAY 2019)
A computer system consists of mainly four basic units; namely input unit, storage unit, central processing
unit and output unit. Central Processing unit further includes Arithmetic logic unit and control unit, as
shown in the figure:

A computer performs five major operations or functions irrespective of its size and make. These are
• it accepts data or instructions as input,
• it stores data and instruction
• it processes data as per the instructions,
• it controls all operations inside a computer, and
• it gives results in the form of output.
Desktop Computer System
Functional Units:
a. Input Unit: This unit is used for entering data and programs into the computer system by the user for
processing.
Basic Computer Organisation
b. Storage Unit: The storage unit is used for storing data and instructions before and after processing.
c. Output Unit: The output unit is used for storing the result as output produced by the computer after
processing.
d.Processing: The task of performing operations like arithmetic and logical operations is called processing.
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) takes data and instructions from the storage unit and makes all sorts of
calculations based on the instructions given and the type of data provided. It is then sent back to the storage
unit. CPU includes Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and control unit (CU)
Computer Chip
• Arithmetic Logic Unit: All calculations and comparisons, based on the instructions provided, are carried
out within the ALU. It performs arithmetic functions like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and
also logical operations like greater than, less than and equal to etc.
• Control Unit: Controlling of all operations like input, processing and output are performed by control
unit. It takes care of step by step processing of all operations in side the computer.
Memory
Computer’s memory can be classified into two types; primary memory and secondary memory
RAM
a. Primary Memory can be further classified as RAM and ROM.
• RAM or Random Access Memory is the unit in a computer system. It is the place in a computer where
the operating system, application programs and the data in current use are kept temporarily so that they can
be accessed by the computer’s processor. It is said to be ‘volatile’ since its contents are accessible only as
long as the computer is on. The contents of RAM are no more available once the computer is turned off.
ROM or Read Only Memory is a special type of memory which can only be read and contents of which
are not lost even when the computer is switched off. It typically contains manufacturer’s instructions.
Among other things, ROM also stores an initial program called the ‘bootstrap loader’ whose function is to
start the operation of computer system once the power is turned on.
b. Secondary Memory
RAM is volatile memory having a limited storage capacity. Secondary/auxiliary memory is storage other
than the RAM. These include devices that are peripheral and are connected and controlled by the computer
to enable permanent storage of programs and data.
Secondary storage devices are of two types; magnetic and optical. Magnetic devices include hard
disks and optical storage devices are CDs, DVDs, Pen drive, Zip drive etc.
• Hard Disk are made up of rigid material and are usually a stack of metal disks sealed in a box. The hard
disk and the hard disk drive exist together as a unit and is a permanent part of the computer where data and
programs are saved. These disks have storage capacities ranging from 1GB to 80 GB and more. Hard disks
are rewritable.
• Compact Disk (CD) is portable disk having data storage capacity between 650-700 MB. It can hold large
amount of information such as music, full-motion videos, and text etc. CDs can be either read only or read
write type.
• Digital Video Disk (DVD) is similar to a CD but has larger storage capacity and enormous clarity.
Depending upon the disk type it can store several Gigabytes of data. DVDs are primarily used to store music
or movies and can be played back on your television or the computer too. These are not rewritable.
Input / Output Devices:
These devices are used to enter information and instructions into a computer for storage or processing and
to deliver the processed data to a user. Input/Output devices are required for users to communicate with the
computer. In simple terms, input devices bring information INTO the computer and output devices bring
information OUT of a computer system. These input/output devices are also known as peripherals since
they surround the CPU and memory of a computer system.
Input Devices
An input device is any device that provides input to a computer. There are many input devices, but the two
most common ones are a keyboard and mouse. Every key you press on the keyboard and every movement
or click you make with the mouse sends a specific input signal to the computer.
• Keyboard: The keyboard is very much like a standard typewriter keyboard with a few additional keys.
The basic QWERTY layout of characters is maintained to make it easy to use the system. The additional
keys are included to perform certain special functions. These are known as function keys that vary in
number from keyboard to keyboard.
• Mouse: A device that controls the movement of the cursor or pointer on a display screen. A mouse is a
small object you can roll along a hard and flat surface. Its name is derived from its shape, which looks a bit
like a mouse. As you move the mouse, the pointer on the display screen moves in the same direction.
• Trackball: A trackball is an input device used to enter motion data into computers or other electronic
devices. It serves the same purpose as a mouse, but is designed with a moveable ball on the top, which can
be rolled in any direction.
• Touchpad: A touch pad is a device for pointing (controlling input positioning) on a computer display
screen. It is an alternative to the mouse. Originally incorporated in laptop computers, touch pads are also
being made for use with desktop computers. A touch pad works by sensing the user’s finger movement and
downward pressure. • Touch Screen: It allows the user to operate/make selections by simply touching the
display screen. A display screen that is sensitive to the touch of a finger or stylus. Widely used on ATM
machines, retail point-of-sale terminals, car navigation systems, medical monitors and industrial control
panels.
• Light Pen: Light pen is an input device that utilizes a light-sensitive detector to select objects on a display
screen.
• Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR): MICR can identify character printed with a special ink
that contains particles of magnetic material. This device particularly finds applications in banking industry.
• Optical mark recognition (OMR): Optical mark recognition, also called mark sense reader is a
technology where an OMR device senses the presence or absence of a mark, such as pencil mark. OMR is
widely used in tests such as aptitude test.
• Bar code reader: Bar-code readers are photoelectric scanners that read the bar codes or vertical zebra
strips marks, printed on product containers. These devices are generally used in super markets, bookshops
etc.
Scanner Scanner is an input device that can read text or illustration printed on paper and translates the
information into a form that the computer can use. A scanner works by digitizing an image.
Output Devices:
Output device receives information from the CPU and presents it to the user in the desired from. The
processed data, stored in the memory of the computer is sent to the output unit, which then converts it into
a form that can be understood by the user. The output is usually produced in one of the two ways – on the
display device, or on paper (hard copy).
•Monitor: is often used synonymously with “computer screen” or “display.” Monitor is an output device
that resembles the television screen (fig. 1.8). It may use a Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) to display information.
The monitor is associated with a keyboard for manual input of characters and displays the information as it
is keyed in. It also displays the program or application output. Like the television, monitors are also
available in different sizes.
• Printer: Printers are used to produce paper (commonly known as hard copy) output. Based on the
technology used, they can be classified as Impact or Non-impact printers.
Impact printers use the typewriting printing mechanism wherein a hammer strikes the paper through a
ribbon in order to produce output. Dot-matrix and Character printers fall under this category.
Non-impact printers do not touch the paper while printing. They use chemical, heat or electrical signals to
etch the symbols on paper. Inkjet, DeskJet, Laser, Thermal printers fall under this category of printers.
• Plotter: Plotters are used to print graphical output on paper. It interprets computer commands and makes
line drawings on paper using multi colored automated pens. It is capable of producing graphs, drawings,
charts, maps etc.
• Facsimile (FAX): Facsimile machine, a device that can send or receive pictures and text over a telephone
line. Fax machines work by digitizing an image.
• Sound cards and Speaker(s): An expansion board that enables a computer to manipulate and output
sounds. Sound cards are necessary for nearly all CD-ROMs and have become commonplace on modern
personal computers. Sound cards enable the computer to output sound through speakers connected to the
board, to record sound input from a microphone connected to the computer, and manipulate sound stored
on a disk.

4. Explain briefly about Data Flow inside the PC

The flow of data through our computer and discover exactly what happens to the data along this
journey.There are four devices involved in the flow of data through your computer.
Input Devices - These are devices used by the operator to send data into the computer. Some basic examples
of input devices would be your keyboard and mouse.
CPU - (Central Processing Unit) This is the brain of your computer and where all the processing of data
takes place.
Storage - This is a device used to store data either permanently or temporarily. Some examples of storage
devices are Main Memory, ROM, RAM and floppy disc.
Output - An output device sends processed information from the computer to the operator. Some basic
examples would be your monitor and your printer.
Now that we know the devices involved in our data flow lets start our journey. We can think of our data
flow like a trip to the doctor.Our operator will input the letter d into his word processing program using his
keyboard.This could be compared to our doctor's receptionist taking our information.Our keyboard contains
a small chip that has the binary codes for each key stored. This binary code is then sent to our computers
RAM.Think of this as the receptionist giving our information to the nurse.The easiest way to think of RAM
is as a temporary storage bin where data waits to be processed. Our d is now sitting in our storage bin
waiting for the computer to send it to the CPU.This would be much like our information being put into the
pile until the doctor is ready to see us.

The CPU will read the binary code and follow the coded instructions. These instructions tell the CPU where
to send the data next. In this case our d will be sent to our graphic card and then displayed on our screen.The
CPU would be like our doctor examining us, deciding on a treatment, and carrying it out.
Input a Operator types the letter d on the keyboard. a The keyboard sends binary codes for our letter to our
RAM a Our letter d waits in RAM until the CPU is ready to process it a Our CPU reads the binary code and
sends it to our graphics card a Our graphic card displays our letter d on our monitor a Output.

5. Explain briefly about Microprocessor Types and Specifications (MAY 2019) (NOV 2018)
6. Explain the types of Microprocessor. (NOV 2013)
7. Describe the specifications of processors. (NOV 2014) (NOV 2016)(APR 2017)
Microprocessors
The brain or engine of the PC is the processor (sometimes called microprocessor), or central
processing unit (CPU). The CPU performs the system’s calculating and processing. The processor is easily
the most expensive single component in the system, costing up to four or more times greater than the
motherboard it plugs into. Intel is generally credited with creating the first microprocessor in 1971 with the
introduction of a chip called the 4004. Today Intel still has control over the processor market, at least for
PC systems. This means that all PC-compatible systems use either Intel processors or Intel-compatible
processors from a handful of competitors (such as AMD or Cyrix).
It is interesting to note that the microprocessor had only existed for 10 years prior to the creation of
the PC! The microprocessor was invented by Intel in 1971. The PC was created by IBM in 1981. Now
nearly 20 years later, we are still using systems based more or less on the design of that first PC (and mostly
backward compatible with it). The processors powering our PCs today are still backward compatible in
many ways with the 8088 selected by IBM in 1981.
Processor Specifications
Processors can be identified by two main parameters: how wide they are and how fast they are. The
speed of a processor is a fairly simple concept. Speed is counted in megahertz (MHz), which means millions
of cycles per second—and faster is better! The width of a processor is a little more complicated to discuss
because there are three main specifications in a processor that are expressed in width. They are
 Internal registers
 Data input and output bus
 Memory address bus
Intel Processor Specifications
Process Proce Cloc Voltag Register Data Max. L1 L2 L Mul. Transist
or ss k e s Bus Memo 3 Instr ors
ry u.
8088 3.0 1x 5v 16 bit 8 bit 1MB - - - - 29,000
8086 3.0 1x 5v 16 bit 16 bit 1MB - - - - 29,000
Pentium 0.35 2x+ 3.3v 32 bit 64 bit 64GB 2x8K 256K - - 5.5M
Pro B B,512
KB,1
MB
Pentium 0.35 3.5x 2.8v 32 bit 64 bit 64GB 2x16 512K - MM 7.5M
II + KB B, X
Celeron 0.25 3.5x 1.8v- 32 bit 64 bit 64GB 2x16 0KB, - MM 7.5M
+ 2.8v KB X
Pentium 0.25 4x+ 2.0v- 32 bit 64 bit 64GB 2x16 256K - SSE 44M5
III 2.05v KB B,
Pentium 0.18 3x+ 1.7v 32 bit 64 bit 64GB 12+8 256K - SSE2 42M
IV KB B,
Core 2 0.065 1.75 0.9v- 64bit 64 bit 1TB 2x32 1/2M - SSE3 291M
Duo x+ 1.3v KB(x B(x2)
2)
AMD Processor Specifications
Process Proce Cloc Voltag Register Data Max. L1 L2 L Mul. Transist
or ss k e s Bus Memo 3 Instr ors
ry u.
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8. What is Cache memory? Explain in detail.

Cache memory is random access memory (RAM) that a computer microprocessor can access more
quickly than it can access regular RAM. As the microprocessor processes data, it looks first in the cache
memory and if it finds the data there (from a previous reading of data), it does not have to do the more
time-consuming reading of data from larger memory.
Cache memory is fast and expensive. Traditionally, it is categorized as "levels" that describe its closeness
and accessibility to the microprocessor:
 Level 1 (L1) cache is extremely fast but relatively small, and is usually embedded in the processor chip
(CPU).
 Level 2 (L2) cache is often more capacious than L1; it may be located on the CPU or on a separate chip
or coprocessor with a high-speed alternative system bus interconnecting the cache to the CPU, so as not
to be slowed by traffic on the main system bus.
 Level 3 (L3) cache is typically specialized memory that works to improve the performance of L1 and
L2. It can be significantly slower than L1 or L2, but is usually double the speed of RAM. In the case of
multicore processors, each core may have its own dedicated L1 and L2 cache, but share a common L3
cache. When an instruction is referenced in the L3 cache, it is typically elevated to a higher tier cache.
9. Explain the features of Processors. (NOV 2014)
10. Explain briefly how Hyper Threading technology works.(NOV 2016)
11. Explain how a dual core processor handles multiple applications to achieve faster
performance(NOV 2016)
12. Explain the Following : a) System Management Mode b)Super Scalar Execution
c) Dynamic Execution d)Dual Independent Bus (DIB)e)Hyper-Threading
f)Dual and Multi-Core Technology (NOV 2017)
13. a) Explain dual and multi-core technology b) what is meant by Super Scalar Execution
(APR 2018)
System Management Mode:
System Management Mode (SMM, sometimes called ring -2) is an operating mode of x86central
processor units (CPUs) in which all normal execution, including the operating system, is suspended and
special separate software, which is usually part of the firmware or a hardware-assisted debugger, is executed
with high privileges.
It was first released with the Intel 386SL. While initially special SL versions were required for SMM, Intel
incorporated SMM in its mainline 486 and Pentium processors in 1993. AMD implemented Intel's SMM
with the Enhanced Am486 processors in 1994. It is available in all later microprocessors in the x86
architecture.
A Special mode of operation, where
 All the special tasks like power management, error handling and any specific platform related
operations are performed.
 Entered in SMM by invoking SMI(System Management Interrupt).
 Saves all the context of current task in execution.
 Executes the handler located in SMRAM.
 SMRAM is a special memory which is accessible in SMM but not accessible in normal execution
made.
 Returns to normal execution by executing instruction RSM.
 SMBASE is re locatable to SMRAM address spase.
SUPERSCALAR EXECUTION
The fifth-generation Pentium and newer processors feature multiple internal instruction execution pipelines,
which enable them to execute multiple instructions at the same time. The 486 and all preceding chips can
perform only a single instruction at a time. Intel calls the capability to execute more than one instruction at
a time superscalar technology. This technology provides additional performance compared with the 486.
The super scalar technique is identifying characteristics:
 Instructions are issued from a sequential instruction stream.
 CPU hardware dynamically checks for data dependencies between instructions at runtime.
 CPU accepts multiple instructions per cycle.
DYNAMIC EXECUTION (APR 2017)
First used in the P6 or sixth-generation processors, dynamic execution is an innovative combination of three
processing techniques designed to help the processor manipulate data more efficiently. Those techniques
are multiple branch prediction, data flow analysis, and speculative execution. Dynamic execution enables
the processor to be more efficient by manipulating data in a more logically ordered fashion rather than
simply processing a list of instructions, and it is one of the hallmarks of all sixth-generation processors.
The way software is written can dramatically influence a processor's performance. For example,
performance will be adversely affected if the processor is frequently required to stop what it is doing and
jump or branch to a point elsewhere in the program. Delays also occur when the processor cannot process
a new instruction until the current instruction is completed. Dynamic execution allows the processor to not
only dynamically predict the order of instructions, but execute them out of order internally, if necessary,
for an improvement in speed.
DUAL INDEPENDENT BUS (DIB) (MAY 2019)
Dual Independent Bus (DIB) is a processor architecture that includes two buses: one to the main system
memory and another to the level 2 cache. The processor can access both simultaneously for improved
performance.
In Dual Independent Bus (DIB) architecture systems the single system bus is replaced by a back-side bus
for accessing level 2 cache, and a front-side bus for communicating data between the CPU and main
memory and input and output devices.

Dual Independent Bus (DIB) architecture

HYPER THREADING
Hyper-Threading is a technology used by some Intel microprocessor s that allows a single microprocessor
to act like two separate processors to the operating system and the application programs that use it. It is a
feature of Intel's IA-32 processor architecture.
With Hyper-Threading, a microprocessor's "core" processor can execute two (rather than one) concurrent
streams (or thread s) of instructions sent by the operating system. Having two streams of execution units to
work on allows more work to be done by the processor during each clock cycle . To the operating system,
the Hyper-Threading microprocessor appears to be two separate processors. Because most of today's
operating systems (such as Windows and Linux) are capable of dividing their work load among multiple
processors (this is called symmetric multiprocessing or SMP ), the operating system simply acts as though
the Hyper-Threading processor is a pool of two processors.
DUAL AND MULTI-CORE TECHNOLOGY
Dual core technology is basically putting two processors on a single chip. Dual Core Processor is between
a single core processor and a dual processor system for architecture. Dual core technology has two
processors but it does not mean that it will be providing double performance in all the areas to the user. It
has two cores but shares some of the hardware like the memory controller and bus while a dual processor
system has completely separate hardware and shares nothing with the other processor.
Multi-core processors may have:
  two cores (dual-core CPUs, for example, AMD Phenom II X2 and Intel Core Duo)
 three cores (tri-core CPUs, for example, AMD Phenom II X3)
 four cores (quad-core CPUs, for example, AMD Phenom II X4, Intel's i5 and i7 processors)
 six cores (hexa-core CPUs, for example, AMD Phenom II X6 and Intel Core i7 Extreme Edition
980X)
 eight cores (octa-core CPUs, for example, Intel Core i7 5960X Extreme Edition and AMD FX-8350)
 ten cores (deca-core CPUs, for example, Intel Xeon E7-2850)
14. Explain with neat diagram socket and slot types of Intel’s Pentium and core processors and AMD
K6 to K8 processors.(APR 2017) (May 2019) (NOV 2018)
Intel and AMD have created a set of socket and slots for their processors. Each socket or slot is designed
to support a different range of original and upgrade processors. The table below shows the designations
for the various standard processor sockets/slots and lists the chips that drop into them.
Chip Class Socket Pins Layout Supported Processors Introduced
423 423 39x39 SPGA Pentium 4 FC-PGA Nov. 2000
26x26 Pentium 4/Celeron FC-PGA2, Celeron
478 478 Oct. 2001
mPGA D
Pentium 4/Extreme Edition, Pentium D,
T (LGA 775) 775 30x33 LGA June 2004
Celeron D, Pentium dual-core, Core2
LGA 1156 (Socket
Intel 1156 40x40 LGA Pentium, Core i3/i5/i7, Xeon Sept. 2009
H)
P4/Core LGA 1136 (Socket
1366 41x43 LGA Core i7, Xeon Nov. 2008
B)
LGA 1155 (Socket
1155 40x40 LGA Core i7, i5, i3 Jan. 2011
H2)
58x43
LGA 2011 2011 Core i7 Nov. 2011
hexLGA
29x29
754 754 Athlon 64 Sept. 2003
mPGA
31x31
939 939 Athlon 64 v.2 June 2004
mPGA
31x31
940 940 Athlon 64 FX, Opteron Apr. 2003
mPGA
31x31 Athlon 64/64FX/64 X2, Sempron,
AM2 940 May 2006
mPGA Opteron, Phenom
AMD K8
31x31 Athlon 64/64 X2, Opteron, Phenom
AM2+ 940 Nov. 2007
mPGA X2/X3/X4, II X4
31x31
AM3 9412 Athlon II, Phenom II, Sempron Feb. 2009
mPGA
31x31
AM3+ 9412 "Bulldozer" Processors Mid-2011
mPGA
F (1207 FX) 1207 35x35 LGA Athlon 64 FX, Opteron Aug. 2006
FM1 905 31x31 LGA A4, A6, A8, Athlon II, E2, Sempron Jul. 2011
AMD A
FM2 904 31x31 LGA A4, A6, A8, A10 Sept. 2012

Sockets 1, 2, 3, and 6 are 486 processor sockets and are shown together in the figure below so you can see
the overall size comparisons and pin arrangements between these sockets.
 486 Processor Sockets

Sockets 4, 5, 7, and 8 are Pentium and Pentium Pro processor sockets and are shown together in the figure
below so you can see the overall size comparisons and pin arrangements between these sockets.

Pentium And Pentium Pro Processor Sockets

When the Socket 1 specification was created, manufacturers realized that if users were going to upgrade
processors, they had to make the process easier. The socket manufacturers found that 100 lbs. of insertion
force is required to install a chip in a standard 169-pin Socket 1 motherboard. With this much force
involved, you easily could damage either the chip or the socket during removal or reinstallation. Because
of this, some motherboard manufacturers began using low insertion force (LIF) sockets, which required a
smaller 60 lbs. of insertion force for a 169-pin chip. Pressing down on the motherboard with 60–100 lbs. of
force can crack the board if it is not supported properly. A special tool is also required to remove a chip
from one of these sockets. As you can imagine, even the LIF was relative, and a better solution was needed
if the average person was ever going to replace his CPU.
Manufacturers began using ZIF sockets in Socket 1 designs, and all processor sockets from Socket 2 and
higher have been of the ZIF design. ZIF is required for all the higher-density sockets because the insertion
force would simply be too great otherwise. ZIF sockets almost eliminate the risk involved in installing or
removing a processor because no insertion force is necessary to install the chip and no tool is needed to
extract one. Most ZIF sockets are handle-actuated: You lift the handle, drop the chip into the socket, and
then close the handle. This design makes installing or removing a processor easy.

15. Describe the classification of computer. (NOV 2012)

Classification of computers:
 MICRO-COMPUTER
 MINI-COMPUTER
 MAINFRAME COMPUTER
 SUPER-COMPUTER
Micro computers: These computers use a microprocessor chip and this chip is used instead of CPU means
that this microprocessor chip works as a CPU. These computers are also called personal computers. Two
major types of these computers are laptop or Desktop computers. Only one user uses these computers at
time that's why they are also known as personal computers.
Mini Computers: Minicomputers are much smaller than mainframe computers and they are also much less
expensive. The cost of these computers can vary from a few thousand dollars to several hundred thousand
dollars. They possess most of the features found on mainframe computers, but on a more limited scale.
They can still have many terminals, but not as many as the mainframes. They can store a tremendous amount
of information, but again usually not as much as the mainframe. Medium and small businesses typically
use these computers.
Mainframe Computer: Mainframe computers are very large, often filling an entire room. They can store
enormous of information, can perform many tasks at the same time, can communicate with many users at
the same time, and are very expensive. The price of a mainframe computer frequently runs into the millions
of dollars. Mainframe computers usually have many terminals connected to them. These terminals look like
small computers but they are only devices used to send and receive information from the actual computer
using wires. Terminals can be located in the same room with the mainframe computer, but they can also be
in different rooms, buildings, or cities. Large businesses, government agencies, and universities usually use
this type of computer.
Super Computers: As the name "super computer" specifies that these are most powerful computers even
than mainframe. Actually, when we optimize a mainframe computer then we get super computer.

16. Briefly explain the terminologies for processor. (NOV 2012)

The brain or engine of the PC is the processor (sometimes called microprocessor), or central processing
unit (CPU). The CPU performs the system’s calculating and processing. The processor is easily the most
expensive single component in the system, costing up to four or more times greater than the motherboard
it plugs into.
Clock Speed
The digital chips on a motherboard are keep in sync with each other by the clock signal (a stream of
pulses) of the motherboard. Clock speed is measured in units of cycles per second, which is called a Hertz
(Hz). Computer boards and CPUs run at rates of millions and billions of Hertz, megahertz (MHz) and
gigahertz (GHz).
CPU Speed
Clock speed is only one aspect that contributes to the overall processing speed of a microprocessor. The
architecture of the chip also is a factor. This includes such considerations as the word size of the chip, which
is how many bits it can input/output and process at a time. Early microprocessors used 8-bit word size; the
newest microprocessors use 64-bit word size. Other aspects of chip architecture that affect speed include
the ability of some CPUs to work on multiple instructions at the same time.
Data Bus
The data bus is the multi-lane electrical highway of connections that link the CPU to the other chips on the
motherboard, such as the RAM memory and I/O controllers. It is also called the front side bus (FSB). The
word size of the data bus determines how many bits can be moved simultaneously along it.

17. Describe in detail about the computer room preparation. (NOV 2013)
Influencing Factors
Purpose - The purpose of a computing facility will greatly impact most design aspects including room
layout, computer hardware, printing systems, projection/presentation systems, etc. Consider what the
primary use of this facility will be:
 Open computer use - users come and go to use the computers for assignments or projects
 Instructional computing facility - facility is used for instruction lead by a single person
 Collaborative work - facility is used by students in a group project setting
 Laboratory work - computers are used for data collection or in a laboratory setting
Specific application - The greatest influence on the computer hardware itself is the intended application
and operating system. These will drive the need for more powerful computers, larger monitors, specific
printing needs, and other technical decisions.
Budget - If everyone could afford to build the perfect lab they would, but there are always budget
limitations. Find the limits and project priorities
Staffing/Maintenance - A computing facility requires staffing to install, configure, and maintain hardware
and software. The size, complexity, and purpose of a computing facility will determine the staffing needs.
The lack of proper staffing and maintenance may limit a facilities availability or usefulness.
Aspects for consideration
For all of the following hardware items, one should consider the reliability, serviceability, and
warranty of the specific items. This can greatly impact the maintenance costs and headaches down the road.
We recommend at least a three-year warranty on all computer hardware if available.
Workstation hardware - This central aspect of the facility is influenced by all of the previously mentioned
factors. Consider the needs in the following areas
  CPU - What level of processing power is required by the applications?
 Memory - What amount of RAM is required by the applications?
 Primary storage space - How much storage space is required to install the local applications? Will
users be storing documents on the local machines? Do applications require a great deal of swap
space?
 Sub-systems - evaluate your needs for:
o Networking - generally only a 10/100 Ethernet card is required
o Audio - Sound card, speakers, headphones, microphones
o Video - Video card speed and memory
o Secondary storage - CD, CD-R, DVD, Zip, etc.
o Input - Keyboard and mouse variations
 Monitor - Is a large monitor needed for graphics or engineering work?
 Form factor - Is a small computer required due to furniture or space limitations? Is a small form
factor monitor required for students to see the instructor or each other?
Server hardware - Most computing facilities rely on a server for application serving, print serving, or
storage. This hardware can vary greatly depending on the specific use of the server.
Networking - Networking is a core component of computing facilities; it allows access to Internet
resources, access to e-mail, and the ability to collaborate remotely. Potential networking costs include
installation/activation of Ethernet jacks, hubs/switches for networking within the room, and cabling.
Networking may represent a good portion of the cost of the facility.
Printing - Most computing facilities require some form of printing to be available. For most applications
this simply means the ability to print black and white text documents, but there are a variety of printing
needs. Another consideration is the quantity of printing expected in the facility. This greatly influences the
specific model of printer within a type of printer. The following are the most popular forms of printing in
campus computing facilities:
 Black and white laser printing
 Color printing (laser or inkjet)
 Plotting
Other peripherals - The purpose and specific application of a facility may require additional hardware not
in a traditional computing lab. These are some common peripherals used in special applications:
 Scanning
 Special storage (CD-R, DVD-R, etc.)
 Special input (tablets, mapping, data acquisition, etc.)
Audio/Video systems (projector, sound, etc.) - Many computing facilities, especially instructional ones,
benefit from the ability to display information for the entire room. This may include the ability to project
computer screens, project television/video tapes/DVDs, play audio tapes/CDs, and amplify input from
microphones. More advanced systems even allow instructors to project any of the workstation screens to a
projector or to other computer screens on the fly.
Upgrade path - Any computer hardware and software will eventually have to be replaced as it becomes
obsolete. Computing facilities should have an upgrade plan and budget for both hardware and software. In
general, ITS uses a three-year replacement cycle for hardware in computing facilities. Software is replaced
more frequently, usually as new, more useful, versions are released. Budgeting for new software is difficult
due to the unpredictable nature of software development, but plan on spending about a third of your original
software costs each year in upgrades.
Furniture - The purpose of a facility is the strongest influence on the furniture and layout of the facility.
An open computer lab may simply be rows of computers on basic tables. An instructional facility may have
rows all facing the front of the room for instruction. A collaborative facility may have single computers (or
groups of computers) at large tables designed to seat many students. At least one workstation in each facility
should be placed on an adjustable height table for accessibility by people using wheelchairs. In an
instructional facility, the instructors workstation should also be placed on an adjustable height table.
Accessibility - In addition to placing accessible tables in the lab, one should also consider the accessibility
of the computer applications(using special input/output hardware or software), other systems (printing, A/V
equipment, etc.), and the accessibility of the room layout.
Power - Often the existing power circuit(s) in a room are not sufficient for a computing facility. Examine
your power needs and resources, and contact facilities management regarding power system upgrades.
18. Describe the DMA Architecture of the PC in detail? (NOV 2010)
Direct memory access (DMA) is a feature of computerized systems that allows certain hardware
subsystems to access main system memory independently of the central processing unit (CPU).

DMA Architecture
Without DMA, when the CPU is using programmed input/output, it is typically fully occupied for the entire
duration of the read or write operation, and is thus unavailable to perform other work. With DMA, the CPU
first initiates the transfer, then it does other operations while the transfer is in progress, and it finally receives
an interrupt from the DMA controller when the operation is done. This feature is useful at any time that the
CPU cannot keep up with the rate of data transfer, or when the CPU needs to perform useful work while
waiting for a relatively slow I/O data transfer. Many hardware systems use DMA, including disk drive
controllers, graphics cards, network cards and sound cards. DMA is also used for intra-chip data transfer in
multi-core processors. Computers that have DMA channels can transfer data to and from devices with much
less CPU overhead than computers without DMA channels. Similarly, a processing element inside a multi-
core processor can transfer data to and from its local memory without occupying its processor time, allowing
computation and data transfer to proceed in parallel.
DMA can also be used for "memory to memory" copying or moving of data within memory. DMA can
offload expensive memory operations, such as large copies or scatter-gather operations, from the CPU to a
dedicated DMA engine. An implementation example is the I/O Acceleration Technology.
A DMA controller can generate memory addresses and initiate memory read or write cycles. It contains
several processor registers that can be written and read by the CPU. These include a memory address
register, a byte count register, and one or more control registers. The control registers specify the I/O port
to use, the direction of the transfer (reading from the I/O device or writing to the I/O device), the transfer
unit (byte at a time or word at a time), and the number of bytes to transfer in one burst.
To carry out an input, output or memory-to-memory operation, the host processor initializes the DMA
controller with a count of the number of words to transfer, and the memory address to use. The CPU then
sends commands to a peripheral device to initiate transfer of data. The DMA controller then provides
addresses and read/write control lines to the system memory. Each time a byte of data is ready to be
transferred between the peripheral device and memory, the DMA controller increments its internal address
register until the full block of data is transferred.
DMA transfers can either occur one byte at a time or all at once in burst mode. If they occur a byte at a
time, this can allow the CPU to access memory on alternate bus cycles – this is called cycle stealing since
the DMA controller and CPU contend for memory access. In burst mode DMA, the CPU can be put on hold
while the DMA transfer occurs and a full block of possibly hundreds or thousands of bytes can be moved.[2]
When memory cycles are much faster than processor cycles, an interleaved DMA cycle is possible, where
the DMA controller uses memory while the CPU cannot.
In a bus mastering system, the CPU and peripherals can each be granted control of the memory bus. Where
a peripheral can become bus master, it can directly write to system memory without involvement of the
CPU, providing memory address and control signals as required. Some measure must be provided to put
the processor into a hold condition so that bus contention does not occur.

19. Explain in detail about computer mnemonics. (APR 2012)

In general, a mnemonic (from Greek mnemon or mindful) is a memory aid, such as an abbreviation, rhyme
or mental image that helps to remember something. The technique of developing these remembering
devices is called "mnemonics." Mnemonics can be used to remember phone numbers, all your new
department colleagues' names or the years of the reigns of the Kings and Queens of England. A number of
approaches are used.
A mnemonic is a term, symbol or name used to define or specify a computing function. Mnemonics are
used in computing to provide users with a means to quickly access a function, service or process, bypassing
the actual more lengthy method used to perform or achieve it. Assembly language also uses a mnemonic to
represent machine operation, or opcode.
In computer programming, routine programming functions are assigned a mnemonic that is shorter in length
but provides the same functionality as the original function.In assembly language, mnemonics are used to
specify an opcode that represents a complete and operational machine language instruction. This is later
translated by the assembler to generate the object code. For example, the mnemonic MOV is used in
assembly language for copying and moving data between registers and memory locations.

20. Explain 64 bit computer and compare it with 32 bit computer. (APR 2018)
21. Discuss about the 16 bit to 64 bit evolution of personal computer. (NOV 2017)
The two main categories of processors are 32-bit and 64-bit. The type of processor a computer has not
only affects its overall performance, but it can also dictate what type of software it uses.
32-bit processor
The 32-bit processor was the primary processor used in all computers until the
early 1990s. Intel Pentium processors and early AMD processors were 32-bit, which means the operating
system and software work with data units that are 32 bits wide. Windows 95, 98, and XP are all 32-bit
operating systems.
A computer with a 32-bit processor cannot have a 64-bit version of an operating system installed. It can
only have a 32-bit version of an operating system installed.
64-bit processor
The 64-bit computer has been around since 1961 when IBM created the IBM 7030 Stretch supercomputer.
However, it was not put into use in home computers until the early 2000s. Microsoft released a 64-bit
version of Windows XP to be used on computers with a 64-bit processor. Windows Vista, Windows 7, and
Windows 8 also come in 64-bit versions. Other software has been developed that is designed to run on a
64-bit computer, which are 64-bit based as well, in that they work with data units that are 64 bits wide.
A computer with a 64-bit processor can have a 64-bit or 32-bit version of an operating system installed.
However, with a 32-bit operating system, the 64-bit processor would not run at its full capability.
On a computer with a 64-bit processor, you cannot run a 16-bit legacy program. Many 32-bit programs will
work with a 64-bit processor and operating system, but some older 32-bit programs may not function
properly, or at all, due to limited or no compatibility.
Comparison between 32 bit and 64 bit processors
A big difference between 32-bit processors and 64-bit processors is the number of calculations per second
they can perform, which affects the speed at which they can complete tasks. 64-bit processors can come in
dual core, quad core, six core, and eight core versions for home computing. Multiple cores allow for an
increased number of calculations per second that can be performed, which can increase the processing
power and help make a computer run faster. Software programs that require many calculations to function
smoothly can operate faster and more efficiently on the multi-core 64-bit processors, for the most part.
Another big difference between 32-bit processors and 64-bit processors is the maximum amount
of memory (RAM) that is supported. 32-bit computers support a maximum of 3-4GB of memory, whereas
a 64-bit computer can support memory amounts over 4 GB. This feature is important for software programs
used in graphic design, engineering, and video editing as these programs have to perform many calculations
to render their images.
One thing to note is that 3D graphic programs and games do not benefit much, if at all, from switching to a
64-bit computer, unless the program is a 64-bit program. A 32-bit processor is adequate for any program
written for a 32-bit processor. In the case of computer games, you'll get a lot more performance by
upgrading the video card instead of getting a 64-bit processor.
In the end, 64-bit processors are becoming more and more commonplace in home computers. Most
manufacturers build computers with 64-bit processors due to cheaper prices and because more users are
now using 64-bit operating systems and programs. Computer parts retailers are offering fewer and fewer
32-bit processors and soon may not offer any at all.

Pondicherry University Questions

PARTA (2 Marks)
1. What is Cache Memory? (NOV 2012) (NOV 2018) (May 2019)
2. What is processor?(NOV 2013)
3. Define system clock?(NOV 2013)
4. What are the two types of hardware interrupts (NOV 2010)
5. What is BIOS? (APR 2011), (NOV 2012) (NOV 2018)
6. List any four components of Mother Board? (APR 2011)
7. Expand SMPS, DMA? (APR 2012)
8. What are the types of memory? (APR 2012)
9. List out the Hardware components of PC? (NOV 2012) (NOV 2018)
10. Define computer? (NOV 2012)
11. Why is the maximum value in decimal that can be represented by an eight bit binary number?(NOV 2014)
12. If the number of bits in MAR is 10, what is the maximum memory capacity? (NOV 2014)
13. How does speculative execution increase the rate of instruction execution?(DEC 2016)
14. Write the advantages of hub design architecture. (APR 2017)
15. Compare SRAM and DRAM. (APR 2017)
16. Differentiate fully associative mapped cache, direct mapped cache and set associative cache.(DEC 2016)
17. What do you mean by Super scalar execution?(NOV 2017)
18. What is Hyper-threading and how does it work?(Apr 2018)
19. What is the difference between AMD Athlon and Intel Pentium Processors? (APR 2018)
20. Denote the uses of personal computer.(Nov 2017)
21. What is Hyper Threading?(May 2019)
PART B (11 Marks)
1. What is Cache memory? Explain in detail.
2. Explain briefly about History of the PC.
3. Explain briefly about data flow inside the PC.
4. Draw the functional Block diagram of the PC and explain its parts (APR 2011)
5. List any five PC system components and explain them briefly(NOV 2016)(APR 2017)(NOV 2017) (MAY
2019)
6. Explain briefly about Microprocessor Types and Specifications (NOV 2013) (NOV 2014) (NOV 2016)
(APR 2017) (MAY 2019) (NOV 2018)
7. Explain the features of Processors. (NOV 2014) (NOV 2016) (NOV 2016) (NOV 2017) (APR 2018)
8. Explain with neat diagram socket and slot types of Intel’s Pentium and core processors and AMD K6
to K8 processors.(APR 2017) (May 2019) (NOV 2018)
9. Describe the classification of computer. (NOV 2012)
10. Briefly explain the terminologies for processor. (NOV 2012)
11. Describe in detail about the computer room preparation.(NOV 2013)
12. Describe the DMA Architecture of the PC in detail? (NOV 2010)
13. Explain in detail about computer mnemonics. (APR 2012)
14. Explain 64 bit computer and compare it with 32 bit computer. (NOV 2017) (APR 2018)