1 (a) a) Environmental degradation is the destruction of the natural beauty and value of the

natural resources resulting in a decrease in quality and value of the resources.

Sustainable development
- improvement in the people’s quality of life in an area to meet the new needs of the present
generation without compromising the needs of the future
- aims/focuses on maintaining or improving resources for the future generation
- incorporates environmental management /concern in economic development

(b) causes
- earthquakes , tsunamis , heavy rain fall, natural fires , heat power generation, solid waste
disposal , mining, agriculture

(c) legislation
- awareness campains
-education
--arresting of offenders
-fines

2 a) Ravenstein’s laws of migation

- the majority of migrants go short distances
-migration proceeds step by step
-migrants going long distances prefer great centres of industry and commerce
-each current of migration produces a compensatory counter current
- urbanites are less migratory than their rural counterparts
- females are more migratory than males within their areas of birth, but males more
frequently venture beyond.
- most migrants are adults,family rarely migrate out of their countries of birth
- large towns grow more by migration than natural increase
- migration is enhanced by transport
- major causes of migration are economic

(b) Measures
- visas requirements
- denying visa application to the UK
- delaying in processing passports
- arresting border jumpers/ Electric fencess/ Deportation/ Patrolling borders
- proof of pre paid accommodation as a requirement
- an invitation letter with the host’s identification particulars
- a letter from the employer confirming leave from work

(c) Impact on receiving area.

- gaining in labour force
- economic development
- brain filtration
- increase in population
- strain on resources
- break down family ties
- racial tension
- cultural diversity
- repatriation of money

3 (a) Land fragmentation is the subdividing of land into smaller pieces which makes it difficult
to practise farming whereas
 Land consolidation is the joining of small pieces of land to make it more productive. The use
of machines is enhanced.

(b) - irrigation
-bank loans for farmers
-government support on providing inputs
-cloud seeding
-diseases and pests control
- use of fertilisers to improve soil fertility
-Use of drought resistant crop varieties

(c) - irrigation
-cloud seeding
-diseases and pests control
- use of fertilisers to improve soil fertility
-Use of drought resistant crop varieties
Assessing the points raised.

4 (a) relationship
Rural areas
- provide labour
-provide raw materials
- provide space for expansion
- areas for recreation
- areas for second home
- create market for urban products

Urban areas
- provide manufactured goods
- provide services eg administration , higher education
- create market for rural products
- create employment

(b) factors
- availability of natural resources - minerals
- fertile soils
- accessibility - transport and communication
- availability of markets
- historical sites
- natural heritage / tourist attraction centres
-trade

© -piped water in rural ares

-rural electrification
-infrastructural development

5 (a) Value addition

- is the extra value created over and above the original value of something. It can apply to
products, service companies, management and other areas of business.
- it is the enhancement made to a product or service before offering it to the end customer.
Industrialisation

- the process of transforming an economy from a primary agricultural one to a processing

and manufacturing based one.
 - increasing export value through value addition
- reduces imports
- facilitated by advancements in technology

(b) Positive impacts

- promote global shift
- transfer of technology and skills to LEDCs
-invest in LEDCs (Foreign Direct Investment)
- promote industrialisation and high GDP
- generate foreign currency
- increase employment rate
- development of infrastructure
- exploitation of resources lying idle
- provision of services such as education and health

Negative impact
- careless exploitation of resources
- monopolisation of markets /decline of local industries
- exploitation of labour
- occupy large land at the expense of the locals
- little investment in the host country
- repatriation /remittance of large profits to home country

©- registration
-provisions of loans
- education
- markets

6 (a)
- semi-skilled and unskilled employees
- outdated level of technology
- low capital investment
- goods for local market
- found in backyards
- less durable goods
- no fixed working hours
- self -employed

(b) Government Efforts

- legislation
-EPZ
- Zimbabwe is open for business mantra
-buying of local goods
Synergies between tertiary and manufacturing sector
- easy access to forex through auction system
Mining companies to retain forex

© Attempts
- legislation, training, business expos, registration, financial assistance

Assessment
- corruption , bureaucracy, registration fees too high, poor quality goods, lack
of collateral. 4 marks for attempts and 3 marks for assessment.

7 (a) Renewable
 -infinite energy resources that quickly replenish themselves
- can be used again and again
-generally clean sources of energy
Non renewable
- finite resources thst does not renew themselves at a sufficient rate for sustainable
- economic extraction in a meaningful human time frames
- generally dirty

(b) Measures
- expansion of Kariba / Construction of Batoka
- renovationof thermal power station
- bio-diesel project - jathropha
- exploitation of alternatives solar, wind
- thermal exploitation from Sengwa
- use of ethanol

Assessment
- lack of funds
-bureaucracy - financial and political hiccups
- lack of expertise
- too small a market to embark on large scale projects
- government Policy - assist or discourage

© contributes to acid rain

- leads to high levels of oil
- leads to the real release of sulphur dioxide which causes depletion of ozone layer
- pollution - coal give off carbon dioxide when burnt thereby causing green house effect
- it is a contributing factor to global warming
-release of methane during coal mining
- mining of coal results in destruction of large ares of land
- smoke and coal dust which affects health
- open pits collects water
-causing landslides

9 (a) Factors influencing mode of transport

- technology attained by the country
- variety of modes of available
-transport infrastructure developed
- government policy
- distance
- cost of transport
-perish ability index

(b) Impacts of different modes of transport

- rail has moved bulky raw materials cheaply
-pollution from road transport
-corruption
- volume of transport has increased - congestion
- rural areas more accessible because of ZUPCO buses
-chaos in the transport industry because of the liberalisation
- brings foreign currency- employment
-brought much convenience to the travelling public
- oil is now by road from Beira instead of pipeline hence has become expensive

(c) Impact of cheaper transport and communication

 Positive
- Events in one part of a country are conveyed by satelite to different areas and shown live as
they happen
- videoconferencing has killed distance aspect
-internet banking
- online shopping
- mobile phones
-fast air travel
-world remit

Negative
- cost to run infrastructure
- cybercrime
- technology has been used for military advancement.

10 (a) Regional inequality

- the existence of differences or variations in economic and social development among or
between places of a region, such as the world, continent or county.
- a situation whereby some parts of an area or region are more developed economically and
socially for example urban ares are more developed than rural ares

Sustainable development
- improvement in the people’s quality of life in an area to meet the new needs of the present
generation without compromising the needs of the future
- aims/focuses on maintaining or improving resources for the future generation
- incorporates environmental management /concern in economic development

(b) Causes
- low capital base/ investment
- selective and incomplete opening of territories through colonialism
- selective support in the development of economic sectors
-climate variations
- relief variations
- Uneven distribution of resources
- access to international trade
- uneven distribution of transport network
- variations in economic activities
- multiplier effect in the already developed areas
- backwash effect on the under developed area(periphery)
- income variations

Examples of disparities
- urban /rural inequalities
- intra -urban inequalities
- inter-urban inequalities
-intra - rural and inter- rural disparities

(c) The growth point policy in Zimbabwe

- established of service centres in rural ares
- development of industries in rural ares
- employment creation in rural areas
- infrastructure development in rural area
- improvements in the income levels
-reduced (urban) - rural - urban migration /decongestion of urban areas

Ideas for evaluation

- have been successful in only a few ares
-services brought closer to the rural communities

Challenges limiting success

- inadequate funding
Misappropriation of funds and resource/poor management growth
-low resource base - depended on resource availability
- poor infrastructure
-lack of markets
-Vandalism of property
- mainly service centres than individual
-low order goods and services