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Transistor As Amplifier

Transistor used as an amplifier

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Aniket Sahu
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7 views23 pages

Transistor As Amplifier

Transistor used as an amplifier

Uploaded by

Aniket Sahu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Physics-II

Unit-2: Semiconductor Devices


Lecture 3: Amplifier and its classification

Dr. B. K. Sahoo
Associate Professor in Physics, NIT Raipur

bksahoo.phy@nitrr.ac.in 1
Physics-II
Unit –2: Solid State Devices

Outlines of the Lecture-3

 Transistor Load Line


 Transistor as an Amplifier
 Transistor Classification
• Class A
• Class B
• Class AB

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Books

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Transistor

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Applications of Transistor
A transistor is a versatile device. It can be used
1. As a Switch
2. As an Amplifier
3. As an Oscillator
We’ ll discuss only last two items.

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Transistor as an Amplifier
• An amplifier is a
transistor that causes
an increase in the
voltage or power level
of a signal.
• It amplifies the
strength of a weak
signal.
• The performance of
the amplifier is
characterized by the
parameter gain, G.
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Transistor as an Amplifier
• Figure shows and
npn transistor
connected in
common base
configuration.
• The transistor is
biased to operate in
the active region.

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Amplifier Biasing
• A signal source Vi is
connected in the input
circuit.

• A load resistance RL is
connected in the output
circuit. An output voltage
V0 is developed across RL.

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Amplifier Biasing
• The VEB forward biases the
EB junction and VCB
reverse biases the CB
junction.

• The dc voltage VEB is a


fixed voltage and causes a
dc current IE to flow
through EB junction.

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Amplifier working
• When the ac voltage Vi is
superimposed on VEB, VEB
varies with time.

• For example, if VEB =10V


and the peak voltage of the
signal Vi=1V, then VEB
swings from 9V to 11V.

• This variation causes


corresponding variation in
IE and IC.

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Amplifier working
• The varying current flows
through RL and develops a
varying voltage across it. It
is the output V0.

• Thus, a small input voltage


results in a large output
voltage, which shows that
the transistor works as an
amplifier.

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Gain of Amplifier
• Since the EB junction is forward biased, resistance ri is ~ 100 ohms.
The emitter current variation  I E due to emitter-base variation can
be expressed as:
vi
I 
E ri
• The collector current IC changes by IC due to the variation I E .

I C   I E
• This current IC flows through RL causing a voltage drop  I C R L
Therefore,

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Gain of Amplifier
V 0  (  I c ) R L

  (  I E ) R L

V
  ( i ) R
r i
L

R L
 V i
r i

V
Gain : G  0
V i

  (R L / ri )
 R L / ri    1

• RL is of the order of kilo-ohms.


• ri= 100ohms.
• Gain=10

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Voltage Amplification

• Let there be a change of 0.1V in the input voltage being applied,


which further produces a change of 1mA in the emitter current. This
emitter current will obviously produce a change in collector current,
which would also be 1mA.

• A load resistance of 5kΩ placed in the collector would produce a


voltage of 5 kΩ × 1 mA = 5V

• Hence it is observed that a change of 0.1V in the input gives a


change of 5V in the output, which means the voltage level of the
signal is amplified.

bksahoo.phy@nitrr.ac.in 18
Performance of Amplifier
Current Gain
The gain in terms of current when the changes in input and output
currents are observed, is called as Current gain.

By definition, it is the ratio of change in collector current (ΔIC) to


the change in base current (ΔIB).

Current gain, β = ΔIC / ΔIB

The value of β ranges from 20 to 500. The current gain indicates


that input current becomes β times in the collector current.

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Performance of Amplifier
• Voltage Gain:

The gain in terms of voltage when the changes in input and


output currents are observed, is called as Voltage gain.

• By definition, it is the ratio of change in output voltage


(ΔVCE) to the change in input voltage (ΔVBE).

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Performance of Amplifier

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Performance of Amplifier
• Power Gain: The ratio of output signal power to the input signal power.

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Thank You and Best Wishes

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