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DNA Transcription and Translation

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119 views25 pages

DNA Transcription and Translation

Uploaded by

sophiamorillaa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DNA Transcription and

Translation!
How cells “read” the DNA and use
those instructions to make
Proteins!
Summary Central Dogma
RNA
• RNA stands for Ribonucleic Acid
• RNA is very similar to DNA except…
• 3 differences between RNA and
DNA is:
– RNA’s shape is a single strand!
– It has a backbone made of phosphate
molecules and ribose sugars
– The four bases are Cytosine, Guanine,
Adenine, and Uracil (takes the place of
Thymine)
Three Types of RNA
• Messenger RNA (mRNA)

• Transfer RNA (tRNA)

• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)


*not pictured
Replication vs. Transcription
• DNA Replication is the process
where a DNA makes a copy of itself
before cell division
• Transcription is where only a small
piece of DNA is transcribed
(re-written) as a single strand of
mRNA
• A transcript is a “written message”
• Helicase enzyme breaks the
hydrogen bonds between the base
pairs of DNA apart.
• RNA polymerase builds the new Strand of mRNA

strand of mRNA
DNA Replication-
when DNA splits and both
sides are used to make 2
identical copies of DNA!
Transcription- where
a small section of DNA is
used to form mRNA prior
to protein synthesis!

mRNA
Why Transcription?
• DNA cannot leave the nucleus… EVER (too big!)
• However, proteins are made by the ribosomes
inside of cells, not the nucleus!
• To get the DNA instructions to the ribosomes, the
message is sent out on a piece of mRNA
(through the nuclear pores!)
• Once the ribosomes get the mRNA, they can
translate the message and build the proteins!

5’
UAU CGC UAG CAU GAG CUC GCC AAA GAU 3’
Making an mRNA

• A lot like replication, only you use U’s rather


than T’s!
• 5’ TAA CGG TAT CAG 3’-DNA original
• 3’ AUU GCC AUA GUC 5’ –mRNA copy

5’
• TAC CAT GAC ATT 3’-DNA original
3’
• AUG GUA CUG UAA5’ –mRNA copy
Translation
• “Translate” means to decode
• During translation, the instructions in
mRNA are decoded to build a protein
• This happens one amino acid at a time
(Remember- amino acids are the
building blocks of proteins!)
• Ex: “CGC” codes for the amino acid
“Arginine”
Here is the Codon Table
Step One-Translation
• First, the mRNA
threads itself into the
grooves of the
ribosome (the protein
makers)
• Every three bases is
called a codon, which
translates into one
amino acid.
• Ex: “CGC” codes for
the amino acid
“Arginine” codons
Step Two-Translation
• A tRNA carries the amino
acid “Arginine” over to the
ribosome
• The ribosome recognizes the
tRNA because of a
complimentary anti-codon
on the bottom (looks like a
little 3 prong plug!)
• The ribosome attaches amino
acids to the rest of the protein
chain until it gets to a STOP
codon (ex: UAA, UAG, etc)
Translation “Big Picture”
Protein Synthesis
• Synthesis (or synthesize) means “to make
or build something”
• The process where amino acids are linked
together to make protein chains is called
protein synthesis.
• Ribosomes synthesize these proteins
based on base pairs of the mRNA
• There are 20 Amino Acids in all!
This portion of DNA translates into
what amino acid sequence?
DNA original- 5’ TAC CGG TGA CAT GAC 3’

mRNA- 3’ AUG GCC ACU GUA CUG 5’

Amino Acids- methionine, alanine, threonine, valine, leucine


Amino Acid Translation Chart!
Transcription vs. Translation Review

Transcription Translation
• Process by which • Process by which
genetic information information encoded
encoded in DNA is in mRNA is used to
copied onto assemble a protein at
messenger RNA a ribosome
• Occurs in the nucleus • Occurs on a
• DNA mRNA Ribosome
• mRNA protein
HEMOGLOBIN
SICKLE CELL DISEASE
1. Here is one half of a DNA strand. Complete the
other half by writing the complementary
base pairs.
A-T-G-C-C-A-T-A-T-G-G-G-T-A-A
2. You just wrote in the template strand of DNA.
Use the template strand to transcribe a strand
of mRNA.
3. Write down the tRNA anti-codons that pair with
the mRNA strand.
4. Use your codon wheel to write down the correct
amino acid sequence from the mRNA
strand you created.
5. How can there be so many proteins when there
are only 20 amino acids?
Amino Acid Translation Chart!
Written Work #3 Score: /30

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