WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on CIRCUITS and SYSTEMS Da Young Tu’uau, Timaima Marica,

DOI: 10.37394/23201.2020.19.3 Mansour H. Assaf

Electric Power System Fault Analysis

DA YOUNG TU’UAU, TIMAIMA MARICA, and MANSOUR H. ASSAF
School of Engineering and Physics
University of the South Pacific
Laucala Campus, Suva
FIJI ISLANDS
assaf_m@usp.ac.fj

Abstract: - Fault analysis is an important aspect in the successful operation of a power utility grid. The
occurrence of faults in the system is not avoidable as causes of faults are not particularly one but of many with
different causes and nature. It is one of the most important as well as it one of the most complex tasks in power
engineering. The studies and discovery of faults in electric power systems is essential in ensuring the
consistency and the stability if the power grid. Another importance of carrying out fault analysis gives a fair idea
of the voltages and the current magnitudes under faulty conditions for different scenarios. This is helpful in the
design of protection devices such as fuses, circuit breaker ratings, over current protection relays and other
devices that are used for the protection of the system. Protection devices are important features of the power
system grid mainly because their role in saving equipment and also human lives. In this paper, we investigate
and analyze the behavior of electric power systems under fault conditions and then evaluate various practical
scenarios.

Key-Words: - Electric power systems, geographic information system, electronic transient, analysis program,
synchronous generator.
Received: October 23, 2019 . Revised: February 1, 2020. Accepted: February 21, 2020. Published: March 6, 2020.

1 Introduction natural events, faults within the system are always

Electric power system is a complicated network likely to occur. Fault is defined as a large flow of
that consists of components that produces and current in an inadequate path that causes equipment
delivers electricity to consumers. The electrical damage leading to a limited power supply or it
power system is made up of mainly six could endanger lives.
networks which are generation, transformers,
To prevent such events, the power system
transmission lines, substations, distribution
analysis was introduced. Power system analysis is
lines and distribution transformers. The
an important consideration when it comes into
production and the transmission of electricity is
power system planning, equipment selection as well
moderately efficient and inexpensive, although as reliability assessments. This is a process of
electricity is not easily stored compared to other evaluating the system voltages and currents under
forms of energy, thus electricity is produced different cases to determine safety precautions and
based on demand [1]. The load consumption protections not just for the system but also the lives
increasing over the years yields a higher of the working personnel and the general public.
demand in electricity and its production. The The study of fault analysis can determine protection
distribution of the supplied power is uneven and settings to design components such fuses, circuit
the varying load demand is leading to high breakers and relays varying in sizes and types
power delivery capacity [2]. depending on analysis and design.

For the period of operating situations, current The severity of the faults are dependent upon the
will flow through all the elements of the electrical short circuit location as well as the path of the fault
power system within the pre-designed values which current, system impedance and its voltage levels [3].
are appropriate to the elements’ ratings. The power The main purpose of a power system is to supply
system values can be calculated by analyzing electricity to consumers, thus having a fault in the
system voltages and currents under both normal and system is an interruption to the supply and possibly
abnormal cases. Due to the variations in the system and endangerment to the lives involved. This paper
and complications between the networks as well as

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analyze different types of faults and its possible not be prevented such as weather conditions,
causes on a power grid system particularly Samoa as accidents, natural disasters and other
a case study. In the next section we present a brief unpredictable causes that disrupts the operation
literature review. of the power systems causing undesirable
outputs. Events that cause disruptions to the
2 Background system are known as faults.
The need for a reliable and a stabilized electric
grid is one of the main aspects of power system There are different types of faults and it is
analysis. It is not possible to design a power usually classified by its nature and cause, but in
system grid without knowing the risks and the definition, a fault is large flow of current
consequences of the system in normal and through a wrong pathway. Faults can occur in
abnormal conditions. In any transmission or different locations and it could cause a lot of
distribution systems, all the equipment are damages and failures as well as endangering
intended to carry specific amount of current. lives that are present during a fault occurrence
Any current value higher than the pre-set of depending on how severe the fault is [3]. For
pre-designed values could damage the the reason that these faults are dangerous and
equipment as well as disturbing the balance of life threatening, fault analysis was developed.
the system. The occurrence of faults is
unpredictable and the behavior of the system is Performing fault analysis of a power system can
also dependent on how severe the fault is. provide information that leads to designs and
selections of protection devices such as
Electricity is generated, transmitted and switches, relay settings, circuit breaker ratings,
distributed through networks of power systems fuses and system stability operation which are
which are interconnected and associated used to isolate and protect the systems in case
together to deliver power. To generate and of faults. This study is generally carried out in
deliver power successfully, the electric power per-unit quantities as it gives solutions which
systems contain these mechanisms, generation, are consistent of voltage differences and power
transformers, transmission lines, substations, ratings as well as its operation on unity order
distributions lines and distribution transformers. [5].
The generation of power occurs in a power
plant where it consists of apparatuses and Faults occur when the system performance is
machines which produce energy. The affected by a problem whether by a natural
transformers are used to raised and lower the disaster, weather conditions, and accidents or
voltage of the generated power energy to suit its just due to some equipment failures. The steady
corresponding environments. For example, the state operating mode of a power system is a
generated energy voltage is raised before it is three-phase AC but in term of faults, this
transmitted and then lowered before it is operation is disrupted. The two most known
distributed and it is usually carried out in a faults that occur in the transmission networks
substation. The reason for transmitting high are known as balanced faults and unbalanced
voltages and low current is to basically reduce faults. Faults are also categorized as series,
heat and power losses that arise through the shunt and simultaneous according to its nature
process [4]. [3], [6]. The analysis of fault conditions for
power systems are important that is makes a
The main objective of power systems is to difference in order to guarantee the best
basically sustain power supply throughout. In possible outcome results of the carried analysis.
the normal operations of power systems, the This paper focuses mainly on the analysis of
current flows through all the elements but shunt and simultaneous faults. Next we describe
within the range of the pre-designed values that different types of faults that may occur.
suits the elements’ ratings. On the other hand,
there are some events that occur which could

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3 Types of Faults equipment failure, falling tower or line breaking due

In general, the two most known faults that occur in to over loads. This type of faults does not quite
the transmission networks are known as balanced happen often and thus only about 5% of faults are
faults (symmetrical) and unbalanced faults caused by this [7].
(unsymmetrical). Faults can be classified as series or
shunt. Common causes of faults are:
• Heavy Winds
• Cyclones
3.1 Series Faults • Falling Trees
These types of faults occur when a conductor is • Car Accidents (Car collision to electric poles)
opened with unbalanced series impedance • Lightning
conditions of the line [3]. The examples of this type • Aircraft collision with lines
• Birds and other small animals
of fault could be when the system has one or two
• Line breakage due to excessive loadings
broken lines or when the impedance is injected in
one or two lines. In reality or in other words real life
The first three types of faults represents unbalanced
scenario, the fault takes place when the circuit
breaker takes control of the lines without opening all operating situations which refers to one or two
the three phases thus allowing one or two of the phases thus it is called unsymmetrical faults. The
phases to be opened while the other is closed [6]. last type of fault involves all three phases thus
Series faults are classified by the increase in the referred to balanced or symmetrical faults.
voltage and the frequency with a drop in the current
of the faulted phases. The events of faults depending on its severity could
lead to fire outbreak, property and equipment
3.2 Shunt Faults damages, and loss of life and destruction of the
Shunt faults are the most common type of faults that power systems networks. Faults could also cut the
occur in power systems, which involve power supply of other areas which are beyond fault points
conductors, a conductor to ground or just a short in transmission and distribution networks which
circuit between the conductors [3]. Shunt faults could lead make the whole system blackout. If at
causes increasing current and decreasing voltage this situation, damages may go as far as hindering
and frequency. It is classified in to four categories as services such as industries and commercial
follows: buildings such as offices and schools. This could
lead to under developments of economic of a
3.2.1 Line-to-Ground (LG) Fault country. Therefore it is very important to determine
About 70% of fault occurrences are line to ground the values of system currents and voltages under
faults [7], which is caused when one phase of any faulted conditions. The proposed system is
transmission lines finds a connection with the described next.
ground.

3.2.2 Line-to-Line (LL) Fault

When one phase is in contact with another phase, 4 System Modeling
usually caused by a cyclones or strong winds. About The main aim of the proposed work is to collect and
15% of transmissions faults are found to be line to analyze real industrial data, and develop a system
line faults [7]. capable of detecting and locating faults in an
electrical power system. The development of the
3.2.3 Double Line-to-Ground (LL-G) Fault proposed system was done ETAP. Figure 1 shows
Usually caused by falling trees, a double line to the development phases of the proposed system.
ground fault occurs when two phases are in contact
or become connected the ground, similar to the line
to ground but instead of one line, now it is two lines.
About 10% of the faults are caused by double line to
ground [7].

3.2.4 Three Phase Fault

Three phase faults are usually occurred due to

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Figure 3 shows the symmetrical component of a

fault current in compliance with IEC 60909 standard
which defines an internationally recognized method
for the fault calculations. Applying the IEC
standards yields fault levels based on the voltage
factors which are normally calculated at the
maximum current which causes maximum thermal
and electromagnetic effects on the equipment, this is
use to determine the equipment rating and at the
minimum current which is used to design the
settings for the protection devices [10]. There are
three periods of time or phases as follows:

Fig. 1 System Overview

Information and data is collected first, followed

by a grid model is developed in ETAP software,
assumptions are made, then fault analysis is
performed.

Figure 2 shown below; presents a sample of what

the system is basically like. The first part is the
production or the generation side, where the electric
power energy is produced and generated. This
power energy is then raised up to higher voltages Fig. 3 IEC 60909 Fault Current [9]
and transmitted to substation where the voltage is
lowered again before distributing it to the Where:
consumers. The EPC power grid does not have a I”k is the initial symmetrical short circuit current
pure transmission system as there are only two Ip is the peak short-circuit current
generating stations and one substation, thus the Ik is the steady state short-circuit current
33kV line is classified as transmission network iDC is the decaying DC component of
together with the Solar Farms which are under the short-circuit current
22kV lines. The distributed voltage which is 22kV A is the initial value of iDC
is stepped down again to 415V for three phase loads
and 240V for single phase loads. Sub-transient period – these are the first couple
of cycles after the fault where the AC current is
very high and falls very rapidly:
𝑬𝑨
𝑰′′ = 𝑿′′
(1)
𝟐 𝟏⁄𝟐
𝑬′′ = [(𝑽 + 𝑿′𝒅 𝑰𝒔𝒊𝒏∅)𝟐 (𝑿′′
𝒅 𝑰𝒄𝒐𝒔∅) ] (2)

Transient period – current decreases at a slower

rate going to steady state:

𝑬𝑨
𝑰′ = 𝑿′
(3)
𝟐 𝟏⁄𝟐
𝑬′ = [(𝑽 + 𝑿′𝒅 𝑰𝒔𝒊𝒏∅)𝟐 (𝑿′′
𝒅 𝑰𝒄𝒐𝒔∅) ] (4)

Fig. 2 Design Overview Steady State Period – this is when the current
reaches its steady value or its steady state condition:
𝑬
𝑰𝒔𝒔 = 𝑿𝑨 (5)
𝑺

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𝟏⁄
𝑬 = [(𝑽𝑿𝒅 𝑰𝒔𝒊𝒏∅)𝟐 (𝑿𝒅 𝑰𝒄𝒐𝒔∅)𝟐 ] 𝟐 (6) 4.2 Double-Line to Ground Fault
Figure 5 show the double-Line to ground
The AC current that flows in the generator configuration.
during the sub-transient period is known as the sub-
transient current which is denoted by I’’ and defined
in equation (1). The time constant for the sub-
transient current can be found from the slope of the
fault current graph. This current is very high that it
is almost ten times of the steady state fault current
[11]. The transient period defines the AC current as
transient current which is denoted by I’ and is
defined in equation (3). The final period or the
steady state obtains the steady state current which is
defined in equation (5). The equations given by (2),
(4), and (6) are used to calculate the EMF of each
Fig. 5 Double-line to ground fault
period, sub-transient, transient and steady state
respectively.
𝑰𝑳𝟏 = 𝟎 (8)
𝑽𝑳𝟑 = (𝑰𝑳𝟑 + 𝑰𝑳𝟐 )𝒁 (9)
4.1 Three-Phase Fault 𝑽𝑳𝟑 = 𝑽𝑳𝟐 (10)
The configuration of the three phase fault is shown
in figure 4. All the three phases are shorted together
4.3 Line to Line Fault
in a three phase fault.
The line to line or sometimes known as the phase to
phase fault happens when the one line to another
line or two phases are connected together causing a
short circuit. The fault current is calculated from
dividing the voltage by the sum of impedances.

𝑰𝑳𝟑 = 𝟎 (11)
𝑰𝑳𝟐 = −𝑰𝑳𝟏 (12)
√𝟑 𝑽𝑳𝑵
𝑰𝒌 = 𝟐 𝒁
(13)

As shown in figure 6, the line to line fault

occurring at line 2 (L2) and line 1 (L1) which causes
Fig. 4 Three Phase Fault Configuration an open circuit at line 3 (L3) making it equal to 0 as
shown by equation (11) as it carries no current.
Analysis of the three phase fault is to find the fault
current at any point in the network by summing the
impedances of the network between the source of
supply and the point where the fault takes place
[10]. In order to find the fault current Ik, the
nominal voltage is divided by the sum of the
impedances Z.
𝑽𝒏
𝑰𝒌 = 𝒁
(7)
Fig. 6 Line to line fault configuration
The three phase fault is a symmetrical fault which
occurs less frequently yet the most dangerous [3]. Although, the fault current in line 2 (L2) and line 1
Since the phases or the lines in this fault are all (L1) given by equation (12) shows that the positive
balanced, there is zero current on the neutral phase sequence components of the current in line 2 (L2) is
and the sum of the three phases are equal to zero opposing the negative sequence for the component
with the phase voltages all the equal [12]. of line 1 (L1) current.

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4.4 Line to Ground Fault Fuluasou Power Substation &

The line to ground or the phase to ground is fault Control Center
caused when one line or one phase becomes in Tanugamanono Power Substation

contact with the ground. The Figure 7 shows a basic

configuration of this fault. This fault is also known Alaoa
Hydro-Station
as the earth fault. The value for this fault is obtained
from summing the earth fault impedance of the
supply source and return path.
Taelefaga
Hydro-Station

Fiaga Power Station

Lalomauga Hydro-Station

Fig. 8 map of Upolu, Samoa indicating feeder

lines [8]
Fig. 7 Line to ground fault configuration EPC Samoa utility grid comprises four utility
stations:
𝑰𝑳𝟐 = 𝑰𝑳𝟐 = 𝟎 (14) - Fiaga Diesel Power Station
𝑽𝑳𝑵
𝑰𝒌 = 𝒁+𝒁 (15) - Fuluasou Substation which functions as the
𝟎
National Control Center
𝑽𝑳𝟏 = 𝒁𝑰𝒌 (16) - Tanugamanono Substation
- Lalomauga & Taelefaga Hydro Stations
The line 3 (L3) and line 2 (L2) are open
circuited, thus carries no current which given by Tanugamanono substation controls FOF and Alaoa
equation (14). The fault current is located on line 1 hydro stations. The map of the feeder lines in
(L1) and thus given by the equation (15). In the next Upolu, Samoa (figure 8) was obtained from the
section we present the implementation results. Samoa EPC GIS using the Map Professional
software licensed under Samoa EPC in 2014.
Figure 9 shows the ETAP model - EPC Upolu,
5 Implementation Results Samoa.
The proposed system was implemented in ETAP
16.0.0 (Electrical Transient and Analysis Program)
that provides a uniform user interface for modeling
design, analysis, and simulation of the EPC power
grid faults. ETAP is electrical power system
analysis and operation software with features such
as simulations, optimization, monitoring, control
and automation of electrical power systems [13]. It
offers the power systems enterprise solutions that
extent from modeling to operation.

To analyze practical Electrical Power System (EPC)

faults, we used data from Samoa islands in the
South Pacific. The utility grid was modeled in
ETAP according to the parameters provided by the
EPC Samoa, as viewed in figure 8.

Fig. 9 EPC Upolu, Samoa

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Descriptions of stations involved in the regulation of The 33kV transmission lines connect to the 33kV
electricity in Upolu are presented below. Diesel and Bus Bar at Fuluasou Substation. Regular
Hydro are the major stations in the system while the transformers were used with autotransformer
PV system supports one feeder. Fiaga substation specifications. The SG generator is used for
comprised of diesel generators, buses, transformers auxiliary power.
and feeders as shown in table 1.
Fuluasou Substation encompassed auxiliary
Table 1 Fiaga Substation Equipment generator, buses, transformers and feeders. The PV
system assists in supplying the Industrial Zone1
Existing ETAP Rating Feeder. Power is supplied by the diesel generators
Label Label
from the Fiaga and hydro power from
Tanugamanono substation. Tanugamanono
Generators No.7B Gen24 6.6kV, 4.2MW
Substation mainly comprised of hydro station,
No.1 Gen7 11kV, 5.5MW transformers, autotransformers, feeders and buses.
In addition, local power supply is available for the
No.2 Gen6 11kV, 5.5MW station via two transformers. Lalomauga and
Taelefaga hydro stations are connected through
No.3 Gen1 11kV, 5.5MW 22kV transmission tie-line with all but one feeder
connected from Taelefaga station.
No. 4 Gen22 11kV, 5.5MW
All bus bars, generators, feeders and transformers
No.9A Gen5 6.6kV, 4.2MW
have circuit breakers for protective measures. Table
SG SG 415V, 350kVA
2 shows protection setting for all feeders.

Buses 11kV 11kV 2500A at 30kA Table 2 Protection setting for all feeders as of May
2017
415V 415V 2000A at 30kA
Feeders Overcurrent Earth Fault
33kV 33kV 1000A at 20kA Setting (A) Setting (A)

22kVr 22kV 400A at 20kA South Coast 90 12.0

Transformers No.7B Tx T37 5MVA, YNd11 Fagaloa 60 3.0

No. 9A Tx T2 5MVA, YNd11 Tae-Lalo 22kV tie 240 30.0

Tx1 T6 15/20MVA,11/33kV, Sauniatu 50 1.5

YNd11
Lalo-Tanu 33kV tie 260 26.0
Tx2 T1 15/20MVA,11/33kV,
YNd11 East Coast 200 10.0

Local Local 1.5MVA,11/0.415kV, Beach Rd 200 10.0

Supply 1 Supply 1 Dyn11
Tanu-Fulu 33kV tie 284 120.0
Local Local 1.5MVA,11/0.415kV,
Supply 2 Supply 2 Dyn11 Alaoa 120 10.0

Auto Tx T7 10MVA, 33/22kV Alaoa-FOF 22kV tie 80 20.0

No.1
Hospital 200 10.0
Feeders Lefaga Lefaga 4.7MVA
Palisi 200 20.0
West West 0.5MVA
Vailtele 200 20.0

Industrial 200 20.0

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West Coast1 200 20.0 Simulation results for fault currents in the load bus
show that L-G and LL-G currents are equal with the
Lefaga 180 20.0
peak fault current at 5.7kA, 3-phase fault peak
West Coast2 22kV tie 200 20.0
current at 4.3kA and L-L peak current at 3.9kA.
Results for the swing bus show that L-G peak
Fiaga 33kV OH/ UG 100 20.0 current is the highest at 28kA, LL-G at 26kA,
3phase at 22kA and L-L fault peak current at 18kA.
We ran computer simulations and results were From the obtained result it seen that the L-G and the
analyzed as follows: LL-G fault that are considered the most critical on
- Comparison of island-mode and interlock mode load and swing buses. These faults occur mostly as a
using Fuluasou sub since it has no generators but result of storm damages or lightning where the lines
a PV system that supports the Industrial Zone come into physical contact with each other or the
Feeder. ground. A summary of the paper is presented next.
- Application of fault on load bus and swing bus
then comparison of fault currents in each bus on
four instances: L-G, LL-G, LLL-G, 3-phase fault
- Application of AC arc flash on Bus 10 which
6 Conclusion
hosts the two feeders with the high capacities. In this paper, we have successfully implemented and
conducted fault analysis for the EPC power grid.
Island-mode entails the isolation of the Fuluasou Various electrical power system fault models were
substation by opening circuit breakers of considered. Comparison of faults in three-phase,
transmission lines to other substations. Only Fiaga line to line, line to ground, double line to ground as
sub circuit breaker is closed since it is the sole carried out yields that the most severe fault by
power supply for Fuluasou sub. L-G fault was interpretation of behaviors is the line to ground
applied on phase C for comparison. The purpose of fault.
the simulation was to explore grid stability for
isolated systems which are common for As a final remark, the increase in demands for
economically disadvantaged nations or private electrical power needs monitoring and better
utility companies. management to avoid interruption in power
delivery as it can be a big disturbance to consumers
Fault was applied to load bus 15 and swing bus 1 to as well as it is depraving to economic development.
compare the amount of fault current on each buses.
The load bus hosted the Vailtele feeder line which
many customers are connected to in Upolu. The List of Acronyms
swing bus in the Fiaga substation has 6 generators EPC Electric Power Corporation
connected in parallel. GIS Geographic Information System
LV Low Voltage
Figure 10 shows the bus fault currents for the load HV High Voltage
bus (bus 15) and the swing bus (bus 1). ETAP Electronic Transient and Analysis
Program
SG Synchronous Generator
L-G Line-to-ground
LL-G Double line-to-ground
L-L Line-to-line
PPE Personal Protective Equipment
LM1 Lalomauga Generator 1 (Hydro)
LM2 Lalomauga Generator 2 (Hydro)
TaF Taelefaga
FOF Fale ‘Ole Fe’e

Fig. 10 Bus fault currents

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