‘BF ACN (Comp, /Sem. 5MseTe) at 4.15 Mobile IP ; This can be achieved host can obtain a n Set asso by using DHCP. The mobile 'ew IP address using DHCP and ed with the new network. But this technique has m: computes a get them are as follows ation Drawbacks : - Mébile IP allows the mobile connected to the Internet a any loc ‘any drawbacks, Some of 1.15.1 Addressing : 2. We need to change all the configuration fies, . | 2. The mobile i - Addressing is a le host would need rebootin ime i fs no ater 'mportant problem in’ providing Moves from one network to theater, ia sing IP prot i scsi slution inthis sector Protocol. We will | 3, "would be necessary to revise the DNS table eventime " 50 that all the other hosts on the Internet are aware of 41.15.1.1 Addressing in Stationary Hosts : this address change. The original IP addressing was designed onthe bass of | the mobi host moves rom one network tothe other two assumptions : ‘when transmission is taking place, then the exchange of 1. Thehostis stationary, Gata wil be interrupted because during the 2. Thehosti connected to only one network transmission, the client and server cannot change their Port and IP addresses, ~ _ An IP datagram is routed by the routers on the basis of the IP address. 2 Two addresses : ~ AS discussed earlier in this chapter, an IP address is ~ Dee te at the drawbacks of the fst approach the second approach of using two IP addresses for a made of two parts : a prefix and a suffix, mobile host is tried out and it is found to be a = Ahost gets associated with a network due to the prefix ‘more feasible approach - i he part of its IP address. That means a host cannot carry its Ths two IP adresses assigned to 2 mobile host are IP address with itself from one place to the other. L.Home address and 2. Temporary address, That means with change in place, the network changes ~ The home address is the original IP address of the and so does the IP address of the host. ‘mobile host, and the temporary address is called as the care of address. ~ Routers use the fixed association between a host and its, - The home address associated the host with its home network (ie, the network which is permanent it P the host is attached, home of the host and it is its permanent network for routing the packets to the network to which address. 1484.2 ‘Mabie Hosts : When the host moves to the other network, its hen temporary (care-of) address changes. This care-of ~ The IP addressing structure needs to be changed wi @ host moves from one network to the other. To achieve aac associates the host with the foreign network, this, various solutions have been suggested. ~ Two of them are as follows : 1.15.2 Agents : 1 Changing the address : = Abhome agent and a foreign agent are required for ~ One of the solutions is to allow the mobile host to making the change of address transparent tothe rest of change its IP address as it changes the network. Internet TechKnowl © Scanned with OKEN Scanner‘The postion of home agent with respect to the home network and that of the foreign agent with respect to the foreign network are shown in Fig. 1.15.1, Forotgn Home network, rotwork (6-257 Fig. 1.15.1 : Home agent and foreign agent In Fig. 115: the home and foreign agents have been shown as routers, However actually they act as a router as well as a host. Home Agent : eau) [Bitome bits basicaly * attached to the Thome network of a mobile host = (When a remote host sends a packet tothe mobile host the home agent acts on behalf of the mobile host, receives the packet and sends it to the foreign agent. 2 Foreign Agent : = G foreign agent is a router connected to the foreign network — (ine packets sent by the home agent are receives by the foreign agent and delivers them to the moble hos) ~ CSometimes, a mobile host itself can act as foreign ‘agent. Then there is no need of using a separate foreign agent) = Forth, the mobile host should have the ability to receive a care-of address on its own. Ths can be done using DHCP. = In addition to this a special software needs to be installed at the mobile host to enable it to communicate withthe home agent and to have the two addresses (home and temporary). Wis necessary to Keep the dual addrenss transparent to the application programs, = The core-f-address is called as collocated cay address if mobile ost Has acting ayy foreign agent. = The use of collocated care-of address hag advantage that the mobile host can move ty. foreign network without even thinking abou availabilty of the foreign agent. = However its disadvantage is that an extra needs to be installed with the mobile host 1.45.3 Three Phases : | The communication of a mobile host with a rep, host goes through the following three phases 1. Agent discovery 2. Registration 3. Data transfer. All these phases are shown in Fig, 1.152 Phased : Agent Discovery (Steps 1 to 4) : = This isthe frst phase in moblie communication Consists of the following two subphases: 1, Agent solicitation and ; 2. Agent advertisement. ~ Amobile host must learn the address of (discov, its home agent before moving to any foreign network (Steps 1 and 2), The mobile host must learn the address of (discover) the foreign ‘once it moves to a foreign network (steps 3 and — This process of address learning includes lea Of both the care-of address and the foreign address, = The agent discovery phase involves the ds of home and foreign agents. This process the use of two messages namely 1. Advertisement message and 2. Solicitation method. © Scanned with OKEN ScannerACN (Comp. Sem. sMSBTE) 143. Notwork Layer & Protocols Time {6-2250)Fig. 1.15.2 : Communication between mobile host and remote host Phase-ii: Registration (Steps 5 to 8): The mobile host first moves to the foreign network ‘and discovers the foreign agent (Phase-N. After this it must undergo the registration phase, which corresponds to steps 5 to 8 in Fig. 1.15.2. The four aspects of registration are as follows 1. Registration of mobile host with the foreign agent (Step-5). 2. Registration of mobile host with its home agent. This is normally done by the foreign agent on behalf of mobile host (Step 6). 3 The mobile host must renew its registration if the registration has expired. 4, The mobile host is supposed to cancel registration when it returns back to its home network, The registration request and registration reply messages ere used as shown in Fig. 1152 for registration of mobile host with the home agent ‘and foreign agent. Phasecill : Data Transfer : This is the third phase in mobile communication after the agent discovery and registration. In this phase the mobile host can communicate with the remote host as shown in Fig. 1.15.2. From Remote Host to Home Agent : If a packet is to be transferred from the remote host to mobile host, then the remote host use: address as the source address and home address of mobile host as destination address. But practically the home agent is pretending as the mobile. So it will intercept the packet with the help of proxy ARP. Thus the communication from remote host to mobile host actually takes place between the remote host and home agent as shown in Fig. 1152. The mobile communication between the Remote Host and Home agent has been marked by a thick path marked by "I" in Fig. 115.2(0). WH letrelatet © Scanned with OKEN Scannersng 118.2): emete sto home agent 2 From Home to Forin Agent: At the pact receiv bythe hare agen it Sends the packet to the fergn agen ng the ‘concept of ung ~ Bre inpoar © net that emma eke ornate rm the foreign ery thehome adress ofthe mobile host SA = Tis communication has been shown b " 1 ~The home agent encapsulates this recehad mee P11 rain Tee use mpg, treo ee acd the destaton addres ad ends th | ~ 16 entke dota wanser process, the remote hoi ‘new IP packet te the foreign agent as shown by the Sbreely does ot know anything about te + mercer |. Sonn cranes ~ tamenmentninnn] rey mene ee Reaver the ern) pase feo the nl paset by ception Senta the mobile host uses its home addres ase fouice adress white sending a pocket to the recta oat ~ fLomertods we say that movement of the mote i totally transparent becouse the ret of te met has absolutely no idea at the mowernent Ei ‘the mobite host. nea ~ Pee sen wt tr ep ute ng ond re tdi en oe ‘fg! pake i then sent wo te cueotaties | 1.455 Inoticioney j ai y in Mobile Ip : = Theconmuricati be tmneaion done with the help of mobile Pan Medel Lo severly inten, The ca of moder ‘From Mabie Host to Remote Host: 1 mobile hes MOMs to send «pac emote hs it does in a inti a ciency eho ald a ay sig va chaeein ~ Todo tite mettenon wenn STR et, 409 eg eng whose eae hae ates tnt rth eer tins | th ‘tect adres) ap Ie f ato referred to os Deuble {ues aes andrei heats sag 2s the ‘toting ov ay ‘estnaion address, We wi " ms both these cases inthis section Se rata BF 5c (Come em. sore) ‘Double Crossing oF 2X: Mole host a Now consider 9 situation in which» emote host ‘wants fo commaricte witha mete ont which hs moved to the same network a tat of the romete hott acshownin ig, 1183 ‘This is called as 3 double eroming oF 2X casei the cate of severe neficeney. As discussed eae, a mebile host can snd 8 pocket rect} tothe remote hot. Tharfoe there {so oss of elelenay inthis conmucaton However ifthe remote host ans to senda packet tothe mail host thenteannot des rey a the dowed dveetpath ing. 1153), Instead the remote host as 1 ced the pack, Fist home ogent (athe in Fi. 1153) and the home agent wil tie the packet tothe mobile est path-2in Fig, 1353) 1 this the packat hat to crore the Intemet kc. Thus the eesources ate ued tice wanes in this communication which reduces the ieney severe. Hence the double cos cae scaled theca of severe nefiiengy Triangle Routing o Dog Leg Routing = 2 tangle reuting or dg le routing ca cate of moderate ineficieny occurs when a remote host ‘wants to send a packet othe mobi ost which not atacha to its own freete network Tis stustion situated nig 1154 1.15.8 Romed) (220g. L154: Tange tog tats suaton as wal a mobie ast wants to, ‘rca packet oa remote hot ean do sa diecy without ay ss een, = Butwhen a renete hort wants o send picket 1 mabie host the packet has o Bt tavel the home agen an then tthe mabe ost 9 shown inf 1158, ~ Thus the packet has to tavealong he sides of & tangle instead of ony one whichis the dee path Shown by a dat ie in Fig, 135 ining We care-chaddress (3 the home address of rable could be one ofthe zlaton to the prem of ieicercy. ‘That means when the home agent receives the fist packet rom the mete hst and sends it to the frign agen it sbould also Send an update binding packet 10 ‘the remote host By doing this itis ensured tat al the future packets to this mile host can be sent to the carecofaddress ater than home aes. ‘The remote host can save hs information ina cache However this remedy aso has an inherent fw. The cache entry would become outdated af the mobile host moves toa new neta © scanned with OKEN Scanner