NWED NOTES GRADE 10 2023 BUSINESS FUNCTIONS CHAPTER FIVE

BUSINESS STUDIES

GRADE 10
TERM ONE
CHAPTER 5
NOTES BUSINESS FUNCTIONS
2024

WEEK 3-4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TOPICS PAGES
Exam guideline for the business functions 2-3
Eight Business functions 4
The importance of the eight business functions 4
General Management Function 4-7
Differences between leadership and management 7
Organisational structure 8
Administration Function 9
Financial Function 9-11
Purchasing Function 12-14
Public Relations 16-17
Production Function 17
Marketing Function 18
Human Resource Function 18
The relationship between the business functions 18

This chapter consists of 17 pages

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NWED NOTES GRADE 10 2023 BUSINESS FUNCTIONS CHAPTER FIVE

CONTENT DETAILS FOR TEACHING, LEARNING AND ASSESSMENT

PURPOSES

WEEK 3 – 4 (29 Jan – 09 Feb)

Learners must be able to:

• Outline/Describe/Explain/Discuss the importance of the EIGHT business functions. (Not

quality indicators)
• Identify business functions from given statements/scenarios/case studies
statements/scenarios/case studies.

GENERAL MANAGEMENT
• Outline/Discuss/Explain the differences between leadership and management.
• State/Outline/Explain/Discuss/Describe the three levels of general management.
• Explain/Discuss/Describe management tasks.
• Identify management tasks from scenarios/case studies/statements.
• Identify the levels of management from given scenarios/statements.
• Outline/Mention/Discuss/Explain/Describe the responsibilities of various levels of
management.
• Identify the levels of management from given scenarios/case studies.

ADMINISTRATION FUNCTION

• Outline/Explain/Describe/Discuss the activities of the administration function.

• Outline/Describe/Explain/Discuss the importance of the administration function
• Identify these activities from given statements/scenarios/case studies.

FINANCIAL FUNCTION

• Outline/Explain/Discuss the purpose of the financial function.

• Define/Explain/Describe the reasons why a business may need finance.
• Outline/Mention/Define types and sources of financing.
• Identify types and sources of financing from given scenarios/case
studies/statements/pictures/cartoons.
• State/Name/Explain/Discuss types of capital.
• Explain the differences between a fixed and working capital.
• Explain the differences between own and borrowed capital.

PUBLIC RELATIONS

• Outline/Explain/Describe/Discuss the importance of the public relations

• Differentiate/Distinguish between external and internal public relations.
• Outline/Explain/Discuss the methods of carrying out public relations.
• Identify these methods from given scenarios/case studies /statements /
pictures/cartoons.

PURCHASING FUNCTION
• Outline/Explain/Discuss the purpose of the purchasing function.
• Outline the activities of the purchasing function
• Explain/Describe/Discuss the purchasing procedure.

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• Explain the differences between cash and credit payment.

• Explain/Discuss the importance of stock control.
• Outline/Explain/Describe/Discuss the purpose/nature of the National Credit Act and the
National Consumer Protection Act
• Outline the consumer rights as outlined in the NCA and CPA
• Outline/Explain/Describe/Discuss the responsibilities of credit providers.
• Outline the remedies of the NCA e.g. the Consumer Tribunal, National Consumer
Commission, Consumer Court and an appropriate Ombudsman
• Discuss/Evaluate/Analyse the impact (positives/negatives of these Acts on businesses
• Discuss/Explain the implication of the National Consumer Protection Act on
businesses 1 THE EIGHT Business functions (RECAP)
• General management
• Administration function
• Financial function
• Purchasing function
• Public function
• Human resources function
• Production function
• Marketing function

1.1 Differences between leadership and management

LEADERSHIP MANAGEMENT
Influences human behaviour. Guides human behaviour.
Communicates by means of Communicates through management
interaction/behaviour/vision/values/ charisma. functions, e.g. line function.

Innovates/Encourages new ideas to increase Administers plans/programs/tasks to reach

productivity. targets.
Inspires staff to trust and support each Controls systems and procedures to get the
another. job done.
Focuses on what and why. Focuses on how and when.
Focuses on the horizon/long term. Focuses on the bottom line/short/
medium/long term.
Leaders are born with natural/ instinctive A person becomes a manager because of
leadership skills. the position in which he/she is appointed.
Guides/Leads people to become active Manages the process of getting things done
participants. by exercising responsibility.
Leaders have power/influence because of Managers have power because of the
his/her knowledge/skills/ intelligence. position of authority into which they are

Always trying to find more efficient ways of Enforces rules on subordinates/Ensure that
completing tasks. tasks are completed.

Motivational/Inspirational in their approach Instructional in their approach.

People orientated. Task orientated.

Lead by example/trust/respect. Manage by planning/organising/
leading/control.

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Does the right things Does things right

2.1 Levels of management

• Levels of management means the degree of power and authority that managers
possess. The following three levels of management are explained in detail:

Top management
• Reports to a board of directors/advisory board.
• Takes long term strategic decisions.
• Responsible for directing, controlling and managing risks.
• Determines the vision/mission/objectives/strategy of the business.
• Act of getting people together to accomplish certain goals.
• Oversees the activities of the other functions so that the business can achieve its
objectives.

Middle management
• Responsible for specific departments within the business.
• Takes medium term tactical decisions.
• Responsible for achieving the goals and objectives set for the specific department.
• Concerned with implementing plans made by top level management.
• Implements the vision and plans of the top management.
• Responsible for working with managers in other departments and for acquiring
resources needed in their departments.
Lower management
• Responsible for a high level of productivity, technical assistance and motivating
employees.
• Takes short term routine/tactical decision.
• Carry out instructions given by middle management
• They are also called first management level as it is the first management level to
which subordinates can be promoted.

Levels of management and the type of decision taken by each

Level of Type of decision Examples Roles
management
Top management Make long- term CEOs, directors, -Plan the future of the
strategic decisions. Owner of sole business.
(Policy), which will trader, partners -Manage change in the
have long-term in partnership business environment.
outcomes/ -Plan the activities of the
Consequences. business.
-Gives direction to the
vision, mission, goals and
objectives.

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Middle Make medium-term Departmental -Controls the people and

management tactical decisions. managers. e.g. processes in the business.
(Procedure) marketing -It is the link between top
manager. management and lower
financial level management.
manager etc. -Pass information from top
management to lower
management
-Focuses on how the
business will carry out the
strategic decisions -
Acquire. resources
needed in their
department
Lower level Make short-term Foreman, -Make routine activities.
operation decisions. supervisor, team Plan the daily activities
leaders. --Set individual objectives
for workers working under
him/her.
-Offer feedback and
suggestions to middle
management.
-Implement the objectives
of the middle management.
-They motivate and guide
workers.

NOTE: You must be able to identify the levels of management from given statements
and scenarios

2.2 Management Tasks

• There are five basic management tasks which include the following:
o Planning
o Organising
o Leadership
o Controlling
o Risk management
• The above mentioned management tasks should be carried out at different levels of
the business.
• These tasks are carried out to ensure that the vision, mission and goals of the
business are met.

Planning
• The process of setting goals and developing strategies.
• It includes getting all the information you need for planning.
• Top management formulates strategic plans.
• Middle management formulates tactical plans.
• Lower management formulates operational plans
• Analysing the information and set long term goals.
• Considering different plans to achieve the goals.
• Choosing the best plan and decide on the action to be taken.

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• Management looks ahead at the future to determine business objectives.

• Planning is done in all departments by all employees with the objectives of the
company in mind.
• Process of setting goals and making plans to achieve these goals.
• Deciding on the backup plan to use if the chosen plan becomes impossible.
• Implementing the chosen plan.
• Follow up to make sure the plan is successful, adjust it or change to the backup
plan.

Organising
• It is the mechanism used to execute the plan.
• Involves breaking a plan into action.
• The way in which people are grouped together.
• May also include training to ensure that the jobs are carried out successfully.
• Ensures successful execution of the plan by using relevant organisational structure.
• It looks at what needs to be done and organizing resources need to achieve goals
and objectives.
• Organising the jobs within specific functions or departments.
• People must understand what is expected from them in terms of tasks/ authority /
responsibility etc.
• Employees must know the organisational procedures for instructions and feedback
and which resources they can use.

Leading/Directing/Activating
• The process of leading is to guide, motivate and inspire others to achieve goals.
• Refers to inspiring employees to carry out their task to the best of their abilities.
• Establishing a productive working climate.
• Motivating employees to achieve the goals set.
• Guiding employees in the right direction so that the business can achieve its goals.
• Activating workers to use their skills and resources to their best ability.
• Providing employees with directions on how things should be done.
• Respecting and treating employees so that they work willingly to achieve the
business goals.
• Leaders set up proper communication channels so that the workers are always
informed and there is clear transfer of information.

Controlling
• Ensures that the business achieve its goals.
• Ensures that standards are met
• Ensures activities are carried out as planned.
• Enables the business to take corrective measures if the objectives are not achieved.
• Risk can be identified during control.
• Involves comparing actual results with goals set by management
• Corrective measures must be taken if there is a difference between actual results
and the goals the business set out to achieve.
• Continuous control ensures that the business runs smoothly. .

Risk Management
• Identifies possible risk by finding risk-bearing activities (i.e. activities which could go
wrong) within the organisation.

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• Assists businesses to in analyse each possible risk to assess how likely it is that the
risk will happen.
• Evaluates the potential impact of risk in terms of financial liability.
• Controls/Monitors the risk by studying reports and trends in the environment so that
measures can be taken to prevent it from happening.
• Handles the risk by determining what actions to take should the event happen using
available resources and contingency plan and communication with stakeholders.

3. The responsibilities of the eight business functions

• The eight business functions work together to achieve the business goal.
• Each function carries out specific tasks which are closely linked in order to achieve
the same goal.
• Roles and tasks may change depending on the size/type/stage of growth of the
business.

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 Business functions work together to ensure that the survival and sustainability of the
business.

2 General management
• Sets the overall direction or strategy for the business.
• This function leads, organises and controls all the other functions.
• There are also decisions taken in each level.
• Management has three different levels, each with its own roles and responsibilities.
• Ensures that there is co-ordination among the seven different functions of the
business.

4 ADMNISTRATION FUNCTION

4.1 Purpose of the administration function

• Handling of information and data.
• Administration is responsible for collecting, processing and distributing information
which is used for decision by management.
• Stores/Records information by using recent technology.
• Making general office work such as filing and storing of information.

4.2 Activities of the administration function

Collection of information
• Information is collected from both outside and inside the business
• Correct and reliable information should be available for meaningful decision making
and to run the business successfully.

Handling of information
• It is important for the administrative staff to handle information correctly to avoid
making wrong decision based on wrong information.
• The administration function is responsible for dealing with the following types of
information:
o Accounting Records-can be used to draw up financial statements and
reports.
Keep an up-to date all business transactions

o Cost Accounting- determines whether the product can be sold at a

competitive price considering the manufacturing or production costs
o Budgets- a plan of estimated expenses and income for a specific period

o Statistics-the collected and classified numerical data

Information Technology
• IT is the use of electronic equipment to assist with various administrative tasks.
• Technology is used to both communicate and handle information and referred to as
ICT (information and communication technology).

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Office Practice
• Office practice refers to how the administrative staff should handle their duties
• It covers matters such as the dress code for employees/ proper filing of documents/
telephone etiquette/internet usage by staff etc.

5 Financial Function

5.1 Meaning of the financial function

• Financial function is responsible for planning and managing all the funds and assets
of the business.

5.2 Purpose of the financial function

• The financial function determines how much capital the business needs.
• Establishes the sources for acquiring the capital.
• Decides how to invest/allocate the capital funds in the business
• Ensures that the business can generate enough income to cover the cost of raising
capital
• Prepare financial statements to present to the bank/investors to convince them that
the business is financially healthy

5.3 Reasons why businesses may need finance •

Businesses need to find the best investments
• Businesses need to source funding.
• Audit and control the spending of the finances
• Plan so that finances are spent in the most efficient way.
• Allocates the necessary funds to the different department.
5.4 Sources of financing
Bank loans
• This is money borrowed from the bank and will be repaid over a period of time.
• The money is repaid with an interest.
• The entrepreneur who borrowed the money will attach his/her fixed asset as surety to
the value of the loan.
• Bank loans are usually used for long-term financing.

Bank overdraft
• It is the short -term loan added onto the account of the entrepreneur. It is also repaid
with an interest over a set period of time.

Asset-based loan
• The money lent to successful businesses that want to expand further.
• The loan is used to purchase an asset and that asset belongs to the lender until it is
fully paid off.
• If the money is not paid back, then the lender will take that asset.

Grants
• This is money provided by government to small businesses that are developing.
• The money does not have to be paid back if it benefits the community.
• The government want to see small developing businesses benefiting the community
and the environment in some way.

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Receivable finance
This is a loan provided to businesses while waiting for payment of the goods /service
provided to avoid a cash flow shortage.
• The loan is equal to the outstanding invoices that are due.

Angel funding
• This is money offered by wealthy entrepreneurs to other businesses for a share in
that business.
• This is usually used at the start of a business and carries a high risk for the investor.

Venture Capital
• This is money offered by individuals or organisations to start up or expand the
business.
• This is done in exchange of a share in the business.
• The investor usually requires for a management position or to be a board member in
the business
NOTE: You must be able to identify the sources of financing from given
scenarios.
5.5 Types of capital
Fixed capital
• Money pays fixed assets, e.g. land and buildings etc.
• Finance long term capital needs of the business.
• Examples: capital market, selling shares, mortgage bonds etc.

Working capital/operating capital

• Money pays for day to day activity, e.g. trading stock, raw materials, etc.
• Finance the short term capital of the business.
• Examples: money market, credit allowed by suppliers, short terms loans etc.

Own capital
• It is money provided by the owners of the business. It could come from their own
savings or the sale of their assets or investors e.g. personal savings and venture
capital

Borrowed capital
• It is money borrowed from financial institutions like banks or person. The money
should be paid back with interest. E.g. bank loan, bank overdraft

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5.6 Differences between a fixed and working capital

FIXED CAPITAL WORKING CAPITAL

- Money pays fixed assets, e.g. land and - Money pays for day to day activity,
buildings etc. e.g. trading stock, raw materials, etc.
- Finance long term capital needs of the - Finance the short term capital of the
business. business
- Examples: capital market, selling shares, - Examples: money market, credit
mortgage bonds etc. allowed by suppliers, short terms
loans etc.

5.7 Differences between owned and borrowed capital

OWNED CAPITAL BORROWED CAPITAL

- Owner provides capital - Obtained from financial institutions

- Permanent capital as company is not - Temporary capital as it is to be repaid

under obligation to repay the amount. after a fixed period.
- It is not a liability for a business. - It is a liability for a company.
- Return on capital .is on profits. - Return on capital is paid in the form of
interest.

6 PUPLIC RELATIONS

6.1 Meaning of the public relations

• The public relations is responsible for keeping all stakeholders of the business
happy.
• It ensures that there is good communication between the business and all its
stakeholders

6.2 Importance of public relations

• Businesses get publicity for promotional events and information through media.
• News conferences may be called to release information which will ensure the survival
of the business.
• Employees may volunteer to spend time with people in need at
orphanage/hospitals/schools etc.
• Businesses can sponsor community events.
• Produce annual reports that review business activities and achievements.
• Brochures van be used to distribute information.
• Networking a popular form of public relations direct contact with employees or
telephonic communication.
• Attend network events and talk about the business product.
• Use corporate social responsibility as a public relations activity involving communities
to get positive exposure.

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6.3 Differences between external and internal public relations

EXTERNAL PUBLIC RELATIONS EXTERNAL PUBLIC RELATIONS
-Creates a good company image and -Creates a good company image and
awareness to those outside of the awareness to employees in the company.
company.

6.4 Methods of public relations

Media
• Businesses get publicity for promotional events and information through media.
• Includes advertising and the distribution of about the business

Direct contact
• Information about the business is passed on to the members of the public who have
dealt with the business previously.
Direct contact with employees or telephonic communication is a popular form of
public relations.

Brochures
• Excellent way of distributing information in a cost effective way.

Exhibitions
• The business is introduced to the public and meet existing customers in shopping
centres

Social responsibility
• The business uplifts the community as the community support the business by buying
their product.

Transit advertising
• Advertising on vehicles such as taxis, busses, vans etc.

Use of the telephone

• A potential customer phones the business to enquire about something, the person
answering the phone is perceived as the business.
• If the potential customer is pleased with when information that was required, then that
person can r to be the important customer.

7 PURCHASING FUNCTION

7.1 Meaning of the purchasing Function

• The purchasing function plays an important role in buying quality raw materials and
services for the business
• It should continuously look for suitable, new and better suppliers
• It should place orders with suppliers and follow up on them to ensure that the ordered
products are delivered on time.

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• It ensures that ordered goods are delivered at the agreed price, right quantities and
right quality.
7.2 Purpose of the purchasing function
• Manage stock to ensure sufficient levels of stock to carry out business operations.
• Continuously looking for the best/reputable suppliers.
• Regular make contact with other business departments to determine their needs.
• Send damaged goods back to the supplier and see to it that it is replaced.
• Receive confirmation that all goods were according to specifications and the price
invoiced as the quoted price.
• Negotiate the best possible term of payment with suppliers.

7.3 Activities of the purchasing function

• Purchasers should have expert knowledge of the product they need to buy and about
the market in which they operate.
• Find out the needs other business department
• Look for suitable, new and better suppliers.

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Ensure that there is enough stock available for continuous production and sales.
Place orders with suppliers and follow up on them.
• Ensure that ordered products are delivered on time.
• Send damaged products back to the suppliers and see to it that they are replaces.
• Buy the right amount of stock/quantity so that the business does not run out of
stock.
• Buy goods from the best supplier, who supply the goods at the right time and place
• Get the best price for the quality that the purchasing function requires
• Keep the correct stock levels of stock on hand
• Record the cost prices and selling prises of stock
7.4 Purchasing procedure

Determine the need for the product/Requisition

• Liase with the financial department to establish the budget for the purchasing of
goods and services.
• Determine the product/material/ resource needs of the businesses.
• Find the right quality/ quantity of goods and services at the right price and at the
right time.

Determine the price of the product

• Find the best price by obtaining quotes/tenders or making enquiries

Select/Choose a suitable supplier

• The purchasing department should choose reliable suppliers for its raw
materials/products.
• Evaluation criteria based on quality of raw material/prices/delivery time, should be
used to select the best suitable supplier.
• The purchasing department should conduct a thorough investigation about potential
suppliers /their reputation and reliability.

Place an order
• The purchasing function should place an order in writing so that goods delivered can
be compared with the order.
• Confirm the prices of the products on order to avoid unexpected surprises when
payments are made.

Collect or receive the order

• The purchasing department should ensure that the right orders are received and
recorded.
• The quality and quantity of stock received should be checked against the order.
• The purchasing department should keep a copy of a delivery note for records
keeping purposes.

Pay the supplier

• Purchasing department instructs the financial department to pay the supplier after
delivery of the order.
• The supplier must provide copies of the requisition form to the purchasing
department.
• Purchasing department must provide a delivery note to the financial department.
The supplier sends the invoice to the financial department for final payment after
satisfactory delivery.

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Distribute stock
• The purchasing department should ensure proper distribution of stock/raw materials
to all relevant departments.
• Distribution of stock should be in line with pre-requisite orders from each department
to avoid stock loss.

Complete the order

• Ensure that all the correct documentation is in place and filed for future reference.

7.5 Differences cash payment and credit payment

CASH PAYMENT CREDIT PAYMENT

• Cash payment refers to all • Credit payment refers to all

payments made by cash/ cheque payments made by means of credit
for business purchases cards/on future date for business
purchases.
• Cash payment enable businesses • Credit payment allows businesses to
to budget for stock purchases and buy stock and pay on a future date. .
avoid unnecessary delays
• Cash payers can qualify for cash • The credit payer can pay more for
discounts. goods due to interest added on
credit purchases.

7.6 Importance of stock

• Enables businesses to determine the amount/value of stock.
• Businesses can check the cost and selling price of products
• Ensure that there is enough stock to meet the normal demand of customers.
• Keep the correct levels of stock on hand.
• Record the cost prices and selling prices of stock.
• Identify theft in the business when physical stock count is compared with the
electronic stock control system.

7.7 National Credit Act/NCA and Consumer Protection Act/CPA

7.7.1 Definition of the NCA

• The NCA was introduced to provide both credit provides and credit applicants
with clear guidelines regarding their rights and responsibilities.
• This Acts applies to all businesses that sell on credit.
7.7.2 Purpose of the NCA
• Promotes the development of a credit market that is accessible to all South Africans
• Encourage responsible buying
Avoidance of over-indebtedness and fulfilment of credit providers and consumers
Address and correct imbalances in negotiating power between consumers and
credit providers
• Discourage reckless credit granting by credit providers
• Educate consumers on making the right choice when applying for credit
• It gives guidelines within which the different kinds of credit transactions must take
place in South Africa

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7.7.3 Consumer rights outlined in the NCA

Consumers have a right to…

• Apply for credit.
• Receive information in one’s official language.
• Be protected unfair discrimination in granting credit.
• Be given reasons why an application for credit is refused.
• Be informed about the interest rate and any other costs of the proposed credit
transaction.
• Receive a copy of a credit contract and a replacement copy when the consumer
asks for one.
• Apply for debt counselling if a customer has too much debt.

7.7.4 Responsibilities of credit providers

• Credit providers should conduct a credit assessment on the consumers’ affordability.
• Check the most recent pay slip or bank statement to ensure the consumer has an
income.
• Check the consumer’s monthly debt-repayment obligations in terms of credit
agreements.
• Take into account other expenses of the consumers.
• Consider the consumer’s debt-repayment history

7.7.5 Remedies of the NCA

The Consumer Tribunal

• The Consumer Tribunal is responsible for reviewing decisions made by the National
Credit Regulator (NCR), the National Consumer Commission (NCC).

National Consumer Commission

• The National Consumer Commission is responsible for promoting compliance with
the NCA and CPA through advocacy and enforcement.
• Protects the economic welfare of consumers.

Ombudsman
An ombudsman is an independent person with authority and responsibility to
receive/investigate/formally address complaints from consumers.

7.7.6 The impact of the National Credit Act on businesses

Positives/Advantages
• Lower bad debts resulting in better cash flow.
• Protects business against non-paying consumers.
• Increases cash sales as credit can only be granted to qualifying customers.
• Prevents reckless lending by financial institutions.
Ensures that businesses settle their debts on time so that they can obtain good
credit scores.
• Ensures that credit process is transparent e.g. both businesses and customers know
their responsibilities.

AND/OR

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Negatives/Disadvantages
• Businesses are forced to budget to keep more cash/have enough cash on hand for
stock purchases.
• Businesses can no longer take the risk of selling poor quality goods at high prices.
• Businesses can no longer carry out credit marketing.
• Leads to loss of sales as many businesses may no longer qualify to buy on credit.
• Businesses can only buy limited stock as credit is not available resulting loss of
customers.
• The Act complicates the purchasing process due to too much administration work in
the credit providing process.
• The purchasing department must know the terms and conditions of credit granting
and the National Credit Act.
• It may take longer to purchase goods and this could influence the overall efficiency
of the business.
• The Act compels businesses to sell quality products or businesses may be forced to
reimburse the consumer.

7.8 The Consumer Protection Act/CPA

7.8.1 Definition
• The consumer Protection Act was introduced to prevent consumers from
exploitation.by businesses.
• This Acts ensures the full participation of previously disadvantaged individuals in the
economy.
• It applies to all businesses which sell goods and services to consumers.

7.8.2 Purpose of the Consumer Protection Act

• Promotes responsible consumer behaviour.
• Strengthens a culture of consumer rights and responsibilities
• Establishes national standards to protect consumers.
• Establishes a National Consumer Commission (NCC).
• Ensures that consumers have access to information they need to make informed
choices.
• Provides guidelines for better consumer information and to prohibit unfair business
practices.
• Empowers consumers to take legal action if their rights are not upheld.
• Promotes consumer safety by protecting them from hazardous products/ services.
• Promotes fair/accessible and sustainable places for people to sell their products.
• Promotes consistent laws relating to consumer transaction and agreement.
• Promotes the rights and full participation of historically disadvantaged individuals as
consumers.
• Protects consumers against contracts that include unfair terms which limit the
liability of suppliers.

7.8.3 The impact of Consumer Protection Act on businesses

Positives/Advantages
 Businesses may be safeguarded from dishonest competitors.
• Businesses may be protected if they are regarded as consumers.

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• Prevents larger businesses from undermining smaller ones.

• May gain consumer loyalty, if they comply with CPA.
• Enables businesses to resolve disputes fairly through the National Consumer
Commission/Consumer Court/Industrial ombudsmen
• Businesses may build a good image if they ensure that they do not violate consumer
rights.
AND/OR

Negatives/Disadvantages
• Confidential business information may become available to competitors.
• Penalties for non-compliance may be very high.
• Businesses may feel unnecessarily burdened by legal processes.
• They have to disclose more information about their products and processes/services
• Staff need to be trained /Legal experts need to be consulted, which can increase
costs

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