Unit 1 Introduction to Computer

Expected Duration: 2hrs

Introduction
In this lecture you will learn about information and Communication Technology (ICT), as you know, we
are now in information age and every aspect of our life depends on information technology. Therefore in
this course you will learn about definition of computer, its historical development. You will also learn
about great computer scientist who contributed to development of computer.

its applications in different areas of human endeavour such as banking, education, science, health,
agriculture etc. The course will also take you through memory lane of computer developmental stages and
characteristics.

Learning Outcome for Unit 1

At the end of this unit, you should be able to:

1.1 Define computer

1.2 Explain historical development of computer
1.3 Explain the contributions of the great computer scientist to developments of computer.

1.1 The Meaning and Characteristics of Computer

1.1.1 Definition of Computer
There is no doubt that man is highly gifted and is of high capabilities and potentials. In fact, man
is truly an amazing being and a master of inventions. He constantly uses the power of his
imaginations and inventions to solve problem in his environment. A lot technologies have been
developed, be it television, vehicle, camera, radio etc. are his inventions. Computer is not an
exemption, it is one of the inventions of this amazing being. Therefore, what is a computer? A
computer is an electronic machine used in solving problem. This definition of computer that you
just read is just a simple definition, it does not say enough about computer. This is because not all
electronic machines are computer. You should also note that computer is not just physical
equipment that you can only see or touch, it is also made up of parts you cannot easily see like the
program. Now in a more encompassing manner, let us define computer. Computer therefore, is an
electronic device (calculating machine) that is capable of accepting data (Input), process the data
logically or arithmetically using some sets of instructions (Processing) and release result
(Output).
In another way a computer can be defined as an electronic machine that solves problem by
applying prescribed instructions on data represented to it. To the present day generation,
computer has different meaning to different group of people. The use to which it is put
determines the understanding attached to it. It is common for different group to see it differently
because of differences in usage. As you study along, bear it in mind that computer is not
composed just a machine, but it is a collection of interrelated parts which are able to transmit
information to one another
 Fig 1.1: to be inserted

1.2 Historical Background of Computer

1.2.1 ABACUS

Historically, computing may be considered to have begun with ABACUS, which originated about 5,000
years ago. During the Middle age, the abacus was used throughout the European and Arab Worlds as well
as in Asia. The design is simply a wooden rack holding parallel wires on which beads are strung.
Calculations can be performed manually by sliding (beads or blocks) along the parallel wires (rods). The
counters are divided into two sections by means of a bar perpendicular to the rods. One section has two
counters, representing 0 and 5 depending upon their position along the rod. The second section has four or
five counters, representing units. Each bar represents a significant digit, with the least significant digit on
the right. Another computing instrument, the ASTROLABE, was also in use about 2,000 years ago for
navigation.
 Fig 1.2: abacus

1.2.2 BLAISE PASCAL

Going by the popular saying that “necessity is the mother of invention, a young man by name Blaise
Pascal invented the first calculating machine age at the age of 19 years during the 17th century, 1642 to
be precise. His invention was in response to his desire to assist his father in his cumbersome business
account works that involved a lot of calculations. Pascal’s machine was able to carry out only addition
and subtraction of numbers. It utilized a mechanical gear system to add and subtract, with as many as
eight columns of digits.

Between 1663 and 1666 Sir Morland in England unaware of Pascal’s machine invented three machine out
of which only one was used for British currency addition, pounds and shillings, the two other machine
were devices which provided access to pre – calculated tables.

1.2.3 GOTFRIED WILHELM LEIBNITZ

In 1694 the German mathematician Leibnitz developed a more advanced mechanical calculator. His
calculator called Stepped Reckoner could also multiply, divide and extract square roots. This calculator’s
first working model was completed 100 years later in 1794 and exhibited at Royal Society in London.

1.2.4 CHARLES BABBAGE

After Leibniz’s machine proved unreliable, by the 1830’s Charles Babbage an English inventor developed
the first automatic digital computer called Analytical Engine. The new device was able to combine
arithmetic process of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division with decisions based on its own
computations. Most of the basic elements of the modern digital computer was found in Babbage’s engine
which includes punched –card input/output medium, arithmetic unit, memory for storage of numbers and
sequential control. Charles Babbage invention marked the beginning of modern computer architectural
design. Considering this great achievement he was referred to father of modern computer. Although he
was not able to implement his design because of level of technology as at his time.

1.2.5 GEORGE BOOLE

The essays written during the mid-19 th century by Boole was of greater significance. He called attention
to the analogy between the symbols of algebra and those of logic as used to represent logical forms.
Boole’ system with its binary logical operators (e.g. AND, OR and NOT) became the basis of what is
now known as Boolean algebra on which electronic computer switching theory and procedures are based.

1.2.6 HERMAN HOLLERITH

Introduction of punched cards in 1880 by Herman Hollerith a U. S. Statistician who worked on census
return was another major step in computer development. He recognised the possibility that a pattern of
holes in perforated sort and manipulate electrically by a machine specially designed to sort and
manipulated the numerical data represented by the holes. By the U. S. Census of 1890, Hollerith had
invented a tabulating system that automated census count. As stated earlier Hollerith’s system had
accomplished in one year and seven months what it would have taken a hundred clerks seven years and
eleven months to do. Hollerith left the census bureau in 1896 to form the tabulating Machine Company
which was eventually changed to the International Business Machine Corporation (IBM), which today
stands out as one of the largest computer manufacturer in the world.

Fig 1.3: punch card

1.2.7 AUTOMATIC CALCULATOR

In 1939 John V. Atanasoff, a U. S. Mathematician and Physicist built what some consider to be a
prototype of an electromechanical digital computer. That same year Howard Aiken of Harvard
University, in association with engineers of International Business Machine Corporation began work on a
fully automatic large-scale calculator using standard business machine components. By 1944 the first
calculator called Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, commonly known as Mark-1 was made.
Later Mark-2 and Mark-3 were built on similar line.

Fig 1.4: Automatic calculator

Another machine called ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and calculator) which consists of
switches and interconnecting wires was built around 1939, this was mainly for calculating trajectories and
could also be used in other computations. The use of paper tape for data entry into these machines was
slow and did not allow the machine to operate at full speed. Similarly there was a need to make programs
available internally along with the data, to take advantage of the high speed inherent in electronic
systems. Large memory was designed in Cambridge by M. V. Wilkes. His machine called EDSAC
(Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator) was used for the training of a whole generation of
computers oriented mathematicians at Cambridge. Between 1945 and 1950, EDVAC (Electronic
Discrete Variable Computer) was designed. This machine emphasized the idea of stored program. By
1948 a prototype machines at Manchester was completed. Later, companies like IBM, Remington Co-
operation ICL and many other joined in producing computer in commercial quantities.
 Fig 1.6: ENIAC

 Can you highlight the contributions of the great computer scientist you have read about?
o Go over unit 1.2
 Do you know why Charles Babbage contribution was unique?
o He proposed the architecture of the modern computer

Scientific and military applications were the first areas to which the computer was put to use to aid
problem solving calculations, especially during war. Presently it is also widely used for planning and as
an aid to business. Because of its wide area of application it can be said to be a general purpose machine.
It performs its data-processing operations accurately at high speed with little or no human interventions
by loading it with different packages or programmes. It is also called an automatic device and has the
ability to perform calculations, sort Files, and Edit information.

It must be noted that its compatibility to solve any given problem is limited by the instruction supplied. A
problem that has no solution from human point of view also has no solution in the computer realm. Hence
it can be said to an extension of human mind, though in speed and accuracy, it performs better. This view
is not true because it has no mind of its own, it cannot start itself, and its ability to solve problem is
limited by logic or steps supplied by the programmer. There is also a high degree of reliability in its
processing operations and performance of repetitive operations.
It stores vast quantities of information and also retrieves any given volume within a very short time gap.
One major advantage is the ability to take some decisions by altering the flow instructions.

Due to speed and accuracy of processing, computer machine are fast more becoming more popular and
there is increase in their demand n the world over. It is currently having a proud influence on science,
business, government, industry, and education.Science and mathematical research have been vastly
accelerated by the use of the computer. In business and government, management practices have been
revolutionized by computer and also because of its ability to process data and present it in a more
meaningful form. The development in the computer industry is so fast that latest developments today may
be out dated within 2 years. This continuous revolution and development in the computer industry makes
it challenging area to be exploded.

Today’s computers come in a variety of shapes, sizes and costs. Larger general-purpose computers are
used by many large corporations, universities, hospitals and government agencies to carry out
sophisticated scientific and business calculations. These computers are generally referred to as
mainframes. They are very expensive (some cost millions of dollars), and they require a carefully
controlled environment (temperature, humidity, etc.). As a rule, they are not physically accessible to the
scientists, engineers and corporate accountants that use them. Mainframes have been available since the
early 1950s, but very few people had any opportunity to use them, particularly in the earlier years. Thus it
is not surprising that computers were viewed mysteriously and with some suspicion by the general public.

The late 1960 and early 1970s saw the development of smaller, less expensive minicomputers. Many of
these machines offer the performance of earlier mainframes at a fraction of the cost. Many business and
educational institution that could not afford mainframe acquired minicomputers as they became
increasingly available. By the md-1970s, advances in integrated circuit technology (silicon “chips”)
resulted in the development of still smaller and less expensive computers called microcomputers. These
machines are built entirely of integrated circuits and are therefore not much larger (or more expensive)
than a conventional office typewriter. Yet they can be use for a wide variety of personal, educational,
commercial and technical applications. Their use tends to complement rather than replace the use of
mainframes. In fact, many large organizations utilize microcomputers as terminal or workstations that are
connected to a mainframe computer (or series of mainframes) through a communication network.
Particular interest is the development of the personal computer a small, inexpensive microcomputer that is
intended to be used by only one person at a time. Many of these machines approach small minicomputer
in power. Moreover, their performance continues to improve dramatically as their cost continues to drop.
Personal computers are now used in many schools and small business, and it appears likely that they will
soon become a common household items.

Summary of Unit 1

In Unit 1, you have learned that:

1. A computer is an electronic device (calculating machine) that is capable of accepting data (Input),
process the data logically or arithmetically using some sets of instructions (Processing) and release
result (Output).
2. Computer was developed through effort and contributions of great computer scientists.

Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs) for Unit 1

Now that you have completed this study session, you can assess how well you have achieved its Learning
Outcomes by answering these questions. You can check your answers with the Notes on the Self-
Assessment Questions at the end of this Module.

SAQ 1.1 (tests learning outcome 1.1)

How can we correctly define computer?

SAQ 1.2 (tests learning outcome 1.2)

Briefly discuss contribution of Charles Babbage and Blaise Pascal.

Name the people who designed the following machines

(i) Difference engine

(ii) Pascaline

Notes on the Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs) for Unit 1

SAQ 1.1: A computer is an electronic device (calculating machine) that is capable of accepting

data (Input), process the data logically or arithmetically using some sets of instructions
(Processing) and release result (Output).

SAQ 1.2: Charles Babbage proposed the architecture of the modern computer while Blaise Pascal

developed a adding machine also known as pascaline.

Difference engine - Charles Babbage

Pascaline - Blaise Pascal

SAQ 1.4: Fist Generation - Vacuum tube.

 Second Generation – Transistor

Third Generation - IC (Integrated circuit)

Fourth Generation – VLSI

Fifth Generation – AI ( Artificial intelligence )

1. The characteristics of computer include: speed, accuracy, storage, integrity, security etc
2. Computer has generations and that each generation is a reflection of its developmental stages.

References

Unit 2 GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER

Expected Duration: 2hrs

Introduction
In unit 1 you learnt definition and historical development of computer. This unit will take you a step
further by learning the developmental stages that computer has gone through. Computer has gone
through stages of design ranging from big size to small size computer, computer that generate heat to
the one that generate less heat, computer with high processing power to computer with less processing
power. These and some other design features are the characteristics of computer generations that you
will learn in this unit.

Learning Outcome for Unit 2

At the end of this unit, you should be able to:

2.1 List five (5) generations of computer

2.2 Explain the generations of computer

2.3 State the distinctive characteristics of each generation of computer

2.1 Generations of Computer

2.1.1 Overview
Since the development of Mark-1, the digital computer has evolved at an extremely rapid pace. The
succession of advances in computer hardware, most notably in logic circuitry and storage system is
generally discusses in term of the concept of generation.
Each stage of development is associated with one sort of technological innovation or another. Each
generation is usually better than the previous by making possible, certain which were not possible with
the earlier generation.
2.1.2 FIRST GENERATION
J. P. Eckert and John W. Mauchly ushered in the first generation of modern-day computers with ENIAC
(Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) in 1946. It was the first all-purpose, all electronic digital
computer. Unlike earlier machines, it used vacuum tube instead of relays as its active logic element.
There was substantial increase in computational speed due to the use of electron tubes. This computer was
more than 1000 times faster than its electromechanical predecessors and could execute an average of
5,000 basic arithmetic operations per second.
In 1974 the Hungarian mathematician John Von Neumann devised a method of converting the ENIAC
concept of an externally programmed machine to that of a stored program concept. This stored-program
concept led to development of the self – modifying computer. Other notable first generation electronic
digital computers included the UNIVAC-1 (Universal Automatic Computer) built in 1951. This also
utilized vacuum tubes, its main memory consisted of mercury relay lines.
This memory system permitted an access time of about 500 micro seconds. UNIVAC-I was first
computer to handle both numerical and alphabetical information with equal ease and assailed the
principle of the separation of input/output from computation per se.
The main problem encountered during the era of the first generation computers was that they occupied
large amount of space and large circuits were involved. Generally, they were slow in operation and
generated a lot of heat with the problem of unreliability compared to other generations. The period of this
generation spanned mid – forties to mid – fifties

Fig 1.7: First generation Computer

2.1.3 SECOND GENERATION
This generation was between late fifties and early sixties. Invention of semi-conductor device known as
TRANSISTORS in electronic engineering led to the development of this generation of computers. After a
series of development in transistors for about 10 years, it became a viable alternative to the vacuum tube.
The small size of the transistor, its greater reliability and its comparatively low power consumption made
it tar superior to the latter.
By using transistors in control, arithmetic and logic circuits along with an improved magnetic core
memory manufacturers were able to produce more efficient, smaller and faster (50,000.00) operations per
second) digital systems.
The transistors helped in building a series of processors operating at microsecond speed ranges with lower
level of generated heat.

Fig 1.7: Second generation computer

2.1.4 THIRD GENERATION

During late 1960’s and 1970’s an important technological innovation resulting in dramatic advances in
computers hardware the breakthrough in the fabrication of the integrated circuit(IC), a solid-state device
consisting of hundreds of transistors, diodes and resistors on a tiny silicon chip. The impact of integrated
circuitry permitted the construction of mainframe (large-scale) computers of higher operating speed,
capacity reliability at substantially lower cost. It also helped the engineers to design mini computers.
The next major development was Large Scale Integration (LSI) which made it possible to pack thousands
of transistors and related devices on a single integrated circuit. This also led to the invention of the micro
– processor which is an integrated circuit on a single silicon chip that contains all the arithmetic, logic and
control circuitry which make up a digital computer CPU. The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the part
of the digital computer that interprets and executed instruction. The development of the CPU into a single
integrated circuit led to the production of microcomputers.
 Fig. 1.8: Third generation computer
2.1.5 .FOURTH GENERATION
The set of computer produced in the 1980’s were referred to as the fourth generation computers. There
is no clear difference between them and the third generation’s. The major distinguishing characteristics or
feature is attributed to the availability of the VERY LARGE-SCALE INTEGRATED (VLSI) as
compared to LSI of the third generation. This technology has vastly increased the circuit density of the
microprocessor, memory and support chips.
Worth of note is the fact that large-scale integrated circuits contain thousands of computers on a silicon
chip less than 0.2 inch (five mm) square, the very large-scale integrated circuit holds hundreds of
thousands of electronic components within the same amount of space. (A micro processor is a central
processing unit fabricated on a chip).
This generation witnessed the flooding of the market with a wide variety of software tools like database
management systems, word processing packages, spreadsheet packages, game packages etc. It also
witnessed the enhancement on networking capabilities in the areas of LAN (Local Area Network).

Fig 1.9: fourth generation computer

2.1.6 FIFTH GENERATION

This generation of computers is yet to be in the market because of the features expected. It is expected
that the architecture of this generation will be a bit different from Von Neumann’s model of the previous
generations.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) should be major feature of this generation such machines would have the
capability to reason, to recognise relationship and to learn and improve their performance on the basis of
 experience. It is also expected that they would not have to be instructed step by step as to how to carry out
specific task as required by current computers. There is hope that simultaneous execution of several
separate operations (e.g. memory, logic and control) by means of numerous integrated circuits in which
millions of CPU, memory, and input/output circuits are combined on a single chip.

Fig 1.9: fifth generation of computer

Manufacturers are expected to produced voice-input device capable of handling connected speech of
larger vocabularies. A summary of the development and the generation of computers from its early days
to the present day showed in the chart fig 1.1.

A summary of the development and the generation of computers from its early days to the present day is
shown in the chart of Fig 1.1

General Mid-forties Late fifties to Late sixties to In the In the future as

timing to early sixties seventies eighties it is not yet in
mid – fifties market

Archite It uses vacuum tubes It uses transistors, It uses fabricated It uses It is expected
cture as its active logic control, Integrated Circuit very Large to be different
elements arithmetic and (IC) Scale from Von
logic circuits Integration Neumann’s
(VLSI) model

Unique Universal Automatic It is an alternative LSI/CPU Artificial

feature Computer to vacuum tube, intelligence
develop (UNIVAC-1) low power (AI)
ment consumption and
reliable
Operati 5,000 basic 50,000,000 Higher Higher Higher
on per Operation per operation per operation/second. operation operation per
speed second second per second second is
 expected
Speed Its access time as It has a micro Higher speed Higher Higher speed
Access 500 micro second second speed speed is expected
time range
Heat A lot of heat & high Low range of heat
Low range of heat Low heat Low heat
generat power consumption consumption and low power generation generation an
ed and power consumption & low low power
power power consumption
consum consumpti
ption on
Memor Large amount of It use small size It contains 0.2inch Expected to be
y Space space and large transistor hundreds of square very small
& amount of circuit is component on silicon
circuit involve tiny silicon chips amp
Space contain
thousands
of
componen
ts
Cost Higher Cost High cost Low cost Relatively Relatively low
low cost

Summary of Unit 2

In Unit 2, you have learned that:

1. Computer has generations and that each generation is a reflection of its developmental stages
2. Each generation of computer has distinctive features: size, heat generation, memory size,
processing speed and the technology used in building the computer of that generation..

Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs) for Unit

Now that you have completed this study session, you can assess how well you have achieved its Learning
Outcomes by answering these questions. You can check your answers with the Notes on the Self-
Assessment Questions at the end of this Module.

SAQ 2.1 (tests learning outcome 2.1)

List five(5) generation of computer you know

SAQ 2.2 (tests learning outcome 2.2)

Explain feature of the fifth generation computer

SAQ 2.3 (tests learning outcome 2.3)

State the unique characteristics of each computer generation?.

Notes on the Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs) for Unit 1

SAQ 2.1: First generation, second generation, third generation, fourth generation and fifth generation.

.SAQ 2.2: See unit 2.1.6

SAQ 2.3: First Generation - Vacuum tube.

Second Generation – Transistor

Third Generation - IC (Integrated circuit)

Fourth Generation – VLSI

Fifth Generation – AI ( Artificial intelligence )

References

Unit 3 Computer System

Expected Duration: 2hrs

Introduction
Now that you have learned history and generation of computer, it is time to study in detail what
computer really look like, its characteristics, uses, application areas and benefits. In this unit you will also
learn types of computer and classifications of computer based on size and purpose and speed..

Learning Outcome for Unit 3

At the end of this unit, you should be able to:

3.1 Explain computer system

3.2 State five (5) characteristics of computer

3.3 Areas of application of computer

3.4.1 State three (3) types of computer

3.5 Classify computer by size, purpose and by speed

3.1 Computer as a System.

Before we discuss computer in detail, there is need for us to learn what a system is. We often
speak of water system, digestive system in biology, computer system and other types of system.
What then is a system? A system is a collection interrelated components interacting together to
achieve a goal. Most systems have input, process and output stages as illustrated with the diagram
below.

PROCESS OUTPUT
INPUT
ii

fig3.3: Input-Process-Output system

Input: this is the element that enter the system for processing
Processing: This organises or arranges input into an output
Output: This is the result obtained from processing activities
To facilitate understanding of input-process-output processing in a system we shall use digestive
system, and human body as an illustration

3.1.1 Digestion of food as a System

Digestion of food is the taking in of food through the mouth, breaking down the foods into
soluble forms and wastes by body enzymes and releasing the wastes in form of urine and excreta.
The I-P-O phase in the system involves the following:
Input: foods
Process: breaking down the foods
Output: waste inform of urine and excreter

3.1.2 Human body as a system

You can take a look at the figure 3.4 below. It shows different parts of human body. The parts can
be likened to I-P-O system. That is, it has input, processing and output components

Fig3 .5: Human body system

Input:
- Eyes: for sensing object
- -Ears: for hearing sound
- Mouth : for drinking and eating
- Nose : for breathing in oxygen

Processing
- Brain : for thinking, memorising and controlling the activities of the body
 Output
- Hands: for writing information
- Mouth for speech
- Nose for breathing out carbondioxide

3.1.3 Computer as a system

The definition of computer you read in unit 1 of this module shows that computer is an I-P-O
system. From the definition, computer accepts data (input), processes the data and gives out
results(output). The I-P-O is represented in figure 3.6 below

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Data Execution Results

Figure 3.6: Input-Process-Output-Phase in Computer

Consider this scenario: suppose numbers 10 and 15 are supplied to a computer with an instruction to add
the two numbers. Can you show the I-P-O phase of how computer will carry out this scenario.

The computer will add the two numbers according to the given instruction and generate the required
result which is 25. The I-P-O phase of the addition operation of the two numbers is represented in figure
3.7 below

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

10 and Add 25
25
10 to 15

Figure 3.7: I-P-O PHASE

3.2 Computer System

In our earlier study in unit 1 we gave simple definition of computer. You have also further studied that a
computer is a system. What then is a computer system? A computer system is not a single machine. It
consists of a group of electronic components like monitor, system unit, keyboard, mouse, printer and
other components working together to achieve a particular goal. You can see figure 1.1 for different
components of a computer systems

3.2.1 Characteristics of a Computer System

Computer has some characteristics or features which distinguish them from other machine. These
characteristics constitute the advantages of computer. Below are some of these characteristics
Speed: Computers process information at a very fast rate, the speed of processing is measured in
nanoseconds (billionth of seconds), some also operate faster in picoseconds (trillionths of seconds). Some
processing speeds are of the order of gigaflops.
Access : Computers are used mainly for information processing, but more important access to the speed
stored processed information in more important. They offer the advantage of fast and easy access to store
information. The speed of retrieval however depends on the capacity of the system (computer) and the
peripheral device used.

Extra ordinary task: Computers have the ability to perform tasks that would otherwise not be feasible or
cost effective using conventional means. A good example of this is the ability to solve tedious and long
equations in space program.

Security: Computers are provided with in-built security codes that make it impossible for outsiders to
manipulate the data or record in the computer files. This security helps to check unauthorized access by
other insider except the user.

Storage Space: Every piece of information that is stored within the computer’s memory s encoded as
some unique combination of zeros and ones. These zeros and ones are called bits (binary digits). Each bit
is represented by an electronic device that is, in some sense, either “off” (zero) or “on” (one). Most small
computers have memories that are organized into 8-bit multiples called bytes. Normally 1 byte represents
a character (i.e., a letter, a single digit or a punctuation symbol)

An instruction may occupy 1, 2, or 3 bytes, and a single numerical quantity may occupy anywhere from
2 to 8 bytes, depending on the precision and type of number. The size of a computer’s memory is usually
expresses as some multiple of 2^10 = 1024 bytes. This is referred to as 1k. Small computers have
memories whose sizes typically range from 64k to 1024k (1 mega) bytes.
Take a look at this explanation
If the memory of a small computer is say 64k bytes, then, as many as 64 * 1024 =65,536 characters
and/or instructions can be stored in the computer memory. If the entire memory is used to represent
character data, then about 800 names and address can be stored within the computer at any one time
(assuming 80 characters for each name address). If the memory is used to represent numerical data rather
than names and address, then about 16,00 individual quantities can be stored at any one time (assuming 4
bytes per number). Large computers have memories that are organized into words rather than bytes. Each
word will consist of a relatively large number of bits, typically 32 or 36. This allows one numerical
quantity, or a small group of characters (typically four or five) to be represented within a single word of
memory. Large computer memories are usually expressed as some multiple of 1k (i.e.2^10 = 1024)
words.
 A large computer may have several millions words of memory. Some memories have ability to
store 16,000 or 64,000 bits (pieces of information) and there are others that can store information in the
region of gigabytes (1 gigabyte 1024 * 1024 = 1048576).
Now can you calculate the capacity of this computer in term of data storage?
o If the memory of a large general purpose computer is 2048kb, can you determine the storage
capacity of the computer?
 Then this is equivalent to 2048 * 1024 = 2,097,152 words. If the entire memory is used to
represent numerical data, then roughly 2 million numbers can be stored within the computer at
any one time. If the memory is used to represent character rather than numerical data, then
about 8 million characters can be stored at any one time. This is more than enough memory to
store the content of an entire book.
Most computers also employ auxiliary memory device (e.g. magnetic tapes, disks, solid-state memory
devices) in addition to their primary memories. These devices typically range from a few hundred
thousand bytes (for a small computer) to several million words (for a larger computer). Moreover, they
allow for the permanent recording of information, since they can be physically mounted or dismounted
from the computer and stored when not in use. However the access time (i.e. the time required to store or
retrieve information) is considerably greater for these auxiliary devices than for primary memory.
SPEED AND RELIABILITY: Because of its extremely high speed, a computer can carry out
calculations in just a few minutes that would require month’s perhaps even years – if carried out by hand.
Simple tasks, such as adding two numbers, can be carried out in fractions of a microsecond (1 us = 10-
6s). On a more practical level; the end-of-semester grades for all students n a large University can
typically be processed in just a few minutes of computer time. For example it was estimated that
Hollerith’s system had accomplished in one year and seven months what it would have taken hundred
clerks seven years and eleven months to do.

This very speed is accompanied by an equally high level reliability. Thus a computer practically never
makes a mistake of its own accord. Highly publicized “computer” errors such as a person receiving a
monthly bill of a programming error or an error in data transmission rather than an error caused by the
computer itself. In computer systems, output could be described as 100% reliable if the input is correct.
Hence the saying garbage-in, garbage-out (what you send n, is what you must expect).
Activity 1.1
Take a moment to reflect on what you have read so far. Based on your learning experience, and knowing
that computer has a lot characteristics which make them to be very useful for daily activities. Can you
mention some of the advantages, individual, organisations and even government can derive from using
computer?

Activity 1.1 Feedback:

The advantages of computer ranges from speed, accuracy, storage capacity, integrity and security. Read
more from unit 3.2.1

3.3. Types and Classifications of Computer

3.3.1 TYPES OF COMPUTERS

There are two basic types of computers namely

(1) Analogue Computers and

(2) Digital Computers.

The analogue computers operate on data represented by variable physical quantities, such as voltages

and are measured continuously.

Digital computer on the other hand works with numbers, words and symbols expressed as digits, which
it manipulates and counts discretely.

ANALOGUE COMPUTERS

An analogue device is defined as one that operates on the principle of similarity in proportional relations
to a process modelled when values are kept constant over a specified range. A computer of this type
solves problems by operating on continuous variables rather than on discontinuous or discrete units as
do digital computers. Analogue computers are similar to a voltmeter in the way they measure values.
They translate various physical conditions such as flow, temperature, pressure, mechanical motion, and
angular position into mechanical or electrical analogue values.
These types of computer uses various types of amplifiers to perform arithmetic operations as
summation and multiplication.

Fig 1.11: Analogue computer

DIGITAL COMPUTERS

A digital computer processes all kinds of data in discrete form i.e numbers expressed directly as the two
digits 0 and 1 of the binary code.
Using various techniques, these two binary digits called “BIT’ can be made to represent numbers, letters,
and symbols. Binary 0110 for example, represents the decimal number 6.
By operating in binary codes, a computer is able to indicate two possible states or conditions. The state
is said to be either ON or OFF, ON stands for 1 and OFF stands for 0. Groups of binary digits are called

BYTES or WORDS.

In computer programming these sets of bytes is what is used to develop both complex and simple sets of
instructions called SUBROUNTINE, ROUTINES and PROGRAMS.
These sets of instruction called programs assist a computer to generate solution for scientific, business
and machine control problems.
A digital computer also has the ability to compare, it also has capacity to make decisions, by using or
employing prescribed criteria.
Examples of typical decision-making instruction to a computer two of such reads thus:
If A multiplied by B is less than X perform program P or if the result of A multiply by B is less than X
perform process Y and add 1 to counter. All the computer will do is to assess the value of the
manipulation and make conclusion without human interference but still following strictly the program or
instruction earlier given.

Fig1.12: Digital computer

3.3.2 CLASSIFICATION

Classification of digital computers depend on the same factors like size, complexity, cost, computation,
retrieval speed, and transmission capability. It must be noted that they all follow certain fundamental
concepts and operational principles.

The principal factor for classifying computers is the processing power.

Using these factors, computer can be classified into three broad categories namely:

(1) Mainframe Computers

(2) Mini Computers

(3) Micro Computers

It must be noted that recent development has made the classification difficult. Recently, some
mini computers and micro computers produced are more powerful than traditional mainframes.

MAINFRAME COMPUTERS

The first and second generation computers commonly referred to as the earliest computers were all
mainframes:

Mainframe computers have the following characteristics;

(i) They are mostly large occupying large floor space.

(ii) Their functional units being physically separated.

(iii) They are general purpose processors capable of handling multiple simultaneous functions such
as batch processing interactive and transaction processing under the control of an operating system.
(iv) They support a wide range of peripheral equipment’, such as printers, including high speed
devices and communication lines.

(v) They are normally housed in air-conditioned rooms surrounded by security measures, run by
team of professional operators.

(vi) They have large memories of say 4 Megabytes with several disk units, each holding 3-6 hundred
megabytes of information.

Mainframe computers are normally used by large organizations such as University and Research
establishments where they supply general-purpose computing facilities.

Banks where large amount of information has to be collected, sorted and distributed also make use of
Mainframe Computers.

Fig 1.13: Mainframe computer

MINI COMPUTERS

The third generation of computers ushered in Mini computers.

A minicomputer is structurally a small version of a mainframe computer.

It is used for low volume applications which require relatively sophisticated computational capability.

The earliest developed mini computers were used for aerospace applications and they appeared in the
market between 1961 – 62.

Generally when an organization decides to decentralize its operation or distribute its computer power to
various stations or locations within user departments, mini computers were the first choice before the
arrival of micro computers.

General characteristics of mini computers:

(i) Easier to install

(ii) Have smaller memory size and word lengths

(iii) Are best suited for dedicated purposes

(iv) Need no complex management structures

(v) Typical word length of 12 -18bits

(vi) The main memory ranges from 256K to 512K. It has ability to expand to several megabytes
(MBs).

Fig. 1.14: Mini computer

MICRO COMPUTERS

Technological advancement that led to the production of LSI made it possible to develop micro
computers.

Micro computer is a small computer consisting of processors on a single silicon chip mounted on a
circuit board together with memory chips, ROMs and RAM chips etc.

Major characteristics are as follows:

(i) A keyboard for the entry of data and instructions

(ii) A screen for display purpose

(iii) Interface for connecting peripherals such as plotters, disc drive, light pen, a mouse e.t.c.

(iv) It has five basic components which include Random Access Memory (RAM), Read Only Memory
(ROM), Input and Output devices, Interface components.

(v) They have word length of 4, 8, 16 bits (some are 32 bits, and they are referred to as super micro
computers)

(vi) They can operate under normal office conditions

(vii) Their main memory range’s from 4K to 256K

(viii) They have facility for add-on memory of up to 1MB

(ix) They are commonly found in homes, schools business, offices etc.
 Fig 1.15: Micro computer

HYBRID COMPUTER

A hybrid computer system consists of a combination of analogue and digital computers.

The earliest hybrid computers were introduced in late 1950’s.

The principle here was the ‘employment of digital machines as a support device for the analogue unit.

Most recent hybrid computers, by contrast are digitally based

The basic components are; -

(i) A digital processor

(ii) A memory for the internal storage of a master digital program and data.

(iii) Primary Input/Output hardware which are video display terminals.

(iv) An electronic keyboards

(v) Interactive graphic devices

(vi) Several analogue units used to provide continuous parallel computational capability

(vii) Provision of converters called Digital to Analogue Converters (ADC) for proper interfacing (This
translates data from the analogue processors into digits of the binary codes) and

(viii) Provision of devices that convert digitally processed information into analogue representation
called Digital to Analogue converters (DAC)

Fig 1.16: Hybrid computer

One major advantage of hybrid system is the offer of greater precision than do analogue computers and
more control capability than provided by digital machines.

3.4 Uses of Computer System

Computer system can be used to do the following

1. Type and print documents

2. Used to send information

3. use to play music

4. can be used to do calculation

5. used to store and process data

6. used to television and listen to radio programme over the internet

3.5 Areas of Application of computer

Computer is applied in almost every aspect of human life and operation. In other word computer has
made their presence felt in almost every speck of life today. Some of the areas where computer has
become very common are:

3.5.1 Commercial application

 Banking sector
 Super markets
 Electricity bill generation
 Transportation
 Alarm system
 Paperless money through credit cards.
3.5.1 Educational Institutions:
 Online examination
 Open distance learning format
 Processing examination result
 Computer aided learning
3.5.2 Broadcasting Services
 Use of computer in receiving urgent news
 Runtime reporting as done during parliament elections or sports events
3.5.3 other Applications include
 space technology
 field of medicine
 applied science and technology
 in industrial research
Summary of Unit 3

In Unit 3, you have learned that:

1. a system is a collection of elements working together to achieve a particular goal
2. A computer is a system made up of input, processing unit and output
3. There are different types of computer; analogue, digital and hybrid computer
4. Computer can be classified by size, purpose and speed.
5. Computer can be used to process, store and transmit data
6. Computer has its applications in different areas : banking, education , medicine, industries etc

Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs) for Unit 3

Now that you have completed this study session, you can assess how well you have achieved its
Learning Outcomes by answering these questions. You can check your answers with the Notes on the
Self-Assessment Questions at the end of this Module.

SAQ 3.1 (tests learning outcome 3.1)

Define a system. Mention two input and two output and one processing unit in human body

SAQ 3.2 (tests learning outcome 3.2)

State five characteristics of computer

SAQ 3.3(tests learning outcome 3.3)

Mention five areas where computer can be used

SAQ 3.4 (tests learning outcome 3.4)

Describe the type of computer

SAQ 3.5 (tests learning outcome 3.5)

Name class of computer system

Notes on the Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs) for Unit 2

SAQ 3.1: A system is collection of a components working together to achieve a goal

Input:
- Eyes: for sensing object
 - Mouth : for drinking and eating

Processing
- Brain : for thinking, memorising and controlling the activities of the body

Output
- Hands: for writing information
- Mouth for speech

minicomputers and micro computers

Classifying computer by purpose we have general purpose and special purpose computer

SAQ 3.2 (tests learning outcome 3.2)

The characteristics of computer are :

- Speed
- Storage
- Reliability
- Extra ordinary task
- security

SAQ 3.3(tests learning outcome 3.3)

Areas where computer can be used are:

- banking
- transportation
- education
- broadcasting
- electricity billing
- cashless system

SAQ 3.4 (tests learning outcome 3.4)

The types of computer are :

Analogue ,digital and hybrid computers

SAQ 3.5 (tests learning outcome 3.5)

If you classify by their sizes:

- Mainframe computer
- Mini computer
- Micro computer
Refences

Unit 4 Hardware Components of Computer

Expected Duration: 2hrs

Introduction
In this unit you will learn about hardware components of computer. The hardware components are
physical components of computer system.

Learning Outcome for Unit 4

At the end of this unit, you should be able to:

4.1 explain computer hardware

4.2 List five (5) examples of input unit

4.3 List four examples of output unit

4.4 Explain the two main types of computer memory

4.1. Computer Hardware Components

HARDWARE COMPONENTS:

The diagram of Fig 2.1 shows the general organizational structure of a computer and Fig 2.2 illustrate
the general functional components of a computer, namely the hardware, which comprises two basic
sections; the central processing unit (CPU) and the peripheral unit. The central processing unit
comprises the memory control unit and the arithmetic/Logical unit

Fig.1.18: Hardware Components

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)

The CPU consists of the Memory unit, Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), control unit (CU).
The CPU is commonly referred to as the heart of the system without it no system can function. It is the
minimum hardware a subsystem can use.

Fig. 1.19: Central Processing Unit

CONTROL UNIT

This unit co –ordinate’s the activities of the units of the system and ensures that the instructions contain
in its programs are executed in proper sequence, it also controls the activities of various input/output
devices.

Fig 1.20: Control unit

The operations carried out by the control unit while executing a single instruction may be summarized
as follows:

(a) Obtain the ‘address of memory for the current instruction to be obeyed from the Program
counter

(b) Copy the instruction from its location in memory into the Instruction Register.

(c) Increment the Program Counter so that it now contains the address of the next instruction to be
obeyed.

(d) Decode the instruction from its pattern of binary digit to determine what operation is to be
carried out, using the Instruction Decoder.

(e) Execute the Instruction using the ALU.

(f) Go back to step (A).

 Control Arithmetic/Logic
Input Unit Unit Output
Device Device

MEMORY

Fig. Parts of a computer hardware system.

Control Arithmetic/ Logic

EEEDF Unit Unit
Input Output
Program Output Data Device
Device
Buffer
Input Data
Buffer
Fig Data flow in a computer system.

ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC UNIT

The Arithmetic and Logic Units (ALU) consists of two units,

(i)The Arithmetic Unit: This unit performs arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division etc.

(ii) The Logic Unit: This unit performs logical operations such as the comparison between numbers,
shifting of values from one area to another. It is sometimes called the “mill” for the computer data
processing

Fig 1.21: ALu

STORAGE UNIT
The term bit is used as shorthand for binary digit. Digit computer system stores one character of data in
each memory cell. The total of the eight-bit group is known as a byte (pronounced “bite”).Every byte
represents one of the characters in the computer character set. For this reason, the term byte and the
word character are nearly synonymous. Byte, however, has the more technical connotation of
comprising eight bits”.
Each byte consists of a zone and a digit which identify the character represented. A byte, therefore,
consists of two four-bit parts. Processor speed is also governed by the amount of data that can
processed in one cycle. This is measured in term of access width, meaning the number of binary digit, or
bits, that can be transferred or processed at one time. Computers represent data using binary coding
schemes made up of zeros and ones. One character- a letter of the alphabet or a number, for example-
requires eight bits, called a byte.
A processor with an access width of 8 bits transfers one byte or one character per cycle. A processor
with a 16-bit access width transfer two bytes.
The second is twice as fast as the first. Access width is governed by the bus, an electrical
conductor that connects all of the hardware system component. Computer system have two buses. One
connects all of the peripheral input/output devices to the CPU and the primary storage to the processor.
The IBMPC ,for example ,uses the 8088 processor which is manufactured by Intel. The 8088 has an
internal bus of 16 bits, which means that data are transferred within the processor at a rate of one byte
per cycle.
IBM’s PC uses the Intel 80286 processor which has both internal and external buses of 16 bits. The Alpha
Micro, another microcomputer, employs internal and external buses with access width of 32 bits each.
The IBM system 38, a mainframe computer, uses a 48-bit bus.
Most manufacturer of large range computer, such as Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) and
IBM, manufacture their own processors. Producer of microcomputers and some Minicomputers
typically use processors manufactured by firms that specialize in the production of processors. In the
United states, which dominates the market for these devices, there are but a few manufacturers of
processors. Intel produces the 8088 (BM Display Writer word processor), and several other more
powerful processors MOS Technology Produces the 6502 processor, an 8-bit device used n the Apple II
and Franklin computers. Motorola manufacturers the 68000, a 32/16 (meaning 32-bit internal and 16-bit
external bus) used in the Apple Machintosh Zilog manufacturers the Z80 processor, an 8-bit processor
used n many microcomputer.
MAIN MEMORY (PRIMARY STORAGE)
Every digital computer has a main memory that holds data and instructions for immediate use
by the central processing unit.
The main memory receives this information from an input device or an auxiliary storage apparatus. In
addition, it accepts and temporarily stores data from the control and arithmetic/logic unit of the CPU.
The primary storage device is generally a high speed random-access memory (RAM) whose access is
time independent of the sequence in which buts of information were stored.
Each communication between any two units passes through the memory unit. Before the
computer can solve any problem must be loaded into the memory unit.

Fig.: 1.22: Main memory

THE PERIPHERAL UNIT:
The unit consists of the input, Output unit and auxiliary storage.
INPUT UNIT
The Input units provides the medium by which data is fed into the computer.
It accepts input data and transmits the data as a series of electrical pulses into the computer’s
memory unit. An input unit consists of an input device and input medium.
The input device include card reader, terminal keyboard, punched paper tape reader, Magnetic
Ink Character Recognition (MI CR) or (OCR) etc.

Fig 1.22: Input Unit

OUTPUT UNIT
The Output unit provides the medium by which results of computer operations or processed
information are transmitted to the user.
Information acceptance s in computer readable form and presents it in human readable form. Output
unit consists of an output device and output medium .Output device include line printer, terminal
monitor, card punch. While output media include line printer, paper, terminal screen, punched card.

Fig 1.23: Output units

AUXILIARY MEMORY
This is also called auxiliary storage unit. This secondary auxiliary storage device comprises a
basic part of a digital system’s peripheral equipment.
They can store much larger amounts of information that can a main memory but it has the disadvantage
of operating at lower speeds.
It s an external storage of data and programs in computer readable form. It is made up of a drive
unit and a storage medium. A storage medium provides the medium on which information is actually
stored, it include floppy diskette, magnetic tape reel, magnetic disk pack etc. A drive unit provides the
mechanism for the system unto a storage medium. Storage medium can be removed e.g hard disk.

Summary of Unit 4

In Unit 4, you have learned that:

1. Computer is made up of hardware components and that these components are the physical part
of computer system
2. The hardware components are the input units, processing unit, control unit, memory units and
output units Computer can be classified by size, purpose and speed.
3. Examples include monitor, keyboard, system unit, memory etc

Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs) for Unit 4

Now that you have completed this study session, you can assess how well you have achieved its
Learning Outcomes by answering these questions. You can check your answers with the Notes on the
Self-Assessment Questions at the end of this Module.
SAQ 4.1 (tests learning outcome 4.1)

Explain hardware components of computer.

SAQ 4.2 (tests learning outcome 4.2)

List five (5) examples of input unit

SAQ 4.3 (tests learning outcome 4.2)

List four examples of output unit

SAQ 4.4 (tests learning outcome 4.2)

Explain the two main types of computer memory

Notes on the Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs) for Unit 4

SAQ 4.1: Physical components of computer. Read more units 4.1

SAQ 4.2: Examples of input units are: keyboard, mouse, scanner, digitising tablet, digital camera,
joystick, microphone and light pen.

SAQ 4.3: Examples of Output units are: monitor, printer, graph plotter, projector and speaker.

SAQ 4.4: The two main memories of computer are:

ROM - Read only memory

RAM -Random access memory

References

Unit 5 Software Components of Computer

Expected Duration: 2hrs

Introduction
In this unit you will learn about software components of computer. The software components are the
invisible part of computer system which you cannot see physically. It is a collection of program and
procedures that direct the computer on what to do.
Learning Outcome for Unit 5
At the end of this unit, you should be able to:

5.1 explain computer software

5.2 Differentiate between system software and application software

5.3 explain operating system

5.1. Computer Software Components

5.1.1 SOFTWARE COMPONENTS

Software is a generic term for all sorts of programs that run on the hardware system. The hardware
system on its own is just a bunch of electrical gadgets which at best could deliver a fatal electric shock
when powered. It is the software that drives the hardware.

The software is designed to exploit and provide the potential capabilities of the hardware to the
intending user.

5.2. CLASSIFICATION

Software’s are classified into two major groups

Systems programs and

Application programs

5.2.1 SYSTEM PROGRAMS

These refer to the suite of programs that facilitate the optimal use of the hardware systems
and/or provide suitable environment for the writing, editing, debugging, testing and running of user
programs.

Usually every computer system comes with a collection of these suites of program which are provided
by the hardware manufacturers. They constitute an essential part of any computer system. Examples of
these class or programs are:

The operating system, the Language Processor, Loaders, Editor etc. We will deliberate on some of them
below

5.2.2 OPERATING SYSTEM (OS)

An Operating System (OS) is a suite of programs acting as an interface between the users of computer
on one hand and the hardware on the other. It provides the users with features that make it easier for
him to code, test, and execute, debug and maintain his program while efficiently managing the
hardware resources. One of the suit called the EXECUTIVE PROGRAM remains resident in the main store
and controls all other program. Running a user program involves several steps like;

Initiation of language processor

Provision of data

Initiation of execution of object program

Removal of results

If a computer system has no OS, it follows that most of these tasks will be carried out by the operator.
In essence, the processor will be idle most of the time which again will affect the through output of the
system. The operating System precludes this by reducing the operators intervention to the bearest
minimum. Some of the functions of the operating systems are as follows

Resource sharing

Provision of virtual machine

Input/output handling

Memory management

Filing system

Protection and error handling

Program interaction

Program control

Accounting of computing resources

TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM

SINGLE-USER SYSTEM: They provide machine for only one user at a time. Example are OS in
microcomputer or PC like CIVIP, PC-DOS AND MS-DOS.

PROCESS CONTROL: Control by a computer of an industrial process such as oil refinery. The common
feature of basic control is the use feed-basic. The main function of such an OS is to provide maximum
reliability with minimum operator intervention and to ‘Fail Safe’ in case ofa hardware malfunction.

FILE INTERROGATION SYSTEM: Here there is a large set of data which is interrogated for information and
answers provided without involving the users in the details of implementation. Area of application
includes Management Information System(MIS).
TRANSACTION PROCESSING: Large amount of data that is frequently being modified e.g. airline seat
reservation and banking. There can be several users accessing a data item simultaneously; the operating
system gives each user the impression that he is the sole user of the data item.

GENERAL PURPOSE SYSTEM: Use by computers having a large number of users performing wide range of
tasks. They operate in batch or multi-access mode. In batch mode you do not interact with your program
when it is running while on multi-access you can interact with your program while running. Examples
include XENIX,VAX, MVS and VM operating systems.

5.3 LANGUAGE TRANLATORS

A language is a set of notation used for communication. A programming language is a set notation in
which we express our computer programs. At the initial state of computer development programs were
hard to write, read debug and maintain. In an attempt to solve these problems other computer
languages were developed.

However, computers can run programs written into machine language. There is therefore the need to
translate programs written in these other languages into machine language. The suite of the programs
that translates programs written in these other languages to machine language is called LANGUAGE
TRANSLATORS. The initial program written in a language different from machine language is called the
SOURCE PROGRAM and its equivalent in machine language is called the OBJECT PROGRAM. The three
examples of classes of language translators are Assembler, Interpreter, and Compiler.

ASSEMBLERS

An assembly language is a set of notations using symbols or mnemonics that are easily readable, to
write computer programs.

An assembler is computer programs that accepts source program in assembly language and produces an
equivalent machine language program called the object program or object code. Each machine has its
own assembly language. Machine language of one machine cannot run on another machine.

INTERPRETERS

An interpreter is a program that accepts a program in a source language, reads, translates and execute it
one line at a time.

COMPILERS

A compiler is a computer program that accepts a source program in one high-level language, reads and
translates the entire user’s program into an equivalent program in machine language called the object
program or object code.

The stages in compilation include:

Lexical analysis
Syntax analysis

Semantic analysis

Code generation.

For each high-level language there is a different compiler. We can therefore talk of COBOL compiler,
FORTRAN compiler etc. A compiler also detects syntax errors, errors that arise from the use of the
language. Compilers are portable e.g. a COBOL compiler on one machine can run on a different machine
with minimum changes.

UTILITY SOFTWARE

This is a set of commonly used programs in data processing department also called service or General
purpose programs.

They perform the following operations:

FILE CONVERSION

This covers data transfer from any medium to another making an exact copy or simultaneously editing
and validating. For example, a copy from a magnetic tape to a disk.

FILE COPY

It makes exact copy of a file from one medium to another lot or the same medium e.g copy from one
area of disk pack to another area.

FILE REORGANIZATION

It involves cleaning the computer memory by reorganizing cylinder and bucket indexes which
transferred and placed records back into their home buckets.

FILE MAINTENANCE

It enables user to insert and delete records into or from sequential files. It also allow user to rename
files and amend standing data

SORTING

It provides certain parameters and requests the machine to arrange a set of records into a certain order
(ascending or descending) using some keys.

DUMPING ROUTINE
This program transfers a working program and its data into backing storage at regular intervals, from
where the program can be relocated using a restart program.

LIBRARY PROGRAMS

A given problem usually can be broken down into sub problems. The solution to these sub-problems put
together provides solution to the original problem. Many such sub-problems cut out across problem. A
set of program s for such common sub program written and stored in computer backing storage is called
a LIBRARY OR PROGRAM. A user requests the use of any of such program through a command to the
operating system.

5.4 APPLICATION PROGRAMS

A business package is a complete suite of programs with its documentation covering a business routine,
it is usually supplied by a software house or a manufacturer either on lease or purchase or dealers in
computer hardware/software. It is usually intended to meet the needs of a wide range of a user
company.

Typical examples include;

Accounting Packages: This application covers sales ledger, invoicing, inventory control payroll, fixed
assets, purchased ledger, other processing and nominal ledger to mention a few. Examples are SAGE
which has a number of packages, SAGE payroll II, SAGE account and SAGE financial controller compact
which contains COMPACT Daybook compact accounts, compact nucleus and compact payroll.

Word Processing Packages:

Examples are Word Perfect, WordStar, Display writer, Professional writer, LOTUS manuscript, MS-word,
LOGO script, MS, MM advanced II

(3) Spreadsheet Packages:

A spreadsheet is a sheet of paper ruled into a grid of rows and columns on which you can do financial
(numeric) calculations. A spread sheet calculator program does exactly the same thing on the screen of
your computer. Examples are: LOTUS 1-2-3, Quarto Pro, Super calc, MS Multiplan, Prof, Plan, Informix,
Excel, and VP Planner.

(4) Utilities

They do same job as the utility software, we have just discussed and more like undeleting and
compressing a file, reading writing a file sector by sector such that it would not work successfully if
copied. It is a kind of copyright. Examples are: NORTON, PC Tools, Copy Writer, LOTUS Magellan, Side Kic
Pulse, Sideways and Utilities V4.5.

(5) Integrated Packages

They are programs or package that performs a variety of different processing operation using that is
compatible with whatever operation is being carried out. They perform a number of operations like
word processing, database management and spread sheet processes. Examples are: Office writer,
Logistics symphony, Framework, Enable, Ability, Smart ware II, Microsoft works V2.

(6) Graphic Packages

These are packages that enable you to bring out images, diagrams and pictures. Examples are PM. PM
plus, Graph Writer.

(7) Database Packages

It is software for designing, setting up and subsequently managing a database. (A database is an

organized collection of data that allows for modification taking care of different user view). Examples are
D base II, III, IV, FoxBASE, R base Data Perfect, Paradox I11 and Revelation Advanced.

Summary of Unit 5

In Unit 5, you have learned that:

1. Computer is made up of software component which is the part of computer which is not visible. It
is the program or instruction which control activities of computer.
2. Software can be divided into system software and application software.
3. Operating system is an example of a system software

Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs) for Unit 5

Now that you have completed this study session, you can assess how well you have achieved its
Learning Outcomes by answering these questions. You can check your answers with the Notes on the
Self-Assessment Questions at the end of this Module.

SAQ 5.1 (tests learning outcome 5.1)

Explain computer software

SAQ 5.2 (tests learning outcome 5.2)

Differentiate between system software and application software

SAQ 5.3 (tests learning outcome 5.3)

Explain operating system

Notes on the Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs) for Unit 5

SAQ 5.1: The software components are the invisible part of computer system which you cannot see

physically. It is a collection of program and procedures that direct the computer on what to

do.

SAQ 5.2: system software controls the activities of computer hardware and the execution of computer
programs while application software are the users programs

SAQ 5.3: An operating system is a collection of programs acting as an interface between the computer
users and computer hardware.

References

MODULE 2

Unit 1 Introduction to Data Processing

Expected Duration: 2hrs

Introduction
In this unit you will learn about data processing. You will learn the differences between data and
information. You will be exposed methods and mode of data processing.

Learning Outcome for Unit 1

At the end of this unit, you should be able to:
1.1 Explain data processing
1.2 Differentiate between data and information.
1.3 List and explain stages involved in data processing cycle
1.4 Explain operational modes in data processing
1.1 What is Data Processing?
Data processing is the manipulation of data into usable information. In computer terms, this is done on
databases and includes data entry and data mining. Data are raw facts and figures collected from events
or other sources. Data need to be processed or organised, so that they become meaningful and useful.
The processed data is referred to as information
1.2 Data Processing Cycle
The data processing cycle is the order in which data is processed. There are four stages;
Data collection
Data input
Data processing and storage
Data output
1.3 Method of data Processing
The stages or activities of converting organising data into information may be done in the following ways
Manual method: this involves human efforts. The operations are performed using brain to think, it could
be using calculator for calculation. It also involves using writing material to write, using drawing material
to draw. It is suitable for volume of data.
Mechanical Method: It involves the use mechanical machines to process data. The use of adding
machine to update ledger is a good example
Electronic Method: This method involves the use of electronic devices like computer system. This
method is suitable for processing large volume of data. The advantages of this method lies in its speed,
accuracy and large storage.
1.4 Computer mode of processing data
Real time processing: In real-time processing data entered into computer are processed and the result is
generated immediately. This time of processing is common in banking operation
Time-Sharing: In time sharing the system is interactive, it allows users to process data independently on
a single computer at the same time. This method allows a user to share resources of computer with
other user
Batch Processing: This type of processing allow user to submit data or job to be processed over a given
period of time before the processing takes place. The type of technique is suitable for large volume of
data.
Distributed Processing: In this method some of the processing devices and procedure are situated in
different locations. The processing devices are connected together by transmission facilities

Summary of Unit 1

In Unit 1, you have learned that:

1. Data processing is the manipulation of data into usable information.
2. Data are raw facts and figures collected from events or other sources.
3. The processed data is referred to as information

4. There are four stages involved in data processing cycle: data collection, data input, data
processing, data output.
5. Data processing method can be manual, mechanical and electronic
Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs) for Unit 1
Now that you have completed this study session, you can assess how well you have achieved its
Learning Outcomes by answering these questions. You can check your answers with the Notes on the
Self-Assessment Questions at the end of this Module.

SAQ 1.1 (tests learning outcome 1.1)

Explain data processing

SAQ 1.2 (tests learning outcome 1.2)

Differentiate between data and information

SAQ 1.3 (tests learning outcome 1.3)

List and explain stages involved in data processing cycle

SAQ 1.4 (tests learning outcome 1.4)

Explain operational modes in data processing

Notes on the Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs) for Unit 1

SAQ 1.1: Data processing is the manipulation of data into usable information.

SAQ 1.2: Data are raw facts and figures collected from events or other sources while processed data
is information
SAQ 1.3: Go over 1.2

SAQ 1.3: Go over 1.4

References

Unit 2 Number System

Expected Duration: 2hrs

Introduction
In this lecture you will learn about number systems and conversion. There are basically four number
systems commonly used in computer, binary, octal, decimal and hexadecimal. You will learn how to
convert from one number system to another.

Learning Outcome for Unit 2

At the end of this unit, you should be able to:
2.1 List the four commonly used number systems

2.2 work with different number systems

2.1 Number Systems

NUMBER SYSTEMS

There are four common number systems namely: binary, octal, decimal and hexadecimal systems. The
number of digits used in the number system is referred to as the base. Thus, decimal number system has
a base often because it uses ten digits. Similarly, binary number system has a base of two. The table
below shows the common number systems with their digits and bases.

Table 2.1 Common Number Systems with their digits and bases.

Number Digits Number of

System digits (Base)
Binary 0 1 Two
Octal 0 1 2 3 4 5 67 Eight
Decimal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 789 Ten
Hexadecimal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 789 Sixteen
A B C D E F

2.1.1 Binary number System

Binary number system has only two digits: 0, 1. It has a base of 2. Examples are: 101, 1001 and 1011.
These binary numbers are written as 101 2, l00l2 and 10112 (or 101lwo, 1001 two and 1011two) respectively.
The subscript 2 indicates the base number.

2.1.2 Octal number System

Octal number system has eight digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. It has a base of 8. Examples of octal number
are 176, 405, 260 and 737. They are written as 176s, 405 8, 2608 and 7378 (or 176eight, 405eight 260eight and
737eight) respectively. The subscript 8 indicates the base number.

2.1.3 Decimal number System

Decimal number system uses ten digits: 0, 1, 2, 3,4, 5,.6, 7, 8, 9 and has a base of 10. Example of decimal
number is 4958. This number may be written as 4756 10. 4756 means 4 thousands, 7hundreds, 5 ten
and 6 units.

= 4x1000 7x100 5x10 6x1

= 4xl03 + 7xl02 + 5xlO1 + 6x10°

= 4756.
2.1.4 Hexadecimal Number System

Hexadecimal number system uses sixteen digits namely:

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F.

It has a base of 16. The first ten digits are equivalent to the decimal digits. The alphabets A, B, C, D, H
and F represent 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15 respectively.

Thus, A=10, B = H, O12, 11=13, 1-14 and F=15. Examples of hexadecimal number system are 8F 16 35B16
10E16 and C916

2.2 Conversion From Decimal System To other Number System

The following procedure is used to convert from decimal system to another number system.

Divide the decimal number by the new base,

Continue dividing until you reach»zero (0).

Write down the remainder each time you divide; and

List the remainder figures starting from the last to the first in successive order to arrive at the required
answer.

Example

Convert (i) 25.

Solution

(i) 25 to binary (base 2)

25-2=12 Rem. 1

12÷2= 6 Rem. 0

6÷2=3 Rem. 0

3÷2 = 1 Rem. 1

1÷2=0 Rem. 1

2510 to binary = 110012

Now that you have been able to work through the examples above. Can you try this? Convert 737 10 octal
numbers

The solution to the question is 13418.

Now cross check your answer with solution below.

Solution

737 to octal (base 8)

737 ÷8 = 92 Rem.

92÷8 = 11 Rem. 4

11÷8= 1 Rem. 3

1 ÷8 = 0 Rem. 1

73710 to octal = 13418

More examples

Convert the following decimal numbers to hexadecimal numbers,

(i) 1046 (ii) 268

Solution

(i) 1046 to Hex (base 16)

1046÷16 = 65 Rem. 6

65÷16= 4 Rem. 1

4÷16= 0 Rem. 4

104610 to Hex = 41616

(ii) 268 to Hex (base 16)

268÷16 = 16 Rem.l2=C

16÷16 = 1 Rem. 0

1÷16 = 0 Rem. 1

26810 to Hex = 10C16

2.3 Conversion From Any Number System To Decimal Number System

It is possible to convert from any number system to decimal system. Each digit in the number system is
multiplied by the base number raised to various powers as you will see in the examples The results of
the multiplication are added up to arrive at the required answer.

Examples

Convert the following binary numbers to decimal numbers.

(i) 11012 (ii) I10112

Solution

11012 to decimal numbers

1 x 23 = 8

1 x 22 = 4

0 x 21 = 0

1 X 20 = 1

11012 = 13

01102 to decimal numbers

0 x23 = 0

1 x 22 = 4

1 x 21 = 2

0 x 20 = 0

01102 = 6

Convert 1058 to decimal numbers.

Solution

(i) 105s to decimal number.

1 x8 2 = 64

0x81 = 0

5x81= 5 .

1058 = 69

Now, let us test how far you have understood the subject again. Convert 2608 to number in base ten. If
you have worked it correctly, your answer should be 176. Compare your working steps with the one
below

2x82 = 128

6x81 = 48

0x80 =0

2608 = 176

Example

Convert the following hexadecimal numbers to decimal numbers.

41616 (ii) 35F16

(i) 4l616 to decimal number

4x 162 = 1024

1 x 161 = 16

6 X 160 = 6

41616 = 1046

(ii) 35F16 to decimal number

3 x 162 = 768

5 x 161 = 80

F x 160 = 15=F

35F16 = 863

Summary of Unit 2
In Unit 2, you have learned that:

The units of counting are known as number system.

There are basically four systems of counting. Binary, octal, decimal and hexadecimal.

We can convert number systems from one to the other

Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs) for Unit 2

Now that you have completed this study session, you can assess how well you have achieved its
Learning Outcomes by answering these questions. You can check your answers with the Notes on
the Self-Assessment Questions at the end of this Module.

SAQ 2.1 (tests learning outcome 2.1)

List the commonly used number

SAQ 2.2 (tests learning outcome 2.2)

Convert the following hexadecimal numbers to decimal numbers:

9B16 (ii) 10C16

SAQ 2.3 (tests learning outcome 2.3)

Convert the following binary numbers to decimal numbers.

(i)O1102 (ii) 1002

Notes on the Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs) for Unit 2

SAQ 2.1: The commonly used number systems are : Binary, octal, decimal and hexadecimal
SAQ 2.2:
(i) 9B16 to decimal number
9 x 161 = 144
B x 160 = 11=B
9B16 = 155
(ii) 10C16 to decimal number
1 x 162 = 256
0 x 161 = 0
C x 160 = 12=C
10C16 = 268

SAQ 2.3:

(i) 01102 to decimal numbers

0 x23 = 0
1 x 22 = 4
1 x 21 = 2
0 x 20 = 0
01102 = 6
(ii) 1002 to decimal numbers
1 x 22 = 4
0 x 21 = 0
0 x 20 = 0
=4
References

Unit 3 Units of Measurement and Data Representation in Computer

Expected Duration: 2hrs

Introduction
In this lecture you will learn about how to measure capacity of memory media in computer system.
You will learn the concept of bit, byte and character in information storage. its applications in
different areas of human endeavour such as banking, education, science, health, agriculture etc. The
course will also take you through memory lane of computer developmental stages and characteristics.

Learning Outcome for Unit 3

At the end of this unit, you should be able to:

3.1 know units of measurement in computer

3.2 Define bit and byte

3.3 List 3 data representation schemes commonly used in computer

3.1Unit of Measurement
3.1.1 Definition

The capacity of storage media, disk files and computer -memories are measured in kilobytes,
megabytes or gigabytes. Below are the units of measurement in computer.
3.1.2 Measurement units in computer.
4 bits = 1 Nibble
8 bits (23 bits) = 1 byte.
1024 bytes (210 bytes) = 1 Kilobyte (Kb).
1024Kb (220 bytes) = 1 Megabyte (Mb).
1024Mb(230 bytes) = 1 Gigabyte(Gb)
1024Gb(240 bytes) = 1 terabyte (Tb)

The table below shows Volume capacity of common storage media.

Storage Medium Volume Capacity
Diskette A diskette stores 1.44 millions characters(outdated)

Compact disc (CD) CD stores 650 or 700 millions of characters. It has volume capacity of
650Mb or 700Mb. CD can record music for a period of 74 minutes.

Hard disk The volume capacity of hard disk varies. It may have capacity of 4.3Gb,
10Gb, 20Gb, 40Gb or more.

Flash disk The volume capacity of flash disk varies. Its capacity ranges from 64Mb to
Digital video 1Gb or
disk DVD hasmore.
volume capacity of 4.7Gb.
(DVD)

BIT
A bit is either 0 or 1. The full meaning of bit is binary digit. Remember that bit is the language which
the computer understands. Any information entered into the computer is first translated into bits by
a compiler in the computer before they are stored in the computer memory. Bit is the minimum
representation of data and information.
A two-binary digit, e.g. 01, is a 2-bit number.
An eight-binary digit, e.g. 10110010, is an 8-bit number.
BYTE
A byte is a memory location in the computer. It stores eight bits of data. 8 bits = 1 byte. For example:
10111010 is one byte. It consists of 8 bits.
CHARACTER
Character is an alphabet, a number or a symbol.
Alphabets: a through z or A through Z.
Numbers: 01234 56789
Symbols: @ (%, - +? #)
Blank spaces are regarded as characters. The table below shows number of bytes required to store
characters and numeric values
Type of Value Number of bytes used for storage
1 character 1 byte
1 integer 2 bytes
1 single precision 4 bytes
1 double precision 8 bytes

How many bytes are required to store the following information?

(i) A single precision value 5462. (ii) An integer value 68.
Solution
(i) 5462 is one single precision value.
One single precision value requires 4 bytes for storage,
(ii) 68 is an integer value.
One integer value requires 2 bytes for storage.
WORD
One unit of information is usually made up of 8, 16 or 32 bits. This unit of information is referred to
as a word. Thus, a 16-bit word is equal to 2 bytes while a 32-bit word is equal to 4 bytes. Different
computers use different word-lengths. A word-length of 32 bits is commonly used.
3.2 DATA REPRESENTATION
Data and instructions are entered into the computer in alphabetic and number forms. These entries
are converted to binary digits before the computer uses them. For convenience, computer uses
coding schemes to represent numbers, alphabets, special characters and symbols in bits. The
common coding schemes are binary coded decimal, extended binary coded decimal interchange
code and American standard code for information interchange, (i) Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) uses
4 bits (22 bits) to represent numbers, (ii) Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC)
is an~8-bit coding scheme. It uses 8 bits (2 3 bits) to represent numbers 0-9, letters and special
characters. For instance, 1111 0101 represents 5 and 1100 0010
represents uppercase letter B. (iii) American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) uses
256 bits (28 bits) to represent numbers 0-9, letters, special characters, mathematical
symbols and keyboard characters.
o Complete this table
1024 bytes ? kilobytes
? kilobyte 1 megabyte
32- bit word ? byte

 Check this table to see if you are right

1024 bytes 1 kilobyte
1024 kilobytes I mega byte
32-bit word 4 bytes

Summary of Unit 3

In Unit 3, you have learned that:

The capacity of storage media, disk files and computer -memories are measured in kilobytes,
megabytes or gigabytes.

Define bit as strings of 0’s and 1’s. While a byte is combination of 8-bit. A byte is equivalent to a
character

The three (3 ) data representation schemes are commonly used in computer:

Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) uses 4 bits (22 bits) to represent numbers,

Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC) is an~8-bit coding scheme.

American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) uses 256 bits to represent character

Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs) for Unit 1

Now that you have completed this study session, you can assess how well you have achieved its
Learning Outcomes by answering these questions. You can check your answers with the Notes on the
Self-Assessment Questions at the end of this Module.
SAQ 3.1 (tests learning outcome 3.1)
How many bits make (i) one byte, (ii) one nibble?
SAQ 3.2 (tests learning outcome 3.2)
How many bytes are required to hold the following in the computer
memory?
(i) Computer. (ii) software. (iii) A single precision number 567.
(iv) Two integer number. (v) 16-bit word
SAQ 3.2 (tests learning outcome 3.3)
List three coding scheme commonly used in computer

Notes on the Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs) for Unit 3

SAQ 3.1: 8 bits make 1 byte , 4 bits makes 1

SAQ 3.2: (i) Computer. - 8bytes

software. - 8 bytes
A single precision number 567 - 4 bytes.
(iv) Two integer number. – 4 bytes
(v) 16-bit word – 2 bytes
SAQ 3.3: (i) Binary Coded Decimal (BCD)
Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC)
American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)

References

Unit 4 Computer Network

Expected Duration: 2hrs

Introduction
In this lecture you will learn about connection of computer system together to share and exchange
information. This interconnection of computers is called computer network. Different types of
computer networks will be taught. You will also learn computer network topologies.

Learning Outcome for Unit 3

At the end of this unit, you should be able to:

4.1 Define a computer network

4.2 Explain different types of computer network

4.3 Identify different computer network topologies

4.4 State four (4) advantages of computer network

4.1 COMPUTER NETWORKS

Definition
Computer network is a collection of computer systems linked together by means of communication
line in order to share resources. The communication line may be ordinary cables, telephone lines or
broadcast channels. Each computer system in the network is referred to as a node. The figure 1
below is an example of a computer network.

Figure 1: Typical Computer Network

4.2 TYPES OF NETWORK

There are three major types of network. They are local area network (LAN), metropolitan area
network (MAN), and wide area network (WAN)
4.2.1 Local Area Network
In a LAN, the computer systems are situated in the same locality or premises within few meters
away from each other. The computers are usually linked with ordinary cables.
4.2.2 Metropolitan Area Network
Computers in metropolitan area network (MAN) are few kilometres away from each other. They are
usually situated within the metropolis, community or city. The computers in this network are
connected to each other with communication equipment.
4.2.3 Wide Area Network
Computers in WAN are spread over a wide area. They may be several kilometres away from each
other. Because of the distance, computers in this type of network are linked with telephone lines or
broadcast channels.
4.3 NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Computers in a network are connected or linked together in different ways. The structure of physical
connections in the network is called topology. Now let us have a look and discuss some of these
typologies.

4.3.1 Star Connection Method

In star topology every computer is connected to the central computer. The computer in the network
also communicate with each other through the central placed computer. Figure 2 is an example of
Star topology structure

Figure 2: Star topology structure

Take a look at this explanation

Activity 4.1
Take a critical look at the above star topology structure, can you explain what happen to the
network if the central computer is down

Activity 1.1 Feedback:

Of course communication among the computer becomes difficult

Read more from unit 4.3.1

4.3.2 Ring Connection Method

Computers in the network are connected together in a ring form as shown in figure 3 below.
Information sent by any of the computers is passed round the network until it is received by the
owner of the information.

Figure 3: A Ring Connection.

Activity 4.1
How can you describe the level of security of information in this network (Ring topology).

Activity 1.1 Feedback:

The topology may not suitable for application requiring high level of confidentiality.

Read more from unit 4.3.2

4.3.3 Bus Connection Method

A bus topology consists of a single cable with the terminator at each end. All present nodes are
connected to the single cable. There is no limit to the number of nodes that can be attached to this
network, but the number of connected nodes can actually affect the performance of the network. All
the computers in the network share the same bus. Figure 4 shows a bus topology

Figure 4: A Bus Connection.

4.3.4 Hierarchical Connection Methods

A Hierarchical network topology interconnects multiple groups that are located on the separate
layers to form a larger network. Each layer concentrates on the specified functions, this allows to
choose the right equipment for the layer.

Figure 5: A Hierarchical Connection

4.4 ADVANTAGES OF NETWORK

The main advantages of computer networks are:
(i) Exchange of information.
(ii) Sharing of the same resources.
(ii) Passing messages from one computer in one location to the computer situated in another
location.
(iv) providing access to wide variety of data and information,
(v) reducing cost of running hardware and software for computers within the same locality.

Summary of Unit 4

In Unit 4, you have learned that:

1. A computer network is a connection of computer system linked together to exchange
information.
2. There are three basic types of computer networks: LAN. MAN and WAN
3. There are different network topologies, among which we have star, ring bus and hierarchical
topologies
4. Advantages of computer network include information sharing, resources sharing and
information sharing

Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs) for Unit 4

Now that you have completed this study session, you can assess how well you have achieved its
Learning Outcomes by answering these questions. You can check your answers with the Notes on the
Self-Assessment Questions at the end of this Module.

SAQ 4.1 (tests learning outcome 4.1)

Define a computer network?

SAQ 4.2 (tests learning outcome 4.2)

Mention two types of computer network

SAQ 4.3 (tests learning outcome 4.3)

Name four methods of connecting computers in a network

SAQ 4.4 (tests learning outcome 4.3)

List four (4) major advantages of computer network.

Notes on the Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs) for Unit 4

SAQ 4.1: A computer network is a connection of computer system linked together to exchange
information

SAQ 4.2: Two types of computer networks are: LAN and WAN

SAQ 4.3: Methods of connecting computers in the network are:

(i) Star topology

(ii) Ring topology
(iii) Bus topology
(iv) Hierarchical topology.
SAQ 4.4: Advantages of computer network are :

(i) Information exchange.

(ii) Resources sharing.

(ii) E-mail
(iii) Information access

References
Prasad, K. V. (2009). Principles of Digital Communication Systems and Computer
Networks. Dreamtech Press.

Tanenbaum, Andrew S. (1996). Computer Networks. Prentice Hall.

Hafner, Katie. (1998). Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins of The Internet.

Sodiya, A. S. (2008). Digital Communication and Computer Network –An

Introduction (A handbook).

Leonard, Kleinrock (2005). The History of the Internet.

http://www.lk.cs.ucla.edu/personal_history.html. Retrieved 2009- 05-28.

Mike, Meyers (2007). (6th Ed.). All in One CompTIA A+ Certification Exam Guide.
McGraw Hill.

Barry, J. R. E.; Lee, A. & Messerschmidt, D.G. (2004). Digital Communication. luwer
Academic Publishers.

Friedhelm, Hillebrand (2002). GSM and UMTS- The Creation of Global Mobile
Communications (Ed.). John Wiley & Sons.

Unit 5 The Internet

Expected Duration: 2hrs

Introduction
In this lecture will take you further in the study of computer networks. This unit will expose you to
the largest world network. It is called internet, network of networks.

Learning Outcome for Unit 4

At the end of this unit, you should be able to:
5.1 Define an Internet
5.2 Define the application areas of Internet
5.3 Explain what is World-Wide Web and define its working
5.4 Understand the requirements for Internet Connection

5.1 The Internet

5.1.1 Introduction

The Internet, sometimes called simply "the Net' is a world-wide system of computer networks
through which sharing of information is possible
INTERNETS is defined as network of networks. Just as interstate highway system links one city to
another, similarly the Internet links thousands of computer networks. Similarly Internet too is a pool
of information on matters ranging from books, education, movies, current affairs, sports, arts etc.
5.2 Application areas of Internet
The Internet is very useful, It has its application in different areas of human endeavour. The
following are the areas of applications of the Internet:
Banking has replaced the conventional way of banking. Now we are not required to stand in the long
queues for depositing, withdrawing or updating our account, with just a click of a mouse we can get
the required information, about our bank account.
Online education system no more requires a student to go to the institute and register to attend the
classes, and in fact a student can now not only register and attend the classes but also give
examination for that particular class at the click of a mouse
On line employment system with which job seeker can register and obtain information for use
vacancies with various, companies.
Participating in a discussion about your favourite TV show with like minded people across the globe.
Sending and receiving greetings for various occasions across
globe.
Find out which computer programming languages are ruling industries.
Visit an electronic zoo or a museum.
Download (obtain) some interesting software and try it out.
Publish your portfolio over the net.
5.3 The World-Wide Web
The World Wide Web (WWW) is a large-scale, on-line repository of information that users can search
using an interactive application program called a browser. The World Wide Web is an Internet-based
network of Web servers, A Web Server is the host computer that publishes information for users to
view. In other words, we can define World Wide Web as a universal database of knowledge.
When we connect to a Web Server we get information in the form of a PAGE. A PAGE displays
information in the-'form of text, graphics or both. These pages are user-friendly and may contain a
link to other pages that contain more in-depth information about the specific page. The links on
these pages leads you to another page, which may reside on the same or different server.
The Web gets its name because of the complex navigation that a user has to carry out without even
realizing it. The connected text is called 'hypertext" and the page on which it is contained is called a
'Web Page' These web pages are files, similar to those created with a word processor. The difference
is that word processor files have extensions like .DOC [document] or . TXT [text] whereas these web
documents have, a HTML [Hypertext Mark-up Language] extension. These web documents are
stored on computers connected to a network. Many such networks join together to form the
Internet. Let us briefly explain some terminologies related to the internet.
Hypertext :Hypertext is text that 'has connections''. This special text contains the address of another
computer that is part of the WWW. When we click on this text, the browser [a gateway in INTERNET]
understands it as an instruction to get that page from that computer and display it.
Link : A link is the connection from one web page to another using hypertext. These Web Pages are
not physically connected but just contain the address of the page that should be displayed.
HTTP : stands for HyperText Transfer Protocol. It is a" a set of rut
and regulations" that is used to send a page or pages contain hypertext from one computer to
another.
Browser: A browser is an interactive program that permits a user to view information from the
World Wide Web. The information contains selectable items that allow the user to view other
information. Typically a browser is used for the following services.
- Connecting to the source computer whose address is specified in the hyper-link
- Requesting the new page from the source
- Receiving the page
- Closing the connection
- Displaying it to the user after formatting it
Some popular Web Browsers are Internet Explorer, Mozilla, Netscape Navigator and crazy browser
 Now let take a look at this, when you go to a restaurant, you will sit down and go through
the menu list. Normally you will always place your order through the waiter. The Waiter will
take your order to the kitchen for the cook to prepare the dishes. The waiter himself does not
prepare the food he only convey the customer order to the kitchen. After the cook has
prepare the food, the waiter will in turn bring the food to the customer who has placed the
order waiting for the arrival of his order. Can you relate this to how the internet works
o The customer is the user of the Internet in this regard requesting for service, The waiter is
likened to the browser who takes the request of the of the user to the server.The Cook is
 the server who actually produced the request of the customer. The waiter will bring it back
to the customer who is the user

Address: Each computer on the Internet has a unique address of its own. This address is contained in
the hyperlink Text of a document. The browser software uses this address to connect to the server
over the network.
Client: The computer that is requesting for some service from another computer is called the-client.
Server: A server is the computer that actually services the requests of Other Computers. Another
name that is sometimes used for a server is a ‘host’. The server is usually a powerful computer with a
large memory and hard disk containing many thousands of documents. The documents can be HTM
files, they could be sound files, picture files and others).

Summary of Unit 5

In Unit 5, you have learned that:

1. The internet is the world largest network, it is an international network called network of
networks.
2. Internet has its application in different areas of human endeavour ranging from education,
banking, e-mail to hospital information system
3. There are different network topologies, among which we have star, ring bus and hierarchical
topologies
4. The World Wide Web (WWW) is a large-scale, on-line repository of information that users
can search using an interactive application program called a browser
5. Some of the commonly used internet terminology are: Browser, client, server, hypertext,
request etc

Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs) for Unit 5

Now that you have completed this study session, you can assess how well you have achieved its
Learning Outcomes by answering these questions. You can check your answers with the Notes on the
Self-Assessment Questions at the end of this Module.

SAQ 5.1 (tests learning outcome 5.1)

Define the Internet?

SAQ 5.2 (tests learning outcome 5.2)

State five (5) applications of Internet

SAQ 5.3 (tests learning outcome 5.3)

Explain the following www, client and server

Notes on the Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs) for Unit 5

SAQ 5.1: The Internet is a world-wide system of computer networks through which sharing of

information is possible

SAQ 5.2: Five areas of application of internet are:

- Banking
- Online Education
- Online Employment system
- E-mail
- Teleconferencing

SAQ 5.3: The World Wide Web (WWW) is a large-scale, on-line repository of information that users
can search using an interactive application program called a browser.

References