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p-BLOCK (GROUP 13 AND 14)

1. INTRODUCTION
The p–block contains metals, metalloids as well as non–metals. effect for the outer electrons from the increased nuclear charge
The p–block elements have general valence shell electronic in gallium. Consequently, the atomic redius of gallium (135 pm) is
configuration ns2 np1–6. The first member of each group from less than that of aluminium (143 pm).
13–17 of the p–block elements differ in many respects from the 1.3 Ionization Enthalpy
other members of their respective groups because of small size,
The ionisation enthalpy values as expected from the general
high electronegativity and absence of d–orbitals. The first member
trends do not decrease smoothly down the group . The decreases
of a gorup also has greater ability to form p–p multiple bonds
from B to Al is associated with increases in size. The observed
to itself (e.g. C = C, C  C, N  N) and to element of second row
discontinuity in the ionisation enthalpy values between Al and
(e.g C = O, C = N, C  N, N = O) compared to the other members Ga, and between In and Tl are due to inability of d- and f
of the same group. The highest oxidation of p–block element is electrons.
equal to the group number minus 10. Moving down the group,
1.4 Electronegativity
the oxidation state two less than the highest group oxidation
state becomes more stable in groups 13 to 16 due to inert pair Down the group, electronegativity first decreases from B to Al
effect. and then increases marginally. This is because of the
discrepancies in atomic size of the elements.
Group 13 Elements : The Boron Family
1.5 Melting and Boiling Points
Boron is a typical non-metal, aluminium is a metal and gallium,
indium and thallium are almost exclusively metallic in character, M.P. B > Al > Tl > In > Ga
1.1 Electronic Configuration B.P. B > Al > Ga > In > Tl
The outer electronic configuration of these elements is ns2 np1. 2. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
1.2 Atomic Radii
Boron is non-metallic in nature . It is extremely hard and black
On moving down the group, for each successive member one coloured solid. It exists in many allotropic forms. Due to very
extra shell of electrons is added and therefore, atomic radius is strong crystalline lattice, boron has unusually high melting point.
expected to increases. Atomic radius of Ga is less than of Al. The Gallium with low melting point (303 K), could exist in liquid state
presence of additional 10 d-electrons offer only poor screening during summer.
Atomic & Physical Properties
Element B Al Ga In Tl
Atomic Number 5 13 31 49 81
Atomic Mass 10.81 26.98 69.72 114.82 204.38
Electronic configuration [He]2s 2p 2 1
[Ne]3s 3p
2 1
[Ar]3d 4s 4p
10 2 1
[Kr]4d 5s 5p
10 2 1
[Xe]4f145d106s26p1
Atomic Radius/pm 85 143 135 167 170
Ionic Radius M3+/pm – 53.5 62 80 88.5
Ionization enthalpy I 800 577 578 558 590
/(kJ mol )
–1
II 2427 1816 1979 1820 1971
III 3659 2744 2962 2704 2877
Electronegativity 2.0 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8
Density/[g cm-3 (293 K)] 2.35 2.70 5.90 7.31 11.85
Melting point / K 2453 933 303 430 576
Boiling point / K 3923 2740 2676 2353 1730

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3. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
3.1 Reactivity Towards Air
Boron is unreactive in crystalline form. Aluminium forms a very
thin oxide layer on the surface which protects the metal from
further attack. Amorphous boron and aluminium metal on Dimer of AlCl3
heating in air form B2O3 and Al2O3 respectively. With dinitrogen
at high temperature they form nitrides. 5. COMPOUNS OF BORON

2E(s) + 3 O2 (g)  2 E2O3(s) 5.1 Orthoboric Acid (H3BO3)

2E(s) + N2(g)  2 EN (s). 5.1.1 Preparation
Boron trioxide is acidic and reacts with base. Aluminium and It is precipitated by treating a concentrated solution of borax
gallium oxides are amphoteric and indium and thallium are basic. with sulphuric acid.
3.2 Reactivity Towards Acids and Alkalies Na2B4O7 + H2SO4 + 5H2O  Na2SO4 + 4H3BO3 
Boron does not react with acids and alkalies even at moderate 5.1.2 Properties
temperature; but aluminium dissolves in mineral acids and It is a weak monobasic acid and in aqueous solution. The boron
aqueous alkalies and thus shows amphoteric character. atom completes its octet by removing OH– from water molecules:
Aluminimum dissolved in dilute HCl and liberates dihydrogen. B(OH)3(aq) + 2H2O()  B(OH)4– (aq) + H3O+(aq).
However, concentrated nitric acid renders aluminium passive by It, therefore, functions as a Lewis acid and not as a proton donor.
forming protective oxide layer on the surface . Aluminium also
reacts with aqueous alkali and liberates dihydrogen . When heated it first forms metaboric acid (HBO2) and then boron
trioxide.
2 Al(s) + 6 HCl(aq)  2 Al3+ (aq) + 6 Cl–(aq) + 3 H2(g)
 
2Al(s) + 2NaOH (aq) + 6H2O (1)  2Na+ [Al(OH)4]– (aq) + 3H2(g) H 3 BO3   HBO 2   B 2 O3
Metaboric acid Boron trioxide
Sodium tetrahydroxoaluminate (III)
Orthoboric acid is greasy to touch less soluble in cold water but
3.3 Reactivity Towards Halogens
more soluble in hot water. It has a layered structure in which
These elements react with halogen to form trihalides planar BO3 units are joined by hydrogen bonds.
(except Tl I3 )..
2E(s) + 3X2 (g)  2EX3 (s) (X = F, Cl Br, I)
The tri-chlordes, bromides and iodies of all these elements being
covalent in nature are hydrolysed in water. Species like
tetrahedral [M(OH)4]– and octahedral [M(H2O)6]3+ (except in
boron) exist in aqueous medium.
The monomeric trihalides, being electron deficient, are strong
Lewis acids.

4. ANOMALOUS PROPERTY OF BORON

Structure of Boric Acid
It is due to the absence of d orbitals that the maximum covalency (Dotted line represent hydrogen bonds)
of B is 4. Since the d orbitals are available with Al and other
5.1.3 Uses
elements, the maximum covalence can be expected beyond 4.
It is an antiseptic and its water solution is used as an eyewash.
Thus, boron hallides do not dimerise like other elements which
It is also used in glass, enamel and pottery industry.
can form halogen bridged molecules. (Dimer of AlCl3 has 3 centre
- 4 electrons bond)

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5.2 Borax (Na2B4O7.10H2O) Borax-bead test: Boric anhydride reacts with certain metal salts
5.2.1 Preparation such as, Ni2+, Co2+, Cr3+, Cu2+, Mn2+ etc. to form coloured
metaborates. The colour of the metaborates can be used to
It is found in nature but can also be prepared by the following
identify the metallic ions (cations) in salts.
methods.

(i) From Colemanite. Na2B4O7. 10H2O  
10H O
740 º C
Na2B4O7   2NaBO2+B2O3
2

When colemanite powder is heated with Na2CO3 solution, Borax bead

the following reaction occurs with the precipitation of
CuO + B2O3  Cu(BO2)2 (blue bead)
CaCO3.
5.2.3 Uses
Ca2B6O11 + 2Na2CO3  2CaCO3  + Na2B4O7
+ 2NaBO2 (i) In borax bead test

The filterate is cooled when white crystals of borax are (ii) In purifying gold
precipitated. The mother liquor on treatment with CO2 (iii) As flux during welding of metals.
converts NaBO2 to Na2B4O7 which precipitates out on 5.3 Diborane (B2H6)
crystallization.
Binary compounds of B with H are called boron hydrides or
4NaBO2 + CO2  Na2B4O7 + Na2CO3 boranes.
(ii) From orthoboric acid.
Borax is obtained by the action of Na2CO3 on orthoboric
acid.
4H3BO3 + Na2CO3  Na2B4O7 + 6H2O + CO2 

5.3.1 Preparation
(i) 4BF3 + 3LiAlH4   2B2H6 + 3LiF + 3AlF3
ether

silent electric
(ii) 2BCl3 + 6H2 (excess)      B2H6 + 6HCl
disch arg e

ether
5.2.2 Properties (iii) 8BF3 + 6LiH   B2H6 + 6LiBF4
(i) Borax is a white powder, less soluble in cold water, more ether
(iv) 2NaBH4 + 2   B2H6 + 2Na + H2 (Convenient lab
soluble in hot water. method)
(ii) Its aqueous solution is alkaline because of its hydrolysis ether
(v) 3NaBH4 + 4BF3   3NaBF + 2B H (Industrial
450 K 4 2 6
to weak acid H3BO3 and strong alkali NaOH.
method)
Na2B4O7 + 7H2O  4H3BO3 + 2NaOH
5.3.2 Properties
(iii) Action of heat.
(i) Diborane is a colourless gas.
When borax powder is heated, it first swells due to loss of
(ii) It is rapidly decomposed by water with the formation of
water in the form of steam but at 740oC it becomes converted
H3BO3 & H2
into colourless transparent borax bead.
B2H6 + 6H2O  2H3BO3 + 6H2

Na2B4O7.10H2O  Na2B4O7 + 10 H2O (iii) Mixtures of diborane with air or oxygen catches fire
spontaneously producing large amount of heat. Diborane
Na2B4O7   2NaBO2 + B2O3 (borax bead)
740 º C
 has a higher heat of combustion per unit weight of fuel
(iv) Action of acids : than most other fuels. It is therefore used as a rocket fuel.
Na2B4O7 + 2HCl + 5H2O  2NaCl + 4H3BO3 (boric acid) B2H6 + 3O2  B2O3 + 3H2O H = – 1976 kJ mol–1
Correct formula of borax is Na2[B4O5(OH)4] . 8H2O

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(iv) Cleavage reactions 6.1.3 Uses
(a) B2H6 + 2Me3N  2Me3NBH3 (i) For the extraction of aluminium.

200ºC, 20 atm 2BH CO (ii) For making artificial gems.

(b) B2H6 + 2CO   3
(iii) For the preparation of compounds of aluminium.
Heat (iv) In making furnace linings. It is a refractory material.
(v) 3B2H6 + 6NH3 [BH2(NH3)2]+ [BH4]–  2 B3N3H6
+ 12H2 (v) As a catalyst in organic reactions.
In above reaction B3N3H6 is formed it is known borazine
7. INTRODUCTION: GROUP 14 ELEMENTS
(inorganic benzene)
Carbon (C), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), tin (Sn) and lead (Pb) are
the members of group 14. Naturally occurring carbon contains
two stable isotopes:12C and 13C. In addition to these third
isotopes, 14C is also presents , it is a radioactive isotope with
half-life 5770 years and used for radiocarbon dating. Silicon is a
very important component of ceramices, glass and cement.
Germanium exists only in traces. Tin occurs mainly as
cassiterite, SnO2 and lead as galena, PbS. Ultrapure form of
germanium and silicon are used to make transistors and
semiconductor devices.
Excess NH
nB2 H 6  3   BN  7.1 Electronic Configuration
(vi) High temperature n
Diboane Boron nitride
The valence shell electronic configuration of these elements is
Born nitride is known as inorganic graphite. ns2 np2.
7.2 Covalent Radius
6. COMPOUNS OF ALUMINIUM (Al)
There is a considerable increase in covalent radius from C to Si,
6.1 Aluminium Oxide (Al2O3) thereafter from Si to Pb a small increase in radius is observed.
It is also called alumina. It occurs in nature in the form of bauxite This is due to the presence of completey filled d and f orbitals in
and corundum. It is also found in the form of gems. heavier members.

6.1.1 Preparation 7.3 Ionization Enthalpy

Pure Al2O3 is obtained by igniting Al2(SO4)3, Al(OH)3 or The first ionization enthalpy of group 14 members is higher than
ammonium alum. the corresponding members of group 13. The influence of inner
core electron is visible here also. In general the ionisation
 Al O + 3SO 
Al2(SO4)3  enthalpy decreases down the group.Small decreases in iH from
2 3 3
Si to Ge to Sn and slight increase in iH from Sn to Pb is the
 Al O + 3H O
2Al(OH)3  consequence of poor shielding effects of intervening d and
2 3 2
f–orbitals and increases in size of the atom.
6.1.2 Properties
7.4 Electronegativity
It is a white amorphous powder insoluble in water but soluble in
acids (forming eg., AlCl3) as well as alkalies (forming NaAlO2) , Due to small size, the elements of this group are slightly more
Thus amphoteric in nature. It is a polar covalent compound. electronegative than group 13 elements. The electronegativity
value for elements from Si to Pb are almost the same.
Al 2 O 3  s   6H Cl  aq  
Alum inium oxide H ydrochloric acid 8. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
2AlCl 3  aq   3H 2 O  l 
Aluminium chloride All group 14 members are solids. Carbon and silicon are
non-metals, germanium is metalloid whereas tin and lead are soft
Al 2 O 3  2NaOH  aq   metals with low melting points. Melting points and boiling points
Aluminium oxide Sodium hydroxide
of group 14 elements are much higher than those of
2NaAlO 2  aq   H 2 O  l  corresponding elements of group 13.
Sodium aluminate

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Atomic & Physical Properties
Element C Si Ge Sn Pb
Atomic Number 6 14 32 50 82
Atomic Mass 12.01 28.09 72.60 118.71 207.2
Electronic configuration [He]2s 2p 2 2
[Ne]3s 3p2 2
[Ar]3d 4s 4p
10 2 2
[Kr]4d 5s 5p
10 2 2
[Xe]4f145d106s26p2
Atomic Radius/pm 77 118 122 140 146
Ionic Radius M /pm
+4
– 40 53 69 78
Ionization enthalpy I 1086 786 761 708 715
/(kJ mol–1) II 2352 1577 1537 11411 1450
III 4620 3228 3300 2942 3081
Electronegativity 2.5 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9
Melting point / K 4373 1693 1218 505 600
Boiling point / K – 3550 3123 2896 2024

9. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Oxidation State
The group 14 elements have four electrons in outermost shell. 9.3 Reactivity Towards Halogen
The common oxidation states exhibited by these elements are + 4 Except carbon, all other members react directly with halogen
and + 2. Carbon also exhibits negative oxidation states.Since the under suitable condition to make halides.
sum of the first four ionization enthalpies is very high,
compound in +4 oxidation state are generally covalent in nature. Dihalides (MX2) Tetrahalides (MX4)
In heavier members the tendency to show +2 oxidation state Heavier members Ge to Pb are All elements can form
increases in the sequence Ge < Sn < Pb. It is due to the inability able to make halides of formula tetrahalides. However, Pb
of ns2 electrons of valence shell to participate in bonding. (due MX2. doesn’t form PbI4 because Pb-I
to inert pair effects) bond initially formed during the
9.1 Reactivity Towards Oxygen reaction does not release
enough energy to unpair and
All members when heated in oxygen form oxides. There are mainly
excite 6s2 electrons.
two types of oxides.
Monoxides (MO) Dioxides (MO2) Stability of dihalides increases Stability decreases down the
down the group. group.
SiO only exists at high CO2, SiO2, and GeO2 are acidic
temperature. PbX > PbX GeX2 < GeX4
2 4

CO is neutral SnO2 and PbO2 are amphoteric MX2 is more ionic than MX4 Most of the MX4 are covalent
in nature except SnF4 and PbF4.
GeO is distinctly acidic
SnO and PbO are amphoteric Except CCl4 , other tetrachlorides are easily hydrolysed by
water because the central atom can accommodate the lone pair of
Oxides in higher oxidation states of elements are generally more
electrons from oxygen atom of water molecule in d orbital.
acidic than those in lower oxidation states.
9.2 Reactivity Towards Water
Carbon , silicon and germanium are not affected by water . Tin
decomposes steam to form dioxide and dihydrogen gas. Lead is
unaffected by water, probably becauses of a protective oxide
film formation.

  SnO + 2H
Sn + 2H2O  2 2

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10. IMPORTANT TRENDS AND ANOMALOUS 11.2 Graphite
BEHAVIOUR OF CARBON Graphite has layered structure. Layers are held by van der Waal’s
Carbon also differs from rest of the members of its group. It is forces and distance between two layers is 340 pm. Each layer is
due to its smaller size, higher electronegativity, higher ionisation composed of planar hexagonal rings of carbon atoms. C – C
enthalpy and unavailability of d orbitals. bond length within the layer is 141.5 pm Each carbon atom in
hexagonal ring undergoes sp2 hybridisation and make three sigma
Carbon atoms have the tendency to link with one another through
bonds with three neighbouring carbon atoms. Fourth electron
covalent bonds to form chains and rings. This property is called
forms a  bond. The electrons are delocalised over the whole
catenation. This is becauses C–C bonds are very strong. Down
sheet. Electrons are mobile and, therefore graphite conducts
the group the size increases tendency to show catenation
electricity along the sheet.
decreases. The order of catenation is C > > Si > Ge  Sn. Lead
does not show catenation.
Bond Enthalpy Value
Bond Bond enthalpy / kJ mol–1
C—C 348
Si — Si 297
Ge — Ge 260
Sn — Sn 240

11. ALLOTROPES OF CARBON

Carbon exhibits many allotropic forms; both crystallic as well as
amorphous.
11.1 Diamond
It has a crystalline lattice. In diamond each carbon atom
undergoes sp3 hybridisation and linked to four other carbon at-
oms by using hybridised orbitals in tetrahedral fashion. The C-C
bond length is 154 pm. The structure extends in space and
produces a rigid three dimensional network of carbon atoms .In
this structure directional covalent bonds are presents
throughout the lattice. 11.3 Fullerenes
It is very difficult to break extended covalent bonding and Fullerenes are made by the heating of graphite in an electrical arc
therefore, diamond is a hardest substance on the earth. in the presence of inert gases such as helium or argon. Fullerences
are the only pure form of carbon becauses they have smooth
structure without having ‘dangling’ bonds. Fulleren are cage like
molecules. C60 molecule has a shape like soccer ball and called
Buckminsterfullerene.
It contains twenty six -membered rings and twelve five
membered rings. A six membered ring is fused with six or five
membered rings but a five membered ring can only fuse with six
membered rings. All the carbon atoms are equal and they
undergo sp2 hybridisation. Each carbon atom forms three sigma
bonds with other three carbon atoms. The remaining electron at
each carbon atom is delocalised in molecular orbitals, which in
turn give aromatic character to molecule. This ball shaped
molecule has 60 vertices and each one is occupied by one
carbon atom and it also contains both single and double bonds

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with C-C distance of 143.5 pm and 138.3 pm respectively. (iii) Carbon dioxide readily reacts with alkalies forming the
Spherical fullerenes are also called bucky balls in short. It is very carbonate and, if CO2 is in excess, the hydrogen carbonate.
important to know that graphite is thermodynamically most stable This is the basis of the lime-water test for CO2 gas.
allotrope of carbon. Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g)  CaCO3(s) + H2O(liq)
CaCO3(s) + H2O(liq) + CO2(g)  Ca(HCO3)2(aq)
The above reaction accounts for the formation of
temporarily hard water.
(iv) Carbon dioxide, which is normally present to the extent of
~ 0.03% by volume in the atmosphere, is removed from it
by the process known as photosynthesis. It is the process
by which green plants convert atmospheric CO 2 into
carbohydrates such as glucose. The overall chemical
change can be expressed as:

6 CO2 + 12 H2O 

hv
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O
Chlorphyll
Uses of Carbon
(i) Graphite fibres embedded in plastic material form high By this process plants make food for themselves as well as
strength, lightweight composites. The composites are used for animals and human beings. But the increase in
in products such as tennis rackets, fishing rods, aircrafts combustion of fossil fuels and decomposition of limestone
and canoes. for cement manufacture in recent years seem to increase
the CO2 content of the atmosphere. This may lead to
(ii) Graphite is used for electrodes in batteries and industrial
increase in green house effect and thus, raise the
electrolysis.
temperature of the atmosphere which might have serious
(iii) Crucibles made from graphite are inert to dilute acids and consequences.
alkalies.
(v) Gaseous CO2 is extensively used to carbonate soft drinks.
(iv) Carbon black is used as black pigment in black ink and as Being heavy and non–supporter of combustion it is used
filler in automobile tyres. as fire extinguisher. A substantial amount of CO2 is used to
(v) Coke is used as a fuel and largely as a reducing agent in manufacture urea.
metallurgy. (vi) Carbonic acid, which is a weak dibasic acid and ionises in
to steps as follows:
12. COMPOUNDS OF CARBON
12.1 Carbon dioxide (CO2) H 2 CO3  aq   H 2 O  l   HCO3–  aq   H3 O   aq 
12.1.1 Preparation HCO3–  aq   H 2 O  l   CO32–  aq   H 3 O  aq 
(i) In the laboratory it can be conveniently made by the action
H2CO3/HCO3– buffer system helps to maintain pH of blood
of dilute hydrochloric acid on marble chips:
between 7.26 to 7.42
CO32-(aq) + 2H+(aq)  CO2(g) + H2O(l)
12.2 Carbon Monoxide (CO)
(ii) Industrially it is produced as a by-product during the
12.2.1 Preparation
manufacture of quicklime and in fermentation processes:
(i) It forms together with CO2, when carbon or carbonaceous
CaCO3(s)  CaO(s) + CO2(g)
matter is oxidized by air or oxygen. It is also produced when
12.1.2 Properties CO2 is reduced by red- hot carbon; this reaction is of
(i) It is a colourless, odourless and heavy gas which dissolves importance in metal extractions.
in its own volume of water at ordinary temperature and C(s) + CO2(g)  2CO(g)
pressure. Like all gases, it dissolves much more readily in
water when the pressure is increased and this principle is
used in the manufacture of soda water and fizzy drinks.
(ii) CO2 is easily liquefied (critical temperature = 31.1oC)

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(ii) In the laboratory it can be prepared by dehydrating When heated to about 200oC, it decomposes into CO2 and C:
methanoic acid with concentrated sulphuric acid:
C3O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2C(s)
HCOOH (liq)  CO(g) + H2O
373 K
The molecule is thought to have a linear structure:
conc .H2 SO 4
O=C=C=C=O
(iii) If oxalic acid is dehydrated in the same way, CO2 is –2 + 2 0 + 2 – 2 (Oxidation state of each atom)
formed as well.
conc . H2SO 4 ,  13. COMPOUNDS OF SILICON
H2C2O4  – HO CO + CO2
2
13.1 Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)
(iv) On commercial scale it is prepared by the passage of steam
Silicon dioxide, commonly known as silica, occurs in several
over hot coke. The mixture of CO and H2 thus produced is
crystallographic forms. Quartz, cristobalite and tridymite are some
known as water gas or synthesis gas.
of the crystalline forms of silica, and they are interconvertable at
473 1273 K
C (s) + H2O (g)    CO (g) + H2(g) (water gas). suitable temperature. Silicon dioxide is a covalent, three-
When air is used instead of steam, a mixture of CO and N2 dimensional network solid in which each silicon atom is covalently
is produced, which is called producer gas. bonded in a tetrahedral manner to four oxygen atoms.
Each oxygen atom in turn covalently bonded to another silicon
2 C (s) + O2 (g) + 4 N2 (g)  2 CO (g) + 4 N2 (g)
1273 K
atoms. Each corner is shared with another tetrahedron. The
(Producer gas). entire crystal may be considered as giant molecule in which eight
Water gas and producer gas are very important industrial membered rings are formed with alternates silicon and oxygen
fuels. Carbon monoxide in water gas or producer gas can atoms. Silica in its normal form is almost non-reactive because of
undergo further combustion forming carbon dioxide with very high Si – O bond enthalpy. It resists the attack by halogens,
the liberation of heat. dihydrogen and most of the acids and metals even at elevated
(v) Zn + CO2  ZnO + CO temperatures. Howevers it is attacked by HF and NaOH.

12.2.2 Properties SiO2 + 2 NaOH  Na2SiO3 + H2O

(i) Carbon monoxide is a colourless, odourless gas which burns SiO2 + 4 HF  SiF4 + 2 H2O
in air with a blue flame, forming CO2. The highly poisonous
nature of CO arises because of its ability to form a complex
with haemoglobin, which is about 300 times more stable
than the oxygen-haemoglobin complex. This prevents
haemoglobin in the red blood corpuscles from carrying
oxygen round the body and ultimately resulting in death
(ii) Carbon monoxide is a powerful reducing agent, being
employed industrially in the extraction of iron and nickel:
Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g)  2Fe(s) + 2CO2(g)
Quartz is extensively used as a piezoelectric material ; it has made
NiO(s) + CO(g)  Ni(s) + CO2(g) possible to develop extremely accurate clocks, modern radio and
(iii) It reacts with many transition metals, forming volatile television broadcasting and mobile radio communications. Silica
carbonyls; the formation of nickel carbonyl followed by its gel used as a drying agent and as a support for chromatographic
decomposition is the basis of the Mond’s process for materials.
obtaining very pure nickel: 13.2 Silicates
90 º C
Ni(s) + 4CO(g)   Ni(CO)4(liq) A large number of silicates minerals exist in nature. Some of the
180 º C
Ni(CO)4(liq)   Ni(s) + 4CO(g) examples are - Feldspar, Zeolites and Mica
12.3 Carbon Suboxide (C3O2) The basic structural unit of silicates is SiO44– in which silicon
This is an evil-smelling gas and can be made by dehydrating atom is bonded to four oxygen atoms in tetrahedral fashion.
propanedioic acid (malonic acid), of which it is the anhydride, In silicates either the discrete unit is present or a number of such
with phosphorus pentoxide: units are joined together via corners by sharing 1, 2, 3 or 4 oxygen
3 CH2(COOH)2 + P4O10  3C3O2 + 4H3PO4 atoms per silicate units.

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When silicate units are linked together, they form chain, ring, chain compounds.
sheet or three-dimensional structures. In case of simple chains two corners of each tetrahedron are
Negative charge on silicate structure is neutralised by positively shared & they form a long chain of tetrahedron. Their general
charged metal ions. formula is also same as the cyclic silicates i.e. (SiO3)n2n–
13.2.1 Classification of Silicates
(i) Orthosilicates
These contain discrete [SiO4]4– units i.e., there is no sharing of
corners with one another as shown is figure.

Similarly, double chain silicates can be drawn in which two simple

chains are joined together by shared oxygen. Such compounds
are also known as amphiboles.

(ii) Pyrosilicate
In these silicates two tetrahedral units are joined by sharing
oxygen at one corner thereby giving [Si2O7]6– units.

(v) Sheet Silicates

When SiO4 unit share 3 corners the structure formed is an infinite
(–) charge will be present on the oxygen atoms which is bonded two dimension sheet structure with general formula (Si2O5)n2n–
with one Si atom.
(iii) Cyclic Silicates
If two oxygen atoms per tetrahedron are shared to form closed
rings such that the structure with general formula (SiO32–)n or
(SiO3)n2n– is obtained, the silicates containing these anions are
called cyclic silicates.
Si3O96– and Si6O1812– anions are the typical examples of cyclic
silicates.

(vi) Three dimenstional sheet silicates :

These silicates involve all four oxygen atom in sharing with
adjacent SiO44– tetrahedral units. e.g. Quartz.
13.3 Silicones
These are a group of organosilicon polymers, which have (R2SiO)
(iv) Chain silicates
as a repeating unit.
Chain silicates may be further classified into simple chain & double

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The starting materials for the manufacture of silicones are alkyl The polymer chain depicted above is terminated by incorporating
or aryl substituted silicon chlorides, RnSiCl(4–n), where R is alkyl a small quantity of the monochlorosilane derivative into the
or aryl group. hydrolysis mixture.
Silicones can be prepared from the following types of compounds
only.
(i) R3SiCl (ii) R2SiCl2 (iii) RSiCl3
Silicones from the hydrolysis of (CH3)3 SiCl
H2 O
(CH3)3 SiCl  (CH3)3 Si (OH)
The silicones are formed by the hydrolysis of alkyl or aryl
substituted chlorosilanes and their subsequent polymerisation.
The alkyl or aryl substituted chlorosilanes are prepared by the
following reactions.
Cu
(a) RCl + Si 
300 º C R3SiCl + R2SiCl2 + RSiCl3+R4Si

(b) RMgCl + SiCl4  RSiCl3 + MgCl2

2RMgCl + SiCl4  R2SiCl2 + 2MgCl2
Silicones from the hydrolysis of a mixture of (CH3)3 SiCl & (CH3)2
3RMgCl + SiCl4  R3SiCl + 3MgCl2
SiCl2
After fractional distillation, the silane derivatives are hydrolysed
and the ‘hydroxides’ immediately condense by intermolecular The dichloro derivative will form a long chain polymer as
elimination of water. The final product depends upon the number usual. But the growth of this polymer can be blocked at any
of hydroxyl groups originally bonded to the silicon atom: stage by the hydrolysis product of mono-chloro derivative.

Silicones being surrounded by non-polar alkyl groups are water

repelling in nature. They have in general high thermal stability,
high dielectric strength and resistance to oxidation and chemicals.
They have wide applications. They are used as sealant, greases,
electrical insulators and for water proofing of fabrics. Being
biocompatible they are also used in surgical and cosmetic plants.
13.4 Zeolites
If aluminium atoms replace few silicon atoms in three-dimensional
network of silicon dioxide, overall structure known as
aluminosilicate, acquires a negative charge. Cations such as
Na+, K+ or Ca2+ balance the negative charge. Examples are feldspar
In this manner several molcules may combine to form a long
and zeolites.
chain polymer whose both the ends will be occupied by –OH
groups. Such compounds are generally represented from the Zeolites are widely used as a catalyst in petrochemical industries
following formula. for cracking of hydrocarbons and isomerisation, e.g., ZSM-5
(A type of zeolite) used to convert alcohols directly into gasoline.
Hydrated zeolites are used as ion exchangers in softening of
“hard” water.

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SUMMARY
Physical Properties of Group 13 and 14 Elements
Property Group 13 Group 14
Atomic Radii B < Al > Ga < In < Tl C < Si < Ge < Sn < Pb
Ionisation Energy B > Tl > Ga > Al > In C > Si > Ge > Sn < Pb
Electronegativity B > Tl > In > Ga > Al C > Si = Ge = Sn < Pb
Oxidation state General oxidation states: +1, +3 General oxidation states: +2, +4
Metallic character Increases down the group Increases down the group
Melting point Decreases upto Gallium then increases Decreases upto tin then increases
Boiling point Decreases down the group Decreases down the group
Density Increases down the group Increases down the group

Chemical Properties of Group 13 and 14 Elements

Property Group 13 Group 14
Reacts with air to form oxide (at mod erate temp.)
and nitride (at high temp.) Crystalline boron
Reactivity with air unreactive, amorphous boron reacts. Reacts with air to form monoxide and dioxides
Aluminium forms oxide layer and does not
react further.
Reactivity with water In general, group 13 elements are not very Only Sn reacts with steam. Rest all do not react
reactive with water with water in any form
Reactivity with Reacts with halogens to form trihalides (except Reacts with halogens to form dihalides and
halogens tri-iodide of Thallium) tetrahalides

Nature of oxides Boron trioxide is acidic, Al and Ga oxides are CO2, SiO2, GeO2 are acidic, SnO2 and PbO2 are
amphoteric, In and Tl oxides are Basic amphoteric CO is neutral, GeO is acidic and
SnO, PbO are amphoteric
Reactivity with Boron does not react. Aluminium reacts with
acids and alkalis both acids and alkalis to liberate hydrogen gas. –
Aluminium reacts passive with conc. nitric acid.

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SOLVED EXAMPLES
Example - 1 Example - 3
Amorphous boron is extracted from borax by following Boron does not form B3+ cation easily. It is due to:
steps: (a) energy required to form B3+ ion is very high which will
(A) Heat (B)
Borax 
 H 3 BO3 
 B2 O3 
 Boron. not be compensated by lattice energies or hydration en-
ergies of such ion
(A) and (B) are:
(b) boron is non-metal
(a) H2SO4, Al (b) HCl, carbon
(c) boron is semi-metal
(c) H2SO4, Mg (d) HCl, Fe
(d) none of the above
Ans. (c)
Ans. (a)
Sol. H 2SO 4 ' Mg
H SO  Sol. The electronic configuration of Boron is 1s 2 2s 2 2p1 .
Na 2 B4 O7 10H 2 O 
2 4
 H 3 BO3 
Mg
Boron atom is small in size. So, the electrons are completely
B2 O3 
 2B attracted to the nuclear charge. Therefore, a large amount
Example - 2 of energy is needed to remove 3 electrons from the boron
3
atom. So Boron does not form B ion. It mainly forms
When metal ‘M’ is treated with NaOH, a white gelatinous covalent bond.
precipitate ‘X’ is obtained, which is soluble in excess of
NaOH. Compound ‘X’ when heated strongly gives an oxide Example - 4
which is used in chromatography as an adsorbent. The Boron cannot form which one of the following anions ?
metal ‘M’ is:
(a) BF63 (b) BH 4
(a) Fe (b) Zn
(c) Ca (d) Al (c) B(OH)4 (d) BO 2
Ans. (d) Ans. (a)
Sol. When metal ‘M’ is treated with NaOH, a white Sol. Boron is an element of group 13 and 2nd period. The last
gelatinous precipitate ‘X’ is obtained, in this case, the metal shell of boron is 2 shells. In this shell, the total number of
“M” is Aluminium. And the “x” is aluminium hydroxide. the orbital is 4. Therefore it can form maximum 4 bonds. In
The reaction is as follows, the given compounds, all compounds have 4 bonds except
option (a). In the option (a) the total bonds of boron are 6,
 NaOH 
2Al  6H 2 O  2Al  OH 3  3H 2  which is impossible.
which is soluble in the excess of NaOH. In this case, due to Example - 5
the formation of sodium aluminate and the gelatinous ppt
Alumina is not used as:
get soluble in the solution. The reaction is,
(a) refractory material
Al  OH 3 +NaOH  Na  Al  OH 4 
(b) a medium in chromatography
(Sodium Aluminate)
(c) abrasive
When compound ‘X’ is heated strongly, it gives an oxide.
(d) a white pigment
The reaction is,
 Ans. (d)
2Al  OH 3  Al 2 O3  3H 2 O
Sol. Due to its high thermal stability, it can be used as refractory
This oxide is used in chromatography as an adsorbent. products. It is widely used in spark plugs, tap washers,
therefore, the metal is aluminium. cutting tools etc. It is slightly basic and good for the

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purification of amines for chromatography purpose. It is  n  v  2

used as abrasive. Aluminium sulphate can be used as white Degree of unsaturation = 1
2
pigment in paint.
n = number of atoms of a particular type
Example - 6
v = valency of an atom
Match the column I with column II and mark the appropriate
choice. Thus for BH 3 degree of unsaturation is not a whole
Column - I Column - II number.
(A) Borax (i) Na3AlF6 Hence, the correct option is (d).
(B) Inorganic benzene (ii) Na2B4O7.10H2O
Example - 9
(C) Cryolite (iii) Al2O3.2H2O
Hydride of boron occurs as B2H6 but B2Cl6 does not exist.
(D) Bauxite (iv) B3N3H6 This is because :
(a) (A)  (ii), (B)  (iv), (C)  (i), ((D))  (iii) (a) p-d back bonding is possible in B2H6 but not in B2Cl6
(b) (A)  (i), (B)  (ii), (C)  (iii), (D)  (iv) (b) boron and hydrogen have almost equal values of
(c) (A)  (ii), (B)  (iii), (C)  (i), (D)  (iv) electronegativity
(d) (A)  (iii), (B)  (i), (C)  (ii), (D)  (iv) (c) boron and chlorine have almost equal atomic sizes
Ans. (a) (d) small hydrogen atoms can easily fit in between boron
Sol. Borax  Na 2 B4 O7 .10H 2 O atoms but large chlorine atoms do not
Ans. (d)
Inorganic benzene  B3 H 6 N3
Cryolite  Na 3 AlF6 Sol. Small size of hydrogen atom.

Bauxite  Al2 O3 .2H 2 O Example - 10

Example - 7 The bond dissociation energy of B-F in BF3 is 646 kJ mol–1

whereas that of C – F in CF4 is 515 kJ mol–1. The correct
The hardest substance among the following is reason for higher B – F bond dissociation energy as
(a) Be2C (b) graphite compared to that of C – F is
(c) titanium (d) B4C (a) smaller size of B-atom as compared to that of C-atom
Ans. (d) (b) Stronger  bond between B and F in BF3 as compared to
that between C and F in CF4
Sol. The hardest substance among the following compounds is
(c) significant p-p interaction between B and F in BF3
boron carbide i.e. B4 C . It has a hardness of 9-10 on Mohs whereas there is no possibility of such interaction
scale. It’s hardness is only exceeded by Boron Nitride and between C and F in CF4.
diamond. (d) lower degree of p-p interaction between B and F in
BF3 than that between C and F in CF4.
Hence, the correct option is (d).
Ans. (c)
Example - 8
Sol. The bond dissociation energy of B – F in BF3 is
Which of the following does not exist in free state ?
646 kJ mol –1 , whereas the bond dissociation energy of
(a) BF3 (b) BCl3
C – F in CF4 is 515 kJ mol –1 . The correct reason for higher
(c) BBr3 (d) BH3
B-F bond dissociation energy than C – F is, due to the
Ans. (d) presence of vacant p orbital in boron the nonbonding
Sol. Molecules having the whole number for a degree of electrons of fluorine forms p  p bond with boron. As a
result, in the molecule , the B-F bond becomes partially
unsaturation can exist in the free state as stable compounds.

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double bond in nature. But there is no such bond is possible


Sol. 3B2 H 6  6NH3   2B3 N3 H 6  12H 2
for CF4 . So, the C-F bond is purely single.
X Y
Empty orbital Filled orbital
4BF3  3LiAlH 4  2B2 H6  3LiF  3AlF3
F F+ F X
F
B F B
—
F
+
B B F Example - 14

F F F F +
Which of the following is not a protonic acid ?
(a) B(OH)3 (b) PO(OH)3
Example - 11
(c) SO(OH)2 (d) SO2(OH)2
Aqueous solution of borax acts as a buffer because: Ans. (a)
(a) it contains weak acid and its salt with strong base
Sol. Protonic acid is defined as a acid which in its aqueous
(b) it contains tribasic acid and strong base
solution gives positive hydrogen ions. But boric acid is
(c) it contains number of neutral water molecules
not a protonic acid because it is a lewis acid. According to
(d) none of the above
lewis acid base theory, lewis acid means tendency to accept
Ans. (a)
a pair of electron and lewis base means tendency to donate
Sol. Borax dissolves in water to give an alkaline solution.
a pair of electrons. Boric acid acts as a lewis acid by
Therefore, it is used as cleansing agent.
accepting a lone pair of electrons.
Na 2 B4 O 7  7H 2 O 2NaOH  4H 3 BO3
Hence, the correct option is (a).
This solution contains equal amount of weak boric
acid and its salt. Therefore, it can act as buffer. Example - 15

Example - 12  Na  B(OH) 4 

B(OH)3  NaOH 
What happens when diborane reacts with Lewis bases ? How can this reaction be made to proceed in forward
direction?
(a) It forms boron trihydride (BH3) due to cleavage.
(a) Addition of cis-1,2-diol
(b) It undergoes cleavage to give borane adduct BH3L
(where, L = Lewis base). (b) Addition of borax

(c) It oxidises to give B2O3. (c) Addition of trans-1, 2-diol

(d) It does not react with Lewis bases. (d) Addition of Na2HPO4

Ans. (b) Ans. (a)

Sol. Boric acid on reaction with NaOH gives sodium metaborate
Sol. B2 H 6  2NH 3  2  NH 3  BH 3 
as product. Because of aqueous conditions, this reaction
adduct is reversible in nature. Sodium metaborate gets hydrolysed
back to give boric acid and NaOH. In order to prevent the
Example - 13
reversibility of reaction add some polyhydroxy compound
A compound X, of boron reacts with NH3 on heating to give such as glycerol, mannitol or 1, 2 cis- diols. These
another compound Y which is called inorganic benzene. polyhydroxy compounds can form chelate complex with
The compound X can be prepared by treating BF3 with
sodium metaborate and prevent it to get hydrolysed.
lithium aluminium hydride. The compounds X and Y are
represented by the formulas
(a) B2H6, B3N3H6 (b) B2O3, B3N3H6
(c) BF3, B3N3H6 (d) B3N3H6, B2H6
Ans. (a)

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Example - 16 Example - 18

B (OH)3 + NaOH  NaBO2 + Na [B (OH)4] + H2O Aluminium chloride exists as dimer, Al2Cl6 in solid state as
well as in solution of non-polar solvents such as benzene.
How can this reaction is made to proceed in forward When dissolved in water, it gives
direction?
(a) [Al(OH)6]3– + 3HCl (b) [Al(H2O)6]3+ + 3Cl–
(a) Addition of cis 1, 2 diol
(c) Al3+ + 3Cl– (d) Al2O3 + 6HCl
(b) Addition of borax
Ans. (b)
(c) Addition of trans 1, 2 diol
Sol. Aluminium chloride can form a dimer like Al2 Cl6 . In solid-
(d) Addition of Na2HPO4
state as well as in the solution of non-polar solvents such
Ans. (a) as benzene aluminum chloride exists as a dimer. When it
Sol. B  OH 3  NaOH  NaBO 2  Na  B  OH 4   H 2 O dissolves in water, it gives aluminium hexa hydroxide anion
with hydrochloric acid, as follows.
in this reaction, if you added cis 1,2-diol, then the product
Al 2 Cl6  12H 2 O  2[ Al( H 2 O) 6 ]3  6Cl 
Na  B  OH 4  reacts with cis 1,2 -diol and produces a
cyclic product and free water molecules. Due to the Example - 19
formation of cyclic products and four water molecules the Which of the following hydrides is least stable to hydrolysis?
entropy of the reaction increases, so the reaction becomes
more feasible. Therefore, this reaction is made to proceed (a) CH4 (b) SiH4
in the forward direction by the addition of cis 1, 2 diols. The (c) SnH4 (d) PbH4
reaction is shown below, Ans. (d)
OH O OH
HC HC Sol. PbH 4 is the least stable due to inert pair effect.
+ B(OH)—4 B + 2H2O
HC OH HC O OH
Example - 20
1 : 1 polyol-boron complex
Which of the following is not a use of graphite ?
OH O O CH (a) For electrodes in batteries.
HC HC
2 + B(OH)—4 B + 4H2O
(b) Crucibles made from graphite are used for its inertness
HC OH HC O O CH
to dilute acids and alkalies.
bis-1, 2-diol 2 : 1 polyol-boron complex
(c) For adsorbing poisonous gases.
Example - 17 (d) Lubricant at high temperature.
Which of the following minerals does not contain Ans. (c)
aluminium? Sol. Graphite is not used for absorbing poisonous gas.
(a) Cryolite (b) Mica
Example - 21
(c) Feldspar (d) Fluorspar
Which property of CO 2 makes it of biological and
Ans. (d)
geochemical importance ?
Sol. Cryolite, mica, feldspar are ores of aluminium with chemical
(a) Its acidic nature.
formula given below:
(b) Its colourless and odourless nature.
Mica  KAl2  AlSi3 O10   OH 2
(c) Its low solubility in water.
Cryolite  Na 3 AlF6
(d) Its high compressibility.
Fluorspar  CaF2
Ans. (c)
Feldspars are the aluminosilicates with general formula
AT4 O8 . Sol. CO 2 have low solubility in water..

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Example - 22 Example - 24

H O Heat NaOH Silicon has a strong tendency to form polymers like silicones.
SiCl4 
2
 X   Y  Z
The chain length of silicone polymer can be controlled by
X, Y and Z in the above reaction are adding
X Y Z (a) MeSiCl3 (b) Me2SiCl2

(a) SiO2 Si NaSi (c) Me3SiCl (d) Me4Si

(b) Si(OH)4 SiO2 Na2SiO3 Ans. (c)

Sol. Chain length of silicones polymer can be controlled by
(c) Si(OH)4 Si SiO2
adding Me3SiCl act as inhibitor of reaction.
(d) SiO2 SiCl4 Na2SiO3
Ans. (b) Example - 25
Sol. Silicon tetrachloride on reaction with water gives o-silicilic What are electron deficient compounds? Are BCl3 and SiCl4
acid and HCl. This acid on heating gives silica which is
acidic in nature. Therefore, silica on reaction with base like electron deficient species? Explain.
NaOH gives sodium salt of silicate and water as shown in Sol. Electron deficient species are those species in which the
the reactions:
octet of the central metal atom is not complete.
SiCl 4  4H 2 O  Si  OH 4 (X)  4HCl
(i) BCl3
Si  OH 4 

 SiO 2 (Y)  H 2 O
Boron trichloride behave as a Lewis acid. It is electron
SiO 2  2NaOH  Na 2SiO3 (Z)  H 2 O
deficient species. boron tri-chloride have three covalent
Example - 23 bonds hence, require two electrons to complete octet.
An oxide X in its normal form is almost non-reactive due to (ii) SiCl4
very high X – O bond enthalpy. It resists the attack by
halogens, hydrogen and most of acids and metals even at Silicon is belonging to group 14. The electronic
elevated temperatures. It is only attacked by HF and NaOH. configuration of this group are ns2 np 2. Most common
The oxide X is oxidation state should be +4. The elements of group 14
(a) SiO2 (b) CO2 show tetra valency by sharing four of its valence electrons.
(c) SnO2 (d) PbO2 it forms four covalent bonds with four chlorine atoms.

Ans. (a) Therefore, SiCl4 is not an electron-deficient compound.

Sol. SiO 2 have giant covalent structure and is not attacked by

halogen, metal at high temp. But react with HF and NaOH.

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EXERCISE - 1 : BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Physical Properties of Group 13 Elements (c) [B(OH)4]– (d) BO 2
1. Which of the following is most abundant in the earth crust? 9. Which of the following does not show similarity between
(a) Boron (b) Aluminium boron and aluminium ?
(c) Gallium (d) Thallium (a) Both form oxides of type M2O3 when heated with oxy-
2. The element which exists in liquid state for a wide range of gen at high temperature.
temperature and can be used for measuring high tempera- (b) Both dissolve in alkalies and evolve hydrogen.
ture is:
(c) Hydroxides of both the elements are basic in nature.
(a) B (b) Al
(d) Both form nitrides of MN type when heated with N2.
(c) In (d) Ga
3. Alumina is: 10. Boron is unable to form BF63 ions due to
(a) acidic (b) basic (a) non-availability of d-orbitals
(c) neutral (d) amphoteric (b) small size of boron atom
4. The reason behind the lower atomic radius of Ga as (c) non-metallic nature
compared to Al is
(d) it is a strong Lewis acid.
(a) poor screening effect of d-electrons for the outer
11. The main factor responsible for weak acidic nature of B—F
electrons from increased nuclear charge
bonds in BF3 is:
(b) increased force of attraction of increased nuclear
(a) high electronegativity of F
charge on electrons
(b) three centred two electron bonds in BF3
(c) increased ionisation enthalpy of Ga as compared to
Al (c) p—d back bonding
(d) anomalous behaviour of Ga. (d) p—p back bonding
12. Which one of the following statements regarding BF3 is
5. Ionisation enthalpy ( i H1 kJ mol1 ) for the elements of
not correct?
Group 13 follows the order (a) It is a Lewis acid
(a) B > Al > Ga > In > Tl (b) B < Al < Ga < In < Tl (b) It is an ionic compound
(c) B < Al > Ga > In > Tl (d) B > Al < Ga > In < Tl (c) It is an electron deficient compound
6. Electropositive charcter for the elements of group 13 fol- (d) It forms adducts
lows the order
13. The power of halides of boron to act as Lewis acids de-
(a) B > Al > Ga > In > Tl (b) B < Al < Ga < In < Tl creases in the order:
(c) B < Al > Ga < In > Tl (d) B < Al > Ga > In > Tl (a) BF3 > BCl3 > BBr3 (b) BBr3 > BCl3 > BF3
7. Which one of the statements is incorrect for aluminium (c) BCl3 > BF3 > BBr3 (d) BCl3 > BBr3 > BF3
metal?
14. BF3 is used as catalyst in several industrial processes due
(a) It is a good conductor of heat and electricity to its:
(b) It is malleable and ductile (a) strong reducing nature
(c) It can be welded and cast but difficult to solder (b) weak reducing action
(d) Its alloys are heavy
(c) strong Lewis acid nature
Chemical Properties of Group 13 Elements
(d) weak Lewis acid character
8. Boron cannot form which one of the following anions?
(a) BF6 (b) BH 4

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p-BLOCK (GROUP 13 AND 14) 60
15. Specify the coordination geometry around and 22. When aluminium is heated with conc. H2SO4
hybridization of N and B atoms in 1:1 complex of BF3 and (a) aluminium becomes passive
NH3:
(b) hydrogen is liberated
(a) N: tetrahedral, sp3 ; B:tetrahedral, sp3
(c) oxygen is liberated
(b) N: pyramidal, sp3 ; B:pyramidal , sp3
(d) sulphur dioxide is liberated
(c) N:pyramidal, sp3 ; B:planar, sp3
23. A metal M reacts with sodium hydroxide to give a white
(d) N:pyramidal, sp3 ; B:tetrahedral, sp3 precipitate X which is soluble in excess of NaOH to give Y.
16. The main factor responsible for weak acidic nature of B—F Compound X is soluble in HCl to form a compound Z.
bonds in BF3 is: Identify M, X, Y and Z.
(a) high electronegativity of F M X Y Z
(b) three centred two electron bonds in BF3 (a) Si SiO2 Na2SiO3 SiCl4
(c) p—d back bonding (b) Al Al(OH)3 NaAlO2 AlCl3
(d) p—p back bonding (c) Mg Mg(OH)3 NaMgO3 MgCl2
17. Which of the following is not true regarding the nature of
(d) Ca Ca(OH)2 Na2CO3 NaHCO3
halides of boron ?
(a) Boron trihalides are covalent.
Inert Pair Effect
24. Aluminium exhibits +3 oxidation state. As we move down
(b) Boron trihalides are planar triangular with sp 2
the group, +1 oxidation state gets more stable. This is a
hybridisation
consequence of
(c) Boron trihalides act as Lewis acids.
(a) increasing size of the atom
(d) Boron trihalides cannot be hydrolysed easily.
(b) inert pair effect
18. The geometry of a complex species can be understood from
(c) electron deficient nature
the knowledge of type of hybridisation of orbitals of central
atom. The hybridisation of orbitals of central atom in (d) p - p bonding.
[B(OH)4]– and the geometry of the complex are respectively 25. The stability of +1 oxidation state increases in the sequence:

(a) sp3, tetrahedral (b) sp3, square planar (a) Tl < In < Ga < Al (b) In < Tl < Ga < Al
(c) Ga < In < Al < Tl (d) Al < Ga < In < Tl
(c) sp3d2, octahedral (d) dsp2, square planar.
26. Group 13 elements show +1 and +3 oxidation states. Rela-
19. Which of the following hydroxides is most acidic ?
tive stability of +3 oxidation state may be given as
(a) Al(OH)3 (b) Ga (OH)3 (a) Tl3  In 3  Ga 3  Al3  B3
(c) Tl (OH)3 (d) B(OH)3 (b) B3  Al3  Ga 3  In 3  Tl3
20. Which of the following oxides is acidic in nature ? (c) Al3  Ga 3  Tl3  In 3  B3
(a) B2O3 (b) Al2O3 (d) Al3  B3  Ga 3  Tl3  In 3
(c) Ga2O3 (d) In2O3 27. The tendency of group 14 elements to show +2 oxidation
21. Aluminium is more reactive than iron. But aluminium is less state increases in the order of
easily corroded than iron because: (a) C < Si < Sn < Pb < Ge (b) C < Si < Ge < Sn < Pb
(a) oxygen forms a protective oxide layer on aluminium (c) Ge < Sn < Pb < C < Si (d) Pb < Sn < Ge < C < Si
(b) aluminium is a noble metal Boron and Its Compounds
(c) iron undergoes reaction easily with water 28. The number of OH units directly linked to boron atoms in
(d) iron forms mono and divalent ions Na2B4O7.10H2O is:
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 4 (d) 10

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p-BLOCK (GROUP 13 AND 14) 61
29. H3BO3 is: (a) boron hydride (b) orthoboric acid
(a) monobasic and weak Lewis acid (c) metaboric acid (d) pyroboric acid
(b) monobasic and weak Bronsted acid 38. Which of the following compounds is formed when boron
(c) monobasic acid and strong Lewis acid trichloride is treated with water?

(d) tribasic acid and weak Bronsted acid (a) H3BO3 + HCl (b) B2H6 + HCl

30. Which is not the use of orthoboric acid ? (c) B2O3 + HCl (d) None of these

(a) As an antiseptic and eye wash 39. Boric acid is prepared from borax by the action of :

(b) In glass industry (a) Hydrochloric acid

(c) In glazes for pottery (b) sodium hydroxide

(d) In borax - bead test (c) carbon dioxide

31. Borax bead test is responded by: (d) sodium carbonate

(a) divalent metals 40. Na 2 B4 O 7  X  H3 BO3 . What is X in the reaction ?

(b) heavy metals (a) Aqueous solution of NaOH
(c) light metals (b) Dilute nitric acid
(d) metals which form coloured metaborates (c) Conc. H2SO4 or HCl
  (d) Water
32. Na 2 B4 O7 .10H 2 O  X 
YZ
41. Diborane reacts with ammonia under different conditions
X, Y and Z in the reaction are
to give a variety of products. Which one among the
(a) X  Na 2 B 4 O 7 , Y  NaBO 2 , Z  B 2 O 3 following is not fomed in these conditions?
(b) X  Na 2 B4 O7 , Y  B2 O3 , Z  H 3 BO3 (a) B2H6.2NH3 (b) B12H12
(c) X  B2 O3 , Y  NaBO 2 , Z  B(OH)3 (c) B3N3H6 (d) (BN)n

(d) X  NaBO 2 , Y  B2 O3 , Z  B(OH)3 42. BCl3 does not exist as a dimer but BH3 exists as B2H6
because
33. When strongly heated, orthoboric acid leaves a residue of:
(a) Cl2 is more electronegative than hydrogen
(a) metaboric acid (b) tetraboric acid
(b) large size of chlorine atom does not fit between small
(c) boric anhydride (d) boron sized boron atoms, while small-sized hydrogen
34. From B2H6, all the following can be prepared except: atoms occupy the space between boron atoms
(a) B2O3 (b) H3BO3 (c) There is p-dback bonding in BCl3
(c) B2(CH3)6 (d) NaBH4 (d) Both (b) and (c)
35. On hydroloysis, diborane produces 43. Borazole, B3N3H6 is related to benzene as:
(a) H3BO2 + H2O2 (b) H3BO3 + H2 (a) isoelectronic (b) isostructural
(c) B2O3 + O2 (d) H3BO3 + H2O2 (c) both (a) and (b) (d) none of these
36. Reactivity of borazole is higher than that of benzene 44. The bonds present in borazole are:
because:
(a) 9, 9 (b) 6, 6
(a) borazole is a polar compound
(c) 9, 6 (d) 12, 3
(b) borazole is a non-polar compound
45. Which of the following compounds is known as inorganic
(c) borazole is electron deficient compound benzene?
(d) of localised electrons in it (a) B6H6 (b) C5H5B
37. On the addition of mineral acid to an aqueous solution of (c) C3N3H3 (d) B3N3H6
borax, the following compound is formed:

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p-BLOCK (GROUP 13 AND 14) 62
46. Boric acid has a polymeric layer structure in which planar 52. An aqueous solution of boric acid is found to be weakly
BO3 units are joined by acidic in nature. This acidic character arises due to the
(a) covalent bonds following reasons.

(b) two centre - two electron bonds (a) It is a protic acid which donates protons in aqueous
solution.
(c) coordinate bonds
(b) It is a Lewis acid which abstracts OH– from water
(d) hydrogen bonds.
and leaves H+ to make the solution acidic.
47. The hardest compound of boron is:
(c) It gives metaboric acid when dissolved in water.
(a) boric acid (b) boron nitride
(d) It is prepared by reaction of borax with sulphuric acid
(c) boron carbide (d) boron hydride
hence it behaves as an acid.
48. Boron nitride can be represented by the given structure.
53. NaBH4 + I2  X + Y + Z
450 K
BF3 + NaH  X+P

BF3 + LiAlH4  X + Q + R
X, Y, Z, P, Q and R in the reactions are
X Y Z P Q R
(a) Na4B4O7 NaI HI HF LiF AlF3
(b) B2H6 NaI H2 NaF LiF AlF3
(c) B2H6 BH3 NaI B3N3H6 Al2F6 AlF3
The structure of BN is similar to
(a) graphite (b) diamond (d) BH3 B2H6 H2 B3N3H6 LiF AlF3

(c) benzene (d) pyridine. 54. A mixture of boron trichloride and hydrogen is subjected to
silent electric discharge to form ‘A’ and HCl. ‘A’ is mixed
49. Which is the hardest compound of boron ?
with NH3 and heated to 200oC to form ‘B’. The formula of ‘B’
(a) B2O3 (b) BN is:
(c) B4C (d) B2H6 (a) H3BO3 (b) B2O3
50. In the structure of diborane (c) B2H6 (d) B3N3H6
(a) all hydrogen atoms lie in one plane and boron atoms 55. Boric acid H3BO3 and BF3 have the same number of
lie in a plane perpendicular to this plane electrons. The former is a solid and the latter is a gas. The
reason is:
(b) 2 boron atoms and 4 terminal hydrogen atoms lie in
the same plane and 2 bridging hydrogen atoms lie in (a) BF3 is a Lewis acid while B(OH)3 is not
the perpendicular plane (b) they have different geometrics

(c) 4 bridging hydrogen atoms and boron atoms lie in (c) In BF3, F– is smaller in size than OH– in B(OH)3
one plane and two terminal hydrogen atoms lie in a (d) No molecular association is possible in BF3 while it
plane perpendicular to this plane is possible in B(OH)3 due to hydrogen bonding
(d) all the atoms are in the same plane. Aluminium and Its Compounds
51. Borax is not used 56. Al2O3 formation from aluminium and oxygen involves
(a) as a styptic to stop bleeding evolution of a large quantity of heat, which makes aluminium
used in:
(b) in making enamel and pottergy glazes
(a) deoxidiser (b) confectionary
(c) as a flux in soldering
(c) indoor photography (d) thermite welding
(d) in making optical glasses.

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p-BLOCK (GROUP 13 AND 14) 63
57. Which of the following statements about anhydrous 65. Which of the following oxides can act as a reducing agent?
aluminium chloride is correct?
(a) CO (b) CO2
(a) It exists as AlCl3 molecule
(c) SnO2 (d) PbO2
(b) It is a strong Lewis base
66. The most commonly used reducing agent is
(c) It sublimes at 100oC under vaccum
(a) AlCl3 (b) PbCl2
(d) It is not easily hydrolysed
58. AlCl3 on hydrolysis gives: (c) SnCl4 (d) SnCl2

(a) Al2O3. H2O (b) Al(OH)3 67. The members of group 14 form tetrahalides of the type MX4.
Which of the following halides cannot be readily hydrolysed
(c) Al2O3 (d) AlCl3.6H2O
by water ?
59. When aluminium hydroxide dissolves in NaOH solution,
the product is: (a) CX4 (b) SiX4

(a) [Al(H2O)3(OH)3] (b) [Al(H2O)4(OH)2]+ (c) GeX4 (d) SnX4

(c) [Al(H2O)2(OH)4]– (d) [Al(H2O)5(OH)]2+ 68. Identify the wrong example from the following for the group
14 elements.
60. Alumina may be converted into anhydrous aluminium
chloride by: (a) Element which forms most acidic dioxide-Carbon

(a) heating it with conc. HCl (b) Element which is affected by water - Lead
(b) heating in a current of dry chlorine (c) Commonly found in +2 oxidation state - Lead

(c) heating it with rock salt (d) Element used as semiconductor - Silicon

(d) mixing it with carbon and heating the mixture in a 69. Identify X in the reaction :
current of dry chlorine 
X  2H 2 O   XO2  2H 2
61. When alumina is heated with carbon in nitrogen atmosphere, (steam)

the products are: (a) C (b) Si

(a) Al + CO (b) Al + CO2 (c) Ge (d) Sn
(c) Al + CO + CO2 (d) AlN + CO 70. All members of group 14 when heated in oxygen form oxides.
62. When a solution of sodium hydroxide is added in excess to Which of the following is the correct trend of oxides ?
the solution of potash alum, we obtain: (a) Dioxides CO2, SiO2 and GeO2 are acidic while SnO2
(a) a white precipitate (b) bluish white precipitate and PbO2 are amphoteric.
(c) a clear solution (d) a crystalline mass (b) CO, GeO, SnO and PbO are amphoteric.
63. When excess of NaOH solution is added in potash alum, (c) Monoxides react with haemoglobin to form toxic
compounds.
the product is:
(d) All oxides burn with blue flame.
(a) a bluish white precipitate
71. An oxide X in its normal form is almost non-reactive due to
(b) clear solution
very high X – O bond enthalpy. It resists the attack by
(c) a white precipitate halogens, hydrogen and most of acids and metals even at
(d) a greenish precipitate elevated temperatures. It is only attacked by HF and NaOH.
The oxide X is
Physical and Chemical Properties of Group 14
Elements (a) SiO2 (b) CO2

64. Maximum ability of catenation is shown by (c) SnO2 (d) PbO2

(a) silicon (b) lead Carbon and Its Compounds

(c) germanium (d) carbon 72. Buckminsterfullerence is
(a) graphite (b) diamond
(c) C-60 (d) quartz

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p-BLOCK (GROUP 13 AND 14) 64
73. In graphite, C atom is in .......... state. 80. An element of group 14 forms two oxides one of which is
3 highly poisonous and neutral. Other oxide can be easily
(a) sp (b) sp
liquefied and compressed to give a solid which is used as a
(c) sp2 (d) None of these refrigerant under the name of drikold. The element and the
74. In graphite, the layers of carbon atoms are held by oxides are
(a) covalent bonds (b) coordinate bonds (a) Si, SiO, SiO2 (b) Pb, PbO, PbO2
(c) van der Waals forces (d) ionic bonds. (c) C, CO, CO2 (d) Sn, SnO, SnO2
75. Which of the following is not a use of graphite ? 81. When excesss of carbon dioxide is passed through lime
(a) For electrodes in batteries. water, the milkiness first formed disappears due to
(b) Crucibles made from graphite are used for its (a) the reversible reaction taking place
inertness to dilute acids and alkalies. (b) formation of water soluble calcium bicarbonate
(c) For adsorbing poisonous gases. (c) huge amount of heat evolved during the reaction
(d) Lubricant at high temperature. (d) formation of water soluble complex of calcium.
76. Dry ice is 82. CO 2 is not a poisonous gas but there is increase in
(a) solid NH3 (b) solid SO2 concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere due to burning of
fossil fuels and decompostion of limestone. The increase
(c) solid CO2 (d) solid N2
in concentration of CO2 may lead to
77. Which of the following does not depict properties of
fullerenes ? (a) increase in photosynthesis in plants

(a) Fullerenes are made by heating graphite. (b) higher concentration of CO2 in water

(b) Fullerenes are pure forms of carbon. (c) increase in greenhouse effect, thus raising the
temperature
(c) Fullerenes have open cage structure like ice.
(d) increase in formation of metal carbonates.
(d) C60 is called Buckminsterfullerene.
83. Which is not a method of preparing carbon monoxide on a
78. Which of the following is not true about structure of commercial scale ?
diamond and graphite ?
4731273 K
(a) C(s)  H 2 O (g)   CO (g)  H 2(g)
(a) In diamond, each carbon in sp3 hybridised while in
1273 K
graphite each carbon is sp2 hybridised. (b) 2C (s)  O 2(g)  4N 2(g)  2CO (g)  4N 2(g)
(b) In diamond, carbon atoms are closely packed in 
(c) 2C(s)  O 2(g)   2CO(g)
crystal lattice while graphite has layer structure.
373 K
(c) Diamond is a hard substance while graphite is a soft (d) HCOOH 
conc. H2SO4
 H 2 O  CO
substance.
84. Carbon monoxide acts as a donor and reacts with certain
(d) Graphite is thermodynamically very less stable as metals to give metal carbonyls. This is due to
compared to diamond and is amorphous form of
(a) presence of one sigma and two pi bonds between
carbon.
C and (: C  O :)
79. Identify the incorrect statement.
(a) Graphite is thermodynamically most stable allotrope (b) presence of a lone pair on carbon atom in CO
of carbon. molecule
(b) Other forms of elemental carbon like coke, carbon (c) presence of lone pair on oxygen atom in CO molecule
black, charcoal are impure forms of graphite. (d) poisonous nature of CO.
(c) All allotropes of carbon have thermodynamically
same stability.
(d) Charcoal and coke are obtained by heating wood in
absence of air.

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p-BLOCK (GROUP 13 AND 14) 65
85. Mark the example which is not correct. 91. Silicon has a strong tendency to form polymers like
(a) Non-combustible heavy liquid used as fire silicones. The chain length of silicone polymer can be
controlled by adding
extinguisher - CCl4
(a) MeSiCl3 (b) Me2SiCl2
(b) Blocks used to shield radioactive materials - Lead
(c) Element which has property of leaving mark on (c) Me3SiCl (d) Me4Si
paper-Graphite 92. Glass and cement are two important examples of
(d) A gas in solid form used as a refrigerant - Carbon (a) man-made silicates (b) silicones
monoxide. (c) zeolites (d) organic polymers.
86. Which one of the following is not the characteristic property 93. Which of the following acids cannot be stored in glass ?
of carbon ?
(a) HF (b) HCl
(a) It exhibits catenation.
(c) H2SO4 (d) HI
(b) It forms compounds with multiple bonds.
(c) Its melting point and boiling point are exceptionally 94. In SiO 44  , the tetrahedral molecule, two oxygen atoms are
high. shared in
(d) It shows semi-metallic character. (a) sheet silicates
87. Which of the following is not true about structure of carbon (b) double-chain silicates
dioxide ? (c) chain silicates
(a) In CO2, carbon is sp - hybridised. (d) three-dimensional silicates.
(b) C forms two sigma bonds one with each oxygen atom 95. Which of the following bonds is shown in silicones ?
and two p  p bonds.
(c) CO2 is a linear covalent compound (a) (b)
(d) It is a polar molecule.
88. The most stable form of carbon at high temperature is X.
The C – C bond length in diamond is Y while C – C bond
length in graphite is Z.
What are X, Y and Z respectively ?
(c) (d)
(a) Graphite, 1.42 Å, 1.54 Å
(b) Coke, 1.54 Å, 1.84 Å
96. Cement, the important building material is a mixture of oxides
(c) Diamond, 1.54 Å, 1.42 Å
of several elements. Besides calcium, iron and sulphur,
(d) Fullerene, 1.54 Å, 1.54 Å oxides of elements of which of the group(s) are present in
Silicon and Its Compounds the mixture ?

89. Silicon is an important constituent of (a) Group 2

(a) sand (b) atmosphere (b) Groups 2, 13 and 14

(c) plants (d) water bodies (c) Groups 2 and 13

90. What happens when silicon is heated with methyl chloride (d) Groups 2 and 14
in presence of copper as a catalyst at 573 K ? 97. A type of zeolite used to convert alcohols directly into
(a) Methyl substituted chlorosilanes are formed. gasoline is
(a) zeolite A (b) zeolite L
(b) Only Me4Si is formed.
(c) zeolite Beta (d) ZSM-5
(c) Polymerised chains of (CH3)3SiCl are formed.
(d) Silicones are formed.

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p-BLOCK (GROUP 13 AND 14) 66
98. Complete the following reactions : (a) (A)  (q), (B)  (s), (C)  (p), (D)  (r)
(i) SiO2 + 2NaOH  X + H2O (b) (A)  (p), (B)  (q), (C)  (r), (D)  (s)
(ii) SiO2 + 4HF  Y + 2H2O
(c) (A)  (q), (B)  (r), (C)  (p), (D)  (s)
Cu powder
(iii) Si  2CH 3Cl  Z (d) (A)  (r), (B)  (p), (C)  (q), (D)  (s)
570 K
X Y Z 100. Match the column I with column II and mark the appropriate
choice.
(a) Na2SiO3 SiF4 (CH3)2SiCl2
Column - I Column - II
(b) H2SiO3 SiF2 CH3SiCl3
(A) Coal gas (p) CO + H2
(c) Na2SiO3 H2SiO3 (CH3)3SiCl (B) Synthesis gas (q) CH4
(d) Na2SiO3 H2SiF4 (CH3)2SiCl2 (C) Producer gas (r) H2 + CH4 + CO
Match the Following (D) Natural gas (s) CO + N2
Each question has two columns. Four options are (a) (A)  (p), (B)  (q), (C)  (r), (D)  (s)
given representing matching of elements from (b) (A)  (r), (B)  (p), (C)  (s), (D)  (q)
Column-I and Column-II. Only one of these four (c) (A)  (s), (B)  (r), (C)  (q), (D)  (p)

options corresponds to a correct matching. For (d) (A)  (p), (B)  (r), (C)  (q), (D)  (s)

each question, choose the option corresponding

to the correct matching.
99. Match the column I with column II and mark the appropriate
choice.
Column - I Column - II
(A) Borax (p) Na3AlF6
(B) Inorganic benzene (q) Na2B4O7.10H2O
(C) Cryolite (r) Al2O3.2H2O
(D) Bauxite (s) B3N3H6

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p-BLOCK (GROUP 13 AND 14) 67

EXERCISE - 2 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE MAINS QUESTIONS

1. Identify the reaction which does not liberate hydrogen: 8. The hydride that is NOT electron deficient is: (2019)
(2016) (a) SiH4 (b) B2H6
(a) Reaction of lithium hydride with B2H6. (c) GaH3 (d) AlH3
(b) Electrolysis of acidified water using Pt electrodes 9. The relative stability of +1 oxidation state of group 13
(c) Reaction of zinc with aqueous alkali elements follows the order: (2019)

(d) Allowing a solution of sodium in liquid ammonia to (a) Al < Ga < Tl < In (b) Tl < In < Ga < Al
stand (c) Ga < Al < In < Tl (d) Al < Ga < In < Tl
2. When metal ‘M’ is treated with NaOH, a white gelatinous 10. The electronegativity of aluminium is similar to:
precipitate ‘X’ is obtained, which is soluble in excess of (2019)
NaOH. Compound ‘X’ when heated strongly gives an oxide
(a) Carbon (b) Beryllium
which is used in chromatography as an adsorbent. The
metal ‘M’ is: (2018) (c) Boron (d) Lithium
(a) Zn (b) Ca 11. The number of 2-centre-2-electron and 3-centre-2-electron
bonds in B2H6, respectively, are: (2019)
(c) Al (d) Fe
(a) 2 and 1 (b) 4 and 2
3. A group 13 element ‘X’ reacts with chlorine gas to produce
a compound XCl3. XCl3 is electron deficient and easily (c) 2 and 2 (d) 2 and 4
reacts with NH3 to form Cl3X  NH3 adduct, however,, 12. Aluminium is usually found in +3 oxidation state. In
XCl3 does not dimerize X is: (2018) contrast, Thallium exists in +1 and +3 oxidation states.
(a) B (b) Al This is due to: (2019)
(c) ln (d) Ga (a) inert pair effect (b) diagonal relationship
4. Which of the following are Lewis acids? (2018) (c) lattice effect (d) lanthanoid contraction
(a) PH3 and BCl3 (b) AlCl3 and SiCl4 13. C60, an allotrope of carbon contains: (2019)
(c) PH3 and SiCl4 (d) BCl3 and AlCl3 (a) 12 hexagons and 20 pentagons.
5. In graphite and diamond, the percentage of p-characters (b) 18 hexagons and 14 pentagons.
of the hybrid orbitals in hybridisation are respectively: (c) 16 hexagons and 16 pentagons.
(2018) (d) 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons.
(a) 33 and 25 (b) 67 and 75 14. The basic structural unit of feldspar, zeolites, mica, and
(c) 50and 75 (d) 33 and 75 asbestos is : (2019)
6. The correct statements among I to III regarding group 13 (a) (SiO3)2– (b) SiO2
element oxides are,
(I) Boron trioxide is acidic
(c) (SiO4)4– (d)
(II) Oxides of aluminum and gallium are amphoteric.
(III) Oxides of indium and thallium are basic. (2019)
(a) (I) and (II) only (b) (I), (II) and (III) 15. The correct statement among the following is:
(c) (I) and (III) only (d) (II) and (III) only (2019)
7. Diborane (B2H6) reacts independently with O2 and H2O to (a) (SiH3)3N is planar and less basic than (CH3)3N.
produce, respectively; (2019) (b) (SiH3)3N is pyramidal and more basic than (CH3)3N.
(a) B2O3 and H3BO3 (b) B2O3 and [BH4]– (c) (SiH3)3N is pyramidal and less basic than (CH3)3N.
(c) H3BO3 and B2O3 (d) HBO2 and H3BO3 (d) (SiH3)3N is planar and more basic than (CH3)3N.

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p-BLOCK (GROUP 13 AND 14) 68
16. The C – C bond length is maximum in: (2019) 24. The correct statement about B2H6 is
(a) graphite (b) C70 (2021-02-25 Shift-1)

(c) C60 (d) diamond (a) All B – H – B angles are of 120

17. The correct order of catenation is: (2019) (b) Its fragment, BH3, behaves as a Lewis base

(a) C > Sn > Si  Ge (b) C > Si > Ge  Si (c) The two B – H – B bonds are not of same length

(c) Si > Sn > C  Ge (d) Ge > Sn > Si  C (d) Terminal B – H bonds have less p-character when
compared to bridging bonds
18. The amorphous form of silica is: (2019)
25. Which one of the following gases is reported to retard
(a) Tridymite (b) Kieselguhr
photosynthesis? (2021-07-20 Shift-2)
(c) Cristobalite (d) Quartz
(a) CO (b) CFCs
19. The element that does NOT slow catenation is: (2019)
(c) CO2 (d) NO2
(a) Ge (b) Si
26. Given below are the statements about diborane-
(c) Sn (d) Pb
(A) Diborane is prepared by the oxidation of NaBH4 with
20. The element that shows greater ability to form p  p I2
multiple bonds, is: (2019) (B) Each boron atom is in sp2 hybridized state
(a) Sn (b) C (C) Diborane has one bridged 3 centre-2-electron bond
(c) Ge (d) Si (D) Diborane is a planar molecule (2021-07-22 Shift-2)
21. The chloride that cannot get hydrolysed is: (2019) The option with correct statement(s) is
(a) PbCl4 (b) CCl4 (a) (C) and (D) only
(c) SnCl4 (d) SiCl4 (b) (A) only
22. Correct statement among ‘A’ to ‘D’ regarding silicones (c) (C) only
are:
(d) (A) and (B) only
(A) They are polymers with hydrophobic character.
27. Which one of the following compounds of Group-14
(B) They are biocompatible. elements is not known? (2021-07-25 Shift-1)
(C) In general, they have high thermal stability and low
(a)  GeCl6 
2
dielectric strength.
(D) Usually, they are resistant to oxidation and used as 2
greases. (2019) (b) Sn  OH 6 
(a) (A), (B), (C) and (D)
(c) SiCl6 
2

(b) (A), (B) and (C) only

(c) (A) and (B) only
(d) SiF6 
2

(d) (A), (B) and (D) only

28. The INCORRECT statement regarding the structure of C60
23. The reaction of H 3 N 3 BiCl 3 (A) with LiBH 4 in
is : (2021-03-16 Shift-2)
tetrahydrofuran gives inorganic benzene (B). Further, the
reaction of (A) with (C) leads to H3N3B3(Me)3. Compounds (a) The six-membered rings are fused to both six and five-
(B) and (C) respectively, are: (2020) membered rings.
(a) Borazine and MeBr (b) The five-membered rings are fused only to six-
membered rings.
(b) Diborane and MeMgBr
(c) It contains 12 six-membered rings and 24 five-
(c) Boron nitride and MeBr
membered rings.
(d) Borazine and MeMgBr
(d) Each carbon atom forms three sigma bonds

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p-BLOCK (GROUP 13 AND 14) 69
Assertion Reason Match the Following
29. Assertion (A) : Among the carbon allotropes, diamond is Each question has two columns. Four options are
an insulator, whereas graphite is a good conductor of given representing matching of elements from
electricity.
Reason (R) : Hybridization of carbon in diamond and
Column-I and Column-II. Only one of these four
graphite are sp3 and sp2, respectively. (2016) options corresponds to a correct matching. For the
(a) Both assertion and reason are correct, but the reason question, choose the option corresponding to the
is not the correct explanation for the assertion correct matching.
(b) Both assertion and reason are correct, and the reason 30. Match the items in Column I with its main use listed in
is the correct explanation for the assertion Column II: (2016)
(c) Both assertion and reason arc incorrect Column - I Column - II
(d) Assertion is incorrect statement, but the reason is (A) Silica gel (p) Transistor
correct.
(B) Silicon (q) Ion-exchanger
(C) Silicone (r) Drying agent
(D) Silicate (s) Sealant
(a) (A)-(r), (B)-(p), (C)-(s), (D)-(q)
(b) (A)-(s), (B)-(p), (C)-(q), (D)-(r)
(c) (A)-(q), (B)-(p), (C)-(s), (D)-(r)
(d) (A)-(q), (B)-(s), (C)-(p), (D)-(r)

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p-BLOCK (GROUP 13 AND 14) 70

EXERCISE - 3 : ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Objective Questions I [Only one correct option] (c) boron and chlorine have almost equal atomic sizes
1. Alumina is: (d) small hydrogen atoms can easily fit in between boron
(a) acidic (b) basic atoms but large chlorine atoms do not
(c) neutral (d) amphoteric 9. Na2B4O7.10H2O is correctly represented as:
2. Which of the following compounds is formed in borax bead (a) 2NaBO2.Na2B2O3.10H2O
test? (b) Na2[B4O5(OH)4].8H2O
(a) Metaborate (b) tetraborate (c) Na2[B4(H2O)4O7].6H2O
(c) Double oxide (d) Orthoborate (d) all of these
3. Borax is used as a cleansing agent because on dissolving 10. The structure of diborane (B2H6) contains :
in water, it gives:
(a) four 2C-2e bonds and two 3C-2e bonds
(a) alkaline solution (b) acidic solution
(b) two 2C-2e bonds and four 3C-2e bonds
(c) bleaching solution (d) neutral solution
(c) two 2C-2e bonds and two 3C-3e bonds
4. Aqueous solution of borax acts as a buffer because:
(d) four 2C-2e bonds and four 3C-2e bonds
(a) it contains weak acid and its salt with strong base
11. Al2O3 can be converted to anhydrous AlCl3 by heating:
(b) it contains tribasic acid and strong base
(a) a mixture of Al2O3 and carbon in dry Cl2 gas
(c) it contains number of neutral water molecules
(b) Al2O3 with Cl2 gas
(d) none of the above
(c) Al2O3 with HCl gas
5. Orthoboric acid behaves as a weak monobasic acid
(d) Al2O3 with NaCl in solid state
giving H3O+ and
100o C 160o C Red hot
(a) [B(OH)4]+ (b) H2BO2+ 12. H 3 BO3  X  Y 
 B 2 O3 ;
(c) [B(OH)4]– (d) H2BO2– X and Y respectively are:
6. Boron does not form B3+ cation easily. It is due to: (a) X = Metaboric acid ; Y = Tetraboric acid
(a) energy required to form B3+ ion is very high which will (b) X = Borax; Y = Metaboric acid
not be compensated by lattice energies or hydration
(c) X = Tetraboric acid ; Y = Metaboric acid
energies of such ion
(d) X = Tetraboric acid ; Y = Borax
(b) boron is non-metal
13. In which of the following, a salt of the type KMO2 is ob-
(c) boron is semi-metal
tained?
(d) none of the above
(a) B2 H6  KOH(aq.) 
7. A gas other than HCl is obtained in :
(b) Al  KOH(aq.) 
Silent electric
(a) BCl3 + H 2 
discharge

(c) Both
(b) LiAlH 4 + BF3  (d) None of these
(c) Both 14. Amorphous boron is extracted from borax by following
(d) None of these steps:
8. Hydride of boron occurs as B2H6 but B2Cl6 does not exist. (A) Heat (B)
Borax   H 3 BO3   B2 O3    Boron.
This is because :
(A) and (B) are:
(a) p-d back bonding is possible in B2H6 but not in B2Cl6
(a) H2SO4, Al (b) HCl, carbon
(b) boron and hydrogen have almost equal values of
electronegativity (c) H2SO4, Mg (d) HCl, Fe

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p-BLOCK (GROUP 13 AND 14) 71
(c) It has a layer structure in which BO3-3 units are joined
15. + LiF by hydrogen bonds
(d) It is obtained by treating borax with conc. H2SO4
Which of the statement is true for the above sequence of 21. Select the correct statements about diborane
reactions?
(a) B2H6 has three centred bond
(a) Z is hydrogen
(b) Each boron atom lies in sp3 hybrid state
(b) X is B2H6
(c) Hb......B........Hb bond angle is 122o
(c) Z and Y are F2 and B2H6 respectively (d) All hydrogens in B2H6 lie in the same plane
(d) Z is potassium hydroxide 22. In Al2Cl6 which statement(s) is (are) incorrect?
16. When an inorganic compound (X) having 3C—2e as well (a) Four Al—Cl bonds are of the same length and two of
as 2C-2e bonds reacts with ammonia gas at a certain different length
temperature, gives a compound (Y), isostructural with
(b) Six Al—Cl bonds are of same length
benzene. Compound (X) with ammonia at a high
temperature produces a substance (Z). Which of the (c) The angle Cl—Al—Cl is 118o and 79o
following is not correct? (d) The angle Al—Cl—Al is 101o
(a) (X) is B2H6 23. In the reaction
(b) (Z) is known as inorganic graphite
2X + B2 H6  [BH 2 X 2 ]+ [BH 4 ]–
(c) (Y) is B3N3H6
the amine(s) X is (are) :
(d) (Z) is soft like graphite
(a) NH3 (b) CH3NH2
17. Which of the following is correct?
(c) (CH3)2NH (d) (CH3)3N
(a) The members of BnHn+6 are less stable than BnHn+4 series
(b) Diborane is coloured and unstable at room tempera ture
Numerical Value Type Questions
(c) The reaction of diborane with oxygen is endothermic 24. Find the value of x in the termolite abestos:

(d) All of the above Ca2Mgx (Si4O11)2(OH)2

18. Boric acid is used in carrom boards for smooth gliding of 25. When B2H6 is allowed to react with following lewis bases,
pawns because: then how many given lewis bases form adduct through
(a) H3BO3 molecules are loosely chemically bonded and symmetrical cleavage of B2H6?
hence soft NH3, MeNH2, Pyridine, CO,T.H.F, PH3, PF3, Me3N, Me2NH
(b) its low density makes it fluffy 26. Consider the structure of Al2Me6 compound and find the
(c) it is chemically inert with the plywood xy
vale of .
z
(d) H-bonding in H3BO3 gives it a layered structure
Where x = Maximum number of atoms that can lie in plane
Objective Questions II having terminal (Al-Me) bonds.
[One or more than one correct option] y = Total number of 3c-2e– bonds.
19. Orthoboric acid (H3BO3) and metaboric acid (HBO2) differ in z = Total number of atoms that are sp3 hybridized.
respect of: 27. Consider Al2(OH)6 compound and calculate the value of
(a) basicity (b) structure (X + Y)  Z
(c) melting point (d) oxidation Where X = Total number of (2c—2e–) bond.
20. Which of the following statements are true for H3BO3? Y = Total number of (3c—2e–) bond.
(a) It is mainly monobasic acid and a Lewis acid Z = Total number of (3c—4e–) bond.
(b) It does not act as a proton donor but acts as an acid by
accepting hydroxyl ions

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p-BLOCK (GROUP 13 AND 14) 72
Assertion Reason is formed on its surface which it passive for further attack.
(A) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and The layer is so useful that in industry, it is purposely de-
posited by an electrolytic process called anodising
Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
Reaction of aluminium with oxygen is highly exothermic
(B) If both Assertion and Reason are true but and is called thermite reaction.
Reason is not the correct explanation of
3
Assertion. 2Al(s) + O 2 (g)  Al 2 O3 (s); ΔH = –1670 kJ
2
(C) If Assertion is true but Reason is false. Thermite reaction finds applications in the metallurgical
(D) If Assertion is false but Reason is true. extraction of many metals from their oxides and for welding
of metals. The drawback is that to start the reaction, high
28. Assertion (A) : Borax bead test is not suitable for Al (III) temperature is required for which an ignition mixture is used.
Reason (R) : Al2O3 is insoluble in water. 33. Anodising can be done by electrolysing dilute H2SO4 with
(a) A (b) B aluminium as anode. This results in :
(c) C (d) D (a) the formation of Al2(SO4)3 on the surface of aluminium
29. Assertion (A) : In water, orthoboric acid behaves as a anode
weak monobasic acid. (b) the formation of oxide film (Al2O3) on the surface of
Reason (R) : In water, orthoboric acid acts as a proton aluminium anode
donor. (c) the formation of polymeric aluminium hydride film on
(a) A (b) B the surface of aluminium anode
(c) C (d) D (d) none of the above
30. Assertion (A) : Boron always forms covalent bond. 34. The reaction which is not involved in thermite process:
Reason (R) : The small size of B3+ favours formation of (a) 3Mn 3 O 4  8Al 
 9Mn  4Al2 O3
covalent bond. (b) Cr2 O 3  2Al 
 2Cr  Al2 O3
(a) A (b) B (c) 2Fe  Al 2 O 3 
 Fe 2 O 3  2Al
(c) C (d) D (d) B2 O3  2Al 
 2B  Al2 O3
31. Assertion (A) : BF3 is a weaker Lewis acid than BCl3. 35. Thermite a mixture used for welding is:
Reason (R) : BF3 molecule is stabilized to a greater extent (a) Fe and Al (b) BaO and Mg powder
than BCl3 by B—F P-Pback bonding
(c) Cu and Al (d) Fe2O3 and Al powder
(a) A (b) B
36. Anodised aluminium is :
(c) C (d) D
(a) Al obtained at anode
32. Assertion (A) : AlF3 is soluble in KF but addition of BF3
brings its precipitation. (b) Al prepared electrolytically

Reason (R) : BF3 is more acidic than AlF3. (c) alloy of Al containing 95% Al

(a) A (b) B (d) Al electrolytically coated with aluminium oxide

(c) C (d) D 37. Which one of the following metals cannot be extracted by
using Al as a reducing agent?
Paragraph Type Questions
(a) Na from Na2O (b) Cr from Cr2O3
Use the following passage, to solve Q. 33 to Q. 38 (c) W from WO3 (d) Mn from Mn3O4
Passage 38. Aluminium becomes passive in:
Aluminium is stable in air and water in spite of the fact that (a) conc. HNO3 (b) H2CrO4
it is reactive metal. The reason is that a thin film of its oxide
(c) HClO4 (d) all of these

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p-BLOCK (GROUP 13 AND 14) 73
Use the following passage, to solve Q. 39 to Q. 41 42. Compound (A) is:

Passage (a) NaBO2 (b) Na2B4O7

(c) Na3BO3 (d) NaOH
(i) P  C(carbon)  Cl2  Q  CO 
43. Compound (B) is:
(ii) Q  H 2 O  R  HCl
(a) NaBO2 (b) Na2B4O7
(iii) BN  H 2 O  R  NH 3  (c) Na3BO3 (d) NaOH
(iv) Q  LiAlH 4  S  LiCl  AlCl3 44. Compound (C) is:
(v) S  NaH  T (a) H2B4O7 (b) HBO2
(P, Q, R, S and T do not represent their chemical (c) H3BO3 (d) HB3O5
symbols)
45. Compound (D) is:
39. Compound Q has:
(a) H3BO3 (b) B2O3
(I) Zero dipole moment
(c) B (d) none of these
(II) a planar trigonal structure
46. Compound (E) is:
(III) an electron deficient compound
(a) Cu2O (b) CuS
(IV) a Lewis base
(c) CuSO3 (d) Cu(BO2)2
Choose the correct code:
Use the following passage, to solve Q. 47 to Q. 50
(a) I, IV (b) I, II, IV
(c) I, II, III (d) I, II, III, IV
Passage
o
700 C
40. Compound T is used as a/an : (i) Boron  O 2  (X)
(a) oxidising agent (b) complexing agent (ii) (X)  C(carbon)  Cl2  (Y)  CO
(c) bleaching agent (d) reducing agent (iii) (Y)  LiAlH 4  (Z)  LiCl  AlCl3
41. Compound S is: Heat
(iv) (Z)  NH3  (A)  (B)
(I) an odd-e– compound
(v) (Z)  NaH  (D)
(II) (2c-3e–) compound
(III) electron deficient compound 47. Compound (Z) is:

(IV) a sp2 hybridized compound (a) an ionic compound

Choose the correct code: (b) an electron deficient compound

(a) III (b) I, III (c) 2C – 3e compound

(c) II, III (d) I, II, IV (d) having ethane like structure
48. Compounds (X) and (Y) are:
Use the following passage, to solve Q. 42 to Q. 46
(a) (X) = BO2, (Y) = BCl2 (b) (X) = BO3, (Y) = BCl4
Passage
(c) (X) = B2O3, (Y) = BCl3 (d) (X) = BO3, (Y) = B4C
Fused
Ca 2 B6 O11  Na 2 CO3  (A)  (B)  CaCO 3 49. Compound (B) is:
(A)  CO 2 
(B)  Na 2 CO3 (a) Borazole (b) Organic benzene
Solution
(c) Borazon (d) Boron nitride
H2O
(B)  Conc.HCl 
 NaCl  Acid 
 Acid (C) 50. Compound (D) is used as a/an :
Strongly
(C)  (D) (a) Oxidising agent (b) Complexing agent
heated
(c) Buffer agent (d) Reducing agent
Heated
(D)  CuSO 4 
inflame
 Blue coloured (E) compound

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p-BLOCK (GROUP 13 AND 14) 74

EXERCISE - 4 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE ADVANCED QUESTIONS

Objective Questions I [Only one correct option] 7. The increasing order of atomic radii of the following
1. Identify the correct order of acidic strength of CO2, CuO, Group 13 elements is (2016)
CaO, H2O. (2002) (a) Al <Ga<In<Tl (b) Ga<Al<In<Tl
(a) CaO < CuO < H2O < CO2 (c) Al<In< Ga<Tl (d) Al <Ga<Tl<In
(b) H2O < CuO < CaO < CO2 Objective Questions II
(c) CaO < H2O < CuO < CO2 [One or more than one correct option]
(d) H2O < CO2 < CaO < CuO 8. In the reaction,

2. H3BO3 is (2003) 2X  B2 H6  [BH 2 (X)2 ] [BH 4 ]

(a) monobasic acid and weak Lewis acid the amine(s) X is (are) (2009)
(b) monobasic and weak Bronsted acid
(a) NH3 (b) CH3NH2
(c) monobasic and strong Lewis acid
(c) (CH3)2 NH (d) (CH3)3 N
(d) tribasic and weak Bronsted acid
9. With respect to graphite and diamond, which of the
3. (Me)2 SiCl2 on hydrolysis will produce (2003) statement(s) given below is (are) correct ? (2012)
(a) (Me)2 Si(OH)2 (a) Graphite is harder than diamond.
(b) (Me)2 Si = O (b) Graphite has higher electrical conductivity than
diamond.
(c) [—O—(Me)2 Si—O—]n
(c) Graphite has higher thermal conductivity than
(d) Me2SiCl(OH) diamond.
4. Name the structure of silicates in which three oxygen atoms (d) Graphite has higher C-C bond order than diamond.
of [SiO4]4– are shared is (2005)
10. The crystalline form of borax has (2016)
(a) pyrosilicate (b) sheet silicate 2–
(a) tetranuclear [B4O5 (OH)4] unit
(c) linear chain silicate (d) three dimensional silicate
(b) all boron atoms in the same plane
5. B (OH)3 + NaOH  NaBO2 + Na [B (OH)4] + H2O
(c) equal number of sp2 and sp3 hybridized boron atoms
How can this reaction is made to proceed in forward
(d) one terminal hydroxide per boron atom
direction ? (2006)
11. The correct statement(s) for orthoboric acid is/are
(a) Addition of cis 1, 2 diol
(2017)
(b) Addition of borax
(a) It behaves as a weak acid in water due to self ionization.
(c) Addition of trans 1, 2 diol
(b) Acidity of its aqueous solution increases upon addition
(d) Addition of Na2HPO4 of ethylene glycol.
6. Under hydrolytic conditions, the compounds used for (c) It has a three dimensional structure due to hydrogen
preparation of linear polymer and for chain termination, bonding.
respectively, are (2015)
(d) It is a weak electrolyte in water
(a) CH3SiCl3 and Si(CH3)4
(b) (CH3)2SiCl2 and (CH3)3SiCl
(c) (CH3)2SiCl2 and CH3SiCl3
(d) SiCl4 and (CH3)3SiCl

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p-BLOCK (GROUP 13 AND 14) 75
12. Choose the correct statement(s) among the following 19. Statement-1 : Boron always forms covalent bond.
(2020) because
(a) SnCl 2 .2H 2 O is a reducing agent. Statement-2 : The small size of B3+ favours formation of
(b) SnO2 reacts with KOH to form K 2 [Sn(OH) 6 ] . covalent bond. (2007)
(c) A solution of PbCl2 in limited HCl contains Pb 2  and (a) A (b) B
Cl– ions (c) C (d) D
(d) The reaction of Pb3 O 4 with hot nitric acid to give 4+
20. Statement-1 : Pb compounds are stronger oxidising agents
PbO2 is a redox reaction
than Sn2+ compounds.
Numerical Value Type Questions Statement-2 : The higher oxidation states for the group 14
13. The coordination number of Al in the crystalline state of elements are more stable for the heavier members of the
AlCl3 is (2009) group due to ‘inert pair effect’. (2008)
14. The value of n in the molecular formula BenAl2Si6O18 is (a) A (b) B
(2010) (c) C (d) D
15. Three moles of B2H6 are completely reacted with
Subjective Type Questions
methanol. The number of moles of boron containing
product formed is (2015) heat in B
21. PbS 
air
A  PbS   Pb  SO 2 ;
Assertion Reason Identify A and B. (1991)
(A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; 22. Compound X on reduction with LiAlH4 gives a hydride Y
Statement-2 is a correct explanation for containing 21.72% hydrogen alongwith other products. The
Statement-1 compound Y reacts with air explosively resulting in boron
(B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; trioxide. Identify X and Y. Give balanced reactions involved
in the formation of Y and its reaction with air. Draw the
Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for
structure of Y. (2001)
Statement-1
23. Starting from SiCl4, prepare the following in steps not
(C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False
exceeding the number given in parenthesis (give reactions
(D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True. only)
16. Statement-1 : Al(OH)3 is amphoteric in nature (i) Silicon (1)
Statement-2 : Al–O and O–H bonds can be broken with (ii) Linear silicon containing methyl group only (4)
equal ease in Al(OH)3. (1998)
(iii) Na2SiO3 (3) (2001)
(a) A (b) B
24. (i) How is boron obtained from borax ? Give chemical
(c) C (d) D
equations with reaction conditions.
17. Statement-1: Between SiCl4 and CCl4 only SiCl4 reacts
(ii) Write the structure of B2H6 and its reaction with HCl.
with water.
(2002)
Statement-2: SiCl4 is ionic and CCl4 is covalent. (2001)
25. AlF3 is insoluble in anhydrous HF but when little KF is
(a) A (b) B
added to the compound it becomes soluble. On addition of
(c) C (d) D BF3, AlF3 is precipitated. Write the balanced chemical
18. Statement-1 : In water, orthoboric acid behaves as a weak equations. (2004)
monobasic acid because
Statement-2 : In water, orthoboric acid acts as a proton
donor. (2007)
(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D

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ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY

1. INTRODUCTION water or land). It can affect human, animal and plant life as well as
materials. Pollution may be natural or man made. It can be classified
Environmental studies deal with the sum of all social, economical, according to the components of environment being damaged.
biological, physical and chemical interrelations with our These are :
surroundings. In this unit the focus will be on environmental
(i) Air pollution
chemistry.The branch of science which deals with the chemical
phenomena occurring in the environment is called as environmental (ii) Water pollution
chemistry. (iii) Soil (land) pollution
The environment means surroundings. It has four following 2.1 Environmental Pollutant
component:
When the concentration of a substance already present in nature
1.1 Atmosphere or of a new substance increases to undesirable proportions
1.1.1 Function of the Atmosphere . POLLUTANTS causing danger to human beings, other animals or vegetation and
other materials, the substance is treated as a pollutant. The
(i) It contain all the gases which are essential for the life on the
pollutants spoil the environment and are harmful to living
earth.
organisms and other materials. The common pollutants are :
(ii) It is a carrier of water vapour which are needed for all life.
(i) gases like carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, oxides of
(iii) O3 is present in it which absorbs harmful U.V. radiations. nitrogen, etc.
(iv) It maintain heat balance of the earth by absorbing infrared (ii) compounds of metals like lead, mercury, zinc, cadmium,
radiation coming from the sun and remitted from the earth. arsenic, etc.
1.1.2 Regions (or Structure) of the Atmosphere . (iii) pollen grains, dust
It has four region. These regions are defined by the temperature. (iv) pesticides and detergents
(v) sewage and
(vi) radioactive substances
2.1.1 Primary and secondary pollutants
(i) Primary pollutants : Those which after their formation enter
the environment and remain as such. ex. : NO, NO2 , SO2.
(ii) Secondary pollutants : The harmful material which are formed
1.2 Hydrosphere (75% of Earth) by chemical reaction between primary pollutants in the
atmosphere. ex.
The part which contain water in the form of sea, oceans, reivers,
lakes, ponds. Hydrocarbon  Oxide of nitrogen 
hv
 compound
1.3 Lithosphere 2.1.2 Bio degradable and Non bio degradable pollutants
It is solid component of the earth consisting of soil, rocks, (i) Bio-degradable pollutants : The materials (such as cow
mountains. dungs) which are easily decomposed by the micro-organism.
1.4 Biosphere Thus are not harmful, but in the excess in environment, they
It is the part of the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere. do not undergo degradation completing and thus become
Where living organism interact with these parts and lived together. pollutant.
(ii) Non-biodegradable pollutants : The material (such as Hg,
2. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION Al, DDT) which do not undergo degradation (or degrade
Environmental pollution is an undesirable change in physical, very slowly) but their presence even in very small amount in
chemical or biological characteristics of our surroundings (air, the environment is very harmful. They may react with other

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compounds present in the environment and produce more the radiations. The rest is re-radiated as infrared radiation from
toxic compound. the earth’s surface. In polluted air, molecules of CO2 , CH4 , CFCs,
N2O, O3 and water vapours are present. These gases can absorb
3. ATMOSHPERIC POLLUTION infrared radiations but cannot absorb the ultra violet radiations.
Energy of these trapped radiations raise the temperature of earth
Atmospheric pollution is generally studied as tropospheric and
and its atmosphere. Thus if proportion of green house gases
stratospheric pollution. The presence of ozone in the stratosphere
increases in the atmosphere heat trapped by them will raise the
prevents about 99.5 per cent of the sun’s harmful ultraviolet (UV)
temperature of the earth and will cause global warming. Greenhouse
radiations from reaching the earth’s surface and thereby protecting
effect leading to global warming shall have severe effects on
humans and other animals from its effect.
rainfall, sea level, plant and animal growth.
3.1 Tropospheric pollution
3.2.1 Harmful Effect of Global Warming
The tropospheric pollution occurs because of the presence of (i) Rise in sea level: Polar ice caps would melt because of rise
undesirable solid or gaseous particles in air. The pollutants may in temperature and add more water to sea. Moreover water
be broadly classified into two major types : expands when it heats up. This will lead to rise of sea level.
1. Gaseous air pollutants : These include oxides of sulphur, It will flood the low lying coastal area and many cities will
nitrogen and carbon, hydrogen sulphide, hydrocarbons, get submerged in water.
ozone and other oxidants. (ii) Drought: warming will result in 10% decrease in precipitation
2. Particulate pollutants : These are dust, fumes, mist, spray, (rain fall) and this will decrease rain fall causing drought
smoke etc. conditions.
Major Air Pollutants their Sources and Effects (iii) Effect on plant and animals: Drought will reduce
Major Pollutants Sources Effects photosynthesis in plants and lead to reduced growth of
of Air plants.Warmer conditions will encourage growth of pests.
SO2 Vehicular Irritation to the eyes, (iv) Increase in CO2 : Warmer conditions accelerate microbial
combustion, fossil acid rain premature degradation of organic matter and add more CO2.
fuel burning falling of leaves
3.3 Acid Rain
CO and CO2 Vehicular Global warming, Acid rain containg H2SO4, HNO3 (and small amount of HCl) which
combustion and green house effect, are formed from the oxide S and N2 present in the air is called as
burning of fuels and CO has great affanity acid rain. The pH of acid rain is 4-5.
hydrocarbons for haemoglobin and
forms the carboxy 3.3.1 Foramtion of Acid Rain
haemoglobin Formation of acid rain : The oxide of nitrogen undergo oxidation
Smoke, fly ash Thermal power Respiratory diseases reaction. The reaction with the water vapour present in the
and soot station atmosphere to form HNO3.
Lead and mercury Auto exhaust from Affects the nervous
Step (I) :
gasoline, paints, system and
strorage batteries, circulatory system NO  O3 
hv
 NO 2  O 2
fossil fuel burning causing nerve and
NO 2  O3 
hv
 NO3  O 2
brain damage
CFCs Refrigerants and Kidney damage and NO 2  NO3 
hv
 N 2O5
aerosol ozone deplection N 2 O5  H 2 O 
hv
 2HNO 3

3.2 Global Warming and Greenhouse Effect HNO3 come down with rain to earths.
Step (II) :
Gases such as CO2 , NO2, CFCs (chloro fluorocarbons) allow sun
rays to pass through them but then absorb and reradiate the heat The SO3 reacts with water vapour and formed H2SO4.
back towards the earth. These are therefore termed as green house 2SO 2  O 2 
 2SO3
gases.
The HNO3 and H2SO4 combine with HCl present in the air to
Radiations (ultra violet) from the sun penetrate the earth’s produce acidic precipitation which is called as acid rain.
atmosphere and reach earth. The surface of earth partially absorbs
In acid rain H2SO4 = 60 - 70%

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HNO3 = 30 - 40 % (ii) Smoke denotes very small soot particles produced by
HCl = Very small amount burning and combustion of organic matter. Oil smoke,
tobacco smoke and carbon smoke are typical examples of
NOTE this type of particulate emission.
The normal rain water has a pH about 5.6 due to dissolution of (iii) Fumes are condenses vapours : fumes of metals are the well-
CO2 in water. known particulates of this type. Examples of this category
also include metallurgical fumes and alkali fumes.
CO 2  H 2 O  H 2 CO 3  2H   CO32
(iv) Dust consists of the particles produced during crushing,
When pH of rain water become less than 5.6 it will be acidic. grinding and attribution of solid materials. Non-viable dust
3.3.2 Harmfull effect of acid-rain particulates in the atmosphere consist of ground limestone,
(i) It damage to building and status which contain marble, lime sand tailings from floatation, pulverised coal, cement, fly
stone, state, mortar etc. ash and silica dust.
The effects of particulate pollutants depend upon the size of the
CaCO 3  H 2SO 4 
 CaSO 4  H 2 O  CO 2
particles. The coarser particles of size more than 5 microns are
(ii) It damage iron and steel structure. likely to lodge in the nasal passages whereas the smaller ones are
(iii) It corrodes water pipe, so heavy metal (like Fe, Pb, Cu) are more likely to penetrate into the lungs. The rate of penetration is
mixed with water which have toxic effect. inversely proportional to the size of the particles. Some of these
(iv) The acid rain increase the acidity of the lake. Which is particles are carcinogens. Continuous inhaling of these small
harfmful to fishes. particles for long periods of time irritates the lungs and causes
(v) It damage the trees, plants and retards the grwth of the plant. ‘scarring’ or ‘fibrosis’ of the lung lining. This type of disease is
very common in industrial settings and is known as
NOTE “pneumoconiosis”.
Acid rain reacts with marble, CaCO3 of Taj Mahal 3.5 Smog
(CaCO3 +H2SO4  CaSO4 + H2O + CO2) causing damage to this Smog is a mixture of smoke, dust particles and small drops of fog.
wonderful monument that has attracted people from around It is a major air pollutant in big cities.Smog is of two types :
the world. As a result, the monument is being slowly disfigured
and the marble is getting discoloured and lustreless. 3.5.1 Classical Smog
3.4 Particulates Pollutants This type of smog is formed by the combination of smoke, dust and
The small sized solid particles and liquid droplets which range in fog containing sulphur dioxide from polluted air. This is also called
chemical smog. Chemically, it is a reducing mixture so it is also called
size from 2 × 10–10 m (0.0002 m) to 5 × 10–4 m are collectively
reducing smog.
called as particulates. These particles are usually individually not
visible to the naked eye. However, small particles often collectively 3.5.2 Photochemcial Smog
form a haze that restricts the visibility. The common particulates This type of smog is formed by the combination of smoke, dust
are smoke, mists, fumes, dust etc. and fog with an air pollutant in the atmosphere as a result of
The particulates in the atmosphere may be viable or non-viable. photochemical reaction.
The viable particulates are the small living organisms which are The chemistry of formation of photochemical smog centres
dispersed in the atmosphere. These includes bacteria, moulds, around nitric oxide (NO). The formation of photochemical smog
fungi, algae, etc. Some of these viable particulates cause allergic can be understood by the following steps :
reactions on human beings. Fungi can also cause plant diseases. (i) During the early morning before the sun rise, the automobile
Non-viable particulates are formed either by the breakdown of exhaust emits CO, hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen. The NO
large materials or by the condensation of minute particles and reacts with oxygen to produce NO2, a yellowish brown gas.
droplets.
(ii) As the sun rises, ultra-violet and visible radiations fall on
There are four types of non-viable particulates in the atmosphere: the earth. The ultra-violet rays convert NO2 back to NO and
(i) Mists are produced by particles of spray liquids and the produce highly reactive atoms of oxygen.
condensation of vapours in air. Examples are portions of
herbicides and insecticides that miss their targets and travel
through the air to form mists.

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Some of these oxygen atoms combine with O2 in the air to produce

ozone gas.

It is thermodynamically unstable and decomposes into molecular

Ozone reacts with NO to form NO2 and O2 oxygen. It has the important photochemical property of absorbing
solar radiation between the wavelength of 200 nm and 300 nm.

NO2 again absorbs u.v. radiations and the entire cycle starts again. The reactive atomic oxygen formed in the above reaction
Both NO2 and O3 are strong oxidizing agents and can react with recombines with molecular oxygen to form ozone. This completes
unburnt hydrocarbons (from exhaust of automobiles) to form organic the ozone cycle.
free radicals. The formation of organic free radicals results into a Thus, a dynamic equilibrium exists between the production and
number of chain reactions producing many undesirable compounds decomposition of ozone molecules.
(such as formaldehyde, acrolein, organic peroxides, organic
The thick layer of ozone is called ozone blanket because it is very
hydroperoxides, peroxyacyl nitrates etc.) which constitute
effective in absorbing harmful ultra violet rays given out by the
photochemical smog. It also includes H2O2. The brownish haze of sun. Therefore, the ozone layer is also known as protective shield.
photochemical smog is largely due to brown colour of NO2. Recently in 1980, scientists have observed a hole in the ozone
blanket covering the upper atmosphere around Antarctica. Recent
observations have also shown that the ozone layer diminishes over
the south pole in spring during August-September to a greater
Acrolein and peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN) are very noxious
extent year after year. This depletion of the protective blanket of
substances.
ozone will cause a damaging effect because harmful ultra-violet
rays can reach earth through this hole. The increased level of ultra-
violet rays will result in damage to plants, animals, human beings
and even matter posing great threat to ecosystem over the globe.
Thus, the depletion of ozone layer is a serious threat to mankind.
3.5.3 Effects of Photochemcial Smog The depletion of ozone may be due to some natural processes or
industrial activities.
(i) It can cause coughing, wheezing bronchial constriction and
Peroxyaetyl nitrates and aldehydes found in smog are eye The main cause of depletion of ozone layer is its reaction with
irritants. chlorofluorocarbons. Unlike other chemicals, chlorofluorocarbons
are not removed from the atmosphere by usual scavenging
(ii) Materials are also adversely affected by some smog
processes like photo dissociation, oxidation, rainfall, etc. As a
components.
result they move to stratosphere by random diffusion. Then these
(iii) Smog also affects to cause damage to vegetation and are destroyed by photolysis and release atomic chlorine. This
reduction in plant growth and crop productivity. released Cl atoms cause a catalytic chemical reaction and cause
(iv) PAN has the highest toxicity to plants, attacking younger significant depletion of stratospheric ozone layer.
leaves and causing 'bronzing' and 'glazing' of their surfaces.
3.5.4 Control of Photochemical Smog
The free radical, Cl• reacts with O3 through a chain reaction
Installation of efficient catalytic converters in the automobiles is
the most straightforward way of reducing smog formation as it
prevents the release of nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons to the
atmosphere.
These chlorine atoms are free to react with more ozone. As a
4. DEPLETION OF OZONE LAYER result, many O3 molecules can be destroyed for each chlorine
atom produced. It has been shown that over one thousand ozone
Ozone is an important constituent of the stratosphere at altitudes molecules can be destroyed by one Cl.
between 15 and 25 km. It is formed in the atmosphere by the
decomposition of oxygen by ultra-violet radiation from the sun The net result of these reactions is destruction of several
having wavelength shorter than 260 nm. molecules of O3 for each Cl atom produced.

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form of the phosphate anion PO43–, encourages the formation
5. WATER POLLUTION
of algae, which reduces the dissolved oxygen concentration
The quality of drinking water is very important for human welfare. of water. The process, known as eutrophication, impedes
The pollution of water by sewage has been linked to the spread of the development of higher life forms, such as fish.
diseases such as cholera and typhoid fever. Table lists the major (iii) Acid-polluted water (pH < 3) : Water downstream from a
water pollutants, their sources and effects: mine may be contaminated by acid mine drainage, the result
In addition, industrial wastes also contaminate water: of microbial oxidation of discarded waste material at the mine
(i) Heavy Metals : Metals such as Cd, Pb and Hg may be present site. Acid mine water principally contain sulphuric acid
in industrial or mining waste. Cadmium and mercury can cause produced by the oxidation of iron pyrites (FeS2). Industrial
kidneys, liver brain and central nervous system. wastes and acid rain may also contribute to the acidity of
natural waters.
(ii) Detergents and Fertilizers : These may contain phosphates
as additives. The addition of phosphours to water, in the

Major Water Pollutants their Sources and Effects

Pollutant Sources of Pollutants Effects and Significance

Pathogens Sewage, human and animal wastes, natural Depletion of dissolved oxygen in water (foul
and urban runoff from land, industrial waste odour) health effects (outbreaks of water
born diseases)
Organic pollutants Automobile and machine waste, tanker Disruption of marine life, aesthetic damage
spills, offshore oil leakage Chemicals used Toxic effects (Harmful for aquatic life),
 Oil and grease for better yield from agriculture
 Pesticides and weedicides possible genetic defects and cancer ; kills
fish Eutrophication, aesthetics
 Plastics
 Detergents
Inorganic pollutants Fertilizers Algal bloom and eutrophication, nitrates
Agricultural runoff
(phosphates and nitrates) cause methemoglobenemia

Acids and alkalies Mine drainage, industrial wastes, natural Kill fresh water organisms, unfit for drinking,
and urban runoff irrigation and industrial use.

Natural sources, uranium mining and Cancer and genetic defects

Radioactive materials
processing, hospitals and research
laboratories using radioisotopes

Heat Cooling water for industrial, nuclear and Decreases solubility of oxyegn in water,
thermal plants disrupts aquatic ecosystems

Sediments Natural erosion, runoff from agricultual land Affects water quality, reduces fish
and construction sites population

(iv) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) : These chemicals are Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) : The polluted water may
relatively recent additions to the list of contaminants of water. contain large amounts of inorganic and organic compounds. Some
Having high stabilities, PCBs find many applications, for of these can be oxidised by dissolved oxygen in the presence of
example they are used as fluids in transformer capacitors. microorganisms. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is a measure
PCBs are resistant to oxidation and their release into the of the dissolved oxygen that would be needed by the
environment causes skin disorders in humans. They are microorganisms to oxidise these compounds. BOD, therefore, is a
reported to be carcinogenic. measure of the contamination caused by the totality of those
compounds which can be oxidised in the presence of

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microorganisms. They, therefore, don;t contribute to the BOD, pesticide poisons many more organisms than those intended.
tough their presence makes water unfit for consumption. The Some of these poison pass through food chains and eventually
BOD is taken as a realistic measure of water quality 'clean water' reach harmful proportions. Solid wastes are another cause of soil
would have a BOD value of less than 5 ppm whereas highly (land) pollution.
polluted river water could have a BOD value of 17 ppm or more. 6.1 Sources of pollution
5.1 International Standards for Drinking Water 1. Industrial waste: Industrial wastes are the major cause of
The quality of water is of vital concern for mankind since it is soil pollution because the wastes are toxic due to presence
directly linked with human welfare. There are some international of cyanides, chromates, acids, alkalies, metal like nickel,
standars for drinking water, which must always be obeyed if water cadmium, mercury and lead. Some industries like paper
is to be used for drinking purposes. These are : industries Sugar and textile mills, chemical industries &
Fluoride : Soluble fluoride is often added to drinking water to cement industries are also responsible for soil pollution. The
bring it up to a concentration of 1 ppm or 1 mg dm–3. This wastes of these industries are not bio-degradable.
concentration is within agreed safety limits and has been shown 2. Urban and domestic waste: The urban and domestic wastes
to protect teeth against decay. High concentrations of fluoride referred as soil refuse, containing garbage, and rubbish, paper
are poisonous and are harmful to bone and teeth at levels over 10 pieces, glass, plastics polythene bags, cans detergents and
ppm (mg dm–3). cakes. These substances emit.Toxic gases, hydrocarbons
Lead : The limit for the concentration of lead ions in drinking and pathogenic microbes cause to disease.
water is 50 ppb (g dm–3). If water is relatively acidic and lead pipes 3. Agricultural chemicals: The fertilizers, pesticides,
are used for water transport, then the water is liable to get herbicides insecticides and fungicides are commonly used
contaminated with lead. to save and increase the yield of crops but they have polluted
pH : The pH of drinking water should be between 5.5 and 9.5. A the soil. Some time the entry of these chemicals in food chain
decrease in the pH of the water increases the solubility of metal has cause to adverse effects on health of consumers.
ions. 4. Fertilizers: The fertilizers increase the yield crop it has no
Sulphate : Sulphate is harmless at moderate levles, but excessive doubt but the excessive use has adverse effects. It disturb
sulphate (> 500 ppm) is thought to have a laxative effect. the pH of soil, ionic balance and the presence of certain
elements. So they have a number of health hazards. The
Nitrate : Excess nitrate in drinking water can lead to
nitrites cause to cancer in human body.
methemoglobinemia (blue-baby syndrome). It also may be linked
to stomach cancer, although this link has not been proved. A 5. Pesticides: The chemicals are used to kill or to stop the
maximum limit of 50 ppm for the nitrate ion in drinking water has growth of unwanted organisms and entry of these chemicals
been set. into food and water cause effect on the health of consumers.

Other Metals : The maximum recommended levels of common 6. Insecticides: Some chemicals like DDT, BHC, aldrin, dieldrin
metals in drinking water are as follows: are used to kill the insects, the use of DDT is banned by the
government because it is not biodegradable. Some bio
Maximum Prescribed Concentration of Some
degradable organ phosphates, carbonates may be used in
Metals in Drinking Water
place of insecticides.
Metal Maximum concentration
(ppm or mg dm-3) 7. Herbicides: The compounds used to control the growth of
weeds, some inorganic compounds like sodium chlorate and
Fe 0.2
sodium arsenite (Na 3AsO 3) were commonly used as
Mn 0.05 herbicids. These one toxic in nature. So Now-a-days organic
Al 0.2 herbicide Triazines are preferred.
Cu 3.0 8. Fungicides: Fungicides are used to chock the growth of
Zn 5.0 fungi. Organic compounds of mercury have been used as
Cd 0.005 fungicides. Many people in Iraq resulted to death due to
eating breads made from grains that been treated with methyl
6. SOIL POLLUTION mercury fungicide.

Most of the land pollution is caused by pesticides and other

chemicals which are added to the soil grow better crops. Often, a

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6.2 Control of soil Pollutions Therefore, all domestic wastes should be properly collected and
The following steps have been suggested to control the soil disposed. The poor management causes health problems leading
pollutioins: to epidemics due to contamination of ground water.
(i) The use of chemical fertilizers can be reduced by applying 8. GREEN CHEMISTRY
bio-fertilizers and manures.
“Green chemistry is the design of chemical products and processes
(ii) Re cycling and recovery of materials appears to be a
that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous
reasonable solution for reducing soil pollutions. Materials
substances.” Green chemistry is environment friendly, linking the
like papers, gas and some kinds of plastics can be recycled.
design of chemical products and processes with their impacts on
(iii) Control of land loss can be attempted through restoring human health and the environment.
forests and grass cover to check soil erosion and flood.
8.1 Principles of Green Chemistry
(iv) Proper methods should be adopted for the disposal of solid
(i) The use of starting materials, reagents and solvents which
wastes.
are less hazardous to man and his environment.
7. STRATEGIES TO CONTROL ENVIRONMENTAL (ii) More efficient use of raw materials.
POLLUTION (iii) Utilisation of chemical reactions which completely
7.1 Waste Management incorporate the starting materials in to final products and
The production and improper disposal of waste are causes for a last amount of by product.
great deal of environmental pollution. In addition to the household (iv) Search new alternatives which are environmental friendly.
waste which included sewage and municipal garbage, many toxic (v) It is better to prevent the waste than to treat or cleanup the
industrial wastes from manufacturing processes require treatment waste after it has been created.
and/or safe disposal.
8.2 Achievements of Green Chemistry
Under the mission ‘Swachh Bharat Abhiyan’ or ‘Clean India
(i) Dry Cleaning of Clothes: Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) gives
Mission’ launched by the Government of India.Two programmes
better results and not harmful for bleaching of clothes in the
are being implemented under this programme :
laundary instead of tetrachloroethene (Cl2C=CCl2). This
(i) Swachh Bharat Mission–Urban (SBM–U): Primarily aims is compound is suspected to be carcinogenic and contiminated
making Urban India free from open defecation and achieving the ground water.
100% scientific management of solid waste in the country.
(ii) Bleaching of Paper: Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is used with
(ii) Swachh Bharat Mission Gramin (SBM–G): Its targets to catalyst for bleaching papers, instead of toxic chlorine gas.
bring about an improvement in the general quality of life in
(iii) Synthesis of Chemicals: Ethanal (CH 3CHO) is now
rural areas by promoting cleanliness and hygiene, and
commercially prepared by one step oxidation of ethene in
eliminating open defecation.
the presence of ionic catalyst in aqueous medium with a
7.2 Collection and Disposal yield of 90%.
Domestic wastes are collected in small bins, then transferred the
CH 2  CH 2  O 2  Catalyst
Pd  II  / Cu  II  in water 
 CH 3 CHO  90% 
waste to community bins. From these community bins, these are
collected and carried to the disposable site. At the site, garbage is (iv) ‘Green Solution’ to Clean Turbid Water: Powder of kernel
sorted out and separated into biodegradable and non- of tamarind seeds has been found to be an effective material
biodegradable materials. Biodegradable wastes are deposited in to clean municipal and industrial waste water. It is non-toxic,
land fills and are converted into compost. Non-biodegradable biodegradable and costeffective material. The present
materials such as plastic, metals, glass, etc. are sent for recycling. practice is to use alum to treat such water. It has been found
The waste if not collected in garbage bins, finds its way into the that alum increases toxic ions in treated water and can cause
sewers. Some of it is eaten by cattle. Non-biodegradable wastes diseases.
like polythene bag, glass, metal scraps, etc. choke the sewers and
cause inconvenience.

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SUMMARY
 Environmental pollution: It is the effect of undesirable  Smog: Smoke is a mixture of smoke, dust particles and small
changes in our surroundings that have harmful effects on drops of fog.
plants, animals and human beings.
 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD): The amount of
 Major Environmental Pollutions are : oxygen required by bacteria to break down the organic matter
present in a certain volume of a sample of water.
(i) Air pollution
 Eutrophication: The process in which nutrient enriched
(ii) Water pollution water bodies support a dense plant population, which kills
(iii) Soil pollution animal life by depriving it of oxygen and results in
subsequent loss of biodiversity.
 Green house effect: About 75% of the solar energy reaching
Earth is absorbed by the Earth’s surface, which increases  Pesticides: These are organic compounds which are used
its temperature. The rest of the heat radiates back to the to protect plants from pests.
atmosphere. Some of the heat is trapped by gases such as  Herbicides: They are used to kill weeds or undesirable
carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, chlorofluorocarbon vegetation. Examples: sodium chlorate (NaClO3) and sodium
compounds (CFCs) and water vapour in the atmosphere. arsinite (Na3AsO3).
Thus, they add to heating of the atmosphere. This causes
global warming.  Green chemistry: Green chemistry is a strategy to design
chemical processes and products which reduces or
 Global warming: An increase in the average temperature of eliminates the use and generation of hazardous substances.
the Earth’s atmosphere (especially a sustained increase that The chemical reactions should be such that the reactants
causes climatic changes) which may be caused by additional are fully converted into useful environmental friendly
heat being trapped by the greenhouse gases. products by using an environment friendly medium so that
no chemical pollutants introduced in the environment.

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SOLVED EXAMPLES
Example-1 Example – 4
Which of the following factors have harmful effect on our Which of the following are major particulate pollutants?
environment ?
I Dust
(i) Environmental pollution II. Mist
(ii) Natural environmental gases III. Smoke
(iii) Deforestation IV. Smog
(iv) Uncontrolled birth rate (a) I and IV (b) II and IV
(a) (i), (ii) and (iii) (b) (ii) and (iii) (c) I ,II,III and IV (d) I, II and III
(c) (i) and (iv) (d) (i), (iii) and (iv) Ans. (c)
Ans. (d) Sol. Particulate pollutants -These are dust mist, fumes smog,
Sol. Factors causing harmful effect of environment are (i) smoke etc.,
pollution (ii) increasing population, i.e., uncontrolled birth
rate (iii) deforestation etc., Example-5

Example-2 Sulphur dioxide causes:

Pollutants which are slowly degraded by natural process I. respiratory diseases in human being
rapidly known as II. Red haze in the traffic
(a) Biodegradable pollutants III. Irritation of the eyes.
(b) Non-Biodegradable pollutants (a) I and II (b) II and III
(c) Both (a) and (b) (c) I and III (d) I, II and III
(d) None of the above Ans. (c)
Ans. (a) Sol. Sulphur dioxide causes respiratory diseases in human
Sol. Pollutants which are degraded by natural process rapidly being and irritation of the eyes.
are known as biodegradable pollutants. Example-6
Example–3 Carbon monoxide gas is more dangerous than carbon
dioxide gas. Why?
The lowest region of atmosphere in which the human
Sol. Carbon monoxide combines with haemoglobin to form a
beings along with other organisms live is called…A… Here very stable compound known as carboxyhaemoglobin
A refers to. when its concentration in blood reaches 3-4%, the oxygen
(a) Stratosphere (b) Troposphere carrying capacity of the blood is greatly reduced. This
(c) Hydrosphere (d) Mesosphere results into headache, nervousness and sometimes death
Ans. (b) of the person. On the other had CO2 does not combine
Sol. The lowest region of atmosphere in which the human with haemoglobin and hence is less harmful than CO.
beings along with other organisms live is called
Example-7
Troposphere
Which gases are responsible for greenhouse effect? List
some of them.
Sol. CO2 is mainly responsible for greenhouse effect. Other
greenhouse gases are methane, nitrous oxide, water
vapours, CFCs and ozone.

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ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 87

Example-8 Example-13
p What is smog? How is classical smog different from …A…smog occurs in warm dry and sunny climate while
photochemical smog? … B… smog occurs in cool humid climate. Here, A and B
refer to
Sol. The word smog is a combination of smoke and fog. It is a
type of air pollution that occurs in many cities throughout (a) ) A  Classical smog, B  Photochemical smog
the world. Classical smog occurs in cool humid climate. It (b) A  Normal smog, B  Photochemical smog
is also called as reducing smog. Whereas photochemical (c) A  Photochemical smog, B  Classical smog
smog occurs in warm and dry sunny climate. It has high (d) A  Photochemical smog, B  Normal smog
concentration of oxidising agents and therefore, it is also Ans. (c)
called as oxidising smog. Sol. Classical smog occurs in cold humid climate. It is a
mixture of smoke fog and SO2 Chemically it is a
Example-9 reducing mixture and so it is also called as reducing
What do you mean by ozone hole? What are its smog. Photochemical smog occurs in warm dry and
consequences? sunny climate the main components of the
Sol. Depletion of ozone layer creates some sort of holes in photochemical smog result from the action of
the blanket of ozone which surround us, this is known as sunlight on unsaturated, hydrocarbons and nitrogen
ozone hole. oxides produced by automobile and factories.
1.With the depletion of the ozone layer, UV radiation
Example-14
filters into the troposphere which leads to aging of skin,
cataract, sunburn, skin cancer etc. Catalyst converters are fitted in automobiles to reduce
2. By killing many of the phytoplanktons, it can damage emission of harmful gases. Catalytic converters change
the fish productivity. unburnt hydrocarbons into
3. Evaporation rate increases through the surface and (a) carbon dioxide and water
stomata of leaves which can decrease the moisture (b) carbon monoxide
content of the soil. (c) methane
(d) carbon dioxide and methane
Example-10
Ans. (a)
What would have happened if the greenhouse gases were Sol. Catalytic converters are fitted into automobiles to reduce
totally missing in the earth’s atmosphere? Discuss. emission of harmful gases. Catalytic converts change
Sol. The solar energy radiated back from the earth surface is
unburnt hydrocarbons into CO2 and H2O.
absorbed by the green house gases (CO2, CH4, O3, CFCs)
are present near the earth’s surface. Example-15
They heat up the atmosphere near the earth’s surface
and keep it warm. As a result of these, there is growth of When rain is accompanied by a thunderstorm, the
vegetation which supports the life. In the absence of this collected rain water will have a pH value
effect, there will be no life of both plant and animal on the (a) slightly lower than that of rain water without
surface of the earth. thunderstorm
Example-11 (b) slightly higher than that when the thunderstorm is
What is chlorosis? not there
Sol. Slowdown of process of formation of chlorophyll in plants (c) uninfluenced by occurrence of thunderstorm
with the presence of SO2 is called chlorosis. (d) Which depends on the amount of dust in air
Ans. (a)
Example-12
Sol. Thunderstorm creates high temperature condition. At this
Which zone is known as ozonosphere? temperature O2 and N2 react to each other and form oxides
Sol. Stratosphere of nitrogen. Now, oxides of nitrogen react with rain water
and form HNO3. So that collected rain in this condition is
slightly acidic.

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ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 88

Example-16 these organic matters, they consume the dissolved oxygen

What do you mean by Biochemical Oxygen Demand in water. When the level of dissolved oxygen falls below 6
(BOD)? ppm the fish cannot survive.
Sol. The amount of oxygen required by bacteria to Example - 21
breakdown the organic matter present in a certain
volume of a sample of water is called Biochemical Which of the following pesticides is introduced during World
War II to control malaria :
Oxygen Demand (BOD).
(a) Nicotine (b) DDT
Example-17 (c) Aldrin (d) Dieldrin
The value of BOD of clean water is : Ans. (b)
(a) < 5 ppm (b) > more than 5 ppm Sol. During World War II DDT was found to be of great use in
(c) 1 ppm (d) 5 ppm the control of malaria and other insect-borne diseases.
Ans. (a) Example - 22
Sol. Clean water would have BOD value of less than 5 ppm.
Soil is polluted by
Example-18
I. Pesticied
Pollution from domestic sewage and animal excreta II. Synthetic fertilizers
when dissolved in river water then it. III. Green manure
(a) increases BOD of water (a) I and II (b) I and II
(b) decreases BOD of water (c) II and III (d) I, II and
(c) does not affect BOD of water Ans. (b)
(d) increases DO of water Sol. Pesticides and synthetic fertilizers pollute the soil.
Ans. (a) Example - 23
Sol. Pollution from domestic sewage and animal excreta when
dissolved in river water then it increases biochemical Waste management
oxygen demand of H2O (a) The proper disposal of wastes
(b) The improper disposal of wastes
Example-19
(c) Both (a) and (b)
What are pesticides and herbicides? Explain giving (d) The oxidation of wastes in open air
examples. Ans. (a)
Sol. Pesticides are the chemical compounds used in Sol. Waste management includes the proper disposal of wastes.
agriculture to control the damages caused by insects,
Example - 24
rodents, weeds and various crop diseases.
Example: Aldrin, Dilldrin, B.H.C. etc. Why the management wastes is of utmost importance?
Herbicides: These are the chemicals used to control (a) The improper disposal of wastes is one of the major
weeds. causes of environmental degradation
Example: Triazines (b) The poor management causes health problems leading
to epidemic
Example-20 (c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) It is directly linked with our economy
A large number of fish are suddenly found floating dead
Ans. (c)
on a lake. There is no evidence of toxic dumping but Sol. As a normal practice, all domestic wastes should be properly
you find an abundance of phytoplankton. Suggest a collected and disposed. The poor management of wastes
reason for the fish kill. causes heath problems.
Sol. Excessive phytoplankton (organic pollutants such as
leaves, grass trash etc.) present in water are
biodegradable. Bacteria decomposes these organic
matters in water. During this process when large number
of bacteria decomposes

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ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 89

Example - 25
Which of the following chemical has more toxic effect when
used for the purpose dry cleaning of clothes?
(a) Tetrachloroethene (b) H2O2
(c) Liquified CO2 (d) None of the above
Ans. (a)
Sol. Tetrachloroethene has more toxic effect when used for
the purpose of dry cleaning of clothes.

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ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 90

EXERCISE - 1 : BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Environmental Pollution 7. Which of the following are the examples of non bio-
degradable pollutants?
1. Which of the following interrelation with our
surroundings are included in environmental studies? I. DDT

(a) Physical and chemical only II. Nuclear waste

(b) Chemical and economical only III. Plastic materials

(c) Chemical and social Select the correct options

(d) All of the above (a) I and II (b) II and III

2. Pollutant can be found in the form of : (c) I, II and III (d) I and III

I. Solid 8. Match the Column I with Column II and choose the correct
option from the codes given below :
II. Liquid Column- I Column - II
III. Gas A.Biodegradable 1. Nuclear wastes
pollutant(s)
The correct option(s) is/are 2. Plastic
(a) I and II (b) II and III B. Non-Biodegradable 3. Discarded vegetables
(c) I, II and III (d) I and III pollutant(s)
4. DDT
3. Presence of which fuel gas in the exhaust fumes shows
incomplete combustion of fuel Codes :

(a) Sulphur dioxide A B

(b) Carbon monoxide and water vapour (a) 1.2 3,4

(c) Carbon monoxide (b) 1,2,3 4

(d) Nitrogen dioxide. (c) 3 1,2,4

4. The ozone layer is present in (d) 1,2,4 3

(a) Stratosphere (b) Troposphere Atmosphere Pollution

(c) Thermosphere (d) Mesosphere 9. There are concentric layers of air regions around earth
and each layer has….A. Here, A refers to
5. An average human being requires nearby…A… times more
air than the food. (a) Same density
Here, A refers to (b) Different density
(a) 2-4 (b) 200-400 (c) Sometime (a) and sometimes(b)
(c) 12-15 (d) None of these (d) None of the above
6. Pollutants which are slowly degradable and remain in the 10. Ozone layer is present in :
environment in an unchanged form many decades, termed
as : I. Mesosphere II. Hydrosphere

(a) Biodegradable pollutants III. Ionosphere IV. Stratosphere

(b) Non-Biodegradable pollutants (a) I and II (b) II and III

(c) Both (a) and (b) (c) Only IV (d) I, II and II

(d) None of the above

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ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 91
11. Which of the following are major gaseous pollutants 17. Which of the following statement(s) is//are true about
present in the troposphere?
carbon monoxide?
I. H2S
II. Oxides of sulphur, nitrogen and carbon (a) It is a colourless gas

III. O3 (b) It is an odorless gas

(a) I and II (b) I, II, III (c) It is highly poisonous

(c) III (d) II, III (d) All of these

12. SO2 gas is poisonous to : 18. What is true about CO gas?

(a) Animals (b) Plants (a) It binds to haemoglobin to form stable compound
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) neither (a) nor (b)
(b) It is carcinogenic in nature
13. Which of the following diseases is caused due to SO2?.
(c) Both (a) and (b)
I. Digestive diseases
(d) It increase the chance of heart attack
II. Asthma
III. Bronchitis 19. In blood, when concentration of carboxyhaemoglobin
reaches about 3-4%, the oxygen carrying capacity of blood
IV. Emphysema
…A… Here, A refers to
(a) I and II (b) II, III and IV
(a) Increased
(c) III and IV (d) I, II and III
(b) Reduced
14. In an automobile engine, (at high temperature) when fossil
(c) Remains same
fuel is burnt, N2 and O2 combine to yield :
(d) Sometimes (a) and sometimes (b)
(a) NO (b) NO2
20. In pregnant women who have the habit of smoking, the
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) HNO3
increased CO level in blood may induce harmful effects
15. Which of the following are the harmful effect of nitrogen like :
oxide? (a) Premature birth
I. It retards the rate of photosynthesis (b) Spontaneous abortions
II. It causes respiratory disease in children (c) Deformed babies

III. It is toxic to living tissues. (d) All of these

(a) I and II (b) II and III 21. Which of the following gases cause global warming ?

(c) I, II and III (d) I and III I. CO2 II. O3

16. The false statement among the following is : III. CO IV. Chlorofluorocarbons

(a) The average residence time of NO is one month (a)I, II and III

(b) Limestone acts as a sink for SOx (b) II, III and IV

(c) SOx can be removed from flue gases by passing (c) I, II and IV
through a solution of citrate ions
(d) I, II, III and IV
(d) Ammonia acts as a sink for NOx

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ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 92

22. Atmospheric gases trap the sun’s heat near the earth’s (a) Dry-deposition
surface and keep it warm. This is called …A… Here A
(b) Wet deposition
refers to
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(a) Natural green house effect
(d) Normal deposition
(b) Tyndall effect
28. Acid rain is harmful for :
(c) Heating effect
I. Agriculture
(d) All of these
II. Aquatic ecosystem
23. Which of the following green house gas is released in
paddy field? III. Buildings and other structures made of stone or metal.

I. CFCs II. CH4 III. SO2 Select the correct option ;

(a) Only I (b) Only II (a) I and II only (b) II and III only

(c) Only III (d) I and II (c) I, II and III (d) I and III only

24. Excess use of chemical fertilizers increases the quantity 29. What do you mean by Taj-Trapezium?
of…A… (air pollutant) in the atmosphere. Here, A refers (a) A Trapezium shaped park inside the Tajmahal
to..
(b) A Trapezium shaped residential colony developed near
(a) Nitrogen oxides (b) Carbon dioxide Tajmahal for promoting greenery
(c) Carbon monoxides (d) Methane (c) A Plan that aims, cleaning the air in an area that includes
25. Rain water is slightly acidic because the towns of Agra, Firozabad, Mathura and Bharatpur

I. Water reacts with CO2 and forms H2CO3 (d) Both (a) and (b)

II. Rain water reacts with CO and forms H2CO3 30. The viable particulate stand for :

Identify the correct option : I. Minute living organisms present in atmosphere

II. Minute non-living particles present in atmosphere
(a) Both I and II are correct
(a) Only I (b) Only II
(b) I is correct and II is incorrect
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I or II
(c) I is incorrect and II is correct
31. Which of the following is not a viable particulates ?
(d) Both I and II are incorrect.
(a) Bacteria (b) Fungi
26. How can we reduce the rate of global warming ?
(c) Moulds (d) Mist
(a) By minimizing use of automobiles
32. Non-viable particulates are classified on the basis of :
(b) By avoiding burning of dry leaves
(a) Nature of particle
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(b) Size of particle
(d) None of the above
(c) Both (a) and (b)
27. Aerosol particles of oxides or ammonium salts in rain drops
results in …A… here A refer to. (d) Neither (a) nor (b)

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ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 93

33. Mist is produced by : 40. Which of the following components of photochemical

smog act as powerful eye irritants?
I. Particles of spray liquids
II. Condensation of vapour in air I. O3 II. PAN III. Hydrocarbon

(a) Only I (b) Only II (a) I, II and III (b) I and II

(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II (c) I and II (d) II and III

34. Herbicides and insecticides are travel through air and form 41. Catalytic converts are used to control…A… Here, A refers
…A… Here A refers to : to
(a) Smoke (b) Dust (a) Photochemical smog
(c) Mist (d) All of these (b) Classical smog

35. The effect of particulate pollutants are largely dependent (c) water pollution
on the …A… Here, A refers to. (d) Acid rain
(a) Particle size (b) Particles nature 42. Which forms the part of hazy fumes of photochemical
(c) Neither (a) nor (b) (d) Particle configuration smog?

36. Photochemical smog has …I… concentration of oxidising (a) SO2 (b) Nitrogen dioxide
agents and is therefore, called as …II… smog. Here, I and
(c) PAN formation (d) Aldehydes
II refer to :
43. Which of the following protect us from the harmful UV-
(a) I  low, II  reducing
radiation coming from the sun?
(b) I  high, II  reducing
I. O2 II. O3
(c) I  high, II  oxidising
III. N2 IV. CO2
(d) I  low, II  oxidising
(a) I and II (b) II and IV
37. Which of the following options represents the PAN?
(c) II only (d) I and IV
(a) CH2O (b) CH2=CH-CHO
44. The disease caused by UV radiation(s) in human is/are:
(c) CH3CH2-O-N=O (d) CH3 COONO 2
|| I. Melanoma (skin cancer) II. Heart attack
O
III. Hypertension IV. Cough cold
38. Which of the following are involved in the formation of (a) Only I (b) II, III and IV
PAN?
(c) III and IV (d) I, III and IV
I. NO2 II. O3
45. Which of the following reaction(s) is/are happen during
III. Unburnt hydrocarbon IV. CO2 the formation of O3 layer in stratosphere ?
(a) I and II only (b) I, II and IV (a) O 2 (g) 
UV
O(g)+O(g)
(c) I, III and IV (d) I, II and III
(b) O (g )+ O 2 (g )  U
V
O 3 (g )
39. Which of the following is/are common components of
photochemical smog? (c) O 3 (g) 
UV
O 2 (g)+O(g)
(a) O3 (b) Acrolein
(d) All of the above.
(c) PAN (d) All of these

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ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 94

46. Ozone is an important constituent of stratosphere because 51. Which of the following is/are the harmful effect(s) of UV
it radiation?
(a) Destroys bacteria which are harmful to human life I. It causes mutation in the cell
(b) Prevents the formation of smog over large cities
II. UV radiation leads to ageing of skin
(c) Removes poisonous gases of the atmosphere by
reacting with them III. It kills many phytoplankton
(d) Absorbs ultraviolet radiation which is harmful to IV. It causes global warming
human life
(a) I and II are correct. III and IV are incorrect
47. How do CFCs cause thinning of ozone layer in the
stratosphere ? (b) I, II and III are correct, IV is incorrect

(a) CFCs are transporting agents for continuously (c) I, II, III and IV are correct
generating chlorine radicals into stratosphere (d) Only II and IV are correct
(b) CFCs are transporting agents for continuously 52. Match the Column I with Column II and choose the correct
generating fluorine radicals into stratosphere option from the codes given below :
(c) Both (a) and (b) Column - I Column - II
A. Gaseous air pollutants 1. CO2
(d) In presence of UV, CFC forms stable compounds which B. Particulate pollutants 2. Smoke
degrade the ozone layer. 3. Smog
4. O3
48. The main reason of ozone layer depletion is :
Codes :
I. release of CFCs
A B
II. release of CO2
(a) 1,2 3,4
III. release of CH4
(b) 2,3 1,4
(a) Only I (b) Only II
(c) 1,4 2,3
(c) Only III (d) I, II and III
(d) 3,4 1,2
49. CFCs deplete the ozone layer because
53. Match the Column I with Column II and choose the correct
(a) They release Cl2 gas option from the codes given below :
(b) They release chlorine free radical Column - I Column - II
A. SO2 1. Binds with haemoglobin
(c) They release F2 gas B. NO2 2. Leads to stiffness of flower
(d) Both (a) and (b) Buds
C. CO 3. Irritant red haze in the
50. In summer season, nitrogen dioxide and methane reacts traffic
with …A… and …B… atoms forming chlorine sinks. Here,
Codes
A and B refer to
A B C
(a) A  Chlorine, B  Carbon dioxide (a) 1 2 3
(b) 3 2 1
(b) A  Chlorine monoxide, B  Chlorine
(c) 2 3 1
(c) A  Chlorine, B  Chlorine monoxide (d) 1 3 4
(d) A  ozone, B  Chlorine

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ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 95
54. The consequence of global warming may be Water Pollution
I. Increase in average temperature of the earth 57. …A… of pollution are those where a source of pollution
II. Melting of Himalayan Glaciers cannot be identified. Here, A refers to :

III. Increased biochemical oxygen demand. (a) Point source

IV. Eutrophication (b) Non-point source

(a) I and III (b) II and IV (c) Both (a) and (b)

(c) I and II (d) I and IV (d) Main source

55. Match Column I with Column II and choose the correct 58. Which of the following is/are the examples of non-point
option from the codes given below. sources of pollution?

Column – I Column – II I. Agricultural run off

A. Acid rain 1. CHCl2 – CHF2
B. Photochemical smog 2. CO II. Acid rain
C. Combination with 3. CO2
Haemoglobin 4. SO2 III. Drainage (from steels, lawns)
D. Depletion of ozone layer 5. Unsaturated hydrocarbons
Codes : (a) I and II
A B C D (b) II and III
(a) 3,4 5,4 2 1 (c) I,II and III
(b) 2 1 3 4 (d) I and III
(c) 1 2 3,4 5,4 59. Eutrophication causes reduction in
(d) 5,4 3,4 2 1 (a) Dissolved oxygen (b) Nutrients
56. Match Column I with Column II and choose the correct (c) Dissolved salts (d) All the above
option from the codes given below.
60. Human excreta contain bacteria such as Escherichia coli
and streptococcus faecalis, which cause
(a) Respiratory diseases
(b) Gastrointestinal diseases
Codes : (c) Hypertension
A B C (d) All of these
(a) 1 2 3 61. The value of BOD of highly polluted water is :
(b) 3 2 1 (a) More than 17 ppm (b) More than 5 ppm

(c) 3 1 2 (c) 1 ppm (d) 5 ppm

(d) 2 1 3

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ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 96
62. Match the pollutants given in Column I with their effects 66. Fluoride deficiency in drinking water causes :
given in Column II and choose the correct option from the
I. Harmful effect on home
codes given below.
II. Tooth decay
III blue baby syndrome
(a) Only I (b) Only II
(c) Only III (d) I and II

67. When fluoride ion concentration in water is more than 2

Codes: ppm then it causes :
A B C D I. Tooth decay
(a) 3 1 4 2,4 II. Brown mottling of teeth
(b) 3 1 2,4 4 III. Harmful effect to bones
(c) 1 3 2,4 4 (a) I and II (b) II and III
(d) 2,4 4 1 3 (c) I, II, and III (d) None of these
63. When domestic sewage mixes with river water. 68. The prescribed upper limit concentration of lead in
(a) Small animals will die after drinking river water drinking water is :

(b) the increased microbial activity releases (a) 50 ppb (b) 2 ppb
micronutrients such as iron
(c) 200 ppb (d) 500 ppb
(c) The increased microbial activity uses up dissolved
oxygen 69. Excess nitrate in drinking causes :

(d) the river water is still suitable for drinking as I. Tooth decay
impurities are only about 0.1% II. Methemoglobinemia
64. Phosphate containing fertilizers cause water pollution. III. Digestive disorder
Addition of such compounds in water bodies causes.
(a) Only I (b) Only II
I. Enhanced growth of algae
(c) Only III (d) II and III
II. decreases amount of dissolved oxygen in water
Soil Pollution and industrial waste
III. deposition of calcium phosphate
70. Most of the organic toxins are water…A…and …B… Here,
IV increase in fish population
A and B refer to.
(a) I and III (b) I, II and IV
(a) A  soluble, B  biodegradable
(c) I and II (d) III and IV
(b) A  soluble, B  non-biodegradable
65. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) are
(c) A  insoluble, B  non-biodegradable
I. Non-Carcinogenic in nature
(d) A  insoluble, B  biodegradable
II. Carcinogenic in nature
III used to cleansing solvent
(a) I and II are true (b) II and III are true
(c) I and III are true (d) Only I is true.

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ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 97

71. Match the Column I with the Column II and choose the 75. Match the pollutant(s) in Column I with the effect(s) in
correct option from the codes given below. Column II and choose the correct option from the codes
given below.
Column – I Column – II
A. Domestic sewage 1. Microorganism
B. Nuclear power plant 2. Organic waste
C. Chemical used for killing 3. Radioactive substance
Insects and fungi 4. Pesticides

Codes:

A B C

(a) 1,2 3 4 Codes :

(b) 2 1,3 4 A B C D E
(c) 2,3 4 1 (a) 1 2 3 4 5
(d) 4 2 1,3 (b) 4 5 1 2 3
72. Which of the following is/are example(s) of herbicides? (c) 5 4 1 2 3
(a) Sodium chlorite (b) Sodium arsenite (d) 4 5 2 3 1
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) KmnO4 Green Chemistry
73. How does electricity produce garbage ?
76. Green chemistry involves :
(a) Garbage is burnt open air
(a) Minimum pollution of deterioration to the
(b) Garbage is cultured with bacteria and produce environment
methane
(b) To excess exploitation of natural resources
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(c) Environment unfriendly and cost-ineffective
(d) The oxidation wastes in open air producer

74. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct (d) To study the reactions in plants
regarding waste management?
77. Why is water a better aqueous medium for most of the
I. Wastes are separated into biodegradable and non- synthetic chemical reactions?
biodegradable wastes
I. Use of water is cost effective
II. Non-biodegradable wastes such as plastic, glass
II. It is devoid of any carcinogenic effects
etc., are sent for recycling.
(a) Only I is correct.
III. Biodegradable wastes are deposited in landfills and
are converted into compost. (b) Only II is correct.

(a) I and II (b) II and III (c) Both are correct.

(c) I, II and III (d) I and III (d) Both are incorrect.

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ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 98
78. “Reducing potentially hazardous waste through smarter 80. Match the Column I and Column II and choose the
production.”. This represents a great step forward for correct option from the codes given below :

(a) Green revolution

(b) green chemistry

(c) Industrial revolution

(d) Green biotechnology

79. Which type of harm in the environment will be prevented

by stopping use of tetra-chloroethene? Codes :

(a) At contaminates the groundwater A B C

(b) It is also a suspected carcinogen (a) 1 2 3

(c) Both (a) and (b) (b) 3 2 1

(d) None of the above (c) 2 3 1

(d) 1 3 2

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ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 99

EXERCISE - 2 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE MAINS QUESTIONS

1. Addition of phosphate fertilisers to water bodies 6. Which one of the following substances used in dry
causes : (2015) cleaning is a better strategy to control environmental
pollution? (2016)
(a) increase in amount of dissolved oxygen in water (a) Tetrachloroethylene
(b) deposition of calcium phosphate (b) Carbon dioxide
(c) increase in fish population (c) Sulphur dioxide
(d) Nitrogen dioxide
(d) enhanced growth of algae
2. Assertion: Nitrogen and Oxygen are the main components 7. Identify the pollutant gases largely responsible for the
in the atmosphere but these do not react to form oxides of discoloured & lustreless nature of marble of the Taj Mahal
nitrogen.
(2017)
Reason: The reaction between nitrogen and oxygen
requires high temperature. (2015) (a) O3 and CO2 (b) CO2 and NO2

(a) Both assertion and reason are correct, and the reason (c) SO2 and NO2 (d) SO2 and O3
is the correct explanation for the assertion
8. Which of the following is a set of green house gases ?
(b) Both assertion and reason are correct, but the reason
is not the correct explanation for the assertion (2017)
(c) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct (a) CH4, O3, N2, SO2
(d) Both the assertion and reason are incorrect. (b) O3, N2, CO2, NO2
3. Photochemical smog consists of excessive amount of X,
in addition to aldehydes, ketones, peroxyacetyl nitrile (c) O3, NO2, SO2, Cl2
(PAN), and so forth. X is: (2015) (d) CO2, CH4, N2O, O3
(a) CH4 (b) CO 9. A water sample has ppm level concentration of following
(c) CO2 (d) O3 anions
4. BOD stands for : (2016) F   10;SO 24   100; NO 3  50
(a) Biological Oxygen Demand The anion/anions that make/makes the water sample
unsuitable for drinking is/are: (2017)
(b) Bacterial Oxidation Demand

(c) Biochemical Oxygen Demand (a) only F– (b) only SO 24 

(d) Biochemical Oxidation Demand (c) only NO3 (d) both SO 24  and NO3
5. The concentration of fluoride, lead, nitrate and iron in a 10. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) value can be a
water sample from an underground lake was found to be
measure of water pollution caused by the organic matter.
1000 ppb, 40 ppb, 100 ppm and 0.2 ppm, respectively. This
water is unsuitable for drinking due to high concentration Which of the following statements is correct ? (2018)
of: (2016) (a) Aerobic bacteria decrease the BOD value
(a) Fluoride (b) Lead
(b) Anaerobic bacteria increase the BOD value
(c) Nitrate (d) Iron
(c) Clean water has BOD value higher than 10 ppm

(d) Polluted water has BOD value higher than 10 ppm.

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ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 100
11. Which is wrong with respect to our responsibility as 18. Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), an eye irritant, is produced
human being to protect our environment ? (2019) by: (2019)

(a) Restricting the use of vehicles (a) Classical smog (b) Acid rain

(b) Using plastic bags (c) Organic waste (d) Photochemical smog
(c) Setting up compost tin in gardens 19. The concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) in cold water
(d) Avoiding the use of floodlighted facilities can go upto: (2019)
(a) 14 ppm (b) 8 ppm
12. The maximum prescribed concentration of copper in
drinking water is : (2019) (c) 10 ppm (d) 16 ppm

(a) 0.5 ppm (b) 3 ppm 20. Taj Mahal is being slowly disfigured and discoloured.
This is primarily due to: (2019)
(c) 5 ppm (d) 0.05 ppm
(a) Global warming (b) Acid rain
13. Excessive release of CO2 into the atmosphere results in:
(c) Water pollution (d) Soil pollution
(2019)
21. The higher concentration of which gas in air can cause
(a) Formation of smog (b) depletion of ozone
stiffness of flower buds? (2019)
(c) global warming (d) polar vortex
(a) NO2 (b) CO2
14. A water sample has ppm level concentration of the
following metals: Fe = 0.2; Mn = 5.0; Cu = 3.0; Zn = 5.0. (c) SO2 (d) CO
The metal that makes the water sample unsuitable for 22. The molecule that has minimum/no role in the formation
drinking is: (2019) of photochemical smog, is: (2019)
(a) Cu (b) Mn
(a) N2 (b) HCHO
(c) Fe (d) Zn
(c) O3 (d) NO
15. Which of the following conditions in drinking water
causes methemoglobinemia? (2019) 23. Water samples with BOD values of 4 ppm and 18 ppm,
(a) > 50 ppm of lead respectively, are: (2019)
(b) > 50 ppm of chloride (a) Clean and Clean
(c) > 50 ppm of nitrate (b) Highly polluted and Clean
(d) > 100 ppm of sulphate (c) Clean and Highly polluted
16. Water filled in two glasses A and B have BOD values of (d) Highly polluted and Highly polluted
10 and 20, respectively. The correct statement regarding
them, is: (2019) 24. The upper stratosphere consisting of the ozone layer
protects us from the sun’s radiation that falls in the
(a) B is more polluted than A
wavelength region (2019)
(b) A is suitable for drinking whereas B is not
(a) 200 – 315 nm (b) 400 – 550 nm
(c) Both A and B are suitable for drinking
(d) A is more polluted than B (c) 0.8 – 1.5 nm (d) 600 – 750 nm

17. The reaction that is NOT involved in the ozone layer 25. The layer of atmosphere between 10 km to 50 km above
depletion mechanism in the stratosphere is: (2019) the sea level is called as: (2019)
(a) CF2 Cl2  g   Cl  g   CF2 Cl  g 
uv
(a) troposphere
(b) ClO  g   O  g   Cl  g   O2  g  (b) thermosphere
(c) CH 4  2O3  3CH 2  O  3H 2 O (c) stratosphere
(d) HOCl  g   OH  g   Cl  g 
hv
(d) mesosphere

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ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 101
26. The regions of the atmosphere, where clouds are formed 32. Thermal power plants can lead to: (2020)
and where we live, respectively, are: (2019) (a) Ozone layer depletion
(a) Troposphere and Stratosphere (b) Blue baby syndrome
(b) Stratosphere and Troposphere (c) Eutrophication
(c) Troposphere and Troposphere
(d) Acid rain
(d) Stratosphere and stratosphere
33. The incorrect statement(s) among (A) – (D) regarding
27. The correct set of species responsible for the
acid rain is (are): (2020)
photochemical smog is: (2019)
(A) It can corrode water pipes
(a) N2, NO2 and hydrocarbons
(B) It can damage structures made up of stone.
(b) CO2, NO2, SO2 and hydrocarbons
(C) It cannot cause respiratory ailments in animals.
(c) NO, NO2, O3 and hydrocarbons
(D) It is not harmful for trees
(d) N2, O2, O3 and hydrocarbons
(a) (A), (B) and (D)
28. The primary pollutant that leads to photochemical smog
is: (2019) (b) (A), (C) and (D)
(a) acrolein (b) nitrogen oxides (c) (C) and (D)
(c) ozone (d) sulphur dioxide (d) (C) only
29. Among the gases(i) – (v), the gases that cause 34. The processes of calcination and roasting in metallurgical
greenhouse effect are: (2020) industries, respectively, can lead to: (2020)
(i) CO2 (ii) H2O (a) Photochemical smog and ozone layer depletion
(iii) CFC (iv) O2 (b) Photochemical smog and global warming
(v) O3 (c) Global warming and photochemical smog
(a) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) (d) Global warming and acid rain
(b) (i), (iii), (iv) and (v) 35. The condition that indicates a polluted environment is:
(c) (i) and (iv) (2020)
(d) (i), (ii), (iii) and (v) (a) pH of rain water to be 5.6
30. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is the amount of (b) BOD value of 5 ppm
oxygen required (in ppm): (2020) (c) 0.03% of CO2 in the atmosphere
(a) for the photochemical breakdown of waste present in (d) eutrophication
1m3 volume of a water body
36. The presence of soluble fluoride ion upto 1 ppm
(b) by anaerobic bacteria to break-down inorganic waste concentration in drinking water, is: (2020)
present in a water body.
(a) Harmful to skin (b) Harmful to bones
(c) by bacteria to break-down organic waste in a certain
(c) Safe for teeth (d) Harmful for teeth
volume of water sample.
37. The gas released during anaerobic degradation of
(d) for sustaining life in a water body
vegetation may lead to (2021-02-24/Shift-1)
31. The statement that is not true about ozone is: (2020)
(a) Global warming and cancer
(a) in the stratosphere, it forms a protective shield against (b) Acid rain
UV radiation
(c) Corrosion of metals
(b) in the atmosphere, it is depleted by CFC’s
(d) Ozone hole
(c) in the stratosphere, CFC’s releases chlorine free radicals
(Cl) which reacts with O3 to give chlorine dioxide radicals.
(d) it is a toxic gas and its reaction with NO gives NO2.

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ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 102
38. Given below are two statements: 43. Reducing smog is a mixture of: (2021-03-17/Shift-1)
Statement I: The value of the parameter “Biochemical (a) Smoke, fog and CH2 = CH – CHO
Oxygen Demand (BOD)” is important for survival of
(b) Smoke, fog and O3
aquatic life.
(c) Smoke, fog and SO2
Statement II: The optimum value of BOD is 6.5 ppm.
(d) Smoke, fog and N2O3
In the light of the above statements, choose the most
appropriate answer from the options given below. 44. Which of the following statement(s) is (are) incorrect
reason for eutrophication (2021-03-17/Shift-2)
(2021-02-24/Shift-2)
(A) excess usage of fertilisers
(a) Statement I is true but Statement II is false
(B) excess usage of detergents
(b) Both Statement I and Statement II are false
(C) dense plant population in water bodies
(c) Statement I is false but Statement II Is true
(D) lack of nutrients in water bodies that prevent plant
(d) Both Statement I and Statement II are true
growth
39. Given below are two statements:
Choose the most appropriate answer form the options
Statements I: An allotrope of oxygen is an important given below:
intermediate in the formation of reducing smog.
(a) (D) only (b) (C) only
Statement II: Gases such as oxides of nitrogen and sulphur
(c) (A) only (d) (B) and (D) only
present in troposphere contribute to the formation of
photochemical smog. 45. The statements that are TRUE:

In the light of the above statements, choose the correct (A) methane leads to both global warming and
answer from the options given below. photochemical smog

(2021-02-25/Shift-1) (B) methane is generated from paddy fields

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are false (C) methane is stronger global warming gas than CO2.

(b) Statement I is true but Statement II is false (D) methane is a part of reducing smog.

(c) Both Statement I and Statement II are true Choose the most appropriate answer form the options
given below (2021-03-18/Shift-1)
(d) Statement I is false but Statement II is true
(a) (A), (B), (C) only (b) (A) and (B) only
(c) (A), (B), (D) only (d) (B), (C), (D) only
40. Water does not produce CO on reacting with
46. Given below are two statements:
(2021-02-25/Shift-2)
Statement I: Non-biodegradable wastes are generated by
(a) CH4 (b) C
the thermal power plants.
(c) C3H8 (d) CO2
Statement II: Bio-degradable detergents leads to
41. The presence of ozone in troposphere eutrophication. (2021-03-18/Shift-2)
(2021-02-26/Shift-1) In the light of the above statements, choose the most
(a) protects us form the radiation appropriate answer form the options given below:
(b) protects us from greenhouse effect (a) Statement I is false but statement II is true
(c) protects us from the UV radiation (b) Both statement I and statement II are false
(d) generates photochemical smog (c) Both statement I and statement II are true
42. The type of pollution that gets increased during the day (d) Statement I is true but statement II is false
time and in the presence of O3 is
(2021-03-16/Shift-1)
(a) Acid rain (b) Reducing smog
(c) Global warming (d) Oxidising smog

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ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 103

47. Green chemistry in day-to-day life is in the use of: (a) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the true
(2021-07-20/Shift-1) explanation of (A)
(a) Chlorine for bleaching of paper (b) (A) is false but (R) is true
(b) Large amount of water alone for washing clothes (c) (A) is true but (R) is false
(c) Tetrachloroethene for laundry (d) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is true explanation
of (A)
(d) Liquified CO2 for dry cleaning of clothes
51. In stratosphere most of the ozone formation is assisted
48. Match List – I with List – II.
by (2021-08-27/Shift-2)
(a) cosmic rays (b) -rays
(c) ultraviolet radiation (d) visible radiations
52. BOD values (in ppm) for clean water (A) and polluted
water (B) are expected respectively:
(2021-08-31/Shift-1)
(a) A > 50, B < 27 (b) A > 25, B < 17
(c) A < 5, B > 17 (d) A > 15, B > 47
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
53. The deposition of X and Y on ground surfaces is
(2021-07-27/Shift-2)
referred as wet and dry depositions, respectively. X and
(a) (a)-(iii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(i), (d)-(ii) Y are: (2021-08-31/Shift-2)
(b) (a)-(iv), (b)-(i), (c)-(iii), (d)-(ii) (a) X = Ammonium salts, Y = CO2
(c) (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv) (b) X = SO2, Y = Ammonium salts
(d) (a)-(iii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(ii), (d)-(i) (c) X = Ammonium salts, Y = SO2
49. Which one of the following statements is NOT correct? (d) X = CO2, Y = SO2
(2021-07-27/Shift-1) 54. Water sample is called cleanest on the basis of which one
(a) Eutrophication indicates that water body is polluted of the BOD values given below: (2021-09-01/Shift-2)
(b) The dissolved oxygen concentration below 6 ppm (a) 11 ppm (b) 15 ppm
inhibits fish growth (c) 3 ppm (d) 21 ppm
(c) Eutrophication leads to increase in the oxygen level 55. The green house gas/es is (are):
in water
(A) Carbon dioxide (B) Oxygen
(d) Eutrophication leads to anaerobic conditions.
(C) Water vapour (D)Methane
50. Given below are two statements: One is labelled as
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options
Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R).
given below: (2021-03-16/Shift-2)
Assertion (A): Photochemical smog cause cracking of
(a) (A) and (C) only (b) (A) and (B) only
rubber.
(c) (A), (C) and (D) only (d) (A) only
Reason (R): Presence of ozone, nitric oxide, acrolein,
formaldehyde and peroxyacetyl nitrate in photochemical
smog makes it oxidizing.
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options
given below: (2021-08-26/Shift-2)

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ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 104

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ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY

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ANSWER KEY 105

Answer Key
CHAPTER -13 s-BLOCK
EXERCISE - 1 : EXERCISE - 2 :
BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS PREVIOUS YEAR JEE MAINS QUESTIONS

DIRECTION TO USE - DIRECTION TO USE -

Scan the QR code and check detailed solutions. Scan the QR code and check detailed solutions.

1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (b) 1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (c)
6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (b) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9 (b) 10. (d)
11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (c) 11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (a)
16. (d) 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (d) 20. (b) 16. (b) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (c) 20. (c)
21. (c) 22. (d) 23. (c) 24. (c) 25. (d) 21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (d) 24. (c) 25. (d)
26. (c) 27. (d) 28. (b) 29. (b) 30. (d) 26. (d) 27. (c) 28. (d) 29. (b) 30. (c)
31. (c) 32. (c) 33. (a) 34. (b) 35. (b) 31. (c) 32. (a) 33. (d) 34. (a) 35. (b)
36. (a) 37. (b) 38. (b) 39. (c) 40. (c) 36. (d) 37. (c) 38. (b) 39. (b) 40. (c)
41. (d) 42. (c) 43. (d) 44. (a) 45. (b) 41. (c) 42. (2.00) 43. (d) 44. (b) 45. (d)
46. (c) 47. (c) 48. (a) 49. (c) 50. (d)
46. (a) 47. (a) 48. (d) 49. (b) 50. (a)
51. (a) 52. (b) 53. (a) 54. (a) 55 (c)
51. (b) 52. (c) 53. (a) 54. (a) 55. (d)
56. (d) 57. (d) 58. (b) 59. (b) 60. (c)
61. (b) 62. (d) 63. (b) 64. (c) 65. (b)
66. (a) 67. (b) 68. (a) 69. (b) 70. (b)
71. (d) 72. (b) 73. (d) 74. (a) 75. (a)
76. (c) 77. (a) 78. (a) 79. (a) 80 (c)

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ANSWER KEY 106

CHAPTER -13 s-BLOCK

EXERCISE - 3 : EXERCISE - 4 :
ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS PREVIOUS YEAR JEE ADVANCED QUESTIONS

DIRECTION TO USE - DIRECTION TO USE -

Scan the QR code and check detailed solutions. Scan the QR code and check detailed solutions.

1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (d) 1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (b)
6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (a) 6. (a,c) 7. (a,b) 8. (a,b) 9. (b,c,d) 10. (b)
11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (d)
16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (d)
21. (a) 22. (a) 23. (a) 24. (c) 25. (b)
26. (b) 27. (d) 28. (a, c)
29. (b, c) 30. (a, b, c) 31. (5.00)
32. (2.00) 33. (2.00) 34. (9.00)
35. (4.00) 36. (3.00) 37. (b)
38. (c) 39. (d) 40. (d) 41. (b) 42. (c)
43. (c) 44. (d) 45. (a) 46. (c) 47. (c)
48. (a) 49. (c) 50. (b)

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ANSWER KEY 107

CHAPTER -14 p-BLOCK GROUP (13 AND 14)

EXERCISE - 1 : EXERCISE - 2 :
BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS PREVIOUS YEAR JEE MAINS QUESTIONS

DIRECTION TO USE - DIRECTION TO USE -

Scan the QR code and check detailed solutions. Scan the QR code and check detailed solutions.

1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (d) 1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (b,d) 5. (b)
6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (a) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (b)
11. (d) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (a) 11. (b) 12. (a) 13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (a)
16. (d) 17. (d) 18. (a) 19. (d) 20. (a) 16. (d) 17. (b) 18. (b) 19. (d) 20. (b)
21. (a) 22. (d) 23. (b) 24. (b) 25. (d) 21. (b) 22. (d) 23. (d) 24. (d) 25. (d)
26. (b) 27. (b) 28. (c) 29. (a) 30. (d) 26. (b) 27. (c) 28. (c) 29. (b) 30. (a)
31. (d) 32. (a) 33. (c) 34. (c) 35. (b)
36. (d) 37. (b) 38. (a) 39. (a) 40. (c)
41. (b) 42. (b) 43. (b) 44. (d) 45. (d)
46. (d) 47. (b) 48. (a) 49. (b) 50. (b)
51. (a) 52. (b) 53. (b) 54. (d) 55. (d)
56. (d) 57. (c) 58. (b) 59. (c) 60. (d)
61. (d) 62. (c) 63. (b) 64. (d) 65. (a)
66. (d) 67. (a) 68. (b) 69. (d) 70. (a)
71. (a) 72. (c) 73. (c) 74. (c) 75. (c)
76. (b) 77. (c) 78. (d) 79. (d) 80. (c)
81. (b) 82. (c) 83. (d) 84. (b) 85. (d)
86. (d) 87. (d) 88. (c) 89. (a) 90. (a)
91. (c) 92. (a) 93. (a) 94. (c) 95. (a)
96. (b) 97. (d) 98. (a) 99. (a) 100. (b)

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ANSWER KEY 108

CHAPTER -14 p-BLOCK GROUP (13 AND 14)

EXERCISE - 3 : EXERCISE - 4 :
ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS PREVIOUS YEAR JEE ADVANCED QUESTIONS

DIRECTION TO USE - DIRECTION TO USE -

Scan the QR code and check detailed solutions. Scan the QR code and check detailed solutions.

1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (c) 1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (a)
6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (a) 6. (b) 7. (b)
11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (c) 8. (a,b,c) 9. (b,d)
16. (d) 17. (a) 18. (d) 10. (a,c,d) 11. (b,d)
19. (a,b,c) 20. (a,b,c,d) 12. (a,b,c) 13. (6.00)
21. (a,b,c) 22. (a,c,d) 14. (3.00) 15. (6.00)
23. (a,b,c) 24. (5.00) 16. (a) 17. (c) 18. (c) 19. (a) 20. (c)
25. (6.00) 26. (1.00)
27. (5.00) 28. (b) 29. (c) 30. (a) 31. (a)
32. (a) 33. (b) 34. (c) 35. (d) 36. (d)
37. (a) 38. (d) 39. (c) 40. (d) 41. (c)
42. (a) 43. (b) 44. (c) 45. (b) 46. (d)
47. (b) 48. (c) 49. (a) 50. (d)

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