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 P block elements

● The elements in which last electron enters into p-subshell

are called as p-block elements.

● The general electronic configuration of these elements is

ns2np1–6 (except for He). There are six groups in p-block.
Group 13
(Boron
Family)
Electronic Configurations
Atomic Radius

● Order of Radii : B < Al > Ga < In < Tl

● Radius of Ga is less than that of Al

 Ionisation Energy

● Ionisation Energy Order: B > Tl > Ga > Al > In

Elements B Al Ga In Tl

i.E. Values 801 577 579 558 58

(Kj/mol) 9
Electronegativity

● Down the group E.N first decreases from B to Al and

then increases marginally.

● Trends of E.N. in group.

Al < Ga < In < Tl < B
 Oxidation State and inert Pair effect

Element Oxidation State ● Small size and high I.E. mainly forms covalent bond.

● Most electropositive and shows O.S. = +3

B +3

● Show O.S. +3 and +1 due to poor shielding effect of intervening d and

Al +3 f orbitals.

● The increased effective nuclear charge holds ns electrons tightly

Ga +1, +3 (responsible for inert pair effect) and thereby, restricting their
participation in bonding.
In +1, +3
● Boron forms covalent bonds due to high sum of IE1 + IE2 + IE3

Tl +1, +3
● B and Al show an oxidation state of +3 while rest of the elements show
two oxidation state of +3 and +1.
Q- The relative stability of +1 oxidation state of group 13 elements follows the order :

A
TI < ln < Ga < Al

B Ga < Al < In < TI

C Al < Ga < Tl < In

D Al < Ga < In < TI

Q- The relative stability of +1 oxidation state of group 13 elements follows the order :

A
TI < ln < Ga < Al

B Ga < Al < In < TI

C Al < Ga < Tl < In

D Al < Ga < In < TI

 Physical Property

● Boron is non - metallic , extremely hard and black coloured solid.

● Due to very strong crystalline lattice , boron has unusually high

melting point.

● Rest of member are soft metals with low melting point point and
high electrical conductivity.

● Gallium has low melting point (303 K) but high boiling point
(2676K).
 Physical Property

Elements B Al Ga In Tl

Melting point (K) 2453 933 303 430 576

Boiling point (K) 3923 2740 2676 2353 1730

Density (gcm-3 ) at 298 K 2.35 2.70 5.90 7.31 11.85

 Reactivity Towards Air

Element react with air and form oxides and nitrides of the elements.

4E(s)+ 3O2(g) (Δ) 2E2O3(s)

2E(s) + N2(g) (Δ) 2EN(s)

Elements Reaction with Reaction with

oxygen Nitrogen

B (powered) B2O3 (acidic) BN (Inorganic

graphite)

Al (After removing Al2O3 AlN

oxide layer) (amphoteric)

Ga Ga2O3 No reaction
(amphoteric)

In In2O3 (basic) No reaction

Tl Tl2O3 (basic) No reaction

Reactivity Towards Air

Boron Nitride (BN)

“Structure similar
to Graphite”
Reactivity Towards Acids and Alkali

● Boron does not react with non oxidising acids such as HCl.
However at high temperature it reacts with strong oxidising
acids such as mixture of hot conc. H2SO4 and HNO3 (2:1 ) to
give boric acid.

● All other react both with non oxidising and oxidising acids.

2Al(s) + 6HCl ⟶2Al3+(aq) + 6Cl–(aq) + 3H2↑

 Reactivity Towards Acids and Alkali

● Al also react with Aqueous alkali and librates dihydrogen.

2Al (s) + 2NaOH (aq) + 6H2O(l) → 2Na+ [Al(OH)4]-(aq) +3H2(g)

(sodium tetrahydroxoaluminate III ion)

● Al and Ga are rendered passive by HNO3 by forming a thin protective

layer of Al2O3 and Ga2O3 which prevents of from further attack.
Reactivity Towards Halogens (X2)

● These elements reacts with halogen to form trihalides except TlI3

 Boron Halide (BX3)

Preparation

(i) From Boron: 2B + 3Cl2 ⟶ 2BCl3

(ii) From B2O3:

B2O3 + 3CaF2 + 3H2SO4 ⟶ 2BF3 + 3CaSO4 + 3H2O
 Boron Halide (BX3)

Properties

(i) Boron halides are hydrolysed readily by water.

BCl3 + H2O ⟶ H3BO3 + 3HCl

2BF3 + H2O ⟶ H3BO3 + 2HF + 2HF + HBF4

(ii) Forms abduct with Lewis bases e.g. H3N, H2S etc.
H3N + BF3 ⟶ H3N ⟶ BF3

(iii) Boron halides are Lewis acid, and acid strength follows the order
BF3 < BCl3 < BBr3 < Bl3

This is due to p𝜋-p𝜋 back bonding becoming weak on moving down the group.
Aluminium Halide

AlCl3 forms
Dimer (Al2Cl6)
Q- BF3 on hydrolysis forms :

A
H3BO3

B HBF4

C both (A) and (B)

D none of these
Q- BF3 on hydrolysis forms :

A
H3BO3

B HBF4

C both (A) and (B)

D none of these
Solution:
Q- A group 13 element 'X' reacts with chlorine gas to produce a compound XCl 3.

XCl3 is electron deficient and easily reacts with NH3 to form Cl3X ← NH3 adduct;

however, XCl3 does not dimerize. X is :

A
B

B Al

C In

D Ga
Q- A group 13 element 'X' reacts with chlorine gas to produce a compound XCl 3.

XCl3 is electron deficient and easily reacts with NH3 to form Cl3X ← NH3 adduct;

however, XCl3 does not dimerize. X is :

A
B

B Al

C In

D Ga
Solution:
Q- Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other
is labelled as Reason (R)
Assertion (A) : Boron is unable to form BF63-
Reason (R) : Size of B is very small
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options
given below:

A
Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

B Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)

C (A) is true but (R) is false

D (A) is false but (R) is true

Q- Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other
is labelled as Reason (R)
Assertion (A) : Boron is unable to form BF63-
Reason (R) : Size of B is very small
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options
given below:

A
Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

B Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)

C (A) is true but (R) is false

D (A) is false but (R) is true

Compounds of Boron: Orthoboric acid or Boric acid (Carrom Powder)

Preparation
Structure of H3BO3

● Boric acid contains triangular BO33– ion in which boron

lies in sp2 hybrid state.

● ln solid state, B(OH)3 units are hydrogen bonded to

form a two dimensional sheet.
 Chemical Properties of Boric Acid

● It is a weak monoprotic acid.

● It is also called as aprotic acid as it does not release H+ ions in the solution.

B(OH)3 (aq) + H2O(l) ⟶ [B(OH)4]-(aq) + H3O+(aq)

● It behaves a strong acid when polyhydroxy compound such as glycol or

glycerol is added in its aqueous solution.

● The acidity of H3BO3 is due to high stability of conjugate base chelate complex.
Chemical Properties of Boric Acid

Reaction with Catechol

(Catechol)

Reaction with Salicylic acid

Chemical Properties of Boric Acid

Heating effect of boric acid

Q- 2E + N2 → 2EN (very hard substance)

EN + H2O → Acid + pungent smelling gas

Acid is :

A
HNO3

B H3BO3

C HNO2

D can be A & B
Q- 2E + N2 → 2EN (very hard substance)

EN + H2O → Acid + pungent smelling gas

Acid is :

A
HNO3

B H3BO3

C HNO2

D can be A & B
Solution:

2B + N2 → 2BN

BN + 3H2O → H3BO3 + NH3 (pungent smelling gas)

Q- Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion A and the other is
labelled as Reason R.
Assertion A: Boric acid is a weak acid
Reason R: Boric acid is not able to release H+ ion on its own. It receives OH– ion from
water and releases H+ ion.
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the
options given below.

A Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of

A.

B Both A and R are correct but R is NOT the correct

explanation of A

C A is correct but R is not correct

D A is not correct but R is correct

Q- Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion A and the other is
labelled as Reason R.
Assertion A: Boric acid is a weak acid
Reason R: Boric acid is not able to release H+ ion on its own. It receives OH– ion from
water and releases H+ ion.
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the
options given below.

A Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of

A.

B Both A and R are correct but R is NOT the correct

explanation of A

C A is correct but R is not correct

D A is not correct but R is correct

Compounds of Boron : BORAX

Formula - Na2B4O7.10H2O or Na2[B4O5(OH)4].8H2O

BㅡOㅡB bonds = 5
2 Boron ⟶ sp3
2 Boron ⟶ sp2
Na2SO4+H3BO3
Compounds of Boron : BORAX

Reaction of borax
Compounds of Boron : BORAX: Borax Bead Test
Mostly colors of beads are asked in oxidising flame.
Q- When borax is dissolved in water :

A
B(OH)3 is formed only

B [B(OH)4]– is formed only

C both B(OH)3 and [B(OH)4]– are formed

D [B3O3(OH)4]– is formed only

Q- When borax is dissolved in water :

A
B(OH)3 is formed only

B [B(OH)4]– is formed only

C both B(OH)3 and [B(OH)4]– are formed

D [B3O3(OH)4]– is formed only

Solution:
Q- When borax is heated with CoO on a platinum loop, blue coloured bead formed

is largely due to

A B2O3

B Co(BO2)2

C CoB4O7

D Co[B4O5(OH)4]
Q- When borax is heated with CoO on a platinum loop, blue coloured bead formed

is largely due to

A B2O3

B Co(BO2)2

C CoB4O7

D Co[B4O5(OH)4]
Solution:
Compounds of Boron: Boron Hydrides or Boranes

Preparation

The simplest boron hydride known, is diborane. It is prepared by

treating boron trifluoride with LiAlH4 in diethyl ether.
4BF3 + 3 LiAlH4 → 2B2H6 + 3LiF + 3AlF3
Compounds of Boron: Boron Hydrides or Boranes

Preparation

(2). Lab Method : By oxidation of NaBH4 by I2 in the solvent diglyme

2NaBH4 + I2 ⟶ B2H6 + 2Nal + H2

(3) Industrial Method: By the reaction on BF3 with sodium hydride.

BF3 + 6NaH ⟶ B2H6 + 6NaF

Compounds of Boron: Boron Hydrides or Boranes

Properties

● Diborane is a colourless, highly toxic gas with a b.p. of 180 K.

Diborane catches fire spontaneously upon exposure to air.
Reaction of Diborane
Structure of Diborane

Structure of Diborane
 Structure of Diborane

● Boron atom in diborane is sp3 hybridised. It contains two different set of

B―H bonds.
● Two bridged H atoms are in a plane perpendicular to the rest of the
molecule.
● Terminal B–H bonds are shorter than bridged B–H bond.
● It involves two electrons (2e) three center bond (3C).
● The bridged H is connected with two boron atoms through 2e-3C bond
also known as banana bond.
● Two bridged H are in a different environment from the other four.
● Terminal B–H bonds are formed by 2e – 2C bond.
Q- In reaction, BF3 + 3 LiBH4 → 3 LiF + X; X is :

A
B4H10

B B2H6

C BH3

D B3H8
Q- In reaction, BF3 + 3 LiBH4 → 3 LiF + X; X is :

A
B4H10

B B2H6

C BH3

D B3H8
Solution:

BF3 + 3 LiBH4 → 3 LiF + 2 B2H6

Q- In diborane the two H—B—H angles are nearly :

A
60º, 120º

B 97º, 120º

C 95º, 150º

D 120º, 180º
Q- In diborane the two H—B—H angles are nearly :

A
60º, 120º

B 97º, 120º

C 95º, 150º

D 120º, 180º
Solution:
 COMPOUNDS OF BORON : Borazine

● When B2H6 reacts with ammonia different products are obtained.

● The nature of product depends on reaction condition.
Q- Consider the following conversions :

and arrange in the order of True/False :

A
TTFF

B TFTF

C FTTF

D TTTF
Q- Consider the following conversions :

and arrange in the order of True/False :

A
TTFF

B TFTF

C FTTF

D TTTF
Q- Borazine, also known as inorganic benzene, can be prepared by the reaction of

3-equivalents of “X” with 6-equivalents of “Y”. “X” and “Y”, respectively are:

A B(OH)3 and NH3

B B2H6 and NH3

C B2H6 and HN3

D NH3 and B2O3

Q- Borazine, also known as inorganic benzene, can be prepared by the reaction of

3-equivalents of “X” with 6-equivalents of “Y”. “X” and “Y”, respectively are:

A B(OH)3 and NH3

B B2H6 and NH3

C B2H6 and HN3

D NH3 and B2O3

Solution:
 Group - 14
Carbon Family
Electronic Configurations
 Atomic radius

Order of Radii : C< Si < Ge < Sn < Pb

● Si to Pb a small increase in radius due to the

presence of completely filled d and f orbitals in
heavier members.
 Ionization Energy (I.E.)

● Ionisation Energy Order: Sn < Pb < Ge < Si < C

Trends in Ionisation Enthalpy
Ionisation Enthalpy (kJ/mol)

● The first I.E. of group 14 members is higher than the

1086
corresponding members of group 13.

● Small decrease in I.E. from Si to Ge and slight increase in

786 761 715
708 I.E. from Sn to Pb is due to poor shielding effect of
intervening d and f orbitals and increase in size of the
atom.
6 14 32 50 82
Atomic Number
 Electronegativity (E.N.)

Trends in Electronegativity ● Due to small size, the elements of this group are slightly
more electronegative than group 13 elements.
Electronegativity

2.5 ● Trends of E.N.

1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9
Sn ≃ Ge ≃ Si < Pb < C

● The E.N. values for elements from Si to Sn are almost

same due to Zeff increases so E.N. Si < Pb
6 14 32 50 82
Atomic Number
 Oxidation state (O.S.) and inert pair
effect
● The common oxidation states exhibited by these
elements are +4 and +2.

Element Oxidation State

C +4, -4

Si +4

Ge +2, +4

Sn +2, +4

Pb +2, +4
 Physical Properties

● All group 14 elements are solids.

● All their halides undergo hydrolysis due to presence

Temperature (K)

4373 M.P. B.P. of vacant d orbitals except carbon.

3550
3123 2896
2024 ● Lead does not show catenation.
1693
1218
505 600 ● M.P. and B.P. of group 14 elements are much higher
than those of corresponding elements of group - 13
6 14 32 50 82
Atomic Number
Q- Choose the correct option regarding bond enthalpy of following :

Column-A Column-B
[bond] [bond enthalpy
(KJ/mol)]

(a) C–C (p) 240

(b) Si – Si (q) 260

(c) Ge – Ge (r) 297

(d) Sn – Sn (s) 348

A
(a – p) ; (b – q) ; (c – r) ; (d – s)

B (a – s) ; (b – r) ; (c – q) ; (d – p)

C (a – p) ; (b – r) ; (c – q) ; (d – s)

D (a – r) ; (b – s) ; (c – q) ; (d – p)
Q- Choose the correct option regarding bond enthalpy of following :

Column-A Column-B
[bond] [bond enthalpy
(KJ/mol)]

(a) C–C (p) 240

(b) Si – Si (q) 260

(c) Ge – Ge (r) 297

(d) Sn – Sn (s) 348

A
(a – p) ; (b – q) ; (c – r) ; (d – s)

B (a – s) ; (b – r) ; (c – q) ; (d – p)

C (a – p) ; (b – r) ; (c – q) ; (d – s)

D (a – r) ; (b – s) ; (c – q) ; (d – p)
Solution:

Order of the bond enthalpies :

C – C > Si – Si > Ge – Ge > Sn – Sn
Q- The correct order of catenation is :

A
C > Si > Ge ≃Sn

B C > Sn > Si ≃Ge

C Si > Sn > C > Ge

D Ge > Sn > Si > C

Q- The correct order of catenation is :

A
C > Si > Ge ≃Sn

B C > Sn > Si ≃Ge

C Si > Sn > C > Ge

D Ge > Sn > Si > C

Chemical Properties : Reactivity towards Air

Element Compounds

Carbon CO (Neutral) CO2 (acidic)

Silicon SiO (Exist at High temp.) SiO2 (Acidic)

Germanium GeO (acidic) GeO2(Acidic)

Tin SnO (amphoteric) SnO2 (amphoteric)

Lead PbO (amphoteric) PbO2 (amphoteric)

Chemical Properties : Reactivity towards Water

● Carbon, silicon and Germanium are affected by water.

● Lead is not affected by water due to the formation of

protective oxide film

● Tin decompose steam into tin oxide & hydrogen gas.

Sn + 2H2O Red SnO2 + 2H2↑

(Steam)
Chemical Properties : Reactivity towards Halogens

E(s) + X2 (𝚫) E X2

(limited) (di halide)

E(s) + 2 X2 (𝚫) E X4

(excess) (tetra halide)

Dihalides CX2 < SiX2 < GeX2 < SnX2 < PbX2
(EX2) “Stability increases down the group”

Tetrahalide CX4 > SiX4 > GeX4 > SnX4 > PbX4
(EX4) “Stability decreases down the group”
Chemical Properties : Reactivity towards Halogens

● These elements form two types of halides - MX2 and MX4.

● Most of the MX4 are covalent.

● SnF4 and PbF4 are ionic in nature (exception)

● PbI4 does not exist. Pb-I bond formation does not release enough
energy to unpair electron (6s2) of Pb.

● GeX4 is more stable than GeX2, whereas PbX2 is more than PbX4
Chemical Properties : Hydrolysis of Tetrachlorides

● Except CCl4, other tetrachlorides are easily hydrolysed by

water because the central atom can accommodate the lone
pair of electrons from oxygen atom of water molecule in d
orbital.
● Example Hydrolysis of SiCl4
Q- Consider the following statements :
S1 : Silicon halides can be prepared by heating wither Si or SiC with the appropriate
halogen.
S2 : Carbon halides are not hydrolysed under normal conditions because they
have no d-orbitals.
S3 : Silicon halides are readily hydrolysed by water to give silicic acid [Si(OH) 4].

A
TFT

B FFT

C TFF

D TTT
Q- Consider the following statements :
S1 : Silicon halides can be prepared by heating wither Si or SiC with the appropriate
halogen.
S2 : Carbon halides are not hydrolysed under normal conditions because they
have no d-orbitals.
S3 : Silicon halides are readily hydrolysed by water to give silicic acid [Si(OH) 4].

A
TFT

B FFT

C TFF

D TTT
Classify following oxides as neutral, acidic, basic or amphoteric:
CO, B2O3, SiO2, CO2, Al2O3, PbO2, Tl2O3
Classify following oxides as neutral, acidic, basic or amphoteric:
CO, B2O3, SiO2, CO2, Al2O3, PbO2, Tl2O3

Solution:

(1) CO = Neutral
(2) B2O3 = Acidic
(3)SiO2 = Acidic
(4)CO2 = Acidic
(5)Al2O3 = Amphoteric
(6)PbO2 = Amphoteric
(7)Tl2O3 = Basic
Anomalous Behaviour of Carbon

● Anomalous behaviour of C due to its smaller size, higher

electronegativity, higher ionisation enthalpy and unavailability of d
orbitals.

● Carbon can accommodate only four pairs of electrons around it. This
would limit the maximum covalence to four whereas other members
can expand their covalence due to the presence of d orbitals.

● Carbon also has unique ability to form p𝝅 - p𝝅 multiple bonds with

itself and with other atoms of small size and high electronegativity.

Examples C=C,C ≡ C, C = O, C = S, and C ≡ N.

● Heavier elements do not form p𝝅 - p𝝅 bonds because their atomic

orbitals are too large and diffuse to have effective overlapping.
Allotropes of
Carbon
 Allotropes of carbon

1 Diamond

❖ sp3 hybridisation with Tetrahedral

geometry

❖ 3-Dimensional structure with strong covalent

bonding

❖ Diamond is a hardest substance on the

earth
 Allotropes of carbon

1 Diamond

Uses

❖ Jewellery making

❖ For sharpening of hard tools,

❖ manufacture of tungsten filaments

for electric light bulbs.
 Allotropes of carbon

2 Graphite

❖ 2-Dimensional Layered structure

❖ sp2 hybridised carbons

❖ Free electron present & hence conducts

electricity

❖ Weak van der waals forces are present

 Allotropes of carbon

2 Graphite

Uses

❖ Used as electrode material

❖ Used as a dry lubricant in machines

 Allotropes of carbon

3 Buckminsterfullerene (C60)

❖ Cage like molecule having football like

structure
❖ It has 20 six membered rings
& 12 five membered rings

❖ sp2 hybridised carbons

❖ Due to 1 delocalised electron of each Carbon,

It has aromatic character
Q- Which is not the property of diamond ?

A
It is insoluble in all solvents

B It is oxidised with a mixture of K2Cr2O7 and H2SO4 at 200ºC

C Being hardest, it is used as an abrasive for sharpening hard tools.

D ΔƒHΘ value of diamond is 1.90 kJ mol–1.

Q- Which is not the property of diamond ?

A
It is insoluble in all solvents

B It is oxidised with a mixture of K2Cr2O7 and H2SO4 at 200ºC

C Being hardest, it is used as an abrasive for sharpening hard tools.

D ΔƒHΘ value of diamond is 1.90 kJ mol–1.

Solution:

Diamond is not oxidised by K2Cr2O7 / H2SO4 at 200ºC.

Q- Given the order of density : Diamond > Graphite > Fullerene C60 ; choose the

correct order for C–C bond length

(Consider larger bond length if there are two different bond lengths)

A
Diamond < graphite < fullerene (C60)

B Diamond > graphite > fullerene (C60)

C Diamond > fullerene (C60) > graphite

D Diamond < fullerene (C60) < graphite

Q- Given the order of density : Diamond > Graphite > Fullerene C60 ; choose the

correct order for C–C bond length

(Consider larger bond length if there are two different bond lengths)

A
Diamond < graphite < fullerene (C60)

B Diamond > graphite > fullerene (C60)

C Diamond > fullerene (C60) > graphite

D Diamond < fullerene (C60) < graphite

Solution:
Q- Consider a prototypical fullerene, C60.

Let, a = Number of 5-membered rings ; b = Number of 6-membered rings

c = Number of π - bonds in C60

Find the value of (3a – 2b + c)

Solution:

26 (a = 12, b = 20, c = 30)

a = 12, b = 20, c = 30
3 × 12 – 2 × 20 + 30 = 26
 Compounds of Carbon : Carbon Monoxide

Preparation

Carbon monoxide is majorly prepared by -

C O
Compounds of Carbon : Carbon Monoxide

● Colourless, tasteless and insoluble in water.

● Burns with a blue frame

● It is a powerful reducing agent and reduces almost all

metal oxides used in metallurgy.

Example -

● It has poisonous nature arises due ability to form a

complex with haemoglobin, which is about 300 times
more stable than the oxygen-haemoglobin complex.
Compounds of Carbon : Carbon dioxide

Preparation

(1) By complete combustion

Compounds of Carbon : Carbon dioxide

Preparation

By passing HCl through carbonates and bicarbonates.

By fermentation in breweries.

By heating carbonates and Bicarbonates

Compounds of Carbon : Carbon dioxide

● Colourless, odourless tasteless gas.

● Solid CO2 → dry ice

● Turns lime water and baryta water milky, If

passed in excess milkiness disappears due to
formation of bicarbonates.

● It produce greenhouse effect

● It acts as a lewis acid.

● CO2 Carbon dioxide : O = C = O

Resonance structure of carbon dioxide

Compounds of Carbon : Carbon dioxide

Reaction of CO2

● Photosynthesis :

● Acidic nature :
Compounds of Silicon : Silicon dioxide (SiO2)

● SiO2 is a covalent 3-D network solid.

● The entire crystal may be considered as giant molecule in

which eight membered rings are formed with alternate
silicon and oxygen atoms.

3-D Structure of SiO2

Compounds of Silicon : Silicon dioxide (SiO2)

In SiO2 , Si-O bond energy is very high .

Silicones
 Silicones

“Group of organosilicon polymers,

having (-R2SiO-) as a repeating unit.”
Preparation

Water
Dichlorodimethyl repelling
silane Silicone
Side chain
 Silicones

To control chain length add (CH3)3SiCl

Silicates
 Types of Silicates

Pyrosilicate 1 O-atom is shared

Chain 2 O-atoms are shared

Silicate
 Types of Silicates

Sheet Silicate 3-D Silicate

3 O-atoms are 4 O-atoms are

shared
 Zeolites

“These are 3-Dimensional aluminosilicates”

Formula

Use “As catalyst in petrochemical industry”

Isomerisation
Q- Preparation of organosilicones from SiCl4 involves substitution in first step:

SiCl4 + xRMgCl → (R)x SiCl4–x + xMgCl2

Values of 'x' to obtain chain terminating & chain multiplication parts of chain

silicone produced are respectively:

A
1&2

B 2&1

C 2&3

D 3&2
Q- Preparation of organosilicones from SiCl4 involves substitution in first step:

SiCl4 + xRMgCl → (R)x SiCl4–x + xMgCl2

Values of 'x' to obtain chain terminating & chain multiplication parts of chain

silicone produced are respectively:

A
1&2

B 2&1

C 2&3

D 3&2
 Solution:

Chain terminating → R3SiCl → x = 3

Chain multiplication → R2SiCl → x = 2
Q- Correct statements amongst a to d regarding silicones are :
(a) They are polymers with hydrophobic character.
(b) They are biocompatible.
(c) In general, they have high thermal stability and low dielectric strength.
(d) Usually, they are resistant to oxidation and used as greases.

A
(a), (b) and (c) only

B (a) and (b) Only

C (a), (b) and (d) only

D (a), (b), (c) and (d)

Q- Correct statements amongst a to d regarding silicones are :
(a) They are polymers with hydrophobic character.
(b) They are biocompatible.
(c) In general, they have high thermal stability and low dielectric strength.
(d) Usually, they are resistant to oxidation and used as greases.

A
(a), (b) and (c) only

B (a) and (b) Only

C (a), (b) and (d) only

D (a), (b), (c) and (d)

Q- Match List-I with List-II.

A
(A)-(III), (B)-(II), (C)-(I), (D)-(IV)

B (A)-(IV), (B)-(I), (C)-(II), (D)-(III)

C (A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(III)

D (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(II)

Q- Match List-I with List-II.

A
(A)-(III), (B)-(II), (C)-(I), (D)-(IV)

B (A)-(IV), (B)-(I), (C)-(II), (D)-(III)

C (A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(III)

D (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(II)

 Solution:

(Si- Compounds) (Si- Polymeric/other Products)

(A) (CH3)4Si (III) Silane

(B) (CH3) Si(OH)3 (IV) 2D-Silicone

(C) (CH3)2 Si(OH)2 (I) Chain Silicone

(D) (CH3)3 Si(OH) (II) Dimeric Silicone

Q- Central atom may exhibit sp3 hybridisation in how many of the following

species :

(a) CO2 (b) Graphite (c) Diamond

(d) CO

(e) H3BO3 (aq) (f) Zeolites (Si-central) (g) Silicones (Si) (h)

Chlorosilane (Si)

(i) Borax (Boron) (j) Al2Cl6 (k) B2H6

(l) SiO2 (solid)

(m) H2CO3 (n) COCl2 (o) CH4

(p) CCl4
 Solution:

11 (Except a, b, d, m, n)
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