E.S.

LORDS INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

VILLUPURAM
CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
2024-2025

STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF POTASSIUM

BISULPHITE AS FOOD PRESERVATIVE
UNDER VARIOUS CONDITIONS

SUBMITTEDBY:A.MUGUNTHAN
ROLL NO :
SUBMITTEDTO:V. SURYA, M.Sc., B.Ed.
 CERTIFICATE OF EXCELLENCE

This is to certify that the Chemistry project on the topic

“Extraction of Essential oils present in Aniseed (saunf),
Crum (Ajwain) and Cardamom (illaichi)” has been
successfully completed by ‘A.MUGUNTHAN, of class
XII under the guidance of ‘Mr. V SURYA, M.Sc., B.Ed.’
in particular fulfillment of the curriculum of the Central
Board Of Secondary Education leading to the award of
annual examination of the year 2024-2025.

Sign of Internal Examiner Sign of External Examiner

Sign of Senior Principal Sign of Principal

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In light of the completion of this project, Iwould like to

extend my heartfelt gratitude to everyone who has
bestowed their support towards the success of this
project.
First and foremost, this would not be possible without
the encouragement of our Senior Principal, Mrs.
Chithiraa Devi, our Principal, Mr. Gunasekaran andour
Chemistry Teacher, Mr. Surya who played a pivotal
role in shaping this project. I thank them for providing
knowledge,expertise, In valuable patience and feedback.
Last but not the least, I would like to thank God, my
parents and my classmates for helping me finalize and
complete this project.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

SL.
TOPIC PAGE
NO

1 INTRODUCTION 4

2 AIM OF THE PROJECT 5

3 ANISEED OIL(SAUNF) 6-7

CARUM OIL (AJWAIN)

4 9-10

5 CARDAMOM(ILLAICHI) 11

EXPERIMENT
6 12-13

BIBLIOGRAPHY
7 14

3
 Introduction

Recovery process such as team and vacuum. Distillation are preferred

for the extraction of essential oils from plant materials virtually all
naturally occurring essential oils are made up of hydrocarbons such as
camphene, pinene limonene phellandrene, cedrene, and Oxygenated
hydrocarbons such as alchols, aldehydes, esters, ethers, ketones,
lactones, phenols.

And the second ferstability on the oil against oxidation. The

hydrocarbons are less stable and they are responsible for the
degradation observed in the oils. The hydrocarbons contained . In the
essential oils are often removed so that the oils can be more stable. An
essential oil is a concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile
aroma compounds from plants. They are also known as volatile oils,
ethereal oils, aetherolea etc. Essential oils are Retain their odours and
flavours. Made up of higly numerous plant species.

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 AIM
Extraction of essential oils present in

Saunf(Aniseed), Ajwain(Carcum) and

Illaichi(Cardamom)

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 ANISEED OIL
(SAUNF)

BotanicalName: Pimpinellaanisum

Common Method of Extraction: Steam Distillation

Color: Clear

Aromatic Description:Distinctive scent of licorice.

Rich and sweet

Constituents:a-pinene, camphene, B-pinene, linalool, cis-

anethole, trans-anethole, safrole, anisaldehyde, acetoanisole.

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 Uses

:
 In aromatherapy, aniseed essential oil is used to treat colds and
flu.

 Aniseed oil can be made into a liquid scent and is used for both
hunting and fishing. It is put on fishing lures to attract fish.
 Anethole, the principal component of anise oil, is a precursor that
can eventually produce 2,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde which is can be
used in the clandestine synthesis of psychedelic drugs such as 2C-B,
2C-I and DOB.
 Oil of aniseed is also reported to be used as an aromatic
carminative to relieve flatulence, and as an ingredient of cough
lozenges in combination with liquorice.
 Essential oil is also used externally as an insecticide against small
insects such as head lice, mites and vermin. It also has fungicidal
properties.

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 • CAROM OIL (AJWAIN)

Botanicalname:Trachyspermumammi

CommonMethodofExtraction: distillation

AromaWarm,Pungent,Peppery
:

Extraction:

Ajwain oil is extracted from the crushed seeds of ajwain by the

method of steam distillation.
Chemical composition:

The main constituents of the ajwain oil are thymol, gamma-terpinene,

pcymene, and beta-pinene. Alpha-pinene, alpha-thujene, beta-
myrcene, carvacrol, limonene, and terpinene-4-ol.There are variations
in the composition of ajwain oils depending upon the region where it is
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cultivated. For instance, ajwain oil collected from Southern India is
rich in thymol.

Uses:
 Skin Ailments: Ajwain can help with pimples.

 Digestive Aid:One can treat indigestion, ulcers, and various

other bacterial infections of the gut with ajwain seeds and

essential oil.

 Aromatherapy: Useful in aromatherapy, ajwain oil offers

calming sensations that relieves neuralgia and migraines.

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 CARDAMOM OIL
(ILLAICHI)
Extraction:

Botanical Name: Elettariacardamonum

Common Method Of Extraction: SteamDistillation

Aroma: Verycomplexandsmoothspicearoma

Cardamom oil is extracted using steam distillation method. For

this, seeds of the fruit are used just before they ripe. The yield through
this process is normally 1 to 5 per cent.
Chemical Composition: Cardamom oil contains sabinene,
myrcene, a-pinene, b-pinene, aphellandrene, limonene, p-cymene,
terpinolene, 1,8-cineole, y-terpinene, linalool, linalyl acetate, a-
terpineol acetate, citronellol, nerol, terpinen-4-oil, aterpineol,
geraniol, methyl eugenol and trans-nerolidol.
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 Uses:
 Cardamom oil has a vast range of usage for treatment of
sciatica, coughs, abdominal pains, spasm and nervous
disorders.
 Traditionally, it is used for pulmonary disease, fever,
digestive and urinary problems in India and China for over
3000 years.
 It is also used to flavour pharmaceutical products. Apart from
pharmaceutical usage.
 Cardamom oil is also used as a fragrant in soaps, perfumes
and cosmetic products.

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 EXPERIMENT

Materials Required:
• Steam generator (Copper Vessel)
• round bottom flask (500 ml),
• conical flask
• Condenser
• glass tubes
• iron stand
• sand bath
• separatory funnel
• tripod stands
• burners
• Ajwain(Carum)
• Petroleum ether(60-80°C)
• Saunf(Aniseed)

Procedure:
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 1.Set the apparatus as shown in the picture of Experimental Setup.
The apparatus consists of a steam generator connected to the round
bottom flask through a glass inlet tube. The flask is connected to a
water condenser through a glass outlet tube. Condenser is further
attached to a receiver through an adaptor.
2.Take about 750ml of water in the steam generator and start heating
to produce steam.
3.In the round bottom flask take about 75g of crushed saunf(aniseed).
4.A vigorous current of steam from steam generator is passed through
the round bottom flask.
5.A part of the steam condenses in the round bottom flask. As more
and more steam is passed, the steam volatile components of saunf
pass through condenser along with steam. These contents on
condensation are collected in the receiver.
6.The contents in the round bottom flask may be heated by a bunsen
burner to prevent excessive condensation of steam.
7.The process of steam distillation is continued for about half an
hour.
8.Transfer the distillate to a separating funnel and extract with 20ml
portions of petroleum ether 3 times.
9.Combine the petroleum ether extracts in a 250ml conical flask and
dry it with the help of anhydrous sodium sulphate.

10.Remove the solvent from the dried filtrate by careful distillation in

a water bath. The essential oil is left behind in the distillation flask.
11.Find the weight of the extracted essential oil. Note the colour,
odour and weight of the essential oil.

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 Observations

1.Saunf(Aniseed):
Weight of Saunf taken= 100g
 Initial weight of the bottle= 10g(x)
 Weight of bottle+essential oil= 11.25g(y)
 Weight of essential extracted= (y-x)= 1.25g
 Percentage of essential oil=(y/100)*100=1.25%
 Colour of the oil= Colourless Odour of
the

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RESULT:
Essential oils present in aniseed, carum and cardamom are
extracted from this method.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY
https://actascientific.com/ASNH/pdf/ASNH-03-0529.pdf
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10311-020-
01126-2
https://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/sites/default/files/keep-
food-from-spoiling.pdf
https://www.ted.com/talks/
carolyn_beans_food_expiration_dates_don_t_mean_what_you_think?
language=en
https://fssai.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/appendix_a_and
_b_revised(30-12-2011).pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_bisulfite
https://www.allergy.org.au/patients/other-allergy/sulfite-
sensitivity#:~:text=Intolerances%20may%20cause
%20symptoms%20such,severe%20type%20of%20allergic
%20reaction.
https://www.foodresearchjournal.com/article/103/4-2-3-461.pdf
Chemistry NCERT Textbook Class XII

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