VAAGDEVI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE

Peddasettiplli (V), Proddatur-516360

Year/Semester/Branch: I B.Tech I Sem (ECE & EEE)

Name of the Subject

Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
(20A02101T)

Prepared by,
K RAMAMOHANA REDDY,
Assitant Professor & HOD,
Dept. of EEE, VITS, Proddatur.
 Unit wise material

INDEX
UNIT Name of the Unit Page No.
NUMBER
1 Electric Circuits & Magnetic Circuits 1 – 65
2 Network Topology 66 - 113
3 Single Phase Circuits 114 - 135
4 Network Theorems 136 - 151
5 Three Phase circuits 152 - 201

sHOrt answer QUestiOns (2 marKs)

INDEX
UNIT Name of the Unit Page No.
NUMBER
1 Electric Circuits & Magnetic Circuits 202 – 205
2 Network Topology 206 - 209
3 Single Phase Circuits 210 - 212
4 Network Theorems 213 - 215
5 Three Phase circuits 216 - 219
 mUltiPle CHOiCe QUestiOns

INDEX
UNIT Name of the Unit Page No.
NUMBER

1 Electric Circuits & Magnetic Circuits 220 – 221

2 Network Topology 222 – 223
3 Single Phase Circuits 224 – 225
4 Network Theorems 226 – 227
5 Three Phase circuits 228 – 229

lOnG answer QUestiOns

INDEX
UNIT Name of the Unit Page No.
NUMBER

1 Electric Circuits & Magnetic Circuits 230 – 232

2 Network Topology 233 – 236
3 Single Phase Circuits 237 – 239
4 Network Theorems 240 – 242
5 Three Phase circuits 243 – 245
Page 1 1
Page 2 2
Page 3 3
Page 4 4
Page 5 5
Page 6 6
Page 7 7
Page 8 8
Page 9 9
Page 10 10
Page 11 11
Page 12 12
Page 13 13
Page 14 14
Page 15 15
Page 16 16
Page 17 17
Page 18 18
Page 19 19
Page 20 20
Page 21 21
Page 22 22
Page 23 23
Page 24 24
Page 25 25
Page 26 26
Page 27 27
Page 28 28
Page 29 29
Page 30 30
Page 31 31
Page 32 32
Page 33 33
Page 34 34
Page 35 35
Page 36 36
Page 37 37
Page 38 38
Page 39 39
Page 40 40
Page 41 41
Page 42 42
Page 43 43
Page 44 44
Page 45 45
Page 46 46
Page 47 47
Page 48 48
Page 49 49
Page 50 50
Page 51 51
Page 52 52
Page 53
Page 54
Page 55
Page 56
Page 57
Page 58
Page 59
Page 60
Page 61
Page 62
Page 63
Page 64
Page 65
Page 66 1
Page 67 2
Page 68 3
Page 69 4
Page 70 5
Page 71 6
Page 72 7
Page 73 8
Page 74 9
Page 75 10
Page 76 11
Page 77 12
Page 78 13
Page 79 14
Page 80 15
Page 81 16
Page 82 17
Page 83 18
Page 84 19
Page 85 20
Page 86 21
Page 87 22
Page 88 23
Page 89 24
Page 90 25
Page 91 26
Page 92 27
Page 93 28
Page 94 29
Page 95 30
Page 96 31
Page 97 32
Page 98 33
Page 99 34
Page 100 35
Page 101 36
Page 102 37
Page 103 38
Page 104 39
Page 105 40
Page 106 41
Page 107 42
Page 108 43
Page 109 44
Page 110 45
Page 111 46
Page 112 47
Page 113 48
Page 114 1
Page 115 2
Page 116 3
Page 117 4
Page 118 5
Page 119 6
Page 120 7
Page 121 8
Page 122 9
Page 123 10
Page 124 11
Page 125 12
Page 126 13
Page 127 14
Page 128 15
Page 129 16
Page 130 17
Page 131 18
Page 132 19
Page 133 20
Page 134 21
Page 135 22
Page 136
Page 137
Page 138
Page 139
Page 140
Page 141
Page 142
Page 143
Page 144
Page 145
Page 146
Page 147
Page 148
Page 149
Page 150
Page 151
Page 152 1
Page 153 2
Page 154 3
Page 155 4
Page 156 5
Page 157 6
Page 158 7
Page 159 8
Page 160 9
Page 161 10
Page 162 11
Page 163 12
Page 164 13
Page 165 14
Page 166 15
Page 167 16
Page 168 17
Page 169 18
Page 170 19
Page 171 20
Page 172 21
Page 173 22
Page 174 23
Page 175 24
Page 176 25
Page 177 26
Page 178 27
Page 179 28
Page 180 29
Page 181 30
Page 182 31
Page 183 32
Page 184 33
Page 185 34
Page 186 35
Page 187 36
Page 188 37
Page 189 38
Page 190 39
Page 191 40
Page 192 41
Page 193 42
Page 194 43
Page 195 44
Page 196 45
Page 197 46
Page 198 47
Page 199 48
Page 200 49
Page 201 50
 VAAGDEVI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
Peddasettiplli (V), Proddatur-516360

Year/Semester/Branch: I B.Tech I Sem (ECE & EEE)

Name of the Subject: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
(20A02101T)
Short Answer Questions (2 Marks)

UNIT-I
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
1. State Ohm’s law.
Ohm’s law states that the voltage (v) across a resistor is directly proportional to the
current (i) flowing through the resistor, at constant temperature. ie, v α i ,v = iR, where R
is the resistance (Ω).

2. State Kirchhoff’s Current law.

KCL (Kirchhoff’s Current Law) states that the algebraic sum of currents entering a node
(or a closed boundary) is zero. (or)The sum of the currents entering a node is equal to the
sum of the currents leaving the node.

3. State Kirchhoff’s Voltage law.

KVL (Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law) states that the algebraic sum of all voltages around a
closed path (or loop) is zero. (or) Sum of voltage drop = Sum of voltage rise.

4. An Electric iron is rated 1000W, 240V. Find the current drawn & resistance of the
heating element.
P=V2 /R ; R= V2 /P;P=1000W & V=240V
R= 2402 /1000 = 57.6Ω and I= V/R =240/57.6 = 4.166 A

5. Define i) charge ii) electric current iii) power iv) network & v) circuit.
i) Charge: Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles of which matter
consists, measured in coulombs(C ).
ii) Electric current is the time rate of change of charge, measured in amperes(A).
i = dq/dt A direct current (DC) is a current that remains constant with time.
An alternating current (AC) is a current that varies sinusoidally with time
iii) Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy, measured in watts(w).
P = dW/dt
P- Power in watts(w); W- energy in joules (J); t - time in seconds (S);
(or)
P = v i , v - Voltage in volts(V); i - current in amperes(A);
iv) Network: The inter connection of two or more simple circuit elements forms an
electrical network .
v) Circuit : If the network contains at least one closed path, it is an electric circuit.

P a g e 202 VITS, Proddatur

 VAAGDEVI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
Peddasettiplli (V), Proddatur-516360

Year/Semester/Branch: I B.Tech I Sem (ECE & EEE)

Name of the Subject: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
(20A02101T)
Short Answer Questions (2 Marks)
6. Define: Node (OR) Junction & branch

Node is a point in the network where two or more circuit elements are connected.

Branch is a part of the circuit which lies between two junction points.

7. Compare series and parallel circuit.

8. What is magnetic circuit?

The closed path followed by magnetic flux is called magnetic circuit

10. Define magnetic flux?

The magnetic lines of force produced by a magnet is called magnetic flux it is denoted as
Ф and its unit is Weber

11. Define magnetic flux density?

It is the flux per unit area at right angles to the flux it is denoted by B and unit is
Weber/m2

12.Define magneto motive force?

MMF is the cause for producing flux in a magnetic circuit. the amount of flux setup in the
core decent upon current(I)and number of turns(N).the product of NI is called MMF and
it determine the amount of flux setup in the magnetic circuit MMF=NI ampere turns (AT)

P a g e 203 VITS, Proddatur

 VAAGDEVI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
Peddasettiplli (V), Proddatur-516360

Year/Semester/Branch: I B.Tech I Sem (ECE & EEE)

Name of the Subject: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
(20A02101T)
Short Answer Questions (2 Marks)
13. Define reluctance?
The opposition that the magnetic circuit offers to flux is called reluctance. It is defind as
the ratio of MMF to flux. It is denoted by S and its unit is AT/m

14. Define magnetic flux intensity?

It is defined as the mmf per unit length of the magnetic flux path. it is denoted as H and
its unit is AT/m H=NI/L

15. Define permeability?

Permeability of a material means its conductivity for magnetic flux. Greater the
permeability of material, the greater its conductivity for magnetic flux and vice versa

16. Define relative permeability?

It is equal to the ratio of flux density produced in that material to the flux density
produced in air by the same magnetizing force μr=μ/μ0

17. What is mean by leakage flux?

The flux does not follow desired path in a magnetic circuit is called leakage flux.

18. State Lenz law?

The law states that induced emf always opposite to applied voltage source

19. Define self inductance?

The property of a coil that opposes any change in the amount of current flowing through
it is called self inductance

20. Define mutual inductance?

The property of a coil to produce emf in a coil due to change in the value of current or
flux in it is called mutual inductance

21. Define coefficient coupling?

It is defined as the fraction of magnetic flux produced by the current in one coil that links
the other coil

P a g e 204 VITS, Proddatur

 VAAGDEVI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
Peddasettiplli (V), Proddatur-516360

Year/Semester/Branch: I B.Tech I Sem (ECE & EEE)

Name of the Subject: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
(20A02101T)
Short Answer Questions (2 Marks)

22. Two coupled coils have a self inductances 37.5 mH and 193 mH, with the mutual
inductance of 63.75 mH. Find the co-efficient of coupling.

23. A 15 mH coil is connected in series with another coil. The total inductance is 70 mH.
When one of the coils is reversed, the total inductance is 30 mH. Find the self inductance of
second coil, mutual inductance and coefficient of coupling.

Self inductance of coil 1= L1 =15 mH

24. Write the expression for equivalent inductance of two coupled coils
connected in parallel.

P a g e 205 VITS, Proddatur

 VAAGDEVI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
Peddasettiplli (V), Proddatur-516360

Year/Semester/Branch: I B.Tech I Sem (ECE & EEE)

Name of the Subject: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
(20A02101T)
Short Answer Questions (2 Marks)

UNIT-II
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
1. Define network topology?

Network topology is a graphical representation of electric circuits. It is useful for analyzing

complex electric circuits by converting them into network graphs. Network topology is also
called as Graph theory

2) Define (a) Graph and (b) Loop

Graph: A Graph is a pictorial representation of a network in which all nodes are retained and
elements are replaced with lines segments.

Any electric circuit or network can be converted into its equivalent graph by replacing the
passive elements and voltage sources with short circuits and the current sources with open
circuits. That means, the line segments in the graph represent the branches corresponding to
either passive elements or voltage sources of electric circuit

Loop:A closed contour in a network is called loop.

3) Define a tree and a co-tree in a graph of a network.

Tree:
Tree is a connected subgraph of a given graph, which contains all the nodes of a graph. But,
there should not be any loop in that sub graph. The branches of a tree are called as twigs.
Co-Tree:
Co-Tree is a sub graph, which is formed with the branches that are removed while forming a
Tree. Hence, it is called as Complement of a Tree. For every Tree, there will be a corresponding
Co-Tree and its branches are called as links or chords. In general, the links are represented with
dotted lines.
4) What is Tie set and how is a Tie-set matrix obtained?

Tie-set is a set of branches which forms a closed path or loop. A basic tie-set or a fundamental
tie-set is a tie-set having one and only one link branch, the other elements being tree branches.

P a g e 206 VITS, Proddatur

 VAAGDEVI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
Peddasettiplli (V), Proddatur-516360

Year/Semester/Branch: I B.Tech I Sem (ECE & EEE)

Name of the Subject: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
(20A02101T)
Short Answer Questions (2 Marks)
Tie-set matrix: For a given tree of a graph, addition of each link between any two nodes forms a
loop called the fundamental loop. In a loop there exists a closed path and a circulating current,
which is called the link current.

5) What is a planar and coplanar graph?

Planar Graph:If a graph consists of no cross-overs i.e, if it can be represented on a single plane
then it is called as a planar graph.

Non-Planar Graph:If a graph consists of cross-overs, then it is called as a Non-planar graph.

6) Write the principal of duality?

Principle of Duality:
• The number of meshes in a network is equal to number of nodes in its dual network.
• The impedance of a branch common to two meshes must be equal to admittance between
two nodes in the dual network.
• Voltage source common to both loops must be replaced by a current source between two
nodes.
7) Explain graphical method to draw dual network?

• Place a node at the center of each mesh of the circuit.

• Place a reference node (ground) outside of the circuit.
• Draw lines between nodes such that each line crosses an element.
• Replace the element by its dual pair.
• Determine the polarity of the voltage source and direction of the current source.
8) If network consist b branches and n nodes, how many mesh current equations that could
bewritten for the network?

No.of mesh current equations=(b-n+1)

9) A connected graph has 9 branches and 4 branch currents which are independent. Find
thenumber of nodes?

No of links =(b-n+1)
4=9-n+1
N=10-4=6

P a g e 207 VITS, Proddatur

 VAAGDEVI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
Peddasettiplli (V), Proddatur-516360

Year/Semester/Branch: I B.Tech I Sem (ECE & EEE)

Name of the Subject: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
(20A02101T)
Short Answer Questions (2 Marks)
10) Explain the following terms.

i)Branch ii)Node iii)Path

Branch: An element is a line segment representing one network element or combination of

network elements connected between two nodes. It is also called as edge or element.

Node: A node is a junction point or intersection point of two or more network elements.

Path:A path is a traversal from one node to another node of a graph along the branches such that
no node is encountered twice.

11) Define cut-set and cut-set matrix obtained?

A Cut Set Matrix is a minimal set of branches of a connected graph such that the removal of
these branches causes the graph to be cut into exactly two parts. A cut-set consists of one and
only one branch of the network tree, together with any links which must be cut to divide the
network into two parts

12) Define Link and Twig?

Link: Each branch of a co-tree is called as a link or chord.

Twig: Each branch of a tree is called as a Twig.

13) List the properties of tree.

• The number of nodes present in a graph will be equal to the number of principal nodes
present in an electric circuit.
• The number of branches present in a graph will be less than or equal to the number of
branches present in an electric circuit.
• The tree does not consists of loops
14. What is a Connected and Unconnected graph?

Connected Graph:

P a g e 208 VITS, Proddatur

 VAAGDEVI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
Peddasettiplli (V), Proddatur-516360

Year/Semester/Branch: I B.Tech I Sem (ECE & EEE)

Name of the Subject: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
(20A02101T)
Short Answer Questions (2 Marks)
If there exists at least one branch between any of the two nodes of a graph, then it is called as a
connected graph. That means, each node in the connected graph will be having one or more
branches that are connected to it. So, no node will present as isolated or separated.

Unconnected Graph:

If there exists at least one node in the graph that remains unconnected by even single branch,
then it is called as an unconnected graph. So, there will be one or more isolated nodes in an
unconnected graph.

15. Define sub graph and its types?

A part of the graph is called as a sub graph. We get sub graphs by removing some nodes and/or
branches of a given graph. So, the number of branches and/or nodes of a sub graph will be less
than that of the original graph. Hence, we can conclude that a sub graph is a subset of a graph.

Following are the two types of sub graphs.

i. Tree
ii. Co-Tree
16. What is Incidence matrix and give its properties?

Incidence matrix: An Incidence Matrix represents the graph of a given electric circuit or
network. It will give the information about incidence of every node in network. Hence, the order
of incidence matrix will be n × b. The elements of incidence matrix will be having one of these
three values, +1, -1 and 0. If the branch current is leaving from a selected node, then the value of
the element will be +1.

Properties:

i. The sum of the entries in any column is zero.

ii. The determinant of the incidence matrix of a closed loop is zero.
iii. The rank of incidence matrix of a connected graph is (n–1)

P a g e 209 VITS, Proddatur

 VAAGDEVI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
Peddasettiplli (V), Proddatur-516360

Year/Semester/Branch: I B.Tech I Sem (ECE & EEE)

Name of the Subject: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
(20A02101T)
Short Answer Questions (2 Marks)

UNIT-III
SINGLE PHASE CIRCUITS

P a g e 210 VITS, Proddatur

 VAAGDEVI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
Peddasettiplli (V), Proddatur-516360

Year/Semester/Branch: I B.Tech I Sem (ECE & EEE)

Name of the Subject: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
(20A02101T)
Short Answer Questions (2 Marks)

12. Define Power factor

The power factor of a circuit is defined in one of the following ways:
(i) Power factor = cos ϕ = cosine of the angle of lead or lag
(ii) Power factor = R/Z = Impedance / Resistance
(iii) Power factor = VI cos φ / VI
= True power / Apparent power
13. Write the Advantages and disadvantages of AC
Advantages:
(i) The generation of AC is cheaper than that of DC.

P a g e 211 VITS, Proddatur

 VAAGDEVI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
Peddasettiplli (V), Proddatur-516360

Year/Semester/Branch: I B.Tech I Sem (ECE & EEE)

Name of the Subject: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
(20A02101T)
Short Answer Questions (2 Marks)
(ii) When AC is supplied at higher voltages, the transmission losses are small compared
to DC transmission.
(iii) AC can easily be converted into DC with the help of rectifiers.
Disadvantages:
(i) Alternating voltages cannot be used for certain applications e.g. charging of batteries,
electroplating, electric traction etc.
14. A sinusoidal voltage is applied to the resistive circuit, Determine the following values.
(a) Irms (b) Iavg (c) IP (d) IPP
The function given to the circuit shown is v(t) = VP sin wt= 20 sin wt; R=2KΩ
The current passing through the resistor

15. Determine the rms current in the circuit shown in Fig

P a g e 212 VITS, Proddatur

 VAAGDEVI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
Peddasettiplli (V), Proddatur-516360

Year/Semester/Branch: I B.Tech I Sem (ECE & EEE)

Name of the Subject: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
(20A02101T)
Short Answer Questions (2 Marks)

UNIT-IV
NETWORK THEOREMS
1. What are the classifications of Circuit elements?
i. Active element
ii. Passive element
iii. Lumped and distributed elements
iv. Bilateral and unilateral elements
v. Linear and non linear elements.

2. State the steps to solve the super position theorem.

i. Take only one independent voltage or current source.
ii. Obtain the branch currents.
iii. Repeat the above for other sources.
iv. To determine the net branch current just add the current obtained above.
3. What is the limitation of superposition theorem?
i. Superposition theorem is valid only for linear systems.
ii. This theorem can be applied for calculating the current through or voltage across
in particular element.
iii. But this superposition theorem is not applicable for calculation of the power.

4. Write some applications of maximum power transfer theorem.

i. Power amplifiers
ii. Communication system
iii. Microwave transmission
5. What are the limitations of maximum power transfer theorem?
i. The maximum efficiency can be obtained by using this theorem is only 50% . It is
because of 50% of the power is unnecessarily wasted in Rth.
ii. It is only applicable for communication circuits and not for power
circuits where efficiency is greater importance rather than power delivered.

6. Define source transformation.

The current and voltage sources may be inter changed without affecting the remainder of
the circuit, this technique is the source transformation. It is the tool for simplifying the circuit.

7. Define lumped and distributed network.

Lumped network: A network consisting of physically separable elements such as resistor,
capacitor and inductor is known as lumped network.

P a g e 213 VITS, Proddatur

 VAAGDEVI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
Peddasettiplli (V), Proddatur-516360

Year/Semester/Branch: I B.Tech I Sem (ECE & EEE)

Name of the Subject: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
(20A02101T)
Short Answer Questions (2 Marks)
Ex.RLC network
Distributed network: A network consisting of elements that are not separable for analytical
purpose is known as distributed network.
Ex. Transmission lines(R, L ad C is distributed along its length)

8. Define bilateral and unilateral network.

Bilateral network: The voltage-currant relationship is same for current flowing in either
direction is called bilateral network.
Ex. R, L and C
Unilateral network: The network has different relationships between voltage and current for
the two possible directions of current.
Ex: Diodes, vaccum tubes

9. State Thevenin’s and Nortons theorem.

A linear active network which contains one or more voltage or current sources can be replaced
by a single voltage source and a series resistance (Thevenin’s theorem), or by a single current
source and a parallel resistance (Norton’s theorem).
The voltage is called the Thevenin equivalent voltage, V th, and the current the Norton equivalent
current, IN.
10. State Reciprocity theorem.
It states that in a linear passive bilateral, single source circuit, the ratio of excitation to response
is constant when the position of excitation and response are interchanged.

11. What are the limitations of Reciprocity theorem?

i. Only one source is present in the network.

P a g e 214 VITS, Proddatur

 VAAGDEVI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
Peddasettiplli (V), Proddatur-516360

Year/Semester/Branch: I B.Tech I Sem (ECE & EEE)

Name of the Subject: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
(20A02101T)
Short Answer Questions (2 Marks)
ii. Initial conditions should be zero.
iii. The network is linear.
iv. Impedance matrix is symmetric.
v. It is not applicable for Dependent sources
12. Find Thevenin’s equivalent circuit for the circuit shown in Fig.
Thevenin’s voltage is equal to the voltage across the terminals AB.

P a g e 215 VITS, Proddatur

 VAAGDEVI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
Peddasettiplli (V), Proddatur-516360

Year/Semester/Branch: I B.Tech I Sem (ECE & EEE)

Name of the Subject: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
(20A02101T)
Short Answer Questions (2 Marks)

UNIT-V
THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
1. What are the Advantages of 3 phase system?
i. Most of the electric power is generated and distributed in three-phase.
ii. The instantaneous power in a three-phase system can be constant.
iii. The amount of power, the three-phase system is more economical that the single-phase.
iv. In fact, the amount of wire required for a three-phase system is less than that required for an
equivalent single-phase system.

2. Define phase, line & neutral?

Phase: Describes or pertains to one element or device in a load, line, or source. It is simply a
"branch" of the circuit and could look something like this.
Line: refers to the "transmission line" or wires that connect the source (supply) to the load. It
may be modeled as a small impedance (actually 3 of them), or even by just a connecting line.
Neutral: the 4th wire in the 3-phase system. It's where the phases of a Y connection come
together.

3. Deifne Phase Voltages & Phase Currents?

Phase Voltages & Phase Currents: the voltages and currents across and through a single branch
(phase) of the circuit. Note this definition depends on whether the connection is Wye or Delta!

4. Define line voltage and line current?

Line Currents: the currents flowing in each of the lines (Ia, Ib, and Ic). This definition does not
change with connection type.
Line Voltages : the voltages between any two of the lines (Vab, Vbc, and Vca). These may also
be referred to as the line-to-line voltages. This definition does not change with connection type.

5. Define line to neutral voltages and line to netural current?

Line to Neutral Voltages:the voltages between any lines and the neutral point (Va, Vb, and Vc).
This definition does not change with connection type, but they may not be physically
measureable in a Delta circuit.
Line to Neutral Currents:same as the line currents (Ia, Ib, and Ic).

P a g e 216 VITS, Proddatur

 VAAGDEVI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
Peddasettiplli (V), Proddatur-516360

Year/Semester/Branch: I B.Tech I Sem (ECE & EEE)

Name of the Subject: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
(20A02101T)
Short Answer Questions (2 Marks)

6. Write the relationship of line and phase voltage and current in star?

7. Write the relationship of line and phase voltage and current in delta?

8. Draw the phasor diagram of delta connection?

9. Define balanced load?

If the voltage source have the same amplitude and frequency ω and are out of phase with each
other by 120o, the voltage are said to be balanced.
A balanced load is one in which the phase impedances are equal in magnitude and in phase
10. Define unbalanced load?
The load in which the load impedance are not same but having different values. The value of
voltage and current are different in each phase.

P a g e 217 VITS, Proddatur

 VAAGDEVI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
Peddasettiplli (V), Proddatur-516360

Year/Semester/Branch: I B.Tech I Sem (ECE & EEE)

Name of the Subject: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
(20A02101T)
Short Answer Questions (2 Marks)

11.Types of unbalanced load?

1. Unbalanced 3 wire star connected load
2. Unbalanced 4- wire star connected load
3. Unbalanced 3 wire delta connected load.
12. Write 3- phase power equation?
Apparent power:

13. Write the power factor calculation of two wattmeter method?

14. Draw two wattmeter methods for measurement of power in 3 phase systems?

P a g e 218 VITS, Proddatur

 VAAGDEVI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
Peddasettiplli (V), Proddatur-516360

Year/Semester/Branch: I B.Tech I Sem (ECE & EEE)

Name of the Subject: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
(20A02101T)
Short Answer Questions (2 Marks)
15. Comparisons of star and delta connections?

i. Loads connected in delta dissipate three times more power than when connected in star
to the same supply.
ii. For the same power, the phase currents must be the same for both delta and star
connections (since power=3Ip2Rp), hence the line current in the delta connected system is
greater than the line current in the corresponding star-connected system.
iii. To achieve the same phase current in a star-connected system as in a delta-connected
system, the line voltage in the star system is √ 3 times the line voltage in the delta system.
iv. Thus for a given power transfer, a delta system is associated with larger line currents
(and thus larger conductor cross sectional area) and a star system is associated with a
larger line voltage (and thus greater insulation).

16. Three loads, each of resistance 30 , are connected in star to a 415 V, 3-phase supply.
Determine (a) the system phase voltage, (b) the phase current and (c) the line current.
A ‘415 V, 3-phase supply’ means that 415 V is the line voltage, VL
(a) For a star connection, VL =√3Vph Hence phase voltage, Vph = VL/√3

= 415 /√3 = 239.6 V or 240 V

(b) Phase current, Ip = Vp/Rp

= 240/30= 8 A
(c) For a star connection, Iph = IL Hence the line current, IL = 8 A

P a g e 219 VITS, Proddatur

 VAAGDEVI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
Peddasettiplli (V), Proddatur-516360

Year/Semester/Branch: I B.Tech I Sem (ECE & EEE)

Name of the Subject: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
(20A02101T)
Multiple Choice Questions

UNIT-I
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
1. A network contains linear resistors and ideal voltage sources. If values of all the resistors
are doubled then the voltage across each resistor is [ ]
(a) halved (b) doubled (c) increased by four times (d) not changed
2. A network contains only an independent current source and resistors. If the values of all
resistors are doubled, the value of the node voltages will [ ]
(a) Become half (b) remain unchanged (c) become double (d) none of these
3. Four resistances 80 ohm, 50 ohm, 25 ohm, and R are connected in parallel. Current
through 25 ohm resistor is 4 A. Total current of the supply is 10 A. The value of R will be
[ ]
(a) 66.66 ohm (b) 40.25 ohm (c) 36.36 ohm (d) 76.56 ohm
4. Kirchhoff’s laws are valid for [ ]
(a) linear circuits only. (b) Passive time-invariant circuits.
(c) non-linear circuits only. (d) All of the above.
5. Kirchhoff’s law fails in case of [ ]
(a) linear networks. (b) non-linear networks.
(c) dual networks. (d) distributed parameter networks.
6. A practical current source is usually represented by [ ]
(a) a resistance in series with an ideal current source.
(b) a resistance in parallel with an ideal current source.
(c) a resistance in series with an ideal voltage source. (d) none of the above.
7. Two resistances of equal value, when connected in parallel give an equivalent resistance
of R. If these resistances are connected in series, the equivalent resistance will be
(a) R (b) 4R (c) 2R (d)R/2 [ ]
8.If an ideal voltage source and an ideal current source are connected in parallel, what are
the properties of the combination? [ ]
(a) The same as a voltage source.
(b) The same as a current source.
(c) Different from either a voltage source or a current source. (d) All of the above

P a g e | 220 VITS, Proddatur

 VAAGDEVI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
Peddasettiplli (V), Proddatur-516360

Year/Semester/Branch: I B.Tech I Sem (ECE & EEE)

Name of the Subject: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
(20A02101T)
Multiple Choice Questions

9.If an ideal voltage source and an ideal current source are connected in series, what are
the properties of the combination? [ ]
(a) The same as a voltage source. (b) The same as a current source.
(c) Different from either a voltage source or a current source. (d) All of the above
10. Two coils are wound on a common magnetic core. The sign of mutual inductance M for
finding out effective inductance of each coil is positive if the [ ]
(a) Two coils are wound in the same sense. (b) Fluxes produced by the two coils are equal
(c) Fluxes produced by the coils act in the same direction
(d) Fluxes produced by the two coils act in opposition
11. Consider the following statements: The coefficient of coupling between two Coils
depends upon
i. Orientation of the coils ii. Core material
iii. Number of turns on the two coils iv. Self-inductance of the two coils
Which of of these statements are true? [ ]
(a) 1, 2 and 3 are correct (b) 1 and 2 are correct
(c) 3 and 4 are correct (d) 1, 2 and 4 are correct
12. Two coupled coils connected in series have an equivalent inductance of 16 mH or 8 mH
depending on the inter connection. Then the mutual inductance M between the coils is
[ ]
(a) 12 mH (b) 8 2 mH (c) 4 mH (d) 2 mH
13.The coupling between two magnetically coupled coils is said to be ideal if the coefficient
of coupling is [ ]
(a) zero (b) 0.5 (c) 1 (d) 2
14.The mutual inductance between two coupled coils is 10 mH . If the turns in one coil are
doubled and that in the other are halved then the mutual inductance will be [ ]
(a) 5 mH (b) 10 mH (c) 14 mH (d) 20 mH
15. If two winding having self-inductances L1 and L2, and a mutual inductance M are
connected in series will opposite, then the total inductance of series combination will be
[ ]
a) L1 + L2 - 2M b) L1 + L2 + 2M c) L1 - L2 + 2M d) L1 + L2 – M

P a g e | 221 VITS, Proddatur

 VAAGDEVI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
Peddasettiplli (V), Proddatur-516360

Year/Semester/Branch: I B.Tech I Sem (ECE & EEE)

Name of the Subject: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
(20A02101T)
Multiple Choice Questions

UNIT-II
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
1. The nodal method of circuit analysis is based on [ ]
(a) KVL and Ohm’s law (b) KCL and Ohm’s law
(c) KCL and KVL (d) KCL, KVL and Ohm’s law
2. Two networks can be dual when [ ]
(a) Their nodal equations are the same.
(b) The loop equations of one network are the nodal equations of the other.
(c) Their loop equations are the same. (d) none of these.
3. The tree branches of a graph are called [ ]
(a) chords (b) links (c) twigs (d) co-tree
4. The tie-set matrix gives the relation between [ ]
(a) branch currents and link currents. (b) branch voltages and link currents.
(c) branch currents and link voltages. (d) none of these.
5. The graph of a network has six branches with three tree branches. The minimum
number of equations required for the solution of the network is [ ]
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
6. Which one of the following statements is correct? [ ]
A tree in a network is a connected graph containing
(a) all the nodes only (b) all the branches only
(c) all the branches and nodes (d) all the nodes but no close path
7. An electrical circuit with 10 branches and 7 junctions will have [ ]
a) 10 loop equations b) 4 loop equations c) 3 loop equations d) 7 loop equations
8. An electrical circuit with 8 independent nodes will have [ ]
a) 10 node equations b) 4 node equations c) 3 node equations d) 7 node equations
9. Which one of the following is a not cutset of the graph shown in Fig [ ]
(a) 1, 2, 3 (b) 2, 3, 4 (c) 1, 5, 6 (d) 4, 5, 6

P a g e | 222 VITS, Proddatur

 VAAGDEVI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
Peddasettiplli (V), Proddatur-516360

Year/Semester/Branch: I B.Tech I Sem (ECE & EEE)

Name of the Subject: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
(20A02101T)
Multiple Choice Questions
10. What is the element of the graph that is not included in the tree called? [ ]
a. Links b. Branches c. twig d. All of these
11.If no two branches of the graph cross each other, then the graph is called? [ ]
a) directed graph b) undirected graph
c) planar graph d) non-planar graph
12. The rank of Incidence matrix is______ if the order of the matrix is n×b, where n is
number of nodes and bis number of branches [ ]
a)n b) n-1 c)b d)b-1
13.The order of reduced incidence matrix is_____ [ ]
a) n×b b) (n-1)×b c) n×(b-1) d)( n-1)×(b-1)
14. The graph of the network [ ]

(a) (b) (c) (d)None

15. Identify which of the following is NOT a tree of the graph shown in Fig. [ ]

(a) begh (b) defg (c) adfg (d) aegh

P a g e | 223 VITS, Proddatur

 VAAGDEVI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
Peddasettiplli (V), Proddatur-516360

Year/Semester/Branch: I B.Tech I Sem (ECE & EEE)

Name of the Subject: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
(20A02101T)
Multiple Choice Questions

UNIT-III
SINGLE PHASE CIRCUITS
1. In an a.c. circuit having R, L and C in series and operating on lagging p f; increase in
frequency will [ ]
(a) reduce the current. (b) increase the current.
(c) (a) and (b) are possible. (d) have no effect on current drawn.
2. In a circuit, voltage and current are given by V = 10 sin (wt + 30°) and i = 10 sin (wt -
30°) The power consumed in the circuit is [ ]
(a) 100 watts (b) 50 watts (c) 25 watts (d) 12.5 watts.
3. A series circuit is given by z = 5 -j12, its susceptance is [ ]
(a) 5/13 (b) 5/169 (c) 12/13 (d) 12/169.
4. In series resonance circuit, increasing inductance to twice its value and reducing
capacitance to half its value [ ]
(a). will change the resonance frequency to quarter
( b) will change the resonance frequency to half
(c) resonance frequency will remain same
(d) will change the resonance frequency to twice
5. The potential of the point A in the given network [ ]
(a) 6 V
(b) 7 V
(c) 8 V
(d) none of the above.

6. The a.c. system is preferred to d.c. system because [ ]

(a) a.c. voltages can be easily changed in magnitude
(b) d.c. motors do not have fine speed control
(c) high-voltage a.c. transmission is less efficient
(d) d.c. voltage cannot be used for domestic appliances
7.An alternating voltage is given by v = 20 sin(157t). The frequency of the alternating
voltage is [ ]
(a) 50 Hz (b) 25 Hz (c) 100 Hz (d) 75 Hz

P a g e | 224 VITS, Proddatur

 VAAGDEVI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
Peddasettiplli (V), Proddatur-516360

Year/Semester/Branch: I B.Tech I Sem (ECE & EEE)

Name of the Subject: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
(20A02101T)
Multiple Choice Questions
8.An alternating current is given by i = 10 sin314 t. The time taken to generate two cycles of
current is [ ]
(a) 0·02 second (b) 0·01 second (c) 0·04 second (d) 0·05 second
9.An alternating voltage is given by v = 100 sin(314t) volts. Its average value will be
[ ]
(a) 70.7 V (b) 50 V (c) 63·7 V (d) 100 V
10.An alternating voltage is given by v = 200 sin(314)t. Its r.m.s value will be [ ]
(a) 100 V (b) 282·8 V (c) 141·4 V (d) 121·4 V
11. Out of the following.............. wave is the peakiest. [ ]
(a) Sinusoidal (b) square (c) rectangular (d) triangular
12. When a 15-V square wave is connected across a 50-V a.c. voltmeter, it will read
[ ]
(a) 15 V (b) 15√2 V (c) 15 /√2 V (d) none of the above
13. The impedance of the circuit is [ ]

(a) 10 Ω (b) 5 Ω (c) 25 Ω (d) 4 Ω

14. In the circuit shown in Fig, the p.d.s.across the various elements are shown. What is the
magnitude of the applied voltage? [ ]
(a) 205 V (b) 35 V (c) 25 V (d) none of above

15. If the impedance of an a.c. circuit is 10 ∠ 60°, then resistance in the circuit is [ ]

(a) 5 Ω (b) 8.66 Ω (c) 10 Ω (d) none of the above

16. The voltage and current in an a.c. series circuit are 230 ∠ 0° volts and 100 ∠ 30° A
respectively. The circuit will be [ ]
(a) resistive (b) inductive (c) capacitive (d) in resonance

P a g e | 225 VITS, Proddatur

 VAAGDEVI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
Peddasettiplli (V), Proddatur-516360

Year/Semester/Branch: I B.Tech I Sem (ECE & EEE)

Name of the Subject: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
(20A02101T)
Multiple Choice Questions

UNIT-IV
NETWORK THEOREMS
1. Superposition theorem is not applicable to networks containing [ ]
(a) Nonlinear elements (b) dependent voltage source
(c) Dependent current source (d) transformers
2. In a linear circuit, when the ac input is doubled, the ac output becomes [ ]
(a) one fourth (b) half (c) two times (d) four times
3. A circuit having an e.m.f. source or any energy source is [ ]
(a) active circuit (b) passive circuit (c) unilateral circuit (d) bilateral circuit
4. A network is said to be linear if and only if [ ]
(a) a response is proportional to the excitation function
(b) the principle of superposition applies
(c) the principle of homogeneity applies
(d) Both the principles (b) and (c).

5. Millmans theorem yields [ ]

(a) Equivalent voltage source. (b) Equivalent voltage or current source.
(c) equivalent resistance. (d) equivalent impedance.
6. The superposition theorem is applicable to [ ]
(a) current only. (b) voltage only. (c) both current and voltage. (d)current, voltage and power.
7. Thevenin’s theorem can be applied to calculate the current in [ ]
(a) any load. (b) a passive load only. (c) a linear load only. (d) a bilateral load only.
8. When a source is delivering maximum power to a load, the efficiency of the circuit [ ]
(a) is always 50%. (b) depends on the circuit parameters.(c) is always 75%. (d) none of these.
9. Which of the following statements is true? [ ]
(a) A Norton’s equivalent is a series circuit.
(b) A Thevenin’s equivalent circuit is a parallel circuit.
(c) R-L circuit is dual pair. (d) L-C circuit is a dual pair.
10. Reciprocity theorem is applicable to [ ]
(a) circuits with one independent source
(b) circuits with only one independent source and no dependent source
(c) circuits with any number of independent sources
(d) circuits with any number of sources.

P a g e | 226 VITS, Proddatur

 VAAGDEVI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
Peddasettiplli (V), Proddatur-516360

Year/Semester/Branch: I B.Tech I Sem (ECE & EEE)

Name of the Subject: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
(20A02101T)
Multiple Choice Questions
11. The circuit whose properties are same in either direction is known as [ ]
a) Reversible circuit b) Irreversible circuit c) Unilateral d) Bilateral circuit
12.A source of angular frequency of 1 rad/s has a source impedance consisting of a 1 ohm
resistance in series with a 1 H inductance. The load that will obtain the maximum power
transfer is [ ]
(a) 1 ohm resistance
(b) 1 ohm resistance in parallel with 1 H inductance
(c) 1 ohm resistance in series with 1 F capacitance
(d) 1 ohm resistance in parallel with 1 F capacitance
13. Under conditions of maximum power transfer from an ac source to a variable load
[ ]
(a) the load impedance must also be inductive, if the generator impedance is inductive.
(b) the sum of the source and load impedance is zero.
(c) the sum of the source reactance and load reactance is zero.
(d) the load impedance has the same phase angle as the generator impedance.
14. A network is composed of two sub-networks N1 and N2 as shown in the given figure. If
the sub-network N1 contains only linear, bilateral, time-invariant elements, then it can be
replaced by its Thevenin equivalent even if the sub-network N 2contains [ ]

(a) a two-terminal element which is non-linear

(b) a non-linear inductance mutually coupled to an element in N1
(c) an element which is linear, but mutually coupled to some element in N1
(d) a dependent source the value of which depends upon the voltage or current in some element
in N1.
15. Which of the following theorems is applicable for both linear and non-linear circuits?
[ ]
(a) Superposition (b) Thevenin (c) Norton (d) Tellegans .

P a g e | 227 VITS, Proddatur

 VAAGDEVI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
Peddasettiplli (V), Proddatur-516360

Year/Semester/Branch: I B.Tech I Sem (ECE & EEE)

Name of the Subject: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
(20A02101T)
Multiple Choice Questions

UNIT-V
THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
1. In two-wattmeter method of power measurement, one of the wattmeter’s will show
negative reading when the load pf angle is strictly [ ]
(a) less than 30° (b) less than 60°
(c) greater than 30° (d) greater than 60°.
2. A 3-phase load is balanced if all the three phases have the same............... [ ]
(a) impedance (b) power factor (c) impedance and power factor (d) none of the above
3. In a balanced star-connected system, line voltages are ............ ahead of their respective
phase voltages. [ ]
(a) 30° (b) 60° (c) 120° (d) none of the above
4. Three identical resistances connected in star consume 4000 W. If the resistances are
connected in delta across the same supply, the power consumed will be [ ]
(a) 4000 W (b) 6000 W (c) 8000 W (d) 12000 W
5. The power generated by a machine increases _____________ percent from single phase
to two phase. [ ]
(a) 40.4 (b) 41.4 (c) 42.4 (d) 43.4
6. Phase sequence depends on the _________________ [ ]
(a) field (b) rotation of the field (c) armature (d) rotation of the armature
7. The wattmeter method is used to measure power in a three-phase load. The wattmeter
readings are 400W and -35W. Calculate the total active power. [ ]
(a) 360 (b) 365 (c) 370 (d) 375
8.The current in the neutral wire of a balanced three-phase, four-wire star connected load
is given by [ ]
(a) zero (b) 3 times the current in each phase
(c) 3 times the current in each phase (d)None
9. In a three-phase balanced star connected system, the phase relation between the line
voltages and their respective phase voltage is given as under [ ]
(a) the line voltages lead their respective phase voltages by 30°
(b) the phase voltages lead their respective line voltage by 30°
(c) the line voltages and their respective phase voltages are in phase
(d) None

P a g e | 228 VITS, Proddatur

 VAAGDEVI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
Peddasettiplli (V), Proddatur-516360

Year/Semester/Branch: I B.Tech I Sem (ECE & EEE)

Name of the Subject: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
(20A02101T)
Multiple Choice Questions
10. In a three-phase balanced delta connected system, the phase relation between the line
currents and their respective phase currents is given by [ ]
(a) the line currents lag behind their respective phase currents by 30°
(b) the phase currents lag behind their respective line currents by 30°
(c) the line currents and their respective phase currents are in phase
(d) None
11.Wattmeter deflection in ac circuit is proportional to the [ ]
(a) maximum power in the circuit
(b) instantaneous power in the circuit
(c) average power in the circuit
(d) None
12. In the two-wattmeter method of power measurements, when the pf is 0.5, [ ]
(a) the readings of the two wattmeters are equal and positive
(b) the readings of the two wattmeters are equal and opposite
(c) the readings of the one wattmeter is zero
(d)the readings of the one wattmeter is double the other
13.The reading of the wattmeter connected to measure the reactive power in a three-phase
circuit is given by zero, the line voltage is 400 V and line current 15 A; then the pf of the
circuit is [ ]
(a) zero (b) unity (c) 0.8 (d)0.6
14. T he two wattmeter method is applicable for [ ]
a. Only star connected system b. Only delta connected system
c. Both star connected and delta connected system d. None of these
15. Three - phase induction motor is more suitable than single - phase because[ ]
a. It is self starting b. Better efficiency compared to single - phase
c. Better power factor compared to single – phase d. All of these

P a g e | 229 VITS, Proddatur

 VAAGDEVI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
Peddasettiplli (V), Proddatur-516360

Year/Semester/Branch: I B.Tech I Sem (ECE & EEE)

Name of the Subject: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
(20A02101T)
Long Answer Questions (10 Marks)

UNIT-I
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
1. A bridge network ABCD has following resistance values between the terminals AB = 6,
BC = 12, CD = 10 and DA = 3. The galvanometer of resistance 20 is connected between
B and D and battery of emf 2 V and negligible internal resistance is connected between A
and C. Calculate the current in the circuit.(10 Marks)
Step1: Draw the bridge network with source and galvanometer resistance----2 Marks
Step2: Transform the delta configuration to Star configuration with suitable expression
and Equivalent circuit---3 Marks
Step3: Replace delta by star network and simplify the network to find the equivalent
resistance by applying series Parallel Networks---3 Marks
Step4: Find the current in circuit by using Ohms law---2 Marks

2. (a)Derive an expression for energy stored in an inductor.(5 Marks)

Step1: Draw the diagram of inductor and its properties. ---1 Mark
Step2: Obtain the expression for power ie P=VI---2 Marks
Step3: Obtaion the expression for energy---2 Marks
(b)Using source transformation technique, determine the load current in the circuit shown
in figure below(5Marks)

Step1: Draw the transformations of Voltage to current source and Vice versa---2 Marks
Step2: Draw the given circuit and transform voltage source to current source and
Simplify the network. Continue the transform up to the single source network---2 Marks
Step3: Finally find the Load current value---1 Mark
3. (a)Explain in detail about the active elements.
Step1: Define active element and mention their types---1 Marks

P a g e 230
 VAAGDEVI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
Peddasettiplli (V), Proddatur-516360

Year/Semester/Branch: I B.Tech I Sem (ECE & EEE)

Name of the Subject: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
(20A02101T)
Long Answer Questions (10 Marks)

Step2: Give the details of Independent sources and their characteristics---2 Marks
Step3: Give the details of dependent sources and their characteristics---2 Marks
(b)In a coupled circuit L2 = 4L1 and coupling coefficient K = 0.6. When L1 and L2 are
connected in series opposing the equivalent inductance is 44.2 mH. Find L1, L2 and M.
Step1: series apposing circuit with dots and expression---1 Mark
Step2: Expressions for coupling coefficient, self and mutual inductance---2 Marks
Step3: Write the given data and solve the problems with expressions---2 Marks
4. Define self and mutual inductance in magnetic circuits and derive the expression for
Coefficient of coupling.
Stept1: Define self and mutual inductance----2 Marks
Step2: Draw the diagrams indicating the flux paths for Self inductance and derive the
expression---1Marks
Step3: Draw the diagrams indicating the flux paths for Mutual inductance and derive the
expression---2Marks
Step4: Define Coefficient of Coupling---1 Marks
Step5: Derive the expression for K using self and mutual inductance---4Marks
5. a) State and explain Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction.
Step1: Requirements of Faradays Law and Types of faradays laws ----1Mark
Step2: Faradays First Law and its description---2 Mark
Step3: Faradays Second Law and its description---2 Mark
b) An iron ring of mean length 40 cm has an air gap of 2 mm and a winding of 300
turns. If the permeability of the iron core is 300, when a current of 1A flows through the
coil, find the flux density.
Step1: draw the Iron ring diagram-----1 Mark
Step2: Expression of Flux density and Field Intensity ---1 Mark
Step3: Find field Intensity---1Mark
Step4: Find the flux density---2Marks

6. Consider the circuit shown in figure below. Determine the coupling coefficient calculate
the energy stored in the coupled inductors at time t = 1 sec, if V(t)=60 Cos (4t+30)

P a g e 231
 VAAGDEVI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
Peddasettiplli (V), Proddatur-516360

Year/Semester/Branch: I B.Tech I Sem (ECE & EEE)

Name of the Subject: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
(20A02101T)
Long Answer Questions (10 Marks)

Step1: Draw the coupled circuit and write the expression for Coupled coefficient
K=M/√L1L2-----2 Mark
Step2: Write the expression for Energy stored in coupled coil
𝐸 = 𝐿 𝐼 + 𝐿 𝐼 − 𝑀𝐼 𝐼 ------2 Marks
Step3: Draw the electrical equivalent of Magnetic circuit 2 Marks
Step4: Find the values of I1 and I2— -2 Marks
Step5: Finally Calculate Energy stored in coupled circuit----2 Marks

P a g e 232
 VAAGDEVI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
Peddasettiplli (V), Proddatur-516360

Year/Semester/Branch: I B.Tech I Sem (ECE & EEE)

Name of the Subject: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
(20A02101T)
Long Answer Questions (10 Marks)

UNIT-II
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
1. (a)Define Tree and co tree and Write the properties of a tree of the graph.
Step1: Definition of tree with example ----1.5Marks
Step2: Definition of Co-tree with example----1.5 Marks
Step3: properties of a tree----2Marks
(b)Find the fundamental loop and fundamental cutest matrices for the graph shown below.

Step1:Fundamental loop matrix or Tie-set Matrix:

i) Draw the tree by taking 1,5,6 as links----- 1 Mark
ii) Obtain the Tiesets and Construct the Tie set Matrix----1.5 Marks
Step1: Fundamental Cutset matrix
i) Draw the tree by taking 2,3,4 as tree branches----- 1 Mark
ii) Obtain the Cut-sets and Construct the Tie set Matrix----1.5 Marks

2. a) Describe the procedure to construct the dual of a network with an example.

Step1: Define duality and Write the Duals of the elements --- 1Mark
Step2: Take a network and Write the procedure to find dual of the netwok—2 Marks

Step3: Draw the dual of the network with the procedure----2Marks

b) Find fundamental tie-set matrix for the graph and its tree shown in figure given below.

P a g e 233
 VAAGDEVI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
Peddasettiplli (V), Proddatur-516360

Year/Semester/Branch: I B.Tech I Sem (ECE & EEE)

Name of the Subject: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
(20A02101T)
Long Answer Questions (10 Marks)
Steps: Fundamental loop matrix or Tie-set Matrix:
i) Draw the tree by taking a,b,c as links----- 1 Mark
ii) Obtain the Tiesets for the links a,b,and c---1 Marks
iii) Mention the branches present in various Tiesets---1 Mark
iv) Indicate the directions in the tieset and Otain the Array of algebraic
numbers----1 Mark
v) Finally draw the Tie set matrix---1 Mark

3. Using node voltage analysis for the circuit shown in figure below. Find all the node voltages and currents in
all the branches.

Steps in Nodal analysis:

i) Define KCL----1 Mark
ii) Purpose of Nodal analysis (Extension of KCL) ---2Marks
iii) Procedure of Nodal analysis----2 Marks
iv) Draw the given network & Identify reference and non reference nodes---1Mark
v) Indicate the branch currents in every branch and Apply KCL at Nodes---1Mark
vi)Get the nodal equations interms of Node voltages---1Mark
vii) Solve the nodal equations and obtain node voltages and branch currents—1Mark
4. a) Using node analysis, find the current flowing through the resistors.

i) Procedure of Nodal analysis----1 Marks

ii) Draw the given network & Identify reference and non reference nodes---1Mark
iii) Indicate the branch currents in every branch and Apply KCL at Nodes---1Mark
iv)Get the nodal equations interms of Node voltages---1Mark
v) Solve the nodal equations and obtain node voltages and branch currents—1Mark

P a g e 234
 VAAGDEVI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
Peddasettiplli (V), Proddatur-516360

Year/Semester/Branch: I B.Tech I Sem (ECE & EEE)

Name of the Subject: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
(20A02101T)
Long Answer Questions (10 Marks)

b) Find Io Value

i) Procedure of Mesh analysis----1 Marks

ii) Draw the given network & Identify loops and Indicate loop currents—1 Mark
iii) Identify the common elements of the loops and Apply KVL in every loop---1 Mark
iv)Get the Loop equations interms ofLoop currents---1 Mark
v) Solve the loop equations and obtain branch current Io—1 Mark

5. (a)Define Graph, Path, Tree, Chords and Node.

Write the definition with an example. Each definition 1 mark

(b)The reduced incidence matrix of a graph is given below. Draw the graph corresponding to it.

Step1: Define Reduced Incidence Matrix---1 Mark

Step2: Define Complete Incidence Matrix---1 Mark
Step3: Draw the complete incidence matrix for the given reduces incidence matrix----1 Mark
Step4: Identify branches connected at nodes ---1 Mark
Step5:Draw the graph and Indicate the directions as per the algebraic numbers---1 Mark

P a g e 235
 VAAGDEVI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
Peddasettiplli (V), Proddatur-516360

Year/Semester/Branch: I B.Tech I Sem (ECE & EEE)

Name of the Subject: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
(20A02101T)
Long Answer Questions (10 Marks)
6. a) Find V1, V2, V3 using nodal analysis for the circuit shown in figure below.

i) Procedure of Nodal analysis----1 Marks

ii) Draw the given network & Identify reference and non reference nodes---1Mark
iii) Indicate the branch currents in every branch and Apply KCL at Nodes---1Mark
iv)Get the nodal equations interms of Node voltages---1Mark
v) Solve the nodal equations and obtain node voltages and branch currents—1Mark
b) Find Io Value using Mesh analysis

i) Procedure of Mesh analysis----1 Marks

ii) Draw the given network & Identify loops and Indicate loop currents—1 Mark
iii) Identify the common elements of the loops and Apply KVL in every loop---1 Mark
iv)Get the Loop equations interms ofLoop currents---1 Mark
v) Solve the loop equations and obtain branch current Io—1 Mark

P a g e 236
 VAAGDEVI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
Peddasettiplli (V), Proddatur-516360

Year/Semester/Branch: I B.Tech I Sem (ECE & EEE)

Name of the Subject: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
(20A02101T)
Long Answer Questions (10 Marks)

UNIT-III
SINGLE PHASE CIRCUITS

1. A 1 KΩ resistor is connected in series with an inductance of 50mH across a 230 V, 50 Hz

AC supply. Find: (i) Inductive reactance. (ii) Impedance. (iii) Current. (iv) Phase angle.
(v) Voltage drop across resistance. (vi) Voltage drop across Inductance.
Step1: Draw the network of RL circuit with source----1 Mark
Step2: Write the expressions for Reactance, Impedance, Voltage and current----2
Marks
Step3: Assume the frequency as 50Hz------1 Mark
Step4: Find the parameters asked: Each parameter 1 Mark [6 Parameters---6
Marks]

2. a) Show that the power through pure capacitor when excited with V(t)=V m Sinwt is zero.
Step1: Let the voltages and currents in the capacitor V(t)=V m Sinwt and
I(t)=Im Sin(wt+90) ----1 Mark
Step2: Power in capacitor is P(t)=V(t)*I(t)---- 1Mark
Step3: Draw the wave forms of voltage and current---1 Mark
Step4: Get the power in capacitor from step 2 and step3 and
show it as zer0---2 Marks
b)A constant current of 5 A flows for 0.04 seconds and to complete the cycle, a constant
current of 2 A flows in the opposite direction for 0.06 seconds. Sketch the waveform of
current over one cycle and calculate: (i) Mean value of the current. (ii) The r.m.s value of
the current.
Step1: Draw the waveform ---2 Marks

Step2: Identify Time period and Wave Equation----1 Mark

Step3: Define Average and RMS Values---- 1 Mark
Step4: Obtain the Avg and RMS Values----2 Marks

P a g e 237
 VAAGDEVI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
Peddasettiplli (V), Proddatur-516360

Year/Semester/Branch: I B.Tech I Sem (ECE & EEE)

Name of the Subject: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
(20A02101T)
Long Answer Questions (10 Marks)
3. For the periodic waveforms shown in figure below, determine: (i) Average value over
half cycle. (ii) Frequency. (iii) rms value. (iv) Form factor. (v) Peak factor.

Step1: Define Average, RMS values, Form Factor and Peak Factor----2 Marks
Step2: Draw the wave form and Get the Time period------ 1 mark
Step3: Obtain the Expression of the Wave form----2 Marks
Step4: f=1/T--- 1 Mark
Step5: also obtain Parameters present in step1 --- 4Marks

4. A coil of resistance 5Ω and inductance 120 mH in series with a 100μF capacitor, is

connected to a 300 V, 50 Hz supply. Calculate: (i) The current flowing in the circuit. (b)
The phase difference between the supply voltage and current. (iii) The voltage across the
coil. (iv) The voltage across the capacitor. (v) Real and reactive power.
Step1: Draw the network of RLC circuit with source----1 Mark
Step2: Write the expressions for Reactance, Impedance, Voltage and current----2
Marks
Step3: Assume the frequency as 50Hz------1 Mark
Step4:Find the parameters asked: Each parameter 1 Mark[ 6 Parameters---6
Marks]

5. a) Show that the power through pure capacitor when excited with V(t)=V m Sinwt is zero
Step1: Let the voltages and currents in the capacitor V(t)=V m Sinwt and
I(t)=Im Sin(wt-90) ----1 Mark
Step2: Power in Inductor is P(t)=V(t)*I(t)---- 1 Mark
Step3: Draw the wave forms of voltage and current---1 Mark
Step4: Get the power in Inductor from step 2 and step3 and
show it as zero---2 Marks

b) A resistor R is connected in series with a capacitor C and the combination is connected

across a 100 V, 50 Hz supply. The voltage drop across the resistor is 60 V, the power
dissipated in the resistor is 108 W. Find R and C.
Step1: Draw the network of RC circuit with source----1 Mark

P a g e 238
 VAAGDEVI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
Peddasettiplli (V), Proddatur-516360

Year/Semester/Branch: I B.Tech I Sem (ECE & EEE)

Name of the Subject: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
(20A02101T)
Long Answer Questions (10 Marks)
Step2: Get the value of resistance using P=V2/R; ie R=V2/P
Step3: Find the value of current using P=I2R;ie I=√(P/R)
Step4: Find the value of Impedance Z=V/I;Z=√(R2+X2);ie X=√(Z2-R2);
Step5: Find the capacitance using X=1/(WC);C=1/(XW);

6. Determine the total current, power factor and power consumed by the circuit shown in
figure below.

Step1: Find the equivalent Impedance of the network ---4 Marks

Step2: Find the current in the circuit-------1 Mark
Step3: From the voltages and current Find the value of Complex power S=VI*---3 Marks
Step4: From S=P+JQ, Find the Power consumed---1 Mark
Step5: Find the power factor Cosϴ. ----1 Mark

P a g e 239
 VAAGDEVI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
Peddasettiplli (V), Proddatur-516360

Year/Semester/Branch: I B.Tech I Sem (ECE & EEE)

Name of the Subject: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
(20A02101T)
Long Answer Questions (10 Marks)

UNIT-IV
NETWORK THEOREMS
1. For the circuit shown below, find I using Thevenin’s theorem and verify it by using Norton’s
theorem.

Step1: State Thevenin’s theorems --- 1 Mark

Step2: Find the Thevenin’s Voltage-----2 Marks
Step3: Find the Thevenin’s Resistance---1 mark
Step4: Find the value of Current in 1.5Ω---1 Mark
Step5: State Norton’s theorems --- 1 Mark
Step6: Find the Norton’s Current-----2 Marks
Step7: Find the Thevenin’s Resistance---1 mark
Step8: Find the value of Current in 1.5Ω---1 Mark

2. State and prove maximum power transfer theorem for both AC and DC networks.
Step1: State Maximum power transfer theorem fof DC----1 Mark
Step2: Draw the circuit with source, Source resistance, and Load resistance---1 Mark
Step3: Find the Power in load resistor and differentiate the power wrt load resistor RL-2 Marks
Step4: Obtain the condition to get maximum power ie RL=RS ------1 Mark
Step5: State Maximum power transfer theorem fof AC----1 Mark
Step6: Draw the circuit with source, Source Impedance and Load Impedance---1 Mark
Step7: Find the Power in load resistor and differentiate the power wrt load resistor R L-2
Marks
Step8: Obtain the condition to get maximum power ie ZL=RS-JXS---1 Mark

3. In the network shown in figure below, what load will receive maximum power.
Step1: State Maximum power transfer theorem for AC----1 Mark
Step2: Draw the circuit with source, Source Impedance and Load Impedance---1 Mark

P a g e 240
 VAAGDEVI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
Peddasettiplli (V), Proddatur-516360

Year/Semester/Branch: I B.Tech I Sem (ECE & EEE)

Name of the Subject: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
(20A02101T)
Long Answer Questions (10 Marks)
Step3:Draw the given circuit and Obtain the Thevinin’s Equivalent circuit---5Marks
i) State Thevenin’s theorems --- 1 Mark
ii) Find the Thevenin’s Voltage-----2 Marks
iii) Find the Thevenin’s Impedance Zth---2 mark

Step4:Place load Impedance at Terminlas of Thevinins Equivalent and ZL=Z th*

4. Find the current through 2 ohms resistor in the network shown below by Thevenin’s and Nortan’s
equivalents.

Step1: State Thevenin’s theorems --- 1 Mark

Step2: Find the Thevenin’s Voltage-----2 Marks
Step3: Find the Thevenin’s Resistance---1 mark
Step4: Find the value of Current in 1.5Ω---1 Mark
Step5: State Norton’s theorems --- 1 Mark
Step6: Find the Norton’s Current-----2 Marks
Step7: Find the Thevenin’s Resistance---1 mark
Step8: Find the value of Current in 2Ω---1 Mark

P a g e 241
 VAAGDEVI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
Peddasettiplli (V), Proddatur-516360

Year/Semester/Branch: I B.Tech I Sem (ECE & EEE)

Name of the Subject: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
(20A02101T)
Long Answer Questions (10 Marks)
5. Find the power loss in 5Ω resistor by superposition theorem.

Step1: State superposition theorem---2 Marks

Step2: Identify the number of Independent sources and Find the individual current
response for each source acting separately----1 Mark
Step3: Let 10 V source acting and 2A source is open circuited.
Current in 5Ω resistor is I1.Determine the value of I1----3 Marks
Step4: Let 2A source acting and 10V source is short circuited.
Current in 5Ω resistor is I2.Determine the value of I2----3 Marks
Step5: Total current in 5Ω resistor I= I1+ I2 and power loss=I2R---1 Mark

6. a) State Millmann’s theorem and Tellegen’s Theorem.

Step1: State Millman’s theorem---2 Marks
Step2:State Tellegen’s Theorem---2 Marks

b) For the following figure. Find the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit, load current and power
Consumed by load.
Step1: State Thevenin’s theorems --- 1 Mark
Step2: Find the Thevenin’s Voltage-----1 Marks
Step3: Find the Thevenin’s Resistance---1 mark
Step4: Find the value of Current in 20Ω---1 Mark
Step5: Find the value of Power in 20Ω---1 Mark

P a g e 242
 VAAGDEVI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
Peddasettiplli (V), Proddatur-516360

Year/Semester/Branch: I B.Tech I Sem (ECE & EEE)

Name of the Subject: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
(20A02101T)
Long Answer Questions (10 Marks)

UNIT-V
THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
1. What are the different methods available for measuring power in three phase circuits? And
Prove that tan Φ = √3W1−W2/W1+W2 in two wattmeter method.
Step1: Mention Different methods of power measurement----1 Marks
Step2: Write about measurement of power using 3 wattmeter’s with diagram---1 Marks
Step3: Write about measurement of power using 2 wattmeter’s with diagram ---1 Marks
Step4: Derive the expression for real power P=W2+W1----3 Marks
Step5: Derive the expression for reactive power Q=√3W2-W1----3 Marks
Step6: Obtain tan Φ using P/Q----1 Mark

2. A 400 V, three-phase supply feeds an unbalanced three-wire, star-connected load. The branch impedances
of the load are 4+j8, 3+j4, 15+j20. Find the line currents and voltage across each phase using Millman’s
method. Assume RYB phase sequence.
Step1:State Millmans Theorem for AC with 3 sources---2 Marks
Step2: Arrange Y-Y Connected system such that 3 sources and their Loads connected in parallel to
form the circuit of Millmans theorem ---2 Marks
Step3:Define RYB or ABC Phase sequence---1Mark
Step4:Determine the Phase voltages in Y network with Line voltage 400v---3 Marks
Step5:Find the line currents ---2 Marks
3. a)Derive the relation between phase and line values in a 3-phase balanced star connected
System with neat circuit diagram.
Step1: Give the Properties of Y Network---1 Mark
Step2: Draw the Phasor diagram of Y –Network---1 Mark
Step3: Give the Phase voltage values as per ABC Phase sequence---1 Mark
Step4: Find out the line voltages from Phase Voltages----2 Marks
b)An unbalanced four wire, star connected load has a balanced voltage of 400 V, the loads
are: (4+j16) Ω, (5+j20) Ω, (8+j4) Ω. Calculate the: (i) The line currents. (ii) Current in the
neutral wire and (iii) The total power.
Step1: Draw the circuit of unbalanced four wire, star connected load---1 mark
Step2: Find the phase voltages ---1 mark
Step3: Find the phase currents using Iph=Vph/Z ---1 Mark
Step4: Find the neutral current by summing all the Phase currents
Step5: Find the power in each phase and total power is addition of phase powers---1Mark

4. a) A 440/254 volts, 3-phase, 4-core supplies an unbalanced load represented by the following

P a g e 243
 VAAGDEVI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
Peddasettiplli (V), Proddatur-516360

Year/Semester/Branch: I B.Tech I Sem (ECE & EEE)

Name of the Subject: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
(20A02101T)
Long Answer Questions (10 Marks)
Impedances in ohms connected between R, Y, B and neutral 16+j12, 14-j21 and 25. The
Phase sequence RYB. Calculate the current in each conductor of the cable and the reading
on each of the three wattmeter’s connected in each line and neutral.
Step1: Draw the circuit of unbalanced four wire, star connected load---1 mark
Step2: Define RYB Phase sequence---1 Mark
Step3: Find the phase voltages ---1 mark
Step4: Find the phase currents using Iph=Vph/Z ---1 Mark
Step5:Find Real power and Reactive power and Then
calculate the values of W1 and W2 – 3 Mark
b) What are the advantages of sinusoidal quantities over the other quantities? –3 Marks
Refer to first short answer question of Unit III Single phase circuits
5. a) Explain advantages of 3-phase system and write the expression for voltage and currents for
phase delta connected systems and draw its Phasor diagrams.
Step1: Give the Properties of Delta Network---1 Mark
Step2: Draw the Phasor diagram of Delta –Network---1 Mark
Step3: Give the Phase current values as per ABC Phase sequence---1 Mark
Step4: Find out the line currents from Phase currents----2 Marks

b) Refer to the circuit shown in figure below. Calculate the average active power and reactive
Power at source and the load.

Step1: Draw the circuit of unbalanced four wire, star connected load---1 mark
Step2: Find the phase voltages ---1 mark
Step3: Find the phase currents using Iph=Vph/Z ---1 Mark
Step5: Find Real power and Reactive power ----- 2 Mark

6. a) Explain how total reactive power consumption is measured in a 3-phase circuit using single
wattmeter with the help of Phasor diagram.

P a g e 244
 VAAGDEVI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
Peddasettiplli (V), Proddatur-516360

Year/Semester/Branch: I B.Tech I Sem (ECE & EEE)

Name of the Subject: Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
(20A02101T)
Long Answer Questions (10 Marks)
Step1: Draw the measurement circuit of reactive power using single wattmeter’s with
Diagram--2 Marks
Step2: Use Inductive load and capacitive loads for measuring the reactive power---1 Mark
Step3: Obtain the expression for Reactive power---2Marks
b) The input power to a three phase load is 10 kW at 0.8 power factor. Two watt meters are
Connected to measure this power. Find individual readings of the watt meters.
Step1: Write about measurement of power using 2 wattmeter’s with diagram ---1 Marks
Step2: real power P=W2+W1=10KW----1 Marks
Step3: reactive power Q=√3W2-W1=P Tan Φ ----1 Marks
Step4: After knowing Real power and Reactive power, calculate the values of W1
and W2 – 2Mark

P a g e 245