Fuzzy Logic

1 11/25/2024
 What is Fuzzy Logic?
 Fuzzy logic is not logic that is fuzzy, but logic that
is used to describe fuzziness.
 Fuzzy logic is the theory of fuzzy sets, sets that
calibrate vagueness.
 Fuzzy logic is based on the idea that all things
admit of degrees.
⚫ Temperature, height, speed, distance, beauty – all come on a sliding scale.

⚫ The motor is running really hot.

⚫ Tom is a very tall guy.

2 November 25, 2024

 Formal Fuzzy Logic
 Fuzzy logic can be seen as an extension of ordinary logic,
where the main difference is that we use fuzzy sets for the
membership of a variable
 We can have fuzzy propositional logic and fuzzy predicate
logic
 Fuzzy logic can have many advantages over ordinary logic in
areas like artificial intelligence where a simple true/false
statement is insufficient.
 Formal definition: A fuzzy set A in X is expressed as a set of
ordered pairs:
𝐴= 𝑥, µ𝐴 x x ∈ 𝑋}
Fuzzy set Membership function Universe of Discourse

◼ A fuzzy set is totally characterized by a membership function (MF).

◼ 3 mathematical principles for knowledge representation based on degrees of membership

Fuzzy logic is a set of November 25,. 2024
 Where did Fuzzy Logic
come from?
 People generally do not divide things into clean
categories, yet still make solid, adaptive
decisions

 Dr. Zadeh felt that having controllers to accept

'noisy' data might make them easier to create,
and more effective

4 November 25, 2024

 Example (Controlling a fan)
Fuzzy System
IF temperature = hot
Conventional model THEN RUN fan at full speed
If temperature > X,
RUN fan IF temperature = warm
THEN RUN fan at moderate speed
Else,
STOP fan IF temperature = comfortable
THEN MAINTAIN fan speed

IF temperature = cool
THEN SLOW fan

IF temperature = cold
THEN STOP fan

5 November 25, 2024

 Fuzzy Logic (Introd…)
 Philosophical approach
⚫ Decisions based on “degree of truth”
⚫ Is not a method for reasoning under uncertainty – that’s
probability
 Crisp Facts – distinct boundaries
 Fuzzy Facts – imprecise boundaries
 Probability - incomplete facts
 Example – Scout reporting an enemy
⚫ “Two tanks at grid NV 54“ (Crisp)
⚫ “A few tanks at grid NV 54” (Fuzzy)
⚫ “There might be 2 tanks at grid NV 54 (Probabilistic)
 Fuzzy – “not clear, distinct, or precise; blurred”
6 11/25/2024
 WHAT IS FUZZY LOGIC?

 Definition of fuzzy
 Fuzzy – “not clear, distinct, or precise; blurred”

 Definition of fuzzy logic

 A form of knowledge representation suitable for
notions that cannot be defined precisely, but which
depend upon their contexts.

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 Fuzzy Sets Theory
 What is fuzzy thinking
⚫ Experts rely on common sense when they solve the
problems
⚫ How can we represent expert knowledge that uses vague
and ambiguous terms in a computer
⚫ Fuzzy logic is not logic that is fuzzy but logic that is used to
describe the fuzziness. Fuzzy logic is the theory of fuzzy
sets, set that calibrate the vagueness.
⚫ Fuzzy logic is based on the idea that all things admit of
degrees. Temperature, height, speed, distance, beauty – all
come on a sliding scale.
⚫ Jim is tall guy
⚫ It is really very hot today 11/25/2024
8
 Example…….
 Consider a set of young people using fuzzy sets.
 In general, young people range from the age of 0 to 20.
 But, if we use this strict interval to define young people, then a
person on his 20th birthday is still young (still a member of the set).
But on the day after his 20th birthday, this person is now old (not a
member of the young set).
 How can one remedy this?
 By RELAXING the boundary between the strict separation of young
and old.
 This separation can easily be relaxed by considering the boundary
between young and old as "fuzzy".
 The figure below graphically illustrates a fuzzy set of young and old
people.
9 11/25/2024
 Example….contd.

•Notice in the figure that people whose ages are >= zero and <= 20 are
complete members of the young set (that is, they have a membership
value of one).
•Also note that people whose ages are > 20 and < 30 are partial members
of the young set.
•For example, a person who is 25 would be young to the degree of 0.5.
•Finally people whose ages are >= 30 are non-members of the young set.
 Fuzzy set theory contd….

 Human brains interpret imprecise and incomplete

sensory information provided by perceptive organs
 Fuzzy set theory provides a systematic calculus to deal
with such information linguistically
 It performs numerical computation by using linguistic
labels stimulated by membership functions
 It lacks the adaptability to deal with changing external
environments ==> incorporate NN learning concepts in
fuzzy inference systems: NF modeling

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 Fuzzy Sets Theory

 Classical Set vs Fuzzy set

Let X be the universe of discourse and its elements be denoted as x.
In the classical set theory, crisp set A of X is defined as function fA(x) called the
characteristic function of A

1, if x  A
f A ( x) : X → {0,1}, where f A ( x) = 
0, if x  A

In the fuzzy theory, fuzzy set A of universe of discourse X is defined by function

 (x) called the membership function of set A
A

 A ( x) : X → [0,1], where  A ( x) = 1 if x is totally in A;

 A ( x) = 0 if x is not in A;
0   A ( x)  1 if x is partly in A.
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 FUZZY LOGIC BACKGROUND
Fuzzy Logic & Decision making

▪ The world is imprecise, uncertain and vague

▪ Decision making systems usually emulate human expertise

▪ Computers (fuzzy logic also) have a long way to go

▪ Much work to be done in the modeling of human expertise

▪ Human Expertise is VERY fuzzy

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+ Terminologies 14

◼Fuzzy relation
◼Relationships can also be expressed on a scale of 0 to 1
e.g. degree of resemblance between two people
◼Fuzzy variable
◼Variable with (labels of) fuzzy sets as its values.

◼Fuzzy set theory:

◼Membership functions classify elements in the range
[0,1], with 0 and 1 being no and full inclusion, the
other values being partial membership

November 25, 2024

+ Fuzzy Set 15

◼ How to represent a fuzzy set in a computer?

◼ Firstdetermine the membership functions.

◼ In our “tall men” example, we can obtain fuzzy sets of tall, short and
average men.

◼ Theuniverse of discourse – the men’s heights – consists of three sets:

short, average and tall men.

November 25, 2024

+ Crisp and Fuzzy Set 16

Degreeof CrispSets
Membership
1.0
0.8 Short Average Tall

0.6
0.4
0.2

0.0
150 160 170 180 190 200 210
Height, cm
Degreeof Fuzzy Sets
Membership
1.0

0.8
0.6 Short Average Tall

0.4
0.2

0.0
150 160 170 180 190 200 210

November 25, 2024

+ Crisp and Fuzzy Set 17

 (x )
X Fuzzy SubsetA
1

0
Crisp SubsetA Fuzziness x

◼ Typical
functions that can be used to represent a fuzzy set are sigmoid,
gaussian and pi.

◼ However, these functions increase the time of computation.

◼ Therefore, in practice, most applications use linear fit functions.

November 25, 2024

+ Example (Tall Men) 18

November 25, 2024

+ Terminologies 19

◼ Fuzzy Set: Tall Men

◼ Elements of Fuzzy Set: Chris, Mark etc.

◼ Degree of membership (Degree of

truth): Degrees of membership
depend on their height.
Degree of Crisp Sets
Membership
1.0
0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
150 160 170 180 190 200 210
Height, cm
Degree of
Membership Fuzzy Sets
1.0

0.8

0.6
0.4

0.2

0.0
150 160 170 180 190 200 210
November 25, 2024
Height, cm
+ 20

Terminologies
◼ Linguistic variable:

◼ Fuzzy variable with values that are words or

sentences in a language

◼ At the root of fuzzy set theory lies the idea of

linguistic variables

◼ A linguistic variable is a fuzzy variable.

◼ For example, the statement “Chris is tall”

◼ In fuzzy expert systems, linguistic variables are

used in fuzzy rules

Chris is tall

Chris linguistic variable

Tall linguistic value

November 25, 2024

+ Terminologies 21

◼ Universe of Discourse: (Height of man)

◼ The x-axis represents the universe of
discourse – the range of all possible values Degree of
Membership
Crisp Sets

applicable to a chosen variable. 1.0

0.8

◼ According to this representation, the universe 0.6

of men’s heights consists of all tall men.

0.4

0.2

0.0

◼ Membership Value:
150 160 170 180 190 200 210
Height, cm
Degree of
Membership Fuzzy Sets

◼ The y-axis represents the membership value 1.0

0.8

of the fuzzy set. 0.6

0.4

our case, the fuzzy set of “tall men” maps

◼ In 0.2

0.0

height values into corresponding 150 160 170 180 190 200 210
Height, cm

membership values.

November 25, 2024

 HISTORY OF FUZZY LOGIC

 Fuzzy Logic was developed by Lotfi Zadeh at UC Berkley 1960s and

70s

 Lotfi Asker Zadeh ( 1965 )

 First to publish ideas of fuzzy logic.

 Professor Toshire Terano ( 1972 )

 Organized the world's first working group on fuzzy systems.

 F.L. Smidth & Co. ( 1980 )

 First to market fuzzy expert systems.

11/25/2024
 Similarities and differences Between Fuzzy
logic & Boolean logic

 Fuzzy logic is a super set of conventional (or Boolean) logic

and contains similarities and differences with Boolean logic.

 Fuzzy logic is similar to Boolean logic, in that Boolean logic

results are returned by fuzzy logic operations when all fuzzy
memberships are restricted to 0 and 1.

 Fuzzy logic differs from Boolean logic in that it is permissive

of natural language queries and is more like human thinking;
it is based on degrees of truth.

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 Fuzzy Logic Boolean Logic

For example, if a person is .83 of tallness, they are “rather tall”.

Fuzzy logic calculates the shades of gray between black/white
and true/false.

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 Further Introductory facts (Contd.)

 Fuzzy logic may appear similar to probability and statistics as

well.
 Although, fuzzy logic is different than probability even though
the results appear similar.
 The probability statement, " There is a 70% chance that Bill is
tall" supposes that Bill is either tall or he is not. There is a 70%
chance that we know which set Bill belongs.
 The fuzzy logic statement, " Bill's degree of membership in the
set of tall people is .80 " supposes that Bill is rather tall.
 The fuzzy logic answer determines not only the set which Bill
belongs, but also to what degree he is a member.

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 Sample Application Areas of Fuzzy logic

 Fuzzy logic has been applied in many areas; it is used in a

variety of ways:

➢ Household appliances such as dishwashers and washing

machines use fuzzy logic to determine the optimal amount of
soap and the correct water pressure for dishes and clothes.
➢ Fuzzy logic is even used in self-focusing cameras.
➢ Expert systems, such as decision-support and meteorological
systems, use fuzzy logic.

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 TEMPERATURE CONTROLLER (An Example)

 The problem
 Change the speed of a heater fan, based on the room
temperature and humidity.
 A temperature control system has four settings
 Cold, Cool, Warm, and Hot
 Humidity can be defined by:
 Low, Medium, and High
 Using this we can define the fuzzy set.

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+ Example: Air Conditioner 28

◼ Air conditioner system controlled by a FLS.

◼ The system adjusts the temperature of the room according to the
current temperature of the room and the target value.
◼ Thefuzzy engine periodically compares the room temperature
and the target temperature, and produces a command to heat or
cool the room.

November 25, 2024

 Applied to Computer Games

 Can have different characteristics of players

⚫ Strength: strong, medium, weak
⚫ Aggressiveness: meek, medium, nasty
⚫ If meek and attacked, run away fast
⚫ If medium and attacked, run away slowly
⚫ If nasty and strong and attacked, attack back

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 Further Introductory facts(Contd.)

 Fuzzy Logic deals with those imprecise conditions about

which a true/false value cannot be determined.
 Much of this has to do with the vagueness and
ambiguity that can be found in everyday life.
 For example, the question: Is it HOT outside?
 These are often labelled as subjective responses, where
no one answer is exact.
 Subjective responses are relative to an individual's
experience and knowledge.
 Human beings are able to exert this higher level of
abstraction during the thought process.

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 Further Introductory facts (Contd.)

 For these reasons, Fuzzy Logic has been compared to the

human decision making process.
 Conventional Logic (and computing systems for that matter)
are by nature related to the Boolean Conditions (true/false).
 What Fuzzy Logic attempts to encompass is that area where
a partial truth can be established.
 In fuzzy set theory, although it is still possible to have an
exact yes/no answer as to set membership, elements can now
be partial members in a set.

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 Fuzzy Sets

 Fuzzy logic is a superset of Boolean (conventional)

logic that handles the concept of partial truth, which is
truth values between "completely true" and
"completely false".
 This section of the fuzzy logic describes:
⚫ Basic Definition of Fuzzy Set
⚫ Similarities and Differences of Fuzzy Sets with
Traditional Set Theory
⚫ Examples Illustrating the Concepts of Fuzzy Sets
⚫ Logical Operation on Fuzzy Sets

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 Fuzzy Sets
 Provides a way to write symbolic rules with terms like
“medium” but evaluate them in a quantified way
 Classical set theory: An object is either in or not in the set
⚫ Can’t talk about non-sharp distinctions
 Fuzzy sets have a smooth boundary
⚫ Not completely in or out – somebody 180 cm is 80% in the
tall set tall
 Fuzzy set theory
⚫ An object is in a set by matter of degree
⚫ 1.0 => in the set
⚫ 0.0 => not in the set
⚫ 0.0 < object < 1.0 => partially in the set
33 11/25/2024
 Example Fuzzy Variable

Membership  Each function tells us how

(Degree of Truth) much we consider a
Meek character in the set if it has
Nasty a particular aggressiveness
1.0 Medium
value
 Or, how much truth to
attribute to the statement:
“The character is nasty (or
meek, or neither)?”

-1 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1

Aggressiveness

11/25/2024 34
 Operations on Fuzzy Sets

 Negation
 Intersection

 Union

Summary equations:
NOT x = (1 - truth(x))
x AND y = minimum(truth(x), truth(y))
x OR y = maximum(truth(x), truth(y))

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+ Operations (summary) 36

Operation Symbol Equation

Negation A A(x) = 1 − A(x)

Intersection AB(x) min [A (x), B (x)] = A (x)  B(x)

Union AB(x) AB(x) = max [A (x), B(x)] = A (x)  B(x),

November 25, 2024

 Negation (i.e. complement)

 the red line is a fuzzy set.

 To negate this fuzzy set, subtract the membership value
in the fuzzy set from 1.
 For example, the membership value at 5 is one. In the
negation, the membership value at 5 would be (1-1=0)
and if the membership value is 0.4 the membership value
would be (1-0.4=0.6).

37 11/25/2024
 Fuzzy Set Operations: Complement

Membership FS

1.0
 The degree to which you
believe something is not
in the set is 1.0 minus the
degree to which you
¬FS
believe it is in the set

0.0
Units

11/25/2024 38
 Fuzzy Set Ops: Intersection (AND)

 In the figures in the next slide, the red and green lines are
fuzzy sets.
 To find the intersection of these sets take the minimum of
the two membership values at each point on the x-axis.
 For example, in the figure the red fuzzy set has a
membership of ZERO when x = 4 and the green fuzzy set has
a membership of ONE when x = 4.
 The intersection would have a membership value of ZERO
when x = 4 because the minimum of zero and one is zero.

39 11/25/2024


40 11/25/2024
 Fuzzy Set Ops: Intersection (AND)

 If you have x degree of faith in

Membership
statement A, and y degree of
About 6’ Tall faith in statement B, how much
1.0 faith do you have in the
statement A and B?
⚫ Eg: How much faith in “that
person is about 6’ high and
tall”
 Does it make sense to attribute
more truth than you have in one
of A or B?
0.0
Height

11/25/2024 41
 Fuzzy Set Ops: Union (OR)

 To find the union of these sets take the maximum of the

two membership values at each point on the x-axis.

 For example, in the figure the red fuzzy set has a

membership of ZERO when x = 4 and the green fuzzy
set has a membership of ONE when x = 4. The union
would have a membership value of ONE when x = 4
because the maximum of zero and one is One.

42 11/25/2024
43 11/25/2024
 Fuzzy Set Ops: Union (OR)

 If you have x degree of faith in

Membership
statement A, and y degree of
About 6’ Tall faith in statement B, how much
1.0 faith do you have in the
statement A or B?
⚫ Eg: How much faith in “that
person is about 6’ high or
tall”
 Does it make sense to attribute
less truth than you have in one
of A or B?
0.0
Height

11/25/2024 44
 Fuzzy Set Ops: Union (OR)
Membership

About 6’ Tall
1.0
 Take the max of your beliefs in
each individual statement
About 6’ high  Also works if statements are
or tall about different variables

0.0
Height

11/25/2024 45
+ Operations (summary) 46

Intersection
Negation

Union

November 25, 2024

 Mathematical Representation of Fuzzy Set Operations

 Let A and B be two fuzzy subsets of X.

 Intersection A ∩ B and union A ∪ B are defined as follows:
(A ∩ B)(x) = min(A(x),B(x)),
(A ∪ B)(x) = max(A(x),B(x))
for all x ∈ X
These could be put as follows again:
NOT x = (1 - truth(x))
x AND y = minimum(truth(x), truth(y))
x OR y = maximum(truth(x), truth(y))

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 Fuzzy Logic Processes
“Crisp” Input Fuzzification
“Fuzzy” Input

Fuzzy Logic
(Inference (FIS) )

“Fuzzy” Output
De-Fuzzification “Crisp” Output
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48
 Definitions:
 Fuzzification: is the process of changing a real scalar
value into a fuzzy value.
This is achieved with the different types of fuzzifiers
(membership functions).
 Inference: A fuzzy inference system (FIS) is a system that
uses fuzzy set theory to map inputs to outputs. In case of
expert system, it resides in the knowledge base as fuzzy
rules relied upon while taken decisions.
 Defuzzification: The input for the defuzzification process is
the aggregate output fuzzy set and the output is a single
number. i.e. it convert the out fuzzy terms into crisp
number again.
49 11/25/2024
 Example

 Input membership function

⚫ E.g.
Cold Cool Normal Warm Hot

0-16 8-25 16-33 25-42 33-50

So, if crisp input = 20°C

We will get,

0.8 truth value of Cool, 0.15 truth value of Normal

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 Fuzzy inference system (FIS)

 In case of expert system: Fuzzy inference system, resides

in the knowledge base as fuzzy rules relied upon while
taken decisions. It is the bedrock of fuzzy expert systems.

 In the case of fuzzy classification: A fuzzy inference

system (FIS) is a system that uses fuzzy set theory to
map inputs (features ) to outputs (classes in the case of
fuzzy classification)

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+ 52

Begin Fuzzy Logic System

Crisp input

◼A FLS consists of three main parts:

Fuzzification
◼Fuzzifier
◼Inference engine,
Fuzzy input

◼Defuzzifier.
Rule Evaluation
(Inference)

Fuzzy output

Defuzzification

Crisp output

End

November 25, 2024

+ Algorithm 53

1. Define the linguistic variables and terms (initialization)

2. Construct the membership functions (initialization)

3. Convert crisp input data to fuzzy values using the membership

functions (fuzzification)

4. Construct the rule base (initialization)

5. Evaluate the rules in the rule base (inference)

6. Combine the results of each rule (inference)

7. Convert the output data to non-fuzzy values (defuzzification)

November 25, 2024

+ 1. Fuzzification 54

Crisp
Fuzzification
Input

◼ Steps:

◼ Crisp set of input data are gathered

◼ Crisp Set is converted to a fuzzy set using fuzzy linguistic variables,
fuzzy linguistic terms and membership functions.
◼ This step is known as fuzzification.
◼ Convert the real values (continuous numerical) into fuzzy values.
◼ Unlike Boolean logic, fuzzy logic uses fuzzy sets rather than crisp
sets to determine the membership of a variable.
◼ Fuzzification can be achieved by using the membership functions.

November 25, 2024

+ 1. Fuzzification 55

◼Membership functions:
◼ Membership functions are used in the fuzzification and defuzzification steps
of a FLS, to map the non-fuzzy input values to fuzzy linguistic terms and
vice versa.

◼A membership function is used to quantify a linguistic term.

◼ Notethat, an important characteristic of fuzzy logic is that a numerical value

does not have to be fuzzified using only one membership function. In other
words, a value can belong to multiple sets at the same time.

◼ There are different forms of membership functions such as triangular,

trapezoidal, piecewise linear, Gaussian, or singleton.

◼ The most common types of membership functions are triangular,

trapezoidal, and Gaussian shapes.

November 25, 2024

+ 56

November 25, 2024

+ 1. Fuzzification (e.g. Air Conditioner System) 57

◼ Step 01: Define the linguistic variables and terms (initialization)

◼ Linguistic Variables:
◼ Linguistic variables are the input or output variables.

◼ Temperature (t) is the linguistic variable which represents the

temperature of a room.
◼ Linguistic
values of the temperature are used to qualify the temperature,
terms such as “hot" and “cold" are used in real life .
◼ T(t)= {too-cold, cold, warm, hot, too-hot}
◼ can be the set of decompositions for the linguistic variable temperature.

◼ Eachmember of this decomposition is called a linguistic term and can

cover a portion of the overall values of the temperature.

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+ 1. Fuzzification (Air Conditioner System) 58

◼ Step 02:Construct the membership functions (initialization)

◼ Membership functions for the linguistic terms of temperature variable are

plotted.

◼ Single value can belong to multiple sets at the same time.

◼A temperature value can be considered as “cold“ and “too-cold" at the same

time, with different degree of memberships.

November 25, 2024

+ 2. Inference Engine 59

◼A fuzzy inference system (FIS) is a system that uses fuzzy set theory
to map inputs to outputs.
◼ Incase of expert system, it resides in the knowledge base as fuzzy
rules relied upon while taken decisions.
◼ Fuzzy Rules:
◼ In a FLS, a rule base is constructed to control the output variable.
◼A fuzzy rule is a simple IF-THEN rule with a condition and a
conclusion.

November 25, 2024

+ 2. Inference Engine(Air Conditioner System) 60

◼ Step 03: Construct the rule base (initialization)

◼ Sample fuzzy rules for the air conditioner system and the matrix
representation of the fuzzy rules for the said FLS.

Air Conditioner System Rules

1.IF (temperature is cold OR too-cold) AND (target is warm)
THEN command is heat
2. IF (temperature is hot OR too-hot) AND (target is warm)
THEN command is cool
3. IF (temperature is warm) AND (target is warm)
THEN command is no-change

November 25, 2024

+ 2. Inference Engine(Air Conditioner System) 61

◼ Step 03: Construct the rule base (initialization)

◼ Convert the rules into matrix

November 25, 2024

+ 2. Inference Engine(Air Conditioner System) 62

◼ Step 04: Combine the results of each rule (inference)

◼ The evaluations of the fuzzy rules and the combination of the results
of the individual rules are performed using fuzzy set operations.
◼ The operations on fuzzy sets are different than the operations on non-
fuzzy sets.
◼ Let µA and µB are the membership functions for fuzzy sets A and B.
◼ Commonly used operations are NOT, AND, OR
◼ Afterevaluating each rule, these results should be combined to obtain
the final result.

November 25, 2024

+ 3. Defuzzification 63

◼ Defuzzification is the process of producing a quantifiable result in fuzzy

logic

◼ Thefuzzy inference will output a fuzzy result, described in terms of degrees

of membership of the fuzzy sets

◼ Defuzzificationinterprets the membership degrees in the fuzzy sets into a

specific action or real-value

◼ After
the inference step, the overall result is a fuzzy value. This result should
be defuzzified to obtain a final crisp output.

◼ Defuzzificationis performed according to the membership function of the

output variable.

◼ The purpose is to obtain a crisp value from the fuzzy result.

◼ There are different algorithms for defuzzication.

November 25, 2024
64 11/25/2024
 Fuzzy Systems

Inference
Input Fuzzification Defuzzification Output
Engine

Fuzzy
Knowledge base

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 Basic Configuration of a Fuzzy Logic System

Knowledge
Base/Rule
base

Fuzzification Defuzzification

Inferencing
Fuzzy input Fuzzy out set
set

Output
Input
66 11/25/2024
Sample Fuzzy Rules

 IF temperature IS very cold THEN stop fan

 IF temperature IS cold THEN turn down fan
 IF temperature IS normal THEN maintain fan
 IF temperature IS hot THEN speed up fan

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 Rules are usually expressed in the form:

IF variable IS property THEN action

The Part following the IF is called antecedent part of the rule while
the part after THEN is called consequent part
For example, an extremely simple temperature regulator that
uses a fan might look like this:

IF temperature IS very cold THEN stop fan

IF temperature IS cold THEN turn down fan
IF temperature IS normal THEN maintain level
IF temperature IS hot THEN speed up fan

Notice there is no "ELSE".

68 11/25/2024
 Types of Fuzzy Rules Rules

Mamdani Assilian Model

R1: If x is A1 and y is B1 then z is C1
R2: If x is A2 and y is B2 then z is C2

Ai , Bi and Ci, are fuzzy sets defined on the universes of x, y, z

respectively

Takagi-Sugeno Model
R1: If x is A1 and y is B1 then z =f1(x,y)
R1: If x is A2 and y is B2 then z =f2(x,y)

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The membership functions of two fuzzy sets A and B is shown
in figure below. Draw graphically the fuzzy sets for the
following.
(a) Intersection of A and B
(b) Union of A and B
(c) Compliment of A and B

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

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 Further Readings/References

1) http://users.abo.fi/rfuller/fuzs.html
2) http://www.fuzzytech.com/
3) http://www.cs.cmu.edu/Groups/AI/html/faqs/ai/fuzzy/part1/faq-doc-2.html
4) Neural Networks, a comprehensive foundation, Simon Haykin, 2nd ed.
Prentice Hall
5) Introduction to the theory of neural computation, Hertz, Krog and Palmer,
Addision Wesley
6) Introduction to Artificial Neural Systems, J. M. Zurada, West Publishing
Company
7) Fuzzy Models and Algorithms for Pattern Recognition and Image
Processing, Bezdek, Keller, Krishnapuram, Pal, Kluwer Academic
Publishers
8) Fuzzy Sets and Fuzzy Systems, Klir and Yuan
9) Pattern Classification, Duda, Hart and Stork

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References

 http://users.abo.fi/rfuller/fuzs.html
 http://www.fuzzytech.com/

 http://www.cs.cmu.edu/Groups/AI/html
/faqs/ai/fuzzy/part1/faq-doc-2.html

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