Module no:5

Torsion
• Assumption in torsion:
1. The material of the shaft is homogeneous and
isotropic its length.
2. Circular section remains circular and plane i.e.
they do not warp.
3. The twisting moment T acts in a plane
perpendicular to shaft axis.
4. At any section, the radial lines remains straight.
5. Hooke’s law is valid i.e the shear stresses
generated do not exceed the proportional limit
value.
•Consider a solid shaft of radius R and length L
be subjected to equal and opposite twisting
torques torque of magnitude T.
Φ = shear strain of fiber.
BC
shear strain   
L
Now let θ be the angular movement of the radial line OB to
new position OC
Shear strain Arc BC = R×θ
R 
shear strain   
L
 shear stress
modulus of Rigidity 
Shear strain

G

  G 

R 
  G
L

 G 

R L
 • Now consider an elemental area dA at a distance r,
from o subjected to shear stress q.
• Let τ be shear stress in a fiber on the shaft surface, at
a distance R from O.
r
shear stress on elemental area  q   
R
r
Shear resistance force developed by elemental area  qdA   dA
R
r
Moment of resistance force developed by elemental area   dA r
R
r 2 
Total of moment of resistance offered by the cross section of shaft 
R  r dA 
R
J
 Here  r dA  J
2

Is the polar moment of inertia of shaft section about the axis

of shaft

Now torque transmitted by Moment of resistance

the shaft = developed in the shaft

T J
R
  T G

T  
R J R J L
• Strength of a shaft Torsional rigidity:
Strength of shaft maximum torque which the
shaft can transmit when the maximum shear
transmitted shear stress value.
Torsional rigidity or torsional stiffness is the
torque transmitted per unit angular twist.
T G

J L

T GJ

 L
• A hollow steel shaft is running at 180rpm and
transmit 100KW power. Determine the shear
stress at outer and inner radii of the shaft. If
the internal and external shaft diameter of the
shaft are 125mm and 200mmbrespectively.
• Take G=84000N/mm2
• Power = 1600×103
2    N 2   180
• Angular Speed(ω)  
60

60
 18.849rad/sec

Power =T×ω, T=84880Nm

Shear stress at outer radius at R= 100mm
 
J  (D4  d 4 )   (200 4  125 4 )  13.11 10 6 mm 4
32 32

 T

R J
 848850 103 τ = 63.76N/mm2

100 133.11106
• Determine the diameter of shaft to transmit
1MW rotating at 220rpm and the working
conditions to be satisfied are:
a) That the shaft must not twist more than
1degree on length of 12times diameter.
b) The shear stress must not exceed 60N/mm2.
Take G = 84KN/mm2
• Power = 1×106 watt
2    N 2    220
• Angular Speed(ω)     23.08rad/sec
60 60

Power =T×ω, T=43406×103Nm

To satisfy angle of twist criteria:

It is required that θ < = 1degree


1 
0
 1radian 
180 J  D4
32
L  12 D
T G

J L
43406 10 3
84 10
3

 
 12  D 180
 D4
32
D  153.33mm
 • To satisfy shear criteria:
It is required that τ = 60N/mm2
 T

R J
60 4340  103

D 
 D4
2 32

D= 154.45 mm
Taking higher value of D, we require shaft diameter of
D=154.45mm
 2N  Tmean
P
60

 T max

R J
P  300 KW
N  80rpm
τ  60N/mm 2 2    80  T
300  10 
3
Di  0.6 Do 60
T max  1.4Tmean
T=35809.8 NM
find, Do, Di
Tmax= 1.4 Tmean=1.4×35809.8=50133.7Nm
  T G  T max
  
R J L R J

J  ( Do 4  (0.6 Do ) 4 )
32

R
Do Do=170 mm
2 Di=102 mm
τ  60N/mm 2

Tmax= 50133.7Nm
A hollow circular shaft having an inside diameter 60% of
its outer diameter is to replace a solid shaft transmitting
the same power at the same speed.
Calculate percentage saving in material, if the material to
be used is also the same.

Phollow  Psolid Thollow = Tsolid Do=0.6Di

2N  Tmean
P
60

saving in material = saving in area

Area of solid shaft - Area of hollow shaft

%saving area 
Area of hollow shaft
  T max

R J
τ = Maximum shear stress will be same since material
is same
 T max

R J

T max  J
R
 
T max(solid)  (  D4 )
D/2 32

 
T max(hollow)    ( Do 4  (0.6 Do ) 4 )
Do / 2 32
Since torque transmitted is same,
   
(  D4 )    ( Do 4  (0.6 Do) 4 )
D/2 32 Do / 2 32

D = 0.9548 Do
 
Area of solid shaft   D2   (0.9548 Do) 2  0.716 Do 2
4 4
 
Area of solid shaft   ( Do 2  Di 2 )   ( Do 2  (0.6 Do) 2 )  0.502 Do 2
4 4

Area of solid shaft - Area of hollow shaft

%saving area 
Area of hollow shaft
%saving area  29.88
• A hollow shaft external diameter 120mm
transmits 300KW power at 200rpm. Determine
the maximum internal diameter if the
maximum stress in the shaft is not to exceed
60N/mm2.
P  300 KW 2    200  T
300 10 
3

N  200rpm 60
T  14323.9 Nm
τ  60N/mm 2
Do  120mm
find Di
 T max

R J

T J
R
60 
14323.9 10  3
 (  ( Do  Di )
4 4

Do 32

But Do = 120mm

Di= 88.5mm
• Two shaft are of same material and same length are
subjected to same torque, if the one shaft is solid and
another shaft is hollow. The inside diameter of hollow
shaft is 2/3 of outside diameter. The maximum shear
stress developed in both shafts is same. Compare
weight of shafts.

weight of solid shaft (Volume  density ) solid


Weight of hollow shaft (Volume  density )hollow

volume  Area  Length

 T max

R J

T max  J
R
  
T max(solid)  (  D4 )    D3
D/2 32 16
  2
T max( hollow)    ( Do  ( Do) 4 ) 4

Do / 2 32 3

65   
T max(hollow)    ( Do 3 )
81 16
 Tsolid= T hollow
65    
  ( Do )    D 3
3

81 16 16

65 3
D 
3
Do D  0.929 Do
81
weight  density  area  length

weight  density  2
 D  length
4

( weight )hollow  density   ( Do 2  (2 / 3  Do ) 2  length
4
 weight of solid shaft

Weight of hollow shaft

density   D 2  length
4

density   ( Do 2  (2 / 3  Do) 2  length
4

Ws 9 D

2
D  0.929 Do
Wh 5Do 2

2
Ws 9(0.929 Do)
 Ws
 1.55
Wh 5Do 2 Wh
 2    500  T
50 10  3
Di  0.6 Do
60
T     Nm
90 
T max(hollow)    ( Do 4  (0.6 Do ) 4 )
Do / 2 32

Do = ----------mm
Di = ----------mm