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Amit-Bikram-Mishra 27900122002 Os

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12 views9 pages

Amit-Bikram-Mishra 27900122002 Os

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Amit Bikram Mishra
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© © All Rights Reserved
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AMIT BIKRAM MISHRA

MISHRA
SUBJECT: - OPERATING SYSTEMS (PCC-CS502)

TOPIC: - Objective of OS, System Calls, Structure of an OS-Simple,


Monolithic, Microkernel Operating Systems.

ROLL NO.: - 27900122002

REG. NO.: - 222790110002


What is an Operating System?
An operating system (OS) is a software program that manages all the hardware and software resources of
a computer. It acts as an intermediary between the user and the hardware, providing a user-friendly
interface for interacting with the computer. The OS also manages tasks such as memory allocation,
process scheduling, file management, and peripheral device control. It ensures the smooth and efficient
operation of the computer system by managing its resources and providing a foundation for applications
to run on. Think of an OS like the foundation of a house, providing the necessary structure and support for
everything else to operate effectively.

Resource Management User Interface


Managing the computer's resources, including Providing a user-friendly interface for
memory, CPU, storage, and peripherals, interacting with the computer, enabling users
ensuring efficient allocation and utilization. to interact with the system easily and
intuitively.

Application Execution Security


Providing a platform for applications to run, Implementing security measures to protect
managing their execution and ensuring they the system from unauthorized access and
have the resources they need to operate malicious attacks, safeguarding data and
correctly. resources.
Objectives of Operating Systems
Operating systems aim to achieve several key objectives to ensure efficient and reliable computer
operation. These objectives encompass resource management, user experience, security, and
overall system performance. The primary goal of an OS is to provide a platform for applications to
run smoothly and securely, while also offering a user-friendly interface for interacting with the
system.

1 Resource Management 2 User Interface


Efficiently allocate and utilize the Provide a user-friendly interface for
computer's resources, such as memory, interacting with the system, making it
CPU time, and storage space. accessible and easy to use for all users.

3 Security 4 System Performance


Protect the system and its data from Optimize system performance by
unauthorized access and malicious managing resources effectively,
attacks, ensuring data integrity and minimizing delays and maximizing
confidentiality. throughput.
System Calls
System calls are the interface between user programs and the operating system. They
allow applications to request services from the OS, such as accessing files, managing
memory, or creating processes. These calls provide a standardized way for programs to
interact with the OS, ensuring a consistent and secure interaction. Each system call has a
specific function and is handled by the OS kernel, which ensures that the call is executed
correctly and safely. Think of system calls as messengers carrying requests from
applications to the OS, enabling them to access system resources and perform essential
tasks.
System Call Description

read() Reads data from a file or device.

write() Writes data to a file or device.

fork() Creates a new process.

exec() Loads and executes a program.

exit() Terminates a process.


Structure of an Operating System - Simple, Monolithic and
and Micro-kernel Operating Systems
Operating systems can be structured in different ways, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. These structures define how
the OS components are organized and interact with each other. Common structures include simple, monolithic, and micro-kernel
operating systems. The choice of structure depends on the specific needs and requirements of the system, and each structure offers
different levels of flexibility, performance, and security.

Simple Operating Systems Monolithic Operating Systems Micro-kernel Operating Systems

These systems have a simple structure, These systems combine all components These systems separate the kernel into
often used for embedded systems or into a single executable file, making smaller modules, providing flexibility
small devices. They have limited them efficient but less flexible. They are and modularity, but potentially
functionality and are usually not often used for desktop and server sacrificing performance.
modular. operating systems.
Simple Operating Systems
Simple operating systems are typically used for embedded systems and small devices,
characterized by their limited functionality and simple structure. They are often designed for
specific tasks and have a small footprint, prioritizing efficiency over extensive feature sets. They
usually have a single address space, meaning all programs share the same memory space,
making them less secure than more complex systems. Simple operating systems are often used
in devices like smartwatches, thermostats, and embedded controllers within automobiles.

Limited Functionality
They have a limited set of features, designed for specific tasks and devices.

Single Address Space


All programs share the same memory space, which can lead to security risks.

Efficiency
They are optimized for efficiency and resource utilization, crucial for embedded
systems.
Monolithic Operating Systems
Monolithic operating systems are a common choice for desktop and server operating systems,
characterized by their integrated structure, where all components are bundled into a single executable
file. They are often known for their performance and efficiency, as they minimize the overhead associated
with inter-module communication. However, their monolithic nature can make them less flexible and
harder to maintain. Examples of monolithic operating systems include Linux, Unix, and macOS.

Performance Efficiency
Monolithic systems often deliver high They are efficient in terms of resource utilization,
performance due to their integrated structure. minimizing overhead.

Stability Security
Their integrated design can contribute to overall Potential security vulnerabilities can be difficult to
system stability. isolate and address due to their monolithic
structure.
Micro-kernel Operating Systems
Micro-kernel operating systems employ a modular structure, dividing the kernel into smaller modules
that communicate with each other over a well-defined interface. This modularity enhances flexibility and
maintainability, as individual modules can be updated or replaced without impacting the entire system.
However, this modularity can come at the cost of performance due to increased communication
overhead between modules. Examples of micro-kernel systems include Mach, L4, and QNX.

1 Flexibility
The modular structure makes it easier to add, remove, or modify components.

2 Security
Each module runs in its own address space, enhancing security and isolating vulnerabilities.

3 Maintainability
The modular structure makes it easier to maintain and update individual components.
Conclusion
Operating systems are the foundation of modern computing, enabling
us to interact with computers effectively and efficiently.
Understanding their objectives, structures, and different types is
essential for appreciating the complexity and importance of these
essential software programs. From simple embedded systems to
powerful desktop and server operating systems, each type caters to
specific needs and requirements. As technology continues to evolve,
operating systems will play an increasingly crucial role in shaping the
future of computing, facilitating seamless interactions and unlocking
new possibilities for users worldwide.

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