AIDS,

St. Peter’s Engineering College (Autonomous) Dept. : CSM,CSG,

Dullapally (P), Medchal, Hyderabad – 500100. CSE,EEE
QUESTION BANK Academic Year
2024-25
Subject Code : AS22-04OE11 Subject : Basics of Communication Systems
Class/Section : B. Tech Year : III Semester : I

UNIT - II
1) 1 MARK

a) State Sampling theorem?

Ans: Sampling theorem states that a continuous time signal can be
represented in its samples and can be recovered back when sampling
frequency fs is greater than or equal to the twice the highest frequency
component of message signal 𝑓𝑚 .i.e,
𝑓𝑠 ≥2𝑓𝑚

b) Define Frequency Modulation?

Ans:Frequency Modulation is the process of varying the frequency of
the carrier signal linearly with the amplitude of the message signal.

c)Define Quantization?
Ans: Quantization refers to the use of a finite set of amplitude levels
and the selection of a level nearest to a particular sample value of the
message signal as the representation for it.

d) Define ASK modulation?

Ans: Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) is a type of amplitude
modulation which represents the binary data in the form of variations in
the amplitude of a signal.

The ASK waveformcan be represented as

s(t) = √2PS cos(2П𝑓0t) (To transmit ‘1’)
=0 (To transmit ‘0’)

e) List out the different types of Angle Modulations?

Ans:The different types of Angle Modulations are Phase Modulation
and Frequency Modulation
Phase Modulation is the process of varying the phase of the carrier
signal linearly with the amplitude of message signal.
Frequency Modulation is the process of varying the
frequency of the carrier signal linearly with the amplitude of the message
signal.

2) 3 MARKS

A)Write the advantages of digital communications?

Ans: As the signals are digitized, there are many advantages of digital
communication over analog communication, such as
1) The effect of distortion, noise, and interference is much less in
digital signals as they are less affected.
2) Digital circuits are more reliable.
3) Digital circuits are easy to design and cheaper than analog
circuits.
4) The occurrence of cross-talk is very rare in digital
communication.
5) Signal processing functions such as encryption and compression
are employed in digital circuits to maintain the secrecy of the
information.
6) The probability of error occurrence is reduced by employing
error detecting and error correcting codes.

B) The output voltage of an AM transmitter is given by

400(1+0.4cos6280t) cos3.14*107t. This voltage is fed to a load of
600Ωresistance. Determine carrier frequency and total power output?

Ans: Given the output wave of transmitter is

s(t)= 400(1+0.4cos6280t) cos3.14*107t.

Comparing the above equation with the standard equation of AM wave,

s(t) = A c (1+ µ cos(2πf mt)) cos(2πf ct)

AC=400V; µ=0.4; R=600Ω

2Пfm=6280; 2Пfc=3.14x107;
3.14𝑥107
Carrier frequency, fc= =5MHz
2𝛱
 𝜇2
The total power of AM wave=PTotal= PC(1+ )
2

𝐴𝐶 2 (400)2
PC= = = 133.33W
2𝑅 2𝑥600

0.42
PTotal= 133.33 (1 + )=144W
2

C) Draw the ASK waveform for digital data 10110?

Ans:

D) List out the different modulation techniques?

Ans: The classification of different modulation techniques is shown

below
 E) What are advantages of FM over AM?

Ans:The following are the advantages of FM over AM

1) FM receivers may be fitted with amplitude limiters to remove

the variations caused by noise.This makes FM reception more
immune to noise than AM reception.
2) It is possible to reduce noise still further by increasing the
frequency deviation. This is a feature which AM does not have
because it is not possible to exceed 100 percent modulation
without causing severe distortion.
3) Standard Frequency Allocations provide a guard band between
commercial FM stations.Due to this, there is less adjacent
channel interference than in AM.
4) FM broadcasts operate in the upper VHF and UHF frequency
ranges at which there happens to be less noise than in MF and
HF ranges occupied by AM broadcasts .
5) In FM, all the transmitted power is useful where as in AM, most
of the power is carrier power which does not contain any
information

3) 5 MARKS

A) Discuss about the block diagram of PCM transmitter in detail?

Ans: The following fig shows a practical block diagram of a PCM
generator
 The signal x(t) is first passed through the low-pass filter of cutoff
frequency fm Hz. This low-pass filter blocks all the frequency
components which are lying above fm Hz.
This means that now the signal x(t) is bandlimited to f, Hz. The sample
and hold circuit then samples this signal at the rate of fs. Sampling
frequency fs is selected sufficiently above Nyquist rate to avoid aliasing
i.e., fs≥ 2fm
In figure shown above, the output of sample and hold circuit is denoted
by x(nTs). This signal x(nTs) is discrete in time and continuous in
amplitude. A q-level quantizer compares input x(nTs,) with its fixed
digital levels. It assigns any one of the digital level to x(nTs,) with its
fixed digital levels which results in minimum distortion or error. This
error is called quantization error. Thus, output of quantizer is a digital
level called xq(nTs).
Now, the quantized signal level xq(nTs) is given to binary encoder. This
encoder converts input signal to 'v' digits binary word. Thus xq(nTs) is
converted to 'v' binary bits. This encoder is also known as digitizer.
It is not possible to transmit each bit of the binary word separately on
transmission line. Therefore 'v' binary digits are converted to serial bit
stream to generate single baseband signal. In a parallel to serial converter,
usually a shift register does this job. The output of PCM generator is thus
a single baseband signal of binary bits.
Also, an oscillator generates the clocks for sample and hold circuit and
parallel to serial converter. In the pulse code modulation generator,
sample and hold, quantizer and encoder combinely form an analog to
digital converter (ADC).
B) Explain a method to generate FM signal with proper waveforms.
Ans: The FM modulator circuits used for generating FM signals may be
put into two categories as under
(i) The direct method or parameter variation method
(ii) The indirect method or the Armstrong method
The direct method or parameter variation method:
C) Describe a method to demodulate QPSK signal?
Ans: The QPSK receiver is shown in figure below:

Step 1: Isolation of carrier

The received signal s(t) is first raised to its 4th power, i.e. s 4(t). Then it is
passed through a bandpass filter centered around 4f0. The output of the
bandpass filter is a coherent carrier of frequency 4f0. This is divided by 4
and it gives two coherent quadrature carriers cos(2Пf0t) and sin (2Пf0t)

Step 2: Synchronous detection

These coherent carriers are applied to two synchronous demodulators.
These synchronous demodulators consist of multiplier and an integrator.

Step 3: Integration over two bits interval

The incoming signal is applied to both the multipliers. The integrator
integrates the product signal over two bit interval (i.e. Ts= 2Tb).

Step 4: Detection and multiplexing the odd and even bit sequences
The symbol timing recovery circuit recover the clock at the symbol rate
or a multiple of symbol rate from the integrated output signal.This clock
is required to convert the continuous time received signal into a discrete
time sequence of data symbols.At the end of the clock period T S, the
output value of integrator is taken(sampled). The output values of the two
integrators are taken(sampled) at the offset of one bit period Tb. The
decision device detects the bit as bit’1’if the output value exceeds the
decision threshold else the bit is detected as bit ‘0’. After detection the
odd and even sequences are combined by the multiplexer.

To show the output of integrator depends upon respective bit

sequence
Let us consider the product signal at the output of upper multiplier

Thus the upper integrator responds to even sequence only.Similarly we

can obtain the output of lower integrator as b0(t)√𝑃𝑆 𝑇𝑏 .

D) A sinusoidal modulating waveform of amplitude 5 V and a frequency

of 2 KHz is applied to FM generator, which has a frequency sensitivity
of 40 Hz/volt. Calculate the frequency deviation, modulation index, and
bandwidth
Sol: Given Am=m(t)max=5V; fm=2kHz; kf=40Hz/volt
Frequency deviation ,
Δf= ( ) max
= 40x5= 200Hz
∆𝑓 200
Modulation index=β= = = 0.1
𝑓𝑚 2𝑥1000

Bandwidth=2(Δf+fm)= 2(200+2k)=2x2200=4400=4.4kHz

E) Discuss briefly all the types of Digital Modulation techniques.

Ans:The digital modulation techniques we use in digital communication

are Pulse Code Modulation(PCM), Amplitude Shift Keying(ASK),
Frequency Shift Keying(FSK), Binary Phase Shift Keying(BPSK) and
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying(QPSK)

Pulse Code Modulation(PCM):

PCM is digital pulse modulation system. This means that the PCM output
is in the coded digital form. It is in the form of digital pulses of constant
amplitude, width and position. The information is transmitted in the form
of "code words". A PCM system consists of a PCM encoder (transmitter)
and a PCM decoder (receiver).The essential operations in the PCM
transmitter are sampling, quantizing and encoding.
Amplitude Shift Keying(ASK):

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) is a type of Amplitude Modulation which

represents the binary data in the form of variations in the amplitude of a
signal.

The ASK waveformcan be represented as

s(t) = √2PS cos(2П𝑓0t) (To transmit ‘1’)
=0 (To transmit ‘0’)

Following is the diagram for ASK modulated waveform along with its
input.
Frequency Shift Keying(FSK):

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) is the digital modulation technique in

which the frequency of the carrier signal varies according to the discrete
digital changes. FSK is a scheme of frequency modulation.The frequency
of the output signal will be either high or low, depending upon the input
data applied.
If b(t)=1, 𝑠𝐻 (t)=√2𝑃𝑆 cos(2П𝑓0 + Ω)𝑡
If b(t)=0, 𝑠𝐿 (t)=√2𝑃𝑆 cos(2П𝑓0 − Ω)𝑡

Following is the diagram for FSK modulated waveform along with its
input.
Binary Phase Shift Keying(BPSK):

Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) is the digital modulation technique in

which the phase of the carrier signal varies by 1800 according to the bit
change.The phase of the carrier changes by 180 0 when the bit in the
binary sequence changes from 0 to 1 or 1 to 0 only. Following is the
diagram for BPSK modulated waveform along with its input.Fig (a) is the
input data stream and fig(b) is the BPSK wave

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying(QPSK):

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (qPSK) is the digital modulation

П
technique in which the phase of the carrier signal varies by (450),
4
3П 0 5П 0 7П 0
(135 ), (225 ) and (315 ).In quadrature phase shift keying, two
4 4 4
successive bits in the data sequence are grouped together.This
combination of two bits forms four distinct symbols. When the symbol is
changed to next symbol the phase of the carrier is changed by 90° (П/ 2
radians). The following table shows these symbols and their phase shifts.
 Following is the diagram for QPSK modulated waveform along with its
input

4) 10 MARKS
A)Explain a method to generate AM signal?

Ans:The device which is used to generate an amplitude wave(AM) wave

is known as Amplitude Modulator.

The methods of AM generation may be broadly classified as follows:

1) Low level AM Modulation

2) High level AM Modulation

Low level AM Modulation

Square law modulator is a low level modulator which is used o generate

an AM wave.Here the modulation is done at low power level.At low
power levels, a very small power is associated with the carrier and
modulating signal. Because of this, the output power of modulation is
low. Therefore the power amplifiers are required to boost the amplitude
of the modulated signals upto the desired output level

Let the modulating and carrier signals be denoted as m(t) and AC

cos(2πfct) respectively. These two signals are applied as inputs to the
summer (adder) block. This summer block produces an output, which is
the addition of the modulating and the carrier signal.
Mathematically, we can write it as
V1(t)=m (t)+AC cos(2πfCt)

Square law Modulator

This signal V1(t) is applied as an input to a nonlinear device like diode.
The characteristics of the diode are closely related to square law.

V2(t)=k1 V1(t)+k2V1 2 (t) Where, k1 and k2 are constants.

Substituting V1(t) in Equation above

V2(t)=k1[m(t)+Accos(2πfCt)]+k2[m(t)+Ac cos(2πfct)]2
⇒V2(t)=k1m(t)+k1Accos(2πfct)+k2m 2(t)+k 2Ac 2cos22πfct+2k2m(t)Ac
cos(2πfct)
⇒V2(t)=k1m(t)+k2m2 (t)+k2 AC2
cos2(2πfct)+k1Ac[1+(2k2/k1)m(t)]cos(2πfct)

The last term of the above equation represents the desired AM wave and
the first three terms of the above equation are unwanted. So, with the help
of band pass filter, we can pass only AM wave and eliminate the first
three terms.
Therefore, the output of square law modulator is
s(t)=k1Ac[1+(2k2/k1)m(t)]cos(2πfct) which is an AM wave
The standard equation of AM wave is
s(t) = k1A c (1+ µ cos(2πf mt)) cos(2πf ct)
where µ=(2k2/k1)= modulation index

B) Discuss about PAM, PWM in detail with proper figures .

Ans: PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION (PAM):

Pulse amplitude modulation is a technique in which the amplitude of each

pulse is controlled by the instantaneous amplitude of the modulation
signal. It is a modulation system in which the signal is sampled at regular
intervals and each sample is made proportional to the amplitude of the
signal at the instant of sampling.

In PAM, the amplitude of a periodic pulse train is varied in

accordance with corresponding sample values of a continuous message
signal. Pulse amplitude modulation is categorized into two types:
1) Single Polarity PAM: Single polarity PAM is a situation where a
fixed
DC level is added to the signal to ensure that all the pulses are
positive.
2) Double Polarity PAM: Double polarity PAM is a situation where
the
pulses are both positive and negative.
Flat Top PAM Generation:
In case of natural samples PAM signal, the pulse has varying top in
accordance with the signal variation. Now, when such type of pulse is
received at the receiver, it is always contaminated by noise.
Then it becomes quite difficult to determine the shape of the top of the
pulse and thus amplitude detection of the pulse is not exact.Due to this,
errors are introduced in the received signal.Therefore, flat top sampled
PAM is widely used.

A sample and hold circuit shown in fig (a) is used to produce Flat top
sampled PAM. The working principle of this circuit is quite easy.
The sample and Hold (S/H) circuit consists of two field effect transistors
(FET) switches and a capacitor.
The sampling switch is closed for a short duration by a short pulse
applied to the gate G1 of the transistor.
During this period, the capacitor ‘C’ is quickly charged upto a voltage
equal to the instantaneous sample value of the incoming signal x(t).
Now, the sampling switch is opened and the capacitor ‘C’ holds the
charge.
The discharge switch is then closed by a pulse applied to gate G2 of the
other transistor.
Due to this, the capacitor ‘C’ is discharged to zero volts. The discharges
switch is then opened and thus capacitor has no voltage.
Hence, the output of the sample and hold circuit consists of a sequence of
flat top samples as shown in fig(b) below
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM):

In Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) or Pulse Duration Modulation (PDM)

or Pulse Time Modulation (PTM) technique, the width or the duration or
the time of the pulse carrier varies, which is proportional to the
instantaneous amplitude of the message signal.

The width of the pulse varies in this method, but the amplitude of the
signal remains constant. Amplitude limiters are used to make the
amplitude of the signal constant. These circuits clip off the amplitude to a
desired level, and hence the noise is limited.Thus, the PWM system is
more immune to noise than the PAM signal.

The waveform of PWM is shown in fig below:

Generation of PWM Signal:
The block diagram of a PWM signal generator is shown in fig. below.
This circuit can also be used for the generation of PPM signal.

PWM OUTPUT

Fig: PWM generator

 A sawtooth generator generates a sawtooth signal of frequency fs,

and this sawtooth signal in this case is used as a sampling signal.
 It is applied to the inverting terminal of a comparator.
 The modulating signal x (t) is applied to the non-inverting terminal
of the same comparator.
 The comparator output will remain high as long as the
instantaneous amplitude of x (t) is higher than that of the ramp
signal.
 This gives rise to a PWM signal at the comparator output as shown
in fig.
(c)Explain about FSK modulation and demodulation?
Ans:The frequency of the output signal will be either high or low,
depending upon the input data applied.
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) is the digital modulation technique
in which the frequency of the carrier signal varies according to the
discrete digital changes. FSK is a scheme of frequency modulation.
If b(t)=1, 𝑠𝐻 (t)=√2𝑃𝑆 cos(2П𝑓0 + Ω)𝑡
If b(t)=0, 𝑠𝐿 (t)=√2𝑃𝑆 cos(2П𝑓0 − Ω)𝑡
Thus there is increase or decrease in frequency by Ω. Let us use the
following conversion table to combine above two FSK equations.

Thus, we can write the above two equations combinely as

s(t)=√2𝑃𝑆 cos(2П𝑓0 + 𝑑(𝑡)Ω)𝑡
When symbol ’1’ is to be transmitted,the carrier frequency will be
Ω
𝑓0 +
2П
When symbol ’0’ is to be transmitted,the carrier frequency will be
Ω
𝑓0 −
2П
Ω
𝑓𝐻 =𝑓0 + for symbol ‘1’
2П
Ω
𝑓𝐿 =𝑓0 − for symbol ‘0’
2П

BFSK TRANSMITTER
From the table we observe that 𝑃𝐻 (t) is same as b(t) and PL(t) is the
inverted version of b(t).The block diagram of FSK Transmitter is shown
below
We know that input sequence b (t) is same as PH(t). An inverter is added
after b (t) to get PL(t). PH(t) and PL(t) are unipolar signals. The level
shifter converts the '+1' level to √𝑃𝑆 𝑇𝑏 . Zero level is unaffected. Thus the
output of the level shifters will be either √𝑃𝑆 𝑇𝑏 (if '+1') or zero (if input is
zero). Further there are product modulators after level shifter. The two
carrier signals Ⴔ1(t) and Ⴔ2(t) are used. In one bit period of input signal
(i.e. Tb), Ⴔ1(t) or Ⴔ2(t) have integral number of cycles.
Therefore the modulated signal has continuous phase. Such BFSK signal
is shown in Fig. 6.7.2. The adder then adds the two signals.

Here note that outputs from both the multipliers are not possible at a time.
This is because PH(t) and PL(t) are complementary to each other.
Therefore if PH(t) =1, then output will be only due to upper modulator
and lower modulator output will be zero(since P L(t)=0)

BFSK RECEIVER
The following shows the block diagram of coherent BFSK receiver.

There are two correlators for two frequencies of FSK signal. These
correlators are supplied with locally generated carriers Ⴔ1(t) and Ⴔ2(t) . If
the transmitted frequency is fH, then output s1(t) will be higher than s2(t).
Hence y(t) will be greater than zero.
The decision device then decides in favour of binary ‘1’. If s 2 (t)> s1(t)
then y(t)<0 and decision device decides in favour 0f ‘0’.
Bandwidth of FSK signal=4fb Hz