Compiled by Engr.

Majid Khan

Contents
SIGNAL & SYSTEM and DSP ..................................................................................................................... 2

MATHEMATICAL TRANSFORMS AND ANALYSIS OF SIGNALS ................................................................. 3

MODULATION & DEMODULATION ......................................................................................................... 4

ADC, DAC & PCM..................................................................................................................................... 7

ANTENNA, TRANSMITTERS & RECEIVERS ............................................................................................... 8

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES & WAVE PROPAGATION.......................................................................... 10

OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION ....................................................................................................... 11

 Compiled by Engr. Majid Khan

SIGNAL & SYSTEM and DSP

1. Which signal is described for all values of time? Continuous
π
2. Fundamental period of cos(π/4): 2π (4 )= 8

3. A digital signal is: Discrete in both amplitude and time

4. If x(n) is a discrete-time signal, then the value of x(n) at non integer value of ‘n’ is? Not
defined. (For a discrete time, signal, the value of x(n) exists only at integral values of n.
So, for a non- integer value of ‘n’ the value of x(n) does not exist.)
5. For continuous and discrete LTI system: Convolution sum and integral are explicit
realization.
6. The convolution of two rectangular signals results in a triangle.
7. A system that depends on homogeneity and additivity is: Linear System
8. LTI system is stable when: poles are inside the unit circle.
9. In an LTI system, if all the poles and zeros are inside the unit circle then: Both system
and its inverse are causal and stable.
10. Which operation is not performed on independent variables? Amplitude scaling (NTS
mark amplitude shifting)
11. Proper way of applying time shifting and scaling is: Time shifting is applied first and
then scaling
12. The discrete time system described by y[n] = x(n2) is: non-causal, linear and time-
invariant.
13. The auto correlation function is: An Even function in t0
14. Ideal delay system Y[n]=x[n-nd] for -∞ < n < ∞ : It will shift the input sequence to
the left by nd’ samples to form the output
15. Any constant of time domain is an impulse in frequency domain with: Infinite height,
zero width and unit area.
16. FIR can be designed to achieve: Linear phase.
17. One of the properties of FIR filter is that it does not need: FEED BACK
18. Drawback of IIR filter is: non-Linearity
19. IIR filter transform digital signals (IIR is a digital filters)
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20. In DSP, how many signal shifts method are there? 3 (Time Shifting, Time Scaling, Time
Reversal)
21. Bandwidth should be twice to avoid distortion of the signal.
22. What is the probability density function of thermal noise: Gaussian
23. The autocorrelation of discrete pseudo noise sequence is similar to: white noise
24. Which technique is not applicable to non-linear system? Nyquist criterion
25. Shifting call from cell to another cell or from one channel to another is called: Handoff
26. Which of the following microphones has bidirectional feature? Ribbon
27. The number of repeaters in a coaxial cable link depends on: System B.W.
28. Decibel is unit of: intensity of sound
29. A signal is said to be power signal if and only if it has: finite but non zero power for all
time
30. In a communication system, noise is most likely to affect the signal: in the channel
31. Channel quality can be increased over noisily signal by: channel coding, high
amplitude, reduction in data rate, All
32. Pulse shaping advantage: reduces adjacent channel interference
33.

MATHEMATICAL TRANSFORMS AND ANALYSIS OF SIGNALS

1. Fourier series are infinite series of elementary Sine and Cosine trigonometric
functions.
2. Fourier series representation of continuous signal requires infinite number of complex
harmonic components.
1
3. Inverse Fourier Transform of: F(w)= jwπδ(w) = Sin(t)

4. Fourier transform of unit step function: F(jw)= 1/jw

5. Fourier transform imposes Even parity for Fourier cosine
6. If F(jw) is the Fourier transform of F(t) then L f(-t) = f*(jw)
7. Which mathematical method is used for repetitive signals and oscillating systems:
Fourier series for repetitive signals, oscillating systems and Fourier transform for non-
repetitive signals, transients?
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8. For repetitive signals and oscillating systems, we use: Fourier transform (NTS marked)
9. If trigonometric Fourier series for a complex wave will contain positive cosine terms
only when: Its value is zero at 0=n/2, 3n/2 etc.
10. Fourier series is only applicable to non-sinusoidal waves.
11. A discrete-time signal x[n] = sin(π2n), n being an integer is: periodic with period π.
12. If signals are base circular correlated then: DFTs are multiplied
13. Laplace Transform is used when we go from time domain to frequency domain
14. In Z-Transform, the ROC must be centered at Z=1
15. If ROC does not include unit circle, then: Z-Transform Converges.
16. Z-transform is used when signal is not: Absolute summable; squarely summable and
converges. (All 3 conditions)
17. If x(n)= {0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1}, then x{3n+1} = (0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0)
18. If x(n)= (0,1,2,3,3,0,0,0) then x(2n) = (0,2,3,0,0,0,0,0) Explanation: Substitute n=0,1,2…
in x(2n) and obtain the values from the given x(n).
19. Signal Sin (Pi2n) is periodic with: Period of Pi/2
20. Square waves can be represented as Sine waves with odd harmonics using Fourier
analysis

MODULATION & DEMODULATION

1. What type of modulation is used to transmit or receive the information in
communication system? Amplitude modulation as well as frequency modulation.
2. Peak clipper circuits are used to prevent over modulation in radio transmitters.
3. Main purpose of modulation is to: Time shift in Frequency
4. Superimposing a low frequency signal over a high frequency signal is called: modulation
5. For 100% modulation, power in each sideband is 25% of that of carrier.
6. For 100% modulation, total power is one and half times of the power of an
unmodulated signal
7. Voltage control oscillator VCO is used to generate: Direct FM
8. FM signal is better than AM signal because of: less immune to noise, less adjacent
channel interference, amplitude limiters are used to avoid amplitude variations.
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9. Guard bands are provided in FM signal to: prevent interference from adjacent channels
10. Baseband analog intensity modulation for LED is done by modulating the current.
11. When bandwidth is the major consideration, a narrow and wide band FM can be
approximated to AM
12. If the carrier of a 100 per cent modulated AM wave is suppressed, the percentage
power saving will be: 66.67%
13. Single side band technique is used for: Conservation of transmission power and B.W.
14. If a carrier and modulated signal have frequency of 998KHz and 2KHz respectively, then
upper sideband and lower sideband frequencies are: 1002KHz and 998KHz
15. A tuned circuit has Q of 100 at its resonant frequency of 500KHz. Its bandwidth is: 5KHz
16. The minimum channel B.W used by which modulation technique: SSB-SC
17. One can provide 2 or more voice circuits on the same carrier by using: ISB system
18. ON-OFF Keying: is the simplest form of ASK in which carrier is switched B/W 0 & 1
19. Which modulation has higher data rates: QAM
20. For multiple video channels, digital modulation and Laser diode are necessary.
21. A 20 kHz pulse waveform consists of pulses that are 15us wide. Find the duty Cycle?
Duty cycle = (ON Time/Time Period) *100. Time period =1/f= 1/20KHz=0.00005 and ON
Time=15us=0.000015 So D= 15us/0.00005=0.3*100=30%
22. What is the average voltage when a rectangular wave's base line voltage is 20 V, its
peak-to-peak voltage is 50 V, and its duty cycle is 20%? 30V
23. Which of the following terms are related to PWM: RZ and NRZ both
24. PWM signal can be generated by: Differentiating the Pulse position modulated signal
(PPM)
25. Settling time: The time taken by the input signal to reach +2%/-2% of the maximum
output value.
26. Rise Time: The time taken by the input signal to reach from 0% to 90% of the maximum
output value.
27. A PLL maintains lock by comparing: the phase of 2 signals
28. Balance modulator produce 100% modulation.
29. Balance modulator produce: DSB
30. Armstrong Modulator: It is an indirect way of generating FM Signals.
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31. The noise performance of a square law demodulator is: better than synchronous
detector
32. VCO is direct way of generating FM signals
33. Envelope detector is: Asynchronous detector
34. Frequency Frogging: The interchanging of the frequencies of carrier channels to
accomplish specific purposes, such as to prevent feedback and oscillation, to reduce
crosstalk, and to correct for a high frequency response slope in the transmission line.
35. If the peak message signal amplitude is half the peak carrier signal amplitude: Signal is
50% modulated.
36. When modulation index increases from 0 to 1 power transmitted increases by: 50%.
37. Doubling the modulation index, increases the transmission power by 50%.
38. If μ = 0.8 or 80%. Transmitted power=2.6Kw. Find Carrier Power? Solution:
Pc=Pm/μ = 2.6Kw/0.8=3.25Kw.
39. In FM signal, power Remains constant as modulation index increases
40. In wide FM, the Modulation Index is: 0.5 to 1
41. If carrier frequency=100KHz, Modulating Frequency ωm = 5KHz. Find Band width of A.M.
Transmission? ∆ω =2ωm =2*5000=10KHz
42. Channel B.W. of commercial FM systems=150KHz.
43. Commercial frequency deviation of FM is 75KHz.
44. Doubling the power of signal, increases voltage by 3dBs.
45. For attenuation of high frequency, we use shunt capacitance.
46. In T.V. we use vestigial side band because it reduces B.W. to half.
47. Tone Modulation: when the input signal is a pure sinusoid i.e. Cosωt
48. If a signal having different frequency and different sampling frequency are time division
multiplexed, then it is called: Pulse stuffing or asynchronous TDM.
49. GSM (Global system for mobile communication) uses both FDMA and TDMA
50. TDMA uses Phase Modulation
51. Advanced Mobile Phone Systems (Amps) uses: FDMA to transmit data at different
frequencies.
52. Which Multiple access technique is used for 5G: CDMA (code division multiple access)
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53. Technique used for transmitting multiple signals over a single mode fiber: Subcarrier
multiplexing
54. Multiplexer converts: Parallel data into serial data
55. When a complex signal is used to frequency modulate a carrier, the resulting sideband
distribution is: symmetrical about the carrier
56. Maximum data rate using QPSK is: 10Mbps
57. FDM is used when: BW of the link is greater than combined BW of signals to be
transmitted
58. When bandwidth is the major consideration a narrow and wide band FM can be
approximated to: AM
59. In AM modulation, the modulation index depends upon: Message and carrier signal
amplitude (u=Am/Ac)
60. The total power transmitted by AM is 2.6 kW with modulation index of 0.8, the carrier
power is: 1.96
61.

ADC, DAC & PCM

1. The analog to digital converter provides Quantization of input signal
2. Commercial DAC are available with precision ranging from: 6 bits to 18 bits
3. The ladder network used in DAC is called: R-2R ladder
4. Which of following is digital modulation? PCM
5. Which term relates analog and its discrete representation: Quantization
6. In PCM, SNR increases exponentially.
7. In PCM, Quantization Noise depends on number of quantization levels.
8. The signal to noise ratio of in PCM depends on: no of quantization levels
9. Greatest disadvantage of PCM is: large bandwidth requirement.
10. Quantization error occurs in: pulse code modulation
11. To avoid aliasing of a signal, the signal frequency should be: twice.
12. Harry Nyquist Theorem: The sampling frequency ≥ 2Fmax. (2Fmax is called Nyquist
frequency)
13. In Q(s) plane, Nyquist plot is symmetrical about the: real axis
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14. A signal is sampled at Nyquist rate with Fmax=10KHz. What is the time interval between
2 samples? Solution: Fs=2*10=20KHz. T=1/Fs=1/20,000=50µs
15. For Analogue-to-digital conversion human voice having bandwidth of 4.4kHz, what
should be the minimum sampling frequency? 8.8kHz
16. Encoder is used for: Image compression
17. Assuming that the channel is noiseless, if TV channels are 8 kHz wide with the
bits/sample = 3Hz and signaling rate = 16 x 106 samples/second, then what would be
the value of data rate? 48MBPS
18. Manchester Coding used for: both non-return to zero code and pole code
19. If B.W is 4 MHz and SNR is 1db. what will be the channel capacity? 1334bps
Solution: As we know that channel capacity C=Blog2 (1+S/N)
1db= 10log10(S/N) =1, so S/N = 100.1= 1.26
Now: C= 4000log2(1+1.26) = 4000*0.3334= 1334bps
20. Sampling technique used for minimum error: Random Sampling
21. Phase change of a voltage depends upon: sampling rate
22. Which process is used to convert a continuous time signal into a discrete signal?
Sampling
23. For a 10-bit PCM system, the signal to quantization noise ratio is 62 db. If the number
of bits increased by 2, then the signal to quantization noise ratio will: increase by 12
24.

ANTENNA, TRANSMITTERS & RECEIVERS

1. A higher directivity is specified by: High gain, Low bandwidth
2. Top loading is used in Antenna for what purpose: to increase its effective height.
3. Antenna is analogous to Transformer.
4. Micro-strip and parallel wires are same type of antennas.
5. Dipole and Hertz antennas are same (Conical dipole has high B.W.)
6. Circular polarization is useful in reducing depolarization effect on received antenna.
7. The parabolic or helical antenna is used in satellite tracking because its: Circular
Polarization.
8. Rhombic Antenna: It is also called non-resonant antenna
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9. Antenna used for Low Orbital reception: Directional, high-gain Dish Type OR Parabolic
Antenna (Center fed)
10. Type of antenna that use a dipole and reflector is: Yagi-Uda Antenna
11. A 20 m antenna gives a certain uplink gain at frequencies of 4/6 GHz. For getting same
gain in the 20/30 GHz band, antenna size required is: 4m
12. waves are received by antenna in: Modulated Analog form
13. Radio Receiver has more than 3 stages of amplification
14. Padders are used in receiver to: facilitate tracking.
15. Coupling used in stone man transmission bridge is: capacitive
16. Squelch circuit consist of high pass filter and audio Amplifier with two transistors.
17. Squelch circuit enables the receiver's output to remain cut off unless the carrier is
present.
18. Receiver having poorer Intermediate frequency (IF) selectivity will have poor: Blocking
of adjacent channels.
19. Frequency mixer generate a new intermediate frequency when 2 different frequency
signals are applied to it at the input terminal.
20. In radio receiver: mixer stage contributes most of the noise generated.
21. Most commonly used intermediate frequencies for broadcast receivers are: 455 kHz for
AM receivers and 10.7 MHz for FM receivers.
22. Satellite communication is accomplished through: wireless media
23. B.W. of Telephone channels is: 3KHz
24. Sensitivity of receiver is defined as: the ability of receiver to amplify weak signal
25. Friss or link equation is used to find signal power at receiver end
26. Carrier power of radio transmitter is 30kw
27. Load impedance ZL=200 ohm, Zi=50ohm then characteristic impedance Zo=√ZL ∗
Zi =100ohm
28. Radar stands for: radio detection and ranging
29. Radar that uses same antenna for Transmission and Reception is called: Monostatic
radar
30. Magnetron: A high frequency and high-power microwave oscillator used in radar
31. In a radar-set receiver, the usual mixer stage is: a silicon crystal
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32. The dominant application of microwave in image processing is: Radar

33. The cavity resonator is equivalent to an LC resonant circuit
34. High power microwave pulse can be generated by: Magnetron
35. Reflection coefficients represent: the ratio of reflected amplitude to incident
amplitude.
36. In a receiver, which of the following device has IF input but RF output? Demodulator
37. Standard AM radio broadcasts are confined to: MF (Medium frequency 3000KHZ-
30MHZ)
38. In a radio receiver with simple AGC: an increase in signal strength produces more
AGC
39. In a broadcast super-heterodyne receiver having no RF amplifier, the loaded Q of the
antenna coupling circuit is 100. If the intermediate frequency is 455 kHz. The image
frequency at 25 MHz will be: 25.91 MHz
40. The full Range of audibility in audio frequency oscillator is: 20Hz-20KHZ
41.

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES & WAVE PROPAGATION

1. In Electromagnetic waves, polarization is due to transverse nature of waves.
2. Unguided propagation involves: Free space propagation
3. When electromagnetic wave collides with hurdle their frequency remains same
4. Radio signals are made up of: Electric and magnetic fields
5. Frequency of line-of-sight communication is UHF: 300MHz to 3GHz
6. Skip distance depends on: Time of day and angle of incidence.
7. Fading can be reduced by frequency diversity.
8. Rainfall is an important factor for fading of radio waves at frequencies above: 10 GHz
9. What causes multipath or frequency-selective fading? Large reflector
10. Electromagnetic wave which is modulated to carry information is called: light.
11. Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR): For perfectly matched transmission line, VSWR is unity
i.e. 1:1
12. SWR is the ratio of maximum voltage to minimum voltage
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13. Free space is insulator because it lacks free electrons

OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION

1. Two coherent detection methods of optical fiber detection: Homodyne and heterodyne
detection
2. The basic idea behind coherent light wave system is to mix the received signal
coherently with a: Continuous wave
3. Optical fibers provide low attenuation and High Bandwidth
4. Low signal attenuation and large bandwidth are contributors to current optical fiber
transmission
5. B.W. of optical fiber can be increased by: WDM
6. Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and its dense version (DWDM) are widely to
increase transmission bandwidth of optical fibers.
7. Which of the following technique is used in fiber optic cables to transfer data? A) Visible
light B) Invisible light C) Low frequency D) All of these ANS: All of these
8. Optical fibers provide low attenuation and high bandwidth
9. Transmission systems generally make use of: Coaxial cables, optical fiber cables, radio
waves, all of the above