Course Name:

Fuel and Lubricants Applied Chemistry

Course Code: CHL-103

Instructor: Dr. Susanta K. Nayak

Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology (VNIT), Nagpur

 About The Course
Course name: CHEMISTRY
Department: Chemistry
Course code: CHL-103
Total Credits: 4
Total marks: 100 1. Carbonization
Main Topics to be discussed: 2. Liquid Fuels
3. Knocking
4. Octane No.
 classification of fuels 5. Cetane No.
 characteristics of a good fuel 6. Combustion Problem
 calorific value; HCV and LCV, Dulong’s formula
7. Lubricants
 Determination of calorific value by Bomb
8. Classification
Colorimeter 9. Fire Flash
 Numerical problems 10. Neutrilization No.
11. Viscosity
 Coal: analysis of coal - proximate and ultimate
analysis significance of the analysis.
What is a Fuel?

• Fuel is a combustible substance containing carbon as

the main constituent which on proper burning gives a
large amount of heat that can be used economically
for domestic and industrial purpose.

• Alternately, materials which possess

chemical energy is known as fuel.
• For example Wood, Charcoal, coal,
Kerosene, petrol diesel, oil gas, , gasoline,
coal gas, producer gas, water gas,
natural gas etc.
 Classification of Fuels
➢ These can be classified based on their occurrence and
physical state.
➢ (a) On the basis of occurrence they are of two types:
Primary Fuels: Fuels which occur in nature as such are
called primary fuels. E.g., wood, peat, coal, petroleum,
and natural gas.
Secondary Fuels: The fuels which are derived from the
primary fuels by further chemical processing are called
secondary fuels. Example: coke, charcoal, kerosene,
coal gas, producer gas etc.
 Classification of Fuels
➢ On the basis of physical state these may be classified
as:
Solid Fuels: Wood, Peat, Lignite etc.
Liquid Fuels: Crude oil, Tar, Diesel, Petrol, Kerosene.
Gaseous Fuels: Natural gas, coal gas
 Classification of
Fuels

Primary or Natural Secondary/Derived

Solid Solid Gaseous

Wood, Liquid Liquid
Gaseous Charcoal Biogas,
coal Crude Kerosene,
oil Natural petrol CNG
gas
Natural and Manufactured Fuels
Solid Fuels
• Solid fuels are mainly
classified into two
categories, i.e.
• (i) Natural fuels, such as
wood, coal, etc.
• (ii) Manufactured fuels,
such as charcoal, coke,
briquettes, etc.
Merits & Demerits of Solid Fuels
• The various advantages and disadvantages of solid fuels are given
below :
Advantages
(a)They are easy to transport.
(b)They are convenient to store without any risk of spontaneous
explosion.
(c) Their cost of production is low.
(d) They have moderate ignition temperature.
Disadvantages
(a) Their ash content is high.
(b) Their large proportion of heat is wasted.
(c) They burn with clinker formation.
(d) Their combustion operation cannot be controlled easily.
(e) Their cost of handling is high.
 Properties of Solid Fuel
• Fixed Carbon • Carbon Content
• Volatile Matter • Hydrogen Content
• Ash Content • Oxygen Content
• Moisture Content • Sulphur Content
• Combustion • Nitrogen Content
Characteristics
• Ignition Temperature
• Calorific Value
 • Wood has been used as a
Wood • fuel from ancient times.
• Domestic fuel used in tropical
countries where forest are
abundant and other fuels are not
easily and cheaply available.
Pellets
• Due to large scale deforestation,
wood is no longer in the boiler
Solid Briquettes used for producing steam.

Briquettes with hole

Wood
• Wood fuel can refer to several fuels such as firewood, charcoal, wood
chips sheets, pellets, and sawdust.
• The particular form used depends upon factors such as source, quantity,
quality and application
• Wood is vegetable tissue of trees and bushes.
• It consists of mainly cellular tissue and lignin and lesser parts of fat and
tar, as well as sugar.
• Main combustible components: cellulose and lignin (compounds of
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen)
• Minor combustible components: resin and waxes.
Constituents of Wood
• Freshly cut wood contains 25-50%
moisture.
• Air dried wood contains about 10-
15% moisture content.
• The calorific value of air-dried
wood is about 3500-4500 kcal/kg.
• When wood burns, the ash
content is low, but the oxygen
content is very high. This makes
even dry wood a fuel of low
calorific value.
• Wood charcoal is obtained by
destructive distillation of wood.
• The major use of wood charcoal is
for producing activated carbon.
Composition of Air-Dried Wood
Characteristics of Good Fuels

 High Calorific Values

 Moderate Ignition Temperature
 Low Moisture Content
 Low Ash Content
 Should not produce harmful products such as CO2
,SO2, H2S which are toxic and causepollution
 Low Cost
 Easy Storage
 Easy Transportation
 Calorific Value: Calorific Value of a fuel is the
total quantity of heat liberated by complete
combustion of a unit mass (or volume) of the fuel.

It can be expressed as:

British Centigrade
Calorie Kilocalorie Thermal Heat Unit
Unit
 High or Gross Calorific Value (H.C.V. or G.C.V.) : It is the total amount
of heat liberated, when a unit mass/volume of the fuel has been burnt
completely and the products of combustion have been cooled to room
temperature
 Low or Net Calorific Value (L.C.V. Or N.C.V): It is the net amount of
heat liberated, when a unit mass/volume of the fuel is burnt completely and the
products of combustion are allowed to escape.
Relation between HCV & LCV:
 These can be related as:
LCV = HCV – Latent heat of water vapor formed
= HCV – (Mass of Hydrogen × 9 × Latent heat of steam)
 Where C= % Carbon, H= % Hydrogen, O = %
Oxygen and S = % Sulphur respectively.
Calorific Value of Wood
 This apparatus is used to find the calorific value of solid
and liquid fuels.
Construction of Bomb calorimeter: a bomb calorimeter
consists of the following:
 A stainless steel bomb in which a combustion of fuel
is made to take place
 Two Electrodes and an oxygen inlet valve
 Nickel or stainless steel crucible
 The bomb is placed in copper calorimeter, which is
surrounded by air and water jacket to prevent heat
losses due to radiation
 The calorimeter is provided with electrically operated
stirrer and Beckmann’s thermometer which can accurately
read temperature difference upto 1/100th of a degree
 Working of Bomb calorimeter: A known mass of the given fuel
is taken in nickel crucible supported over a ring inside the
steel bomb which is connected with two electrodes. The
bomb lid is tightly screwed and filled with O2 upto 25 atm.
Pressure. The bomb is then lowered into the copper
calorimeter containing known mass of water. The water is
stirred with the help of mechanical stirrer and the initial temp
is recorded. The electrodes are then connected to 6 volt
battery and the circuit is completed. The sample burns and
the heat is liberated. Uniform stirring of water is continued
and the maximum temp. attained is recorded.
weight of the fuel sample taken = x g
Weight of water in the calorimeter = W g
Water equivalent of the Calorimeter, stirrer, bomb, thermometer = w g
Initial temperature of water = t10C
Final temperature of water = t20C
Higher or gross calorific value = L cal/g
Heat gained by Calorimeter = (W+w) (t2- t1) cal Heat liberated by
the fuel = x L cal
Heat liberated by the fuel = Heat gained by water and calorimeter
x L = (W+w) (t2- t1)
L= (W+w) (t2- t1) cal/g or Kcal/kg
x
  To get more accurate results, the following
corrections are applied:

 Fuse wire correction

 Acid correction

 Cooling correction

L= (W+w) (t2- t1 + cooling correction) - (acid + fuse corrections) cal/g or Kcal/kg

x
Boy’s Gas Calorimeter Method: This calorimeter is used for
determining the calorific value of gaseous and volatile liquid
fuels.

Principle: The calorific value of gaseous fuels is

determined by burning a known volume of gas
sample in a combustion chamber. The released heat is
quantitatively absorbed by cooling water, circulated
through the copper coils surrounded the combustion
chamber. The mass of the cooling water and its rise in
Construction: It consists of a suitable gas burner in which a
temperature are noted. The mass of water produced
known volume of gas can be burnt at a uniform rate. Around
by condensation of steam is also recorded. The
the burner, there is a chimney or combustion chamber having
calorific value of the gas sample is then calculated
copper tubing coiled inside as well as outside it. Water at a
from these data.
constant rate enters at the top of the outer coil, moves to the
bottom of the chimney and then goes up through the inner coil
to the exit at the top. The thermometers T1 & T2 gives the
temperature of the incoming and outgoing water respectively.
Working: The gas is tuned on and ignited. The The whole assembly is enclosed in an insulated chamber.
water is turned on and rate of flow is so adjusted During the process of down and up movement through coil,
that the rise in temperature of water in passing the flowing water takes away practically all the heat of burner
through the calorimeter is about 20 and any steam formed during combustion is condensed back as
°C. After 45 minutes, the following readings are water, which can be collected.
noted.
The volume of gas burnt at a given temperature and pressure during a certain time
interval, t= V
The amount of water passed through the coil during the same time interval, t = w
Temperature of incoming water = t1 °C
Temperature of outgoing water = t2 °C
The amount of water condensed during the experiment = m

Calculations: Total heat liberated = V.θ

Total heat absorbed = w (t2 – t1)
Now, heat liberated = heat absorbed V.θ = w (t2 – t1)

Therefore, G.C.V., θ = w (t2 – t1)/V

The amount of water condensed by 1m3 of gas = m/V
The latent heat of steam per m3 of gas at 15 °C = 587 Kcal

Therefore, N.C.V., = θ – m x 587/ V

 Coal Analysis techniques are specific analytical
methods designed to measure the particular
physical and chemical properties of coal. There
are two methods to analyze coal i.e, the proximate
analysis and the ultimate analysis.
 The proximate analysis determines only the fixed
carbon, volatile matter, moisture and ash
percentages.
 Useful to find out HCV

 Needs simple analysis Equipment

 Proximate analysis involves the following determinations in terms
of percentage by weight:
Moisture means the water expelled from the fuel by specified
methods without causing any chemical change to the fuel. Hence,
lesser the moisture content better is the quality of fuel.
Volatile matter is the loss in weight minus the moisture when the
fuel is heated to a sufficiently high temperature under specified
conditions. A high volatile matter containing coal burns with a long
flame, high smoke and has low calorific value.
Ash is the inorganic residue left when the fuel is completely burnt in
air under specified conditions.
Fixed carbon is the residue obtained by subtracting the sum of the
percentages by weight of moisture, volatile matter and ash from
100. It is essentially carbon containing minor amounts of nitrogen,
sulphur, oxygen and hydrogen.
 Moisture content: 1 g of finely powdered coal, taken in a crucible, is
heated in an electric oven at 105-110 0C for l hour, cooled in a
dessicator and weighed. Percentage moisture content can be
calculated from the loss of weight.
% Moisture = loss in wt of sample × 100
wt of coal taken
 Volatile matter: For determining volatile matter content, the dried
sample of coal left in the crucible is then covered with a lid and is
placed in a muffle furnace at 925°C ± 20°C for exactly seven
minutes. The crucible is cooled first in air, then in the dessicator and
weighed. The loss in weight is due to volatile matter which is
calculated as:
% Volatile matter = loss in wt × 100
wt of coal sample
 Ash content: It is the residue obtained after
burning of the coal in a muffle furnace at 700-
750 0C for half an hour till a constant weight is
obtained.
% of Ash = wt of residue left x 100
wt of coal taken
 Fixed carbon content: It is determined indirectly
by deducting the sum of total moisture, volatile
matter and ash content from 100.
% of Fixed carbon = 100 – (% of moisture + %
of volatile matter +% of ash)
 Ultimate analysis is also known as elemental analysis, it is the method to
determine the Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur and Oxygen content
present in the solid fuel.
 Determination of % of C & H: Accurately weighed coal sample is burnt in a
combustion apparatus. Carbon and hydrogen of coal are converted into
carbon-dioxide and water vapour respectively. The products of
combustion are absorbed respectively in KOH and
CaCl2 tubes respectively of known weights. After complete
absorption of CO2 and H2O , the tubes are again weighed.
% C = increase in weight of KOH tube x 12 x 100
weight of coal sample taken x 44
% H = increase in weight of CaCl2 tube x 2 x 100
weight of coal sample taken x18
•  Determination of Nitrogen: Nitrogen is calculated by Kjeldahl’s
Method. The nitrogen is converted to NH3 and passed through a known
volume of standard acid. On neutralization, the excess acid is back titrated
with a base.
• % N = volume of acid used x Normality x 1.4

wt of coal taken
 Determination of Sulphur: during this determination S
is converted into sulphate. The washings are treated
with barium chloride solution and gets converted to
barium sulphate precipitate. The precipitate is filtered,
washed and heated to constant weight.
% Sulphur: wt of BaSO4 obtained × 32× 100
wt of coal taken × 233
 Determination of Ash: ash determination is
carried out as in proximate analysis
 Determination of Oxygen: The oxygen is
determined indirectly by calculation as:
% of Oxygen = 100 – (% of C + % of H + % of N +
% of S + % of Ash)
 The proximate analysis involves the determination
of moisture, volatile matter, ash, and fixed carbon.
This gives quick and valuable information
regarding commercial classification and
determination of suitability for a particular
industrial use.
 The ultimate analysis involves the determination
of carbon, hydrogen, sulphur, nitrogen, oxygen
and ash. The ultimate analysis is essential for
calculating heat balances in any process for which
coal is employed as a fuel.
Carbonization:

 It is a process in which an organic compound is converted into carbon or carbon-containing residue

by the thermal decomposition method.
 It usually works in an anaerobic situation or in the presence of a lesser amount of oxygen.
 Carbonization produces substances that can prove harmful and simple precautions should be taken
to reduce risks.
 The gas produced by carbonization has a high content of carbon monoxide which is poisonous
when breathed.

Uses of carbonization:
•It is used for the generation of charcoal from biomass.
•It is used to produce biodiesel from ethanol and fatty acids.
 Liquid Fuels
 Most liquid fuels in widespread use are derived from fossil fuels;
however, there are several types, such as hydrogen fuel (for
automotive uses), ethanol, and biodiesel, which are also categorized
as a liquid fuel. Many liquid fuels play a primary role in
transportation and the economy.

 Petroleum resulted from marine animals due to high pressure and

temperature of earth crust hydrocarbon fuels.

 Petroleum or crude oil is the primary liquid fuel is found in earth’s

crust. It is mainly composed of organic compounds containing O, N
and S
Furnace Oil

Light Diesel Oil (LDO)

Ethnol Petrol /Diesel

 Merits of Liquid Fuels
The liquid fuels can be classified as follows :
(a) Natural or crude oil, and
(b) Artificial or manufactured oils.

Advantages
(a)They possess higher calorific value per unit mass than solid fuels.
(b) They burn without dust, ash, clinkers, etc.
(c)Their firing is easier, and fire can be extinguished easily by stopping
liquid fuel supply.
(d) They are easy to transport through pipes.
(e) They can be stored indefinitely without any loss.
(f) They are clean in use and economic to handle.
(g) Loss of heat in chimney is very low due to greater cleanliness.
(h) They require less excess air for complete combustion.
(i) They require less furnace space for combustion.
 Demerits of Liquid Fuels
Disadvantages
(a)The cost of liquid fuel is relatively much higher as
compared to solid fuel.
(b) Costly special storage tanks are required for storing
liquid fuels.
(c)There is a greater risk of fire hazards, particularly, in
case of highly inflammable and volatile liquid fuels.
(d) They give bad odour.
(e)For efficient burning of liquid fuels, specially
constructed burners and spraying apparatus are required.
 Gaseous Fuels
• A) Fuels naturally found in nature
- Natural gas
- Methane from coal mines
• (B) Fuel gases made from solid fuel
- Gases derived from coal
- Gases derived from waste and biomass
- From other industrial processes
• (C) Gases made from petroleum
- Liquefied Petroleum gas (LPG)
- Refinery gases
- Gases from oil gasification
• (D) Gases from some fermentation
 Merits of Gaseous Fuels
• Gaseous fuels occur in nature, besides being manufactured from
solid and liquid fuels.
Advantages:
(a)They can be conveyed easily through pipelines to the actual place of
need, thereby eliminating manual labour in transportation.
(b) They can be lighted at ease.
(c)They have high heat contents and hence help us in having higher
temperatures.
(d)They can be pre-heated by the heat of hot waste gases, thereby
affecting economy in heat.
(e) Their combustion can readily by controlled for change in demand
like oxidizing or reducing atmosphere, length flame, temperature, etc.
(f) They are clean in use.
(g) They do not require any special burner.
(h) They burn without any soot, or smoke and ashes.
(i) They are free from impurities found in solid and liquid fuels.
 Demerits of Gaseous Fuels
• Disadvantages
(a)Very large storage tanks are needed.
(b)They are highly inflammable, so chances of fire hazards in
their use is high.
Cracking,

in petroleum refining, the process by which heavy hydrocarbon molecules

are broken up into lighter molecules by means of heat and usually
pressure and sometimes catalysts. Cracking is the most important process
for the commercial production of gasoline and diesel fuel.

Cracking of petroleum yields light oils (corresponding to gasoline), middle-

range oils used in diesel fuel, residual heavy oils, a solid carbonaceous
product known as coke, and such gases
as methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, and butylene.
Depending on the end product, the oils can go directly into fuel blending,
or they can be routed through further cracking reactions or other refining
processes until they have produced oils of the desired weight. The gases
can be used in the refinery’s fuel system, but they are also important raw
materials for petrochemical plants, where they are made into a large
number of end products, ranging from synthetic rubber and plastic to
agricultural chemicals.
The first thermal cracking process for breaking up large nonvolatile hydrocarbons into gasoline came
into use in 1913; it was invented by William Merriam Burton, a chemist who worked for the Standard
Oil Company (Indiana), which later became the Amoco Corporation. Various improvements to thermal
cracking were introduced into the 1920s. Also in the 1920s, French chemist Eugène Houdry improved
the cracking process with catalysts to obtain a higher-octane product.

C10H22 Cracking C5H12 +C5H10

B.p. =174 0C 36

Catalytic cracking was itself improved in the 1940s with the use of fluidized or moving beds of
powdered catalyst. During the 1950s, as demand for automobile and jet fuel
increased, hydrocracking was applied to petroleum refining. This process employs hydrogen gas to
improve the hydrogen-carbon ratio in the cracked molecules and to arrive at a broader range of end
products, such as gasoline, kerosene (used in jet fuel), and diesel fuel.

Al2 (SiO3)3 pr Al2O3

Knocking (also knock, detonation, spark knock, pinging or pinking)
in spark ignition internal combustion engines occurs when
combustion of some of the air/fuel mixture in the cylinder does not
result from propagation of the flame front ignited by the spark plug,
but one or more pockets of air/fuel mixture explode outside the
envelope of the normal combustion front.

Branched alkanes and cycloalkanes burn more evenly than

straight-chain alkanes. Short alkanes (C4H10) burn more evenly
than long alkanes (C7H16). Alkenes burn more evenly than
alkanes.
Octane number is the measure of the resistance of gasoline against detonation or
preignition of the fuel in the engine. It is measured relative to the mixture of iso-octane
(2,2,4 trimethylpentane) and n-heptane.
Higher octane fuel has a greater resistance to autoignition under higher combustion
pressure and heat.

While cetane number is the measure of combustion quality of diesel oil or it is the
measure of the ignition delay, the higher the cetane number of diesel the shorter the
ignition delay, and the greater the fuel quality, and vice versa. A short delay affords more
time for diesel fuel to burn completely.
 Combustion of a fuel
• During the process of combustion of a fuel, the atom of carbon,
hydrogen etc. combine with oxygen with simultaneous liberation of
Heat at rapid rate.
• This energy is liberated due to the “rearrangement of valence
electrons” in these atoms, resulting in the formation of Compounds
like CO2 and H2O.
• These compounds have less energy (heat content) as compared to
reactants.

FUEL + O2 PRODUCTS + HEAT

More heat energy content Lesser heat energy content

C (s) + O2(g) CO2(g) + H= -94.1Kcal/mole

For numerical problems plz follow book

 1. Introduction
In machine, the friction between metal to metal parts arises due to moving surfaces and machine experienced a resistance which retards their
movement. Due to friction large amount of energy is liberated in the form of heat which reduces the efficiency of machine.
“Substances which apply between two moving and sliding surface to reduce friction between them are known as Lubricants” and the process by
which friction between sliding surface is reduce, known as Lubrication.
2.Classification of Lubricants

a) Liquid Lubricants:
It includes animal oils, vegetable oils, petroleum oils, synthetic lubricants. Animal oils: tallow oil, whale oil etc.
Vegetable oils: castor oil, palm oil etc Petroleum oils: petroleum fractions
Synthetic lubricants: polyglycol, silicones etc.
b) Semi-solid Lubricants (Grease):
Semi-solid Lubricants are formed by emulsifying oil and fat with thickening agents like soap of sodium, calcium, lithium, aluminum at higher
temperature.
Classification
Soda based: In this case sodium soaps are used as a thickening agent in mineral or petroleum oil. They are slightly soluble in water. They can be used up
to 175oC.
Lithium based: In this case lithium soaps are emulsifying with petroleum oil. They are water resistance and used up to 15oC.
 Calcium based: In this case calcium soaps are emulsifying
with petroleum oil. They are also water resistant and used
up to 80oC. At higher temperature soap and petroleum oil
are separate from each other.
c)Solid Lubricants:
Graphite, molybdenum disulphide (MoS2), boron nitride
(BN)x are predominantly used as a solid lubricants.
They are used under high temperature and high load
(pressure).

i) Graphite:
It is most widely used as a solid lubricant. Graphite has
layer structure; layers are held together with the help of
weak Vander Waals’ forces which facilitate the easy sliding
of one layer on the other layer. It is very soapy to touch,
non-inflammable. It is used at higher temperature (around
450oC) condition. They are either used as powder form or
mixed with oil or water.
Molybdenum
disulphide structure

Graphite ii) Molybdenum disulphide (MoS2):

structure
It is sandwich like structure in which hexagonal layer of
molybdenum (Mo) lies between two hexagonal layers of
sulfur (S) atom. Like graphite each layers are held together
with weak Vander Waals’ forces. It is stable up to 400oC. It
is differ from graphite because it is used in high vacuum
unlike graphite (graphite is mixed with water or oil). It
adheres even more strongly to the metal or other surface.
 3. Properties of Lubricants
a)Cloud Point:
The temperature at which lubricating oil becomes cloudy in appearance is Viscosity:
called cloud point. Viscosity is the property of a fluid that determines its
b)Pour Point: resistance to flow. It is an indicator of flow ability of
The lowest temperature at which the lubricant oil become semi-solid and lubricating oil. The lower viscosity greater will be the
ceases to flow is called pour point. It indicates the suitability of flow ability. If temperature increases viscosity of the
lubricants used in cold lubricating oil decreases and pressure increases viscosity
of lubricating oil increases. In short we can say that
condition. Good lubricant should possess low pour point. good
d)Flash point:
lubricating oil is that whose viscosity does not change
The flash point of a volatile material is the lowest temperature at which
with temperature.
vapors of the material will ignite for a moment when an ignition source
Viscosity Index:
brought near to it. The lubricating oil should have flash point reasonably
The variation of viscosity of a liquid with temperature
above its working temperature.
is called viscosity index. A
e)Fire point: relatively small change in viscosity with temperature is
The fire point of a fuel is the lowest temperature at which the vapour of that
indicated by high viscosity index whereas, a low
fuel will continue to burn for at least 5 seconds when an ignition source
brought near to it. Fire point is around 10oC higher than flash point. viscosity index shows, a relatively large change in
viscosity with temperature.
 4. Mechanism of Lubrication
a) Thick Film or Fluid Film or Hydrodynamic Lubrication
It is carried out with the help of liquid lubricants. In this
mechanism, two moving and sliding surfaces are
separated by thick film of lubricant fluid of about
1000A°, applied to prevent direct surface to surface
contact and consequently reduce wearing and tearing of
metals. Therefore it is known as thick film or fluid film
lubrication or hydrodynamic (hydro meaning liquid and
dynamic meaning relative motion) lubrication. In this
case fluid is formed by mixing of hydrocarbon oils and b) Thin Film or Boundary Lubrication
anti-oxidants with long chain polymer so as to maintain It is carried out with semi-solid (grease) and solid (graphite
viscosity. Fluid film lubrication is useful in delicate and and molybdenum disulphide) lubricants. Boundary
light machines like watches, clocks, guns, scientific lubrication is a condition in which the lubricant film
equipments. becomes too thin to provide total separation. In this type of
lubrication a thin film of lubricant is adsorbed on the
surface by weak Vander Waals forces. Thin film
lubrication is operating at relatively low speed and heavy
loading (pressure).
 c) ExtExtreme Pressure (or Temperature) Lubrication
In this mechanism, moving or sliding surfaces are under high pressure and speed, therefore this is
known as extreme pressure lubrication. In such a case high

temperatures generated due to friction, under these condition liquid lubricants are fail
to stick and decompose or vaporize. These problems are minimized by special
additives are added to mineral oils. These additives form durable films on metal
surfaces which can withstand high loads and high temperatures. Important
additives
are organic compound having group like chloride, sulphur, phosphorus etc. They react
with metallic surface to form metallic compound (possess high melting points and
serve as good lubricants under extreme temperatures and pressures) like chlorides,
sulphides, phosphate as more durable film.
5. Application of Lubricants
i) Lubricants are primarily used to reduce the friction between two moving surface.
ii)Rust and corrosion inhibitors
iii)Used in the soap and paint industries.
iv)Liquid lubricants are used in medicines
v)Lubricants are also used as cutting fluid in cutting, grinding, drilling of metals.
vi)Used as anti-wear, antioxidants, and antifoaming agents.
 Engineering Chemistry by Jain & Jain
 A text book of Engineering Chemistry by S. S.Dara