ART 316 - Building,

Estimation & Costing

AR.NAMITA
COURSE OBJECTIVE
1. To know the various types of estimates and the techniques for preparing
them
2. To know the importance and uses of specifications and how to write them
3. To know how to calculate the rates for a unit of work to be executed
4. To know the process of valuation of properties and how to prepare a
valuation report
COURSE OUTCOMES
CO1: To recall the process of Construction stage wise and the type Construction and
materials used.
CO2: To be able to elaborate various processes of Estimating, Valuation, and tendering
CO3: To implement the appropriate methods for preparing the estimates and valuation
reports
CO4: To Demonstrate the acquired knowledge to complete a building Estimate/
Valuation report for a small-scale project.
CO5: To compare, the building typologies for preparing an estimate or doing the
valuation,
C06: To identify the specification types for different categories of building works
SYLLABUS
UNIT 1 : Classification of Areas & Types of Estimates
A Introduction to relevance and need of Estimation.
B Introduction to various types of Estimates.
C Methods of estimating different components of a building

UNIT 2 : Methods of building estimates

A Preparation of Bill of Quantities (BOQ)
B Introduction of Centre line method & individual wall method of building estimate
C Methods for preparation of Preliminary estimate.
SYLLABUS
UNIT 3 : Specifications
A Introduction to Specifications, Types of Specifications
B Writing general Specifications of work
C Writing detailed Specifications for Building work.

UNIT 4 : Analysis of Rates

A Introduction to Schedule of Rates , Importance of Rate Analysis, Considerations done while doing
the Rate Analysis
B Calculating the various quantities of materials required per unit.
C Calculations for basic building materials like RCC, Brick work, etc.
SYLLABUS

WEIGHTAGE DISTRIBUTION

CA 25 %

MTE 25 %

ETE 50 %
INTRODUCTION
Construction activity can be considered in 3 phases :
1. Planning
◦ Detailed drawings : Plans, Sections, Elevations .etc
◦ Specifications with respect to proposed structure
2. Estimation
◦ To arrive at cost of construction
◦ To verify available funds
◦ To procure required funds
3. Construction/Execution
◦ Based on the first two phases
ESTIMATION AND COSTING
• Estimating is the technique of calculating or computing the various quantities and
the expected expenditure to be incurred on a particular work or project.
• In case the funds available are less than the estimated cost the work is done in part or by
reducing it or specifications are altered.
•The plan reflects the size and dimensions of a project while estimate reflects the quantity
and quality of aspects of the structure.
• The following requirements are necessary for preparing an estimate.
1. Plans, elevations and Sections.
2. General and Detailed specifications about workmanship & properties of materials etc.
3. Standard schedule of rates of the current year.
ESTIMATION AND COSTING
• Points to consider in estimation :
1. Quantity
◦ Quantity is determined based on the measurements in the basic drawings i.e. plan, sections and
elevations

2. Quality
◦ Quality is determined based on the specifications i.e. property of materials, workmanship required etc.

Estimation and costing is the process of determination of quantities of various

components of a structure and its cost of completion. In simple terms it is the
forecast of the probable cost of a project.
NEEDS FOR ESTIMATION AND COSTING
1. Determine quantities of various components, material cost and labour cost.
2. To obtain administrative and technical sanction from authorities
3. Gives an idea of the cost of the work and hence its feasibility determined i.e.
whether the project could be taken up with in the funds available or not.
4. Gives an idea of time required for the completion of the work.
5. Required to invite the tenders and quotations and to arrange contract.
6. Required to control the expenditure during the execution of work.
7. Helps decide whether the proposed plan matches the funds available or not.
 PRINCIPLES OF UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
TYPES OF WORK EXAMPLES UNITS
1 Single units work Single units work like sanitary fittings, Electrical points, numbers
electrical appliances, etc.
2 Works with linear cornice, fencing, hand rail, pipe length with details, bands running meters
measurements of specified width and skirting (RM)
3 Works with area plastering, white washing, partitions of specified thickness, square meters Length,
surface glass of specified thickness, flooring upto the thickness of (m2) Breadth/Height
measurements i.e. 40mm, tiled flooring, wall tile finishing, painting of doors
Shallow, thin and and windows, A.C Sheet roofing, Weathering tiles, Doors
surface work and windows shutter with
required specifications, Half brick work, Honey comb Brick
work, Brick on edge work etc
4 Works consisting of volume like earth work, Earth fill, cement concrete, Cubic meters Length,
cubical contents i.e. Masonry etc. Breadth,
volumetric items Height/Depth
5 Steel for RCC works Kilogram,
Kilonewton or
tonne
RULES OF MEASUREMENT
The rules for measurement of each item are invariably described in IS-1200. Some general rules
include :
1. Measurement shall be made for finished item of work and description of each item shall include
materials, transport, labor, fabrication tools and all types of overheads for finishing the work in
required shape, size and specification.
2. In booking dimensions, the order shall be in sequence of length, breadth and height or depth or
thickness
3. All works shall be measured subject to the following tolerances.
a) linear measurement shall be measured to the nearest 0.01m.
b) Areas shall be measured to the nearest 0.01 sq.m
c) Cubic contents shall be worked-out to the nearest 0.01 cum
d) Wood for door and window frames to the accuracy of 0.0001 mt.
e) Kilogram to the accuracy of 0.01
RULES OF MEASUREMENT
4. Same type of work under different conditions and nature shall be measured separately
under separate items.
5. The bill of quantities shall fully describe the materials, proportions, workmanships and
accurately represent the work to be executed.
6. In case of masonry (stone or brick) or structural concrete, the categories shall be measured
separately and the heights shall be described:
a) From foundation to plinth level
b) From plinth level to first floor level
c) From First floor to second floor level and so on.
TYPES OF ESTIMATES
1. Preliminary Estimate: The estimate is a rough estimate which is normally be estimated on
approximate square feet rate. In this estimate the specifications and Area are only for the
temporary purpose. Some times the cost may differ up to 50%.
2. Detailed Estimate: The estimate which is in detail be provided with specifications of material,
method of doing the work, Details measurements and drawings. The quantities of the item of the
works may vary upto 10%
3. Abstract: The estimate which includes only the total quantities of the item of works, Rates
either as per PWD schedule or market values and total cost of the project
4. Revised Estimate: The revised estimate is the estimate which includes revised quantities or
specifications and Rates. The conditions for the preparation of Revised estimates are
1. When the area or measurements of the approved plan changes
2. When the specification of material of method of construction changes
3. When the rates of the material, labour changes over and above 10%
4. When the location of the work changes