g‡Wj MÖvg‡`k ÔkÖxwb‡KZbÕ

myiÄb wg‡Ï
m¤úÖwZ GKwU Z_¨wPÎ Avgv‡`i Pg‡K w`‡q‡Q| Z_¨wPÎwUi bvg Ôÿz`ª F‡Yi dvu‡`Õ| biI‡qi cÖL¨vZ Z_¨wPÎ wbg©vZv Ug †nBb-
g¨vb, wek¦evmx‡K AevK K‡i w`‡q‡Qb| welq evsjv‡`‡ki ÔMÖvgxY e¨vsKÕ| mvsNvwZK DuPz nv‡i my` †`evi cÖwZkÖæwZ‡Z ÿz`ª FY|
†mB ÿz`ª FY †kva Kievi K‡VviZvq `wi`ª gvby‡liv me©¯v^ šÍ n‡q †M‡Qb| GB nZ `wi`ª me©¯v^ šÍ gvby‡liv Kviv? PÆMÖv‡gi †Sveiv
MÖvg, h‡kv‡ii wnjvwi cjøxi Amnvq gwnjv| hviv †ewkifvMB ¯^vgx cwiZ¨³ A_ev Kv‡Ri Rb¨ my`~‡i hvIqv cyiæl wew”Qbœ gwnjv|
eZ©gvb we‡k¦i A_©‣bwZK BwZnv‡mi GK Uª¨vwRK I gg©vwšÍK Kvwnwb| GiKg fqven GKzk kZ‡K Kxfv‡e Avgiv iex›`ªbv_‡K
cv‡ev? mva©kZel© c‡i iex›`ªbv_ KZLvwb cÖvmw½K? AvR fqven ÿ‡Zi mvg‡b KZLvwb cÖ‡jc w`‡Z cv‡i?
iex›`ªbv‡_i g‡Zv gvbyl Dwbk kZ‡Ki †k‡l fviZe‡l©i Av`k© MÖvgwU‡K AbymÜvb K‡i‡Qb| †f‡e‡Qb I †mB m‡½ MÖv‡gi Dbœq‡b
gvbweKZvq µgk GwM‡q †M‡Qb| fviZel© •ew`K hyM †_‡KB Zvi mf¨Zv •Zwi K‡iwQj MÖvg| Avi GKgvÎ MÖvgB fviZe‡l©i
wkÿv I ms¯‥…wZi cxV¯’vb| f`ª‡jv‡Kiv GB MÖvg †Q‡o P‡j G‡jb kn‡i| wkÿv Avi ms¯‥…wZ AbymÜvb Ki‡jb kn‡i| gvbweK
iex›`ªbv_ †mB nviv‡bv MÖvg-mf¨Zv‡K AbymÜvb Ki‡jb| AvRxeb GgbwK Rxe‡bi †kl w`b ch©šÍ iex›`ªbv_ †mB mvabvq wb‡R‡K
a¨vb-gMœ ivL‡jb| iex›`ªbv‡_i R‡b¥i kni KjKvZv ZLb A‡bKUvB †ewk MÖvgxY wQj| ZeyI iex›`ªbv_ †mB MÖvgxY-Ai‡Y¨ wd‡i
Pj‡jb| wZwb Rwg`vi| wZwb KweI| fviZe‡l©i †mB MÖvg‡K we‡klZ MÖv‡gi †mB myLx cwievi‡K wdwi‡q Avbvi mvabv K‡i‡Qb
wZwb| wZwb †P‡qwQ‡jb MÖv‡g AvaywbKZvi Avkxe©v` AvmyK| kni I MÖv‡gi †`Iqv-†bIqv Av‡iKevi ïiæ KivB Kwei cÖavb
Abykxjb| kni wk‡íi Dci wbf©ikxj| kni AwZwi³ gybvdvi Rb¨ Qz‡U hvq| MÖv‡gi †fZ‡ii Aeÿq nq kn‡ii gybvdv-hy‡×|
GB AgvbweK kni-†`k †kvlK Bs‡iR‡`i m„wó| wkí kn‡ii Awaevmxiv ci¯ú‡ii AvZ¥xqZvi eÜb Pvb bv| Kwe iex›`ªbv_
MÖv‡gB GKwU AvZ¥xq-mgvR PvBwQ‡jb| MÖvg GKwU eo cwievi| MÖvg GKUv †h․_ wgjb mvs¯‥…wZK Zx_©¯v’ b| iex›`ªbv_ †mB e„nr
cwiev‡ii Abykxjb K‡i‡Qb| GB †h․_ GKvbœeZ©x cwiev‡i cÖv‡P¨i mngwg©Zvi iƒc †`L‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| Rvcvwb m„RbkxjZvi
g‡a¨I †mB †h․_ cwiev‡ii †Rvi Av‡Q| fviZe‡l© wfbœgyLx m¤úÖ`vq, wewfbœ we‡ivax kw³i wgjb mvabvi DcvmK iex›`ªbv_|
iex›`ªbv_ ïay MÖv‡gi mgvR-Rxeb bq, MÖvg-mgv‡Ri g‡bi I gb‡bi PP©v †P‡q‡Qb| m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ ivq ZvB GKB msKj‡b Zvui
ivRbxwZfvebv, BwZnvmfvebv Ges cjøx K‡g©v‡`¨vM‡K GKwÎZ K‡i‡Qb| eû¯^i mÜvbx Kwe iex›`ªbv_‡K ALÐ iƒ‡c †c‡Z †M‡j
Zvui MÖvg Dbœqb mvabv‡K fv‡jvfv‡e eyS‡Z n‡e|
iex›`ªbv_ MÖvgxY fviZe‡l©i Dbœq‡b mgevq cÖ_v‡K ïay `wi`ª K…lK‡`i RxweKvi Dcvq wnmv‡eB †`‡Lbwb, gbyl¨‡Z¡i c~Y©Zvjv‡fi
Dcvq wnmv‡e Avwe®‥vi Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| ZvB wZwb Av‡M fviZe‡l©i mgevq iƒcKvi n¨vwgjUb mv‡n‡ei Kv‡Q my›`ie‡b, c‡i
ivwkqvq wM‡q mywbwðZ n‡q‡Qb| Ômf¨Zvi wcjmyRÕ†`i AÜKvi †_‡K Av‡jvq Avbvi Abykxj‡b evi evi e‡j‡Qb, ÒGKjv gvbyl
KL‡bvB c~Y© gvbyl n‡Z cv‡i bv; A‡b‡Ki †hv‡M Z‡eB †m wb‡R‡K †lv‡jv Avbv †c‡q _v‡K|Ó mgevq cÖ_v‡K iex›`ªbv_
mvg¨ev‡`i weKí wnmv‡eI †`L‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| abZ‡š¿i m‡½ MYZ‡š¿i we‡iv‡ai mgvavb wnmv‡eI mgevq cÖ_v‡K wZwb MÖnY
K‡i‡Qb| cÖ‡qvM K‡i‡Qb wkjvB`n †_‡K kÖxwb‡KZb me©ÎB| wZwb MÖv‡gi evwn‡ii †Kv‡bv mvnvh¨ bq MÖv‡g wbR¯^ kw³‡Z
¯^vej¤^b †P‡q‡Qb| Ònv‡Zi KvR wkÿvB Zvi gyL¨ D‡Ïk¨ bq, Avmj K_v, GB iKg •`wnK K…wZZ¡ PP©vq gbI mRxe I m‡ZR
n‡q I‡V|Ó
1885 wLªóvã| exif‚g-evuKzov-ea©gvb †Rjvq Abve„wó‡Z `ywf©‡ÿi nvnvKvi| ÔivpÕ A‡ji fqven ÔiƒXÕ iƒ‡ci g‡a¨ 24 (PweŸk)
eQ‡ii hyeK iex›`ªbv_ N‡i e‡m wQ‡jb bv| ïay †kvKmsMxZ m„wó K‡i †_‡g hvbwb| ZvuiB D‡`¨v‡M I ewjô †bZ…‡Z¡ GB
`ywf©ÿÎv‡Yi Kv‡R eªvþmgv‡Ri m`m¨‡`i AbycÖvwYZ K‡iwQ‡jb| KjKvZvi Avw` eªvþmgv‡Ri D‡`¨v‡M MwVZ ÎvYfvÛv‡i wZwb
Ôev½vj e¨v‡¼iÕ GKwU †gvUv As‡Ki †PK `vb Ki‡jb| †mB As‡Ki msL¨v 500 UvKvUv GLv‡b eo K_v bq| gvbe‡cÖwgK
iex›`ªbv_ †mB eqm †_‡K Rxe‡bi †kl w`b ch©šÍ gvby‡li `ytL K‡ói mngwg©Zvq Askx`vi wQ‡jb| we‡kl K‡i MÖvgxY gvby‡li
cv‡k wQ‡jb Rwg`vi iex›`ªbv_—Kwe iex›`ªbv_| evi evi wd‡i †M‡Qb gvwUi Uv‡b; gvwUi KvQvKvwQ| Rwg`vi iex›`ªbv_
Mfxifv‡e Dcjw× K‡i‡Qb, ÒRwgi ¯^Z¡ b¨vqZ Rwg`v‡ii bq, †m Pvlxi|Ó
Kwe Rxe‡bi †kl mg‡q wZwb wjL‡jb Zvui Rxe‡bi gg©evYx|Ò†h gvwU‡Z Avgiv R‡b¥wQ| GB n‡”Q †mB MÖv‡gi gvwU, †h Avgv‡`i
gv|Ó †mB gv‡K wZwb g‡bi gg©¯’‡j jvjb K‡i‡Qb| cvjb K‡i‡Qb Zvui cÖwZwU i³we›`y w`‡q|
K…lv‡Yi Rxe‡bi kwiK †h Rb,
K‡g© I K_vq mZ¨ AvZ¥xqZv K‡i‡Q AR©b,
 †h Av‡Q gvwUi KvQvKvwQ,
†m Kwei evYx-jvwM Kvb †c‡Z AvwQ|
eûw`b wZwb MÖvgxY cwi‡e‡k evm K‡i Abyaveb Ki‡jb, fviZe‡l©i A_©bxwZi g~j wfwË evuav i‡q‡Q K…wl e¨e¯’vq| ZvB wZwb
wkjvB`‡ni KzwVevwo‡Z e‡m mbvZb c×wZ‡Z Pvl e¨e¯’vq Avk¦¯Í _v‡Kbwb| wb‡RB ïiæ K‡i‡Qb bvbv iK‡gi cixÿv| Aek¨B
Zv •eÁvwbK wbixÿvI e‡U|
Avgvi GB `wi`ª Pvlx cÖRv¸‡jv‡K †`L‡jAvgvi fvix gvqv K‡iÑGiv †hb weavZviwkï mšÍv‡bi g‡ZvÑwbiæcvqÑG‡`igy‡L
wb‡Ri nv‡Z wKQz Zz‡j bv w`‡j G‡`iAvi MwZ †bB|
ïay wQbœc‡Î bq mgKvjxb †QvUM‡í I KweZvq Kwei GB gg©hš¿Yv cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q|
cjøx-cybM©V‡b iex›`ªbv_ `ywU c‡e© AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡i‡Qb| wkjvB`‡n 1890Ñ1915 wLªóvã Ges kvwšÍwb‡KZ‡b 1922-1940
wLªóvã ch©šÍ| wZwb GKw`‡K cÖvPxb c×wZ‡Z KzwUi wk‡í hš¿wk‡íi cÖwZôv K‡ib| Aciw`‡K ÿz`ªvqZb K…wl A_©bxwZi Aemvb
NwU‡q mgevqg~jK A_©bxwZi cÖeZ©b K‡i‡Qb| wZwb GKwU A_©‣bwZK ZË¡‡K ¯úófv‡e ai‡Z †c‡i‡Qb| •eÁvwbK c×wZ‡Z
Drcv`b e¨e¯’vq m¤ú` `ªæZ e„w× cv‡e| hvi dj¯^iƒc gvby‡li kÖg Kg jvM‡e| GB c×wZ MwZkxj hv †_‡g hvq bv| µgk
GwM‡q hvq| GB Kvi‡YB wZwb MvwÜwRi PiKv c×wZi m‡½ mngZ †cvlY K‡ibwb| wZwb hš¿kw³i e¨envi K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ h‡š¿i
†P‡q mgevq e¨e¯’vi Dci we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q‡Qb| h‡š¿i e¨env‡ii AMÖMwZi m‡½ gvby‡li Kzms¯‥vi, APjvqZb I `vwi‡`ª¨i
gyw³i c_ †`‡L‡Qb|
iex›`ªbv‡_i hš¿kw³ e¨env‡ii g‡a¨ cÖavb wZbwU mZ¨ cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| h_vµ‡g :
1. mf¨Zvi AMÖMwZi m‡½ DbœZ Rxebgvb I `ªæZ Drcv`b e„w×|
2. gvby‡li •`bw›`b RxebmsMÖv‡g kÖg‡K mnR Kiv|
3. Kv‡ji MwZi m‡½ gvby‡li bZzb cÖ‡qvRb‡K AviI DbœZ I AwaKZi Kj¨vYag©x Kiv|
iex›`ªbv‡_i wkjvB`n c‡e© cjøx-cybM©V‡bi Kv‡Ri wZbwU aviv wQj| h_vµ‡g : 1. Av`k© MÖvg MVb; 2. nv‡Z Kj‡g K…wl wkÿv;
3. eªZx evjK `j MVb| Qv·`i MwVZ eªZx`j Av`k© MÖvg MV‡b Ask †b‡e| †h Av`k© MÖv‡g wbiÿiZv _vK‡e bv| iv¯Ív -NvU
_vK‡e cwi®‥vi cwiQbœ| m‡PZb _vK‡Z n‡e ¯^v¯’¨ m¤ú‡K©| Svo-dzuK gš¿ ev †Zj‡cvov w`‡q AmyL mviv‡bvi cwie‡Z© †ivMx‡`i
Wv³viLvbvq cvVvevi e¨e¯’v Kiv| kÖxgZx Aejv emy‡K GKwU wPwV‡Z wjL‡jb :
K‡qKRb c~e©e‡½i †Q‡j Avgvi Kv‡R aiv w`‡q‡Q| [...] Zv‡`i w`‡q iv¯ÍvNvU evav‡bv, cyKzi †Lvuov‡bv, †Wªb KvUv‡bv, R½j mvd
Kiv‡bv cÖf…wZ mg¯Í Kv‡Ri D‡`¨vM n‡”Q| Avgv‡`i cjøxi wfZ‡i mg¯Í †`k e¨vß K‡i Ggb myMfxi wbiæ`¨g †h, †m †`L‡j
¯^ivR, ¯^vZš¿¨ cÖf…wZi K_v‡K cwinvm e‡j g‡b nqÑIÑmKj K_v gy‡L D”PviY Ki‡Z j¾v †eva nq|
cjøx-cyb©MV‡bi GB K‡g©v‡`¨vM wQj †hgb weÁvbm¤§Z, †ZgbB Kvh©Kifv‡e ev¯Íem¤§Z| Dbœqbg~jK Kv‡Ri Rb¨ A‡_©i Dcvq
mywPwšÍZfv‡e mgvavb Ki‡jb| wkjvB`‡ni cÖRv‡`i LvRbvi UvKv cÖwZ gvÎ wZb (03) cqmv K‡i Ki GKÎ Rgv n‡e| cÖRv I
Rwg`v‡ii m‡½ m¤úK© gayi n‡e| Rwg`viI wZb cqmv K‡i mgcwigvY A_© w`‡q cjøx Dbœqb GwM‡q wb‡q hv‡e| MZvbyMwZK
Rwg`vwii wbqg †f‡½ bZzb c‡_ MÖvg Dbœq‡bi aviv‡K cÖevwnZ Ki‡jb Rwg`vi iex›`ªbv_| GB bZzb wbq‡gi bvg ivLv nj
ÔgÐjxcÖ_vÕ| MÖv‡gi RbKj¨vYg~jK Kv‡R ivRv Ges cÖRv KvQvKvwQ G‡m †Mj| cÖRviv mivmwi ivRvi Kv‡Q Av‡e`b Rvbv‡Z
cvi‡e| A`ÿ Kg©Pvix‡K wZi¯‥vi Ges Kg©`ÿ Kg©Pvix‡K cyi¯‥v‡ii e¨e¯’v K‡i, wPivPwiZ cÖ_v‡K †f‡½ bZzb c‡_i mÜvb
w`‡jb| GB bZzb cÖ_v‡K eZ©gvb ÔcÂv‡qZÕ c×wZi cw_K…r ejv †h‡Z cv‡i|
iex›`ªbv‡_i cjøx-cybM©V‡b K…wle¨e¯’v GLv‡b †_‡g _v‡Kwb| K…wlwe`¨v †kLv‡bvi Rb¨ we‡`‡k cwV‡qwQ‡jb wbR cy·K| ïay cyÎ
i_x›`ªbv_ bq, RvgvZv b‡M›`ªbv_ M‡½vcva¨vq I eÜzcyÎ m‡šÍvlP›`ª gRyg`vi‡K Av‡gwiKvq cvwV‡qwQ‡jb| wcZvi cÖej Drmv‡n
cyÎ i_x›`ªbv_ wkjvB`‡n wKQz Lvm Rwg‡Z •eÁvwbK cÖ_vq GKwU Av`k© K…wlLvgvi M‡o †Zv‡jb| wcZ…¯§„wZ MÖ‡š’ cyÎ wjL‡Qb :
Av‡gwiKv †_‡K Pvl-Avev‡`i Rb¨ hš¿cvwZ G‡b cixÿv Pj‡Z jvMj| Pvlxiv avb Qvov Ab¨ dm‡ji `y -GKUv Ôg¨vwb µc‡mÕ
Pv‡li cixÿv n‡Z _vKj| Av‡gwiKv †_‡K fv‡jv fzÆvi exR Avbvjyg| Pvlx‡`i Avjy I U‡g‡Uvi Pvl †kLv‡bv nj| wkjvB`‡n
†`vAvukjv gvwU‡Z Dw™¢‡`i cÖ‡qvRbxqZvq wK wK Lv`¨mvgMÖxi Afve Zv Rvbevi Rb¨ †QvULv‡Uv GKUv ivmvqwbK j¨ve‡iUwi M‡o
Zzjjyg|
K…wl e¨e¯’vq ïay avb bq| avb Pvl Qvov Ab¨vb¨ dmj djv‡bvi e¨e¯’v hyMvšÍKvix w`M& wb‡`©k cvIqv hvq| cwZm‡ii cwZZ GK
dmjx Abye©i Rwg‡Z Avbvim, Kjv, †LRyi cÖf…wZi Pv‡li wb‡`©k †`b Kwe iex›`ªbv_| cwZZ Rwg‡K mwVKfv‡e Kv‡R jvMvevi
fvebv †f‡ewQ‡jb| †Lmvwii Wvj I A‡÷ªwjqvi GKwU MvQ †_‡K †Mv-Lv`¨ •Zwi Kivi K_v Rvbvb| k³ Gu‡Uj gvwU‡Z weKí
dm‡ji mÜvb K‡i‡Qb| GB K…wl e¨e¯’vq me‡P‡q Riæwi mvi I Rj‡mP| Ô†iv‡UkvbÕ ev Rwg cwieZ©b K‡i Ôgvwb-µcmÕ-Gi
cvkvcvwk mylg mvi wnmv‡e grm-mvi Gi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ dj cvIqv hvq| cv‡¤úi mvnv‡h¨ Rj‡m‡Pi e¨e¯’v‡K `ytmvn‡mi m‡½ Pvjy
Ki‡Z wb‡`©k †`b Kwe cy·K| cwZm‡i k³gvwU‡Z Uª¨v±i w`‡q Pvl I avbfvbv K‡ji Dc‡`k cjøx-cybM©V‡bi GK hyMvšÍKvix
c`‡ÿc ejv hvq| ejv evûj¨ Gi Av‡M G‡`‡k Uª¨v±i w`‡q Rwg Pvl nqwb| Kv‡RB K…l‡Kiv cÖej DrmvwnZ n‡q‡QÑkÖg jvN‡e
Ges Kg mg‡q †ewk Rwg Pv‡l| Miæ-jv½j Qvov AvaywbK cÖhyw³i Uª¨v±i fvov †bevi Rb¨ K…lK‡`i g‡a¨ cÖej cÖwZ‡hvwMZv †e‡o
†Mj|
K…wli Drcv`b kw³ evovevi Rb¨ mv‡ii f‚wgKv me©Rb ¯^xK…Z| Kg cqmvq †ewk mvi e¨env‡ii Rb¨ grm-mvi K…lK‡`i mgm¨vi
mgva‡bi c_ K‡i †`q| †R‡j‡`i DØ„Ë Bwjk gv‡Qi m‡½ Pzb gvwL‡q gvwU‡Z cyu‡Z DrK…ó mvi cvIqv hvq| DbœZ mvi cÖ‡qvM I
DbœZ Rj‡mP e¨e¯’vi Rb¨ bjK‚c ¯’vc‡bi D‡`¨vMx nb Kwe| 1916 wLªóv‡ã Av‡gwiKv †_‡K bjK‚c Lb‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq
miÄvg wK‡b G‡bwQ‡jb| †mmgq Avgv‡`i †`‡k bjK‚‡ci cÖPjb wQj bv| bZzb bZzb cÖK‡íi AMÖ`~Z iex›`ªbv_ e½‡`‡k bjK‚c
¯’vc‡bi cw_K…r| civaxb fvi‡Z `yf©vMv †`‡k MÖvgevsjvi me©v½xb DbœwZi Rb¨ Rjms¯‥vi I bjK‚c ¯’vc‡b `ytmvnm †`wL‡q‡Qb
cjøx‡cÖwgK, MÖvgms¯‥viK iex›`ªbv_B| K…wl Ges K…l‡Ki ïay DbœZ RxweKv A_ev Avw_©K Dbœqb bqÑK…l‡Ki cwiev‡i Avb‡›`i
g~Q©bvq fwi‡q †`evi Rb¨ dz‡ji myevm Qwo‡q †`evi K_v e‡j‡Qb| eQ‡i GKevi AšÍZ K‡i‡Qb e„ÿ‡ivcY Drme| gvby‡li ïay
•`wnK Lvevi bq gvbwmK Lvevi cÖ‡qvRb| ZvB wZwb MÖvg Dbœq‡bi GKwbô Kg©x AZzj †mb‡K †j‡Lb :
Avgv‡`i MÖv‡gi RxebhvÎv eoB wbivb›` nBqv cwoqv‡Q| [...] •ekv‡Li †k‡l †Kv‡bv GKw`b BmKz‡ji QzwU w`qv me †Q‡j‡`i jBqv
eb‡fvRb I e„ÿ‡ivcY Kwievi Av‡qvRb Kwi‡j fv‡jv nq| [...] Pvlx M„n‡¯’i g‡b dzj Mv‡Qi mL cÖeZ©b Kwi‡Z cvwi‡j DcKvi
nB‡e| cÖ‡Z¨K KzwU‡ii AvwObvq `yB PvwiwU †ej dzj, †Mvjvc dz‡ji MvQ jvMvB‡Z cvwi‡j MÖvg¸wj my›`i nBqv DwV‡e| †`‡k GB
†m․›`‡h©i PP©v AZ¨vek¨K GK_v fzwj‡j Pwj‡e bv|
GKw`‡K kvwšÍwb‡KZ‡bi wkÿv I ms¯‥…wZi Av`k©, Ab¨w`‡K kÖxwb‡KZ‡b cjøxmsMVb| wkjvB`nce© †kl K‡i Kwe kvwšÍwbKZ‡bi
cv‡k M‡o Zzj‡jb ÔkÖxwb‡KZbÕ| kÖxwb‡KZ‡bi Avw` bvg myiæj| 1921 wLªóv‡ã 30 b‡f¤^i kÖxwb‡KZ‡bi cÖ_g bvgKiY Kiv
nqÑÔ¯‥zj Ad GwMÖKvjPviÕ (kvwšÍwb‡KZb K…wl wefvM)| 1922 wLªóv‡ã 6 †deªæqvwi fvi‡Zi A_©‣bwZK BwZnv‡m GK ¯§iYxq
w`b| we‡`kx fviZeÜz †jbvW© Gjgnv÷© kÖxwb‡KZ‡bi cÖ_g cwiPvjK wnmv‡e `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡ib| Kg©fvi MÖn‡Yi m‡½ m‡½
Gjgnv÷© wb‡Ri mg¯Í AveR©bv GgbwK gj-g~Î mvd Kivi KvR K‡i †`b| Gjgnv÷© gvÎ wZb eQi wQ‡jb| wKš‘ myiæj MÖv‡g
mwZ¨Kv‡ii kÖx G‡mwQj|
wd‡i Pj gvwUi Uv‡b
†h gvwU AvuPj †c‡Z †P‡q Av‡Q gy‡Li cv‡b|
iex›`ªbv_ ¯^cœ †`‡LwQ‡jbц`‡ki †KvwU †KvwU bi-bvix hviv mviv eQi GKw`bI †cUf‡i †L‡Z cvqbv, Zv‡`i Rb¨ Zvi
AšÍ‡ii †e`bvi Awfe¨w³ n‡e GB ÔkÖxwb‡KZbÕ| ÔkÖxwb‡KZbÕ GKwU ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© Av`k© MÖvg n‡e| eûwewPÎ Kg©hÁ nv‡Z-Kj‡g
†kLv‡bv n‡e| Drcv`b n‡e| evRv‡i wewµ n‡e| †hgb : 1| K…wl 2| cïcvjb 3| Kg© wkÿv 4| KzwUi wkí 5| ¯^v¯’¨ I 6|
MÖvgmsMVb|
eQ‡i GKevi Pvl wKsev hv‡`i Rwg †bBÑZv‡`i RxweKv n‡Z cv‡i cïcvjb| Pvi (04) wU aviv‡ZB cïcvjb cwiKíbv
mywbw`©ó n‡q‡Q| †hgb : 1. †Wqvwi, 2. †cvjwUª, 3. QvMj Pvl I 4. †g․gvwQ cvjb| K…wl, Rxebxkw³ I e¨emvwqK DbœwZi cÖwZ
jÿ¨ †i‡LB kÖxwb‡KZ‡b †Wqvwi cwiKíbv| kÖxwb‡KZb †Mvkvjvq wmÜz RvZxq †Mv-cvjb Kiv nq| K…wl I †Mvô we`¨vq AwfÁ
RvgvZv b‡M›`ªbv_ M‡½vcva¨vq‡K Kwe †j‡Lb :
†`‡k Miæi DbœwZ Kivi we‡kl cÖ‡qvRb| bB‡j Avi wKQzw`b c‡i Pv‡li fqvbK `yM©wZ nevi AvksKv Av‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki mKj
cvovMvu‡qB `ya, wN `yg©~j¨ Ges `y®úÖvc¨ n‡q D‡V‡Q, ïay KZK¸‡jv gkjv †Mvjv Rvj w`‡q fvZ †L‡q evOvwj KLbI gvbyl n‡Z
cvi‡e?
ÔkÖxwb‡KZ‡biÕ wkÿv wek¦fviZxi wkÿv †_‡K m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v| GB wkÿv eywbqvw` Kg©wkÿv| nv‡Z-Kj‡g wkÿv| GB Kg©wkÿv MÖnY
GKRb MÖvgevmx wb‡R‡`i `vwqZ¡ wb‡RivB wb‡Z cv‡i| GKRb cjøxevmx GKBm‡½ •`wnK, mvgvwRK I gvbwmK c~Y©Zv NwU‡q
wb‡Ri g‡bi g‡a¨B `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨‡eva RvMv‡Z cv‡i|
MÖvgxY wkí‡K b~Zb †PZbvq cÖvYmÂvi Ki‡Z cv‡i KzwUiwkí Dbœqb| ÔkÖxwb‡KZ‡biÕ Ôwkí fe‡bÕi `ywU ch©vq| cÖ_gwU cÖwkÿY I
†kl ch©vq nj Drcv`b| mgevq mwgwZi gva¨‡g KvuPvgvj mieivn K‡i †eKvi MÖvgxY gvbyl‡K RxweKvi RqMv‡b GwM‡q Pjv|
kÖxwb‡KZ‡bi KzwUi wk‡íi Drcv`‡b MÖvgxY A_©bxwZi wecøe NwU‡q‡Qb cjøx‡cÖwgK iex›`ªbv_| we‡`k †_‡K Kviæ wkíx‡`i Avbv
n‡qwQj| †mB m‡½ cyÎea~ cÖwZgv †`ex‡K BZvwj †_‡K Pg©wk‡í `ÿ K‡i Av‡bb| gbx›`ªbv_ †mb Rvcvb †_‡K ZvuZwk‡í cvi`k©x
n‡q Av‡mb| ms¯‥…wZi m‡½ wk‡íi mgš^‡q cÖv‡Yi e¯‘ m„wó K‡i kÖxwb‡KZ‡bi wkífeb AvRI Avgv‡`i cv‡_q|
kÖxwb‡KZ‡b bvix wkÿv‡K›`ª GKwU DbœZ cÖKí| GB bvixiv Kviv? Amnvq bvix Avi weaev bvixiv nv‡Zi KvR wk‡L ¯^wbf©iZvi
Av¯^v` jvf K‡i‡Q| Aemi mg‡q ZvuZ, †mjvB, †Ljbv •Zwi, evwUK wcÖ‡›Ui KvR K‡i Aeiæ× bvixRxeb ¯^vej¤^x nevi †hvM¨Zv
AR©b K‡i|
MÖvgmsMV‡bi cÖavb kw³ mgevq| G‡`‡k iex›`ªbv_B cÖ_g cjøx-cybM©V‡b mgevq kw³i cÖPvi I cÖmvi K‡i‡Qb| 1918 wLªóv‡ã
kvwšÍwb‡KZb mgevq cÖwZôvi ci Ôwek¦fviZx †K›`ªxq mgevq e¨vsKÕ cÖwZwôZ nq| kÖxwb‡KZ‡b K…wl e¨vsK I ag©‡Mvjv ¯’vc‡b
mgevq Kj¨vY wPšÍviB dmj| GB K…wl e¨vsK wZwb me©cÖ_g cwZm‡i cÖwZôv K‡ib| AvR fviZ miKvi †`‡ki me©Î MÖ vgxY e¨vsK
¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| iex›`ªbv‡_i c‡_ ¯^vaxb miKvi‡K Pj‡Z n‡”Q|
mgªvU †ki kvn K…l‡Ki Drcvw`Z dm‡ji wZbfv‡Mi GKfvM wb‡Zb| AvKei wb‡jb A‡a©K| Zvici wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve‡¯Í Mixe
Pvwl‡`i Avw_©K `yM©wZ Pi‡g †c․Qvq| gnvRb‡`i nvZ †_‡K K…lK‡`i evuPvevi Rb¨ iex›`ªbv_ cwZm‡i K…wl e¨vsK cÖwZôv K‡ib|
GKRb Mwie Pvlx gnvR‡bi FY †kva Ki‡Z bv †c‡i me©wi³ n‡q hvq| Mwie Pvwl‡`i gnvRb‡`i nvZ †_‡K evuPv‡bvi Rb¨ GB
K…wl e¨vsK eÜz‡`i KvQ †_‡K UvKv avi K‡i cÖwZôv K‡ib| iex›`ªbv‡_i K…wl e¨vsK gybvdv Kivi Rb¨ K‡ibwb| Mwie Pvwl‡`i
AvZ¥gh©v`v I ¯^vej¤^x Kivi Rb¨ GB gnr cÖ‡Póv Pvwj‡qwQ‡jb| GgbwK Kwe †bv‡ej cÖvB‡Ri 1jÿ 80 nvRvi UvKv cwZm‡ii
K…wl e¨vs‡Ki Rb¨ e¨q K‡ib| Kg my‡` Mwie Pvwliv K…wl e¨vsK †_‡K FY †cZ| Zv‡Z Òmvnv‡`i nvZ †_‡K †kL‡`i evuPv‡bv
m¤¢e nj|Ó
iex›`ªbv‡_i K…wl e¨vsK cÖK‡íi myweav¸wj Mwie Pvwl‡`i ¯^vej¤^x n‡q evuPvi c_ K‡i w`‡q‡Q| GB e¨vs‡KÑ1. mywbw`©ó wbqg-
bxwZ †g․wLK bq wjwLZ wQj; 2. dmj djv‡bvi mgq Pvwliv wbwðZ wQj K…wl-FY cvIqv hv‡e; 3. my‡`i nvi wbw`©ó _vKvq
Pvwl‡`i mvg‡_©¨i mxgv‡iLv AwZµg Ki‡Zv bv; 4. Pµe„w× nv‡i FY KLbB evo‡Zv bv Ges 5. dmj †Zvjvi mgq FY †kva Kiv
n‡j Pvwliv FYgy³ n‡Zv|
iex›`ªbv‡_i K…wl e¨vs‡Ki cwiKíbv my`~icÖmvix n‡q wQj ¯^vaxb fviZe‡l©| 1969 wLªóv‡ã fviZxq e¨vsK RvZxqKiY nq|
eZ©gvb miKvi MÖv‡g MÖv‡g MÖvgxY e¨vsK Pvjy Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡q‡Q|
mgevq c×wZ‡K iex›`ªbv_ gyw³i `~Z e‡j g‡b Ki‡Zb| mgevq ej‡Z wZwb wgjb I H‡K¨i Dci †Rvi w`‡qwQ‡jb| AšÍ‡ii
†hv‡M gvby‡li m‡½ gvby‡li wgj‡bi eÜb iwPZ Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| wZwb †P‡qwQ‡jb MÖv‡gi wbibœ, †eKvi gvbyl ¯^wbf©i n‡q DVzK|
wew”Qbœfv‡e bv n‡q wgwjZ n‡q DcvR©bÿg †nvK| Zvi wb‡`©kbvq wewfbœ ai‡Yi n¯Íwkí I KzwUi wkí mgevq c×wZ‡Z MwVZ
n‡qwQj| QvÎ Rxeb‡KB mgevq wkÿvi †kÖô mgq e‡j wZwb we‡ePbv Ki‡Zb| ZvB 1918 wLªóv‡ã ÔkvwšÍwb‡KZb mgevq fvÛviÕ
¯’vwcZ nq| fviZe‡l©i mgevq Av‡›`vj‡bi BwZnv‡m 1918 wLªóvã AviI GKwU w`K †_‡K ¯§iY‡hvM¨| my›`ieb A‡j Wvwb‡qj
n¨vwgjU‡bi (1860-1939) D‡`¨v‡M Ô†Mvmvev mgevq fvÛviÕ cÖwZwôZ nq| n¨vwgjU‡bi Avgš¿‡Y 1929 wLªóv‡ã †Mvmvevq G‡m
¯^P‡ÿ mgev‡qi Kvh©KvwiZv †`‡Lb| A_©‣bwZK ¯^vaxbZvq gvby‡li AvZ¥weKvk †`‡L iex›`ªbv_ gy» nb| kÖ‡gi Dci wfwË K‡i
mgev‡qi mvdj¨ †`‡L Awff‚Z n‡q e‡jwQ‡jb : Ò¯^‡`kx mgv‡R †h ¯^cœ †`‡LwQjvgÑGLv‡b Zvi cwic~Y© iƒc †`‡L gy» njvg|
mg¯Í fviZe‡l©i Av`k© †nvK †Mvmvev|Ó
Kwe mgevq mv_©KZvq cÖavb kZ©iƒ‡c Rwg`vwi cÖ_vi we‡jvc †P‡qwQ‡jb| †mB m‡½ wØZxq I †kl kZ© f‚wg ms¯‥v‡ii ¯^cœ
†`‡LwQ‡jb| 1930 wLªóv‡ãi †m‡Þ¤^i gv‡m ivwkqv‡K †`‡L Kwe me©v‡cÿv wew¯§Z n‡jb| mgev‡qi eûwewPÎ K‡g©i cÖKvk †`‡L
Kwe me‡P‡q wegy» nb| ivwkqvi mgevq ïay K…wl‡ÿ‡Î wKsev kÖwg‡Ki KviLvbvq bq| ÁvbPP©v I Rxe‡bi Avb‡›` hv wKQz gvby‡li
Rxe‡b cÖ‡qvRb Zvi mg¯ÍB mgevq c~iY K‡i‡Q| GLv‡b AvwZ¥K mg_©b †c‡q cÖmbœ Kwe †`‡ki Rb¨ †e`bv‡eva K‡i ivwkqv
ågY‡K Rxe‡bi ÔZx_©`k©bÕ e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| mgevq cÖKí ¯^vaxb fviZ ÔKwei evYxÕ e‡j D‡cÿv K‡iwb| fviZel©
¯^vaxbZv AR©‡bi c‡i MÖvgxY Dbœq‡b mgwó Dbœqb cwiKíbvq mgevqbxwZ GK hyMvšÍKvix Aa¨v‡qi m~Pbv K‡i‡Q| fviZe‡l©i
MÖvgxY AbybœZ †kÖwYi Dbœq‡b wewfbœ mgevq mwgwZi KvR mnR mva¨ n‡q‡Q| ïay MÖv‡g †Kb kn‡iI wkí mgevq; M„n -mgevq
we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
MÖvg Dbœq‡bi K_v g‡b †i‡LB iex›`ªbv_ 1928 wLªóv‡ã el©vg½‡ji m‡½ e„ÿ‡ivcY I njKl©Y Drm‡ei cÖeZ©b K‡ib| Kwei
fvebvq njKl©Y Drm‡ei cwic~iK nj †c․‡li Drme| njKl©Y exR †ivc‡Yi Drme n‡j, gvVfiv dmj m‡qi Avb›` Drme
nj †c․l DrmeÑÔbevbœÕ| 1914 wLªóv‡ã iwPZ APjvqZb bvU‡K †kvYcvsï‡`i MvbwU kÖxwb‡KZ‡bi K…wl msMx‡Z cwiYZ
n‡q‡Q|
Avgiv Pvl Kwi Avb‡›`|
gv‡V gv‡V †ejv Kv‡U mKvj n‡Z m‡Ü¨
†i․`ª I‡V e„wó c‡o, evu‡ki e‡b cvZv b‡o,
evZvm I‡V f‡i f‡i PlvgvwUi M‡Ü|
K…wl wbf©i fviZe‡l©i beŸB kZvsk gvbylB †h K…wlRxex| K…wli Rq †NvlYvi D`vË AvnŸv‡b iex›`ªmvwn‡Z¨i eûZi we‡kl‡Z¡i
Ab¨Zg GK wewkó w`K| KviY †`eZvI gvby‡li m‡½ Kv‡Ri m~‡Î GK n‡q †mLv‡bB i‡q‡Qb| Ò†h_vq gvwU †f‡O Ki‡Q Pvlv
Pvl|Ó
MÖvgxY A_©bxwZi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ mevi Av‡M cÖ‡qvRb f‚wgms¯‥vi| f‚wgms¯‥vi Kg©m~wPi cÖavb jÿ¨ n‡jv Rwgi gvwjKvbv Ges
cÖRv¯^Z¡ e¨e¯’vi cwieZ©b NwU‡q MÖv‡gi A_©‣bwZK KvVv‡gvi •elg¨ `~i Kiv| fviZe‡l© ÿz`ª I cÖvwšÍK K…lK‡`i gvwjKvbv G‡m‡Q
iv‡R¨i †gvU K…wl Rwgi cÖvq 60 kZvsk| eZ©gvb fviZmiKvi iex›`ªbv‡_i cjøx-cybM©V‡b †hvM¨ DËivwaKvix|
iex›`ªbv_ g~jZ Kwe n‡qI fwel¨r`ªóv| G‡`‡k wZwbB me©cÖ_g Dcjw× K‡ib fviZel© MÖvg cÖavb K…wl‡Kw›`ªK †`k n‡jI K…wlB
†kl K_v bq| AvMZ b~Zb hy‡M K…wli m‡½ wk‡íi DbœwZ Awfbœ Ges Awbevh©| Avi †mRb¨B MÖvgxY wk‡íi cybR©vMiY GKvšÍ
cÖ‡qvRb| MÖvg I MÖv‡gi gvbyl‡K evuPv‡Z n‡e| †hLvb †_‡K cÖwZw`b Avgv‡`i Lvevi Avm‡Q| Rxe‡bi im` Avm‡Q| †mB cÖvY
kw³‡K evuwP‡q ivLvi Rb¨ GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb KvwiMwi wkÿv| PvB e„wË wkÿvi bZzb `„wó| †mB wkÿvi cÖavb `ywU Pig jÿ¨ÑKwei
†mB `ywU wkÿvi bvg RxweKv I Rxeb| †mB Rxeb gvbeRxe‡bi c~Y©Zv mvab| evB‡i †_‡K bq †fZi †_‡K Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z
Rxeb mÂvwiZ nq| g~ja‡bi gybvdv bqÑPvB gvbweK gvbyl| †h gvbyl Avi GKRb gvbyl‡K me©wi³ K‡i †`‡ebv eis GKR‡bi
cv‡k †_‡K mg„× Ki‡e| †h AvZ¥nZ¨v Ki‡e bv eis nZvkvMÖ¯Í gvbyl‡K evuPvi c_ e‡j †`‡e| ÔcwjwUK¨vj GwR‡Uk‡bÕ ¯^vaxbZv
cvIqv hvq bv| cÖK…Z ¯^vaxbZv Av‡Q msMVbg~jK Kv‡R| ejvevûj¨ GB msMVbg~jK KvR nj wn›`y -gymjgv‡bi HKmvabv|
†mRb¨ mvivRxeb Òmvnv‡`i nvZ †_‡K †kL‡`i evuPveviÓ †Póv Pvwj‡q‡Qb| wZwb g‡b K‡ib weivU fviZe‡l© wn›`y-gymjgv‡bi
AvwZ¥K HK¨eÜb G‡Kev‡i Am¤¢e bq| †Kbbv †klK_v e‡j‡QbÑÔgvby‡li cÖwZ wek¦vm ivL‡ZB n‡eÕ| Avi †mB wgjb‡K
mwZ¨Kv‡i wgwj‡q †`q MÖvgxY †gjv| †gjv gv‡bB me©Rbxb ¯^Zt¯^xK…Z mgevq| hvi g‡a¨ Av‡Q ¯^‡`kxwkí, mvej¤^b I mgevq
bxwZi mvabv|
mnvqKcwÄ
AiæYKzgvi gy‡Lvcva¨vq (1997)| iex›`ªbv_ : cjøx cybM©Vb| †`ÕR cvewjwks, KjKvZv|
RvZxq MÖš’vMvi Kg©x mwgwZ (1989)| cÖm½ iex›`ªbv_|
wbgvBmvab (1991)| fMœbxo wek¦fviZx| Avb›` cvewjkvm©, KjKvZv|
c~Y©vb›` P‡Ævcva¨vq (1394)| bvbv iex›`ªbv‡_i gvjv| Avb›` cvewjkvm©, KjKvZv|
cÖ‡evaP›`ª †mb (1998)| †fv‡ii cvwL I Ab¨vb¨ cÖeÜ| Avb›` cvewjkvm©, KjKvZv|
†fvjvbv_ `Ë (msKwjZ, 2005)| Wvwb‡qj n¨vwgjU‡bi iPbvejx| iƒc‡jLv, KjKvZv|
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi (Rb¥kZevwl©K ms¯‥iY)| iex›`ª iPbvejx (`kg, GKv`k, Øv`k I ·qv`k LÐ)| cwðge½ miKvi|
ïwPw¯§Zv `vk¸ß (2006)| iex›`ª AbyeªZx : GÛªyR wcqvm©b I Gjgnv÷©| cÖÁv weKvk, KjKvZv|
myKzgvi gwjøK (1989)| iex›`ªbv‡_i cjøxwPšÍv| becÎ cÖKvkb, KjKvZv|
wnib¥q e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (1981)| bvbv cÖm‡½ iex›`ªbv_| Iwi‡q›U eyK †Kv¤úvwb, KjKvZv|

†gjv I MÖvgxY A_©bxwZ

¯^cb gy‡Lvcva¨vq
iex›`ªbv_ ey‡SwQ‡jb MÖv‡gi gvby‡li Rxeb I RxweKv‡K GKwÎZ Kivi GKUv g¯Í Dcvq MÖv‡g †gjvi Av‡qvRb Kiv| GB †gjvq
†hgb n‡e cvuPvwj Mvb, KweMvb, ZiRv, KxZ©b, cjøxMxwZ, evDj, hvÎv †Zgwb GB †gjvq we‡Kv‡e MÖv‡gi Kvgvi, Kz‡gvi, ZvuwZ,
Qz‡Zvi, cUwkíx‡`i bvbv nv‡Zi KvR, K…lK‡`i Rwgi dmj| wkíx‡`i nv‡Zi KvR †hgb cqmv cv‡e, m¤§vb cv‡e, †Zgwb MÖv‡gi
gvby‡li g‡bi †LvivKI RyU‡e GB †gjvq| ZvQvov †gjv‡K MY¨gvb¨ e¨w³iv wb‡R‡`i gZ cÖKv‡ki ¯’vb wn‡m‡eI e¨envi Ki‡Z
cv‡ib| †gjv‡K †jvKwkÿvi ¯’j wn‡m‡eI Kv‡R jvMv‡bv hvq| †gjvi GKwU eo w`K n‡jv wgj‡bi w`K| †gjvq wn›`y -gymjgvb,
abx-`wi`ª, Rwg`vi-cÖRv mevB G‡m wgwjZ nq| GB me©Rbxb wgj‡bi gva¨‡g †gjvcÖv½Y †gjevi Ges †gjvevi g¯Í eo my‡hvM
G‡b †`q| MÖvgxY †gjvq hviv ckiv mvwR‡q wb‡q e‡mb, Zvuiv wb‡RivB Kg Li‡P ev webv Li‡P †gjvq Avm‡Z cv‡ib| kn‡i ev
`~‡i †Kv_vI †h‡Z †M‡j cwien‡bi e¨q nq GZ †ewk †h Zv‡Z wewµ K‡i e¨emvqx‡`i †Zgb jvf nq bv| d‡j ¯’vwbK †gjvi
¸iæZ¡ A‡bK|
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wb‡q cwicyó Ki‡jb| wZwb KL‡bvev †g‡Z DV‡jb ÔKvZ¨vqbxi †gjvqÕ KL‡bv ÔivRiv‡Rk¦ixi †gjvÕ| ÔKvZ¨vqbxi †gjvÕi Rb¨
gv `yM©vi g‡Zv g~wZ© M‡o c~Rvi Av‡qvRb nj| †Mvcxbv_ gw›`i cÖv½‡Y ÔKvZ¨vqbxi †gjvÕi Av‡qvRb| mvZw`b a‡i wecyj Drmv‡n
†g‡Z DVj †gjv| Pviw`‡Ki MÖv‡gi †jvK‡`i g‡a¨ mvov c‡o †Mj| †gjv‡K mdj Kivi Rb¨ MÖv‡gi ZiæY, †cÖ․p, e„× mevB
GKwÎZ n‡jb| ïiæ nj weivU Kg©hÁ| Gw`‡K jvwV †Ljv, Kzw¯Í †`Lvevi Rb¨ mvRmvR ie DVj| bvbv mvs¯‥…wZK Abyôvb Kievi
Rb¨ g wbg©vY Kiv nj| wn›`y-gymjgvb mevB GKwÎZ n‡jb| ¯^‡`wkfv‡ei wb`k©bI †gjvq ¯úó| ZvuwZiv †h Kvco ey‡b G‡b‡Q
Zv †`kR KzwUi wk‡íi wb`k©b| †mB Kvc‡oi we‡kl K`i nj| iex›`ªbv_ bvUK wjL‡jb| Awfb‡qi gnov Pjj| wZb-eQi ci
ci KvZ¨vqbxi †gjv AbywôZ n‡qwQj| Gici eÜ nq| wKš‘ Avevi ïiæ nq ÔivRiv‡Rk¦ix †gjvÕ| †gjv¸wj‡Z cÖPzi †jvK mgvMg
nIqvq †ePv-†Kbvi w`K †_‡KI †gjv RbwcÖq n‡q DVj|
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†jvKwkÿv I ¯^v¯’¨Z‡Ë¡i civgk© `v‡bi †K›`ª¯‡’ j cwiYZ Kiv hvq †m K_v Rvwb‡q iex›`ªbv_ 1311 mv‡j Ô¯^‡`kx mgvRÕ cÖe‡Ü
†j‡Lb :
Avgv‡`i †`k cÖavbZ cjøxevmx| GB cjøx gv‡S gv‡S hLb Avcbvi bvoxi g‡a¨ evwn‡ii e„nr RM‡Zi i³PjvPj Abyfe Kwievi
Rb¨ DrmyK nBqv D‡V, ZLb †gjvB Zvnvi cÖavb Dcvq| GB †gjvB Avgv‡`i †`‡k evwni‡K N‡ii g‡a¨ AvnŸvb| GB Drm‡e cjøx
Avcbvi mg¯Í msKxY©Zv we¯§„Z nq—Zvnvi ü`q Lywjqv `vb Kwievi I MÖnY Kwievi GB cÖavb Dcjÿ¨| †hgb AvKv‡ki R‡j
Rjvkq c~Y© Kwievi mgq el©vMg, †Zgwb we‡k¦i fv‡e cjøxi ü`q‡K fwiqv w`evi Dchy³ Aemi †gjv|
GB †gjv Avgv‡`i †`‡k AZ¨šÍ ¯^vfvweK| GKUv mfv Dcj‡ÿ hw` †`‡ki †jvK‡K WvK `vI, Z‡e Zvnviv mskq jBqv Avwm‡e,
Zvnv‡`i gb Lywj‡Z A‡bK †`wi nB‡e—wKš‘ †gjv Dcj‡ÿ¨ hvnviv GKÎ nq Zvnviv mn‡RB ü`q LywjqvB Av‡m—myZivs
GBLv‡bB †`‡ki gb cvBevi cÖK…Z AeKvk N‡U| cjøx¸wj †hw`b nvj-jvOj eÜ Kwiqv QzwU jBqv‡Q, †mBw`bB Zvnv‡`i Kv‡Q
Avwmqv ewmevi w`b|
evsjv‡`‡k Ggb †Rjv bvB †hLv‡b bvbv ¯’v‡b erm‡ii bvbv mg‡q †gjv bv nBqv _v‡K—cÖ_gZ GB †gjv¸wji ZvwjKv I weeiY
msMÖn Kiv Avgv‡`i KZ©e¨| Zvnvi c‡i GB mg¯Í †gjv¸wji m~‡Î †`‡ki †jv‡Ki m‡½ h_v_©fv‡e cwiwPZ nBevi Dcjÿ¨ Avgiv
†hb Aej¤^b Kwi|
iex›`ªbv_ MÖvgxY mgvR-Rxe‡b ¯’vbxq †gjvi bvbv w`K †_‡K ¸iæZ¡ we‡kølY K‡i †Kej ZvwË¡K wePvi K‡ibwb, AwZev¯Íem¤§Z
civgk© w`‡q mgvRm‡PZb gvbyl‡`i Kx KiYxq Zv GK-GK K‡i eywS‡q e‡j‡Qb| †Kej ivR‣bwZK Uvbv‡cv‡o‡bi g‡a¨ MÖv‡gi
wbixn gvbyl‡`i weåvšÍ bv K‡i, cigyLv‡cÿx gvbwmKZv `~‡i mwi‡q †i‡L, cÖK…Z ¯^‡`k M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ MÖv‡gi gvbyl‡`i m‡½
†`‡ki me gvbyl‡`i ü`‡qi m¤úK© M‡o †Zvjv cÖ‡qvRb| iex›`ªbv_ cÖ¯vÍ e †`b †gjv Kivi Rb¨ hw` Rwg`vi‡K †gjvi
e¨e¯’vcKiv UvKv †`b Ges †gjvq AskMÖnYKvix e¨emvqxiv jv‡fi GKUv Ask Rwg`vi‡K †`b Z‡e GB msM„nxZ A‡_© Rwg`vi
MÖv‡gi g‡a¨ we`¨vjq, Rjvkq, c_NvU wbg©vY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| d‡j †gjvi gva¨‡g MÖvgxY Dbœq‡bi KvR †hgb Z¡ivwš^Z n‡Z cv‡i
†Zgwb †mB Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Avi miKvwi Aby`v‡bi cÖwZ wbf©i K‡i _vK‡Z nq bv| MÖv‡gi DbœwZi fvi MÖv‡gi gvbylivB wb‡Z cv‡i|
A_©‣bwZK mg„w×i cvkvcvwk km¨k¨vgj cjøx evsjvi cÖv‡Y Abvwej Avb‡›`i GK aviv cÖevwnZ nevi my‡hvM G‡b w`‡Z cv‡i
evsjvi MÖvgxY †gjv|
 iex›`ªbv_ I cjøx Dbœqb
AvKei Avwj Lvb
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi ïay wesk-kZvãx‡Z `wÿY Gwkqvi †kÖô mvwnwZ¨K wQ‡jb bv, wZwb fvi‡Z cjøx Dbœqb Av‡›`vj‡bi Ab¨Zg
cw_K…Z| cÖ_‡gB cÖkœ I‡V, iæcvi PvgP gy‡L wb‡q hvui Rb¥, KjKvZv I we‡j‡Z hvui wkÿv, Rwg`vwi hvui †ckv, wZwb Kx K‡i
MÖv‡gi `wi`ª gvbyl‡`i mgm¨v wb‡q fve‡Zb Ges Gi mgvav‡bi Rb¨ bvbv cixÿv-wbixÿv K‡i‡Qb| G cÖkœ iex›`ªbv‡_i
RxeÏkv‡ZI D‡V‡Q| 1346 e½v‡ã evuKzovi GK Rbmfvq wZwb e‡jb :
†jv‡K A‡bK mgqB Avgvi m¤^‡Ü mgv‡jvPbv K‡i NiMov gZ wb‡q e‡j, ÒDwb †Zv abx-N‡ii †Q‡j| Bs‡iwR‡Z hv‡K e‡j,
iæ‡cvi Pvg‡P gy‡L wb‡q R‡b¥‡Qb| cjøx MÖv‡gi K_v Dwb Kx Rv‡bb|Ó Avwg ej‡Z cvwi, Avgvi †_‡K Kg Rv‡bb Zvuiv hvuiv Ggb
K_v e‡jb| Kx w`‡q Rv‡bb Zvuiv| Af¨v‡mi RoZvi wfZi w`‡q Rvbv wK hvq? h_v_© Rvbvq fv‡jvevmv| Kzuwoi g‡a¨ †h KxU
R‡b¥‡Q †m Rv‡b bv dzj‡K| Rv‡b, evB‡i †_‡K †h †c‡q‡Q Avb›`| Avgvi †h wbišÍi fv‡jvevmvi `„wó w`‡q Avwg cjøx MÖvg‡K
†`‡LwQ Zv‡ZB Zvi ü`‡qi Øvi Ly‡j wM‡q‡Q| AvR ej‡j AnsKv‡ii g‡Zv †kvbv‡e, Zey eje Avgv‡`i †`‡ki Lye Aí †jLKB
GB im‡ev‡ai †Pv‡L evsjv‡`k‡K †`‡L‡Qb|1
GKB cÖm‡½ 1300 e½v‡ã Ôcjøxi DbœwZÕ kxl©K GK e³…Zvq wZwb e‡jb—
MÖv‡gi DbœwZ m¤^‡Ü wKQz Av‡jvPbv Kie Avgvi Dci GB fvi| A‡b‡K AšÍZ g‡b g‡b Avgv‡K wRÁvmv Ki‡eb, ÒZzwg †K †n,
kn‡ii †cvl¨cyÎ, MÖv‡gi Lei Kx Rvb|Ó Avwg wKš‘ GLv‡b webq Ki‡Z cvie bv| MÖv‡gi †Kv‡j gvbyl n‡q evuke‡bi Qvqvq KvD‡K
Ly‡ov KvD‡K `v`v e‡j WvK‡jB †h MÖvg‡K m¤ú~Y© Rvbv hvq G K_v m¤ú~Y© gvb‡Z cvwi †b| †KejgvÎ Ajm wb‡ðó Ávb †Kv‡bv
Kv‡Ri wRwbm bq| †Kv‡bv D‡Ï‡k¨i ga¨ w`‡q Ávb‡K DËxY© K‡i wb‡q †M‡j Z‡eB †m Ávb h_v_© AwfÁZvq cwiYZ nq| Avwg
†mB iv¯Ív w`‡q wKwÂr cwigv‡Y AwfÁZv jvf K‡iwQ| Zvi cwigvY Aí n‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ ZeyI †mUv AwfÁZv, myZivs Zvi g~j¨
eûcwigvY Ajm Áv‡bi †P‡qI †ewk|2
iex›`ªbv‡_i m‡½ evsjv‡`‡ki cjøx A‡ji wbweo m¤úK© M‡o I‡V hLb wZwb •cZ…K Rwg`vwi ZË¡veavb Kivi Rb¨ KjKvZv
†Q‡o wkjvB`‡n wM‡q emevm ïiæ K‡ib| 1891 †_‡K 1901 cÖvq GK `kK a‡i wZwb wkjvB`‡n Ae¯’vb K‡i‡Qb Ges †mLv‡b
cjøx MÖv‡gi b`xc_ w`‡q b`xqv, ivRkvnx I cvebv †Rjvq Rwg`vwii wewfbœ KvPvwi‡Z hvZvqvZ K‡i‡Qb| ZLb †Lvjvg‡b Pvwl‡`i
m‡½ Pjv‡div K‡i‡Qb Ges Zv‡`i mgm¨v wb‡q wPšÍv K‡i‡Qb| MÖv‡g hviv Ae¯’vb KiwQj, Zv‡`i g‡b cÖ PwjZ e¨e¯’v m¤^‡Ü cÖkœ
wQj A‡bK Kg| iex›`ªbv_ †h‡nZz evB‡i †_‡K MÖv‡g wM‡q‡Qb, ZvB Zvi g‡b cÖkœ wQj A‡bK Ges Gme cÖ‡kœi Reve LyuR‡Z wM‡q
Zvu‡K cjøx A‡ji mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© A‡bK wPšÍvfvebv Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q| Z‡e cjøx AÂj m¤ú‡K© iex›`ªbv‡_i aviYv ïay Zvui
AwfÁZvi IciB cÖwZwôZ bq, Gi m‡½ hy³ n‡q‡Q cjøx A‡ji Mwie gvby‡li cÖwZ Zvui fv‡jvevmv| 1343 e½v‡ã
kvwšÍwb‡KZ‡b cjøx Dbœqb m¤ú‡K© GK mfvq ZvB wZwb e‡jb :
Avwg AfvRb, e³…Zv w`‡q ivóªg‡Â `vuwo‡q Me© cÖKvk Kievi g‡Zv Avgvi wKQz †bB| GKw`b †mB b`xc‡_ †h‡Z †h‡Z Amnvq
MÖvgevmx‡`i †h †Pnviv †`‡LwQ Zv Avwg fzj‡Z cvwi wb, ZvB AvR GLv‡b GB gnveª‡Zi Abyôvb K‡iwQ| Zvi ci G KvR GKvi
bq| GB Kg© eû †jvK‡K wb‡q| eû †jvK‡K wb‡q G‡K M‡o Zzj‡Z nq| mvwnZ¨-iPbv GKjvi wRwbm, mgv‡jvPbv Zvi `~i n‡ZI
P‡j| wKš‘ GB †h eªZ, GB †h K‡g©i Abyôvb, hv Avwg M‡o ZzjwQ, †h Kv‡Ri fvi Avwg MÖnY K‡iwQ—Zvi mgv‡jvPbv `~i n‡Z
P‡j bv| G‡K `i` w`‡q †`L‡Z nq, Abyfe Ki‡Z nq|3
iex›`ªbv_ cjøx A‡ji `vwi`ª¨ wb‡q AZ¨šÍ DwØMœ wQ‡jb| 1329 e½v‡ã wek¦fviZx m‡¤§j‡b wZwb e‡jb :
Avwg †h cjøxi K_v Rvwb †mLv‡b me©`v wbivb‡›`i AvenvIqv eB‡Q; †mLv‡b gb cywóKi I ¯^v¯’¨Ki †Lviv‡Ki Øviv m‡ZR n‡Z
cvi‡Q bv| Kv‡RB bvbv D‡ËRbv I `ybx© wZ‡Z †jv‡Ki gb wbhy³ _v‡K| gb hw` K_KZv c~Rv-cve©Y ivgvqYMvb cÖf…wZ wb‡q m‡Pó
_v‡K Z‡e Zv‡Z K‡i Zvi Avb›`i‡mi wbZ¨ †RvMvb nq wKš‘ GLb †m-mK‡ji e¨e¯’v †bB, ZvB gb wbišÍi Dcevmx _v‡K Ges
Zvi K¬vwšÍ `~i Kievi Rb¨ gvbwmK gËZvi `iKvi n‡q c‡o| g‡b Ki‡eb bv †h, Rei`w¯Í K‡i, ag© Dc‡`k w`‡q GB Dfqiƒc
g` eÜ Kiv hv‡e| wP‡Ëi g~j‡`‡k AvZ¥v †hLv‡b ÿzwaZ n‡q gi‡Z e‡m‡Q †mB †MvovKvi `ye©jZvi g‡a¨B hZ Mj` i‡q‡Q, ZvB
evB‡iI bvbv †ivM †`Lv w`‡”Q| cjøxMÖvg wPË I †`‡ni Lv`¨ †_‡K AvR ewÂZ n‡q‡Q, †mLv‡b GB Dfq Lv‡`¨i mieivn Ki‡Z
n‡e|4
iex›`ªbv_ ïay cjøx Dbœqb m¤^‡Ü wPšÍv K‡ibwb I e³…Zv †`bwb| wZwb cjøx Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ cÖKí MÖnY K‡i‡Qb Ges ev¯Íevqb
K‡i‡Qb| wZwb g‡b Ki‡Zb, cjøx Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡gB fvi‡Zi RvZxq mgm¨vi mgvavb m¤¢e| 1338 e½v‡ã gqgbwms‡ni
Rbmvavi‡Yi Awfb›`‡bi Dˇi wZwb e‡jb :
 cÖv‡Yi †ÿÎ †hLv‡b, RvwZ †hLv‡b Rb¥jvf K‡i‡Q, mgv‡Ri e¨e¯’v nq †hLv‡b, †mB cjøxi cÖvY‡K cÖKvwkZ K‡iv—Zv n‡jB Avwg
wek¦vm Kwi mg¯Í mgm¨v `~i n‡e| hLb †Kv‡bv †ivMxi Mv‡q e¨_v, †dvov cÖf…wZ bvbv iK‡gi jÿY †`Lv hvq ZLb †iv‡Mi
cÖ‡Z¨KwU jÿY‡K G‡K G‡K `~i Kiv hvq bv|5
Z‡e iex›`ªbv_ wek¦vm Ki‡Zb cjøx Dbœqb m¤ú‡K© •eÁvwbK M‡elYvi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q| ZvB wZwb wek¦fviZx‡Z kÖxwb‡KZb cÖwZôv
K‡ib Ges bvbv ai‡bi wbixÿvi ev¯Íevqb K‡ib|
iex›`ªbv‡_i cjøx Dbœqb m¤úwK©Z Kvh©Kjvcmg~n‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| cÖ_g fv‡M cjøx Dbœqb m¤ú‡K© †hme
wPivPwiZ D‡`¨vM †bIqv nw”Qj, †m¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e Ges wØZxq ch©v‡q iex›`ªbv_ cjøx Dbœqb m¤ú‡K© †hme
e¨wZµgag©x D‡`¨vM wb‡qwQ‡jb, †m¸‡jv we‡kølY Kiv n‡e| Z‡e evsjvi †ewki fvM Rwg`viB cjøx Dbœq‡b Av‡`․ Drmvnx wQ‡jb
bv| Zvuiv g‡b Ki‡Zb, MÖvg msMVb kw³kvjx n‡j Zv‡`i kw³ K‡g hv‡e| K…wl Drcv`b evo‡j K…lK‡`i wbqš¿Y Kiv m¤¢e n‡e
bv| ZvB cjøx Dbœq‡b Rwg`vi‡`i †Kv‡bv AvMÖn wQj bv| Z‡e iex›`ªbv‡_i Rwg`vwi m¤ú‡K© aviYv evsjvi Ab¨ Rwg`vi‡`i
aviYvi †P‡q wfbœ wQj| iex›`ªbv_ g‡b Ki‡Zb, †`‡k K…wl Drcv`b evo‡j ïay K…l‡KivB DcK…Z n‡e bv, Rwg`viivI DcK…Z
n‡e| K…lK‡`i wbqš¿Y Ki‡j Rwg`vwii `xN© †gqv‡` jvf n‡e bv| ZvB iex›`ªbv‡_i `„wófw½ Ab¨ Rwg`vi‡`i †P‡q wfbœ wQj|
cjøx Dbœq‡b wPivPwiZ D‡`¨vM
Ebwesk kZvãxi †kl w`‡K Ges wesk kZvãx‡Z fviZe‡l© Bs‡iR kvmK Ges RvZxqZvev`x kw³mg~n Df‡qB wek¦vm KiZ †h
cjøx Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ `ywU cÖwZôvb‡K kw³kvjx Ki‡Z n‡e| GKwU cÖwZôvb n‡jv MÖvgxY msMVb| MÖvgxY msMV‡bi gva¨‡g
AeKvVv‡gvi Dbœqb Ki‡Z n‡e, gvgjv-†gvKÏgvi mgvavb Ki‡Z n‡e Ges MÖv‡g AvBb-k„•Ljv iÿvi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| K…wl
Drcv`b evov‡bvi Rb¨ M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e mgevq cÖwZôvb| Giv K…lK‡`i FY †`‡e Ges DbœZ Pvlvev` wkÿvi e¨e¯’v Ki‡e| Gi
d‡j MÖv‡g K…wli Drcv`b evo‡e|
iex›`ªbv_ I MÖvgmgvR : iex›`ªbv_ evsjv‡`k‡K ÔMÖvgcÖwZwôZ K…wlcÖavbÕ6 †`k wn‡m‡e eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| cÖvPxbKvj †_‡K
fviZe‡l©i gvby‡liv MÖv‡g emevm K‡i Avm‡Q| G MÖv‡gi msMVb¸‡jv we‡`wk kvm‡bi d‡j `ye©j n‡q hvq| Gme cÖwZôvb‡K
kw³kvjx Kivi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q, G K_v weªwUk cÖkvm‡Kiv g‡b Ki‡Zb Ges fvi‡Zi RvZxqZvev`x †bZvivI g‡b Ki‡Zb|
iex›`ªbv_I GB g‡Zi m‡½ GKgZ wQ‡jb| GB cÖm‡½ iex›`ªbv_ evsjvi hyeK‡`i AvnŸvb Rvwb‡q GKwU cÖe‡Ü †j‡Lb—
†Zvgiv †h cvi Ges †hLv‡b cvi GK GKwU MÖv‡gi fvi MÖnY Kwiqv †mLv‡b wMqv AvkÖq jI| MÖvg¸wj‡K e¨e¯’ve× K‡iv| wkÿv
`vI, K…wlwkí I MÖv‡gi e¨envimvgMÖx m¤^‡Ü b~Zb †Póv cÖewZ©Z K‡iv; MÖvgevmx‡`i evm¯’vb hvnv‡Z cwi”Qbœ ¯^v¯’¨Ki I my›`i nq
Zvnv‡`i g‡a¨ †mB Drmvn mÂvi K‡iv, Ges hvnv‡Z Zvnviv wb‡Riv mg‡eZ nBqv MÖv‡gi mg¯Í KZ©e¨ m¤úbœ K‡i †mBiƒc wewa
D™¢vweZ K‡iv| GB K‡g© L¨vwZi Avkv Kwi‡qv bv; GgbwK MÖvgevmx‡`i wbKU nB‡Z K…ZÁZvi cwie‡Z© evav I Awek¦vm ¯^xKvi
Kwi‡Z nB‡e| Bnv‡Z †Kv‡bv D‡ËRbv bvB, †Kv‡bv we‡iva bvB, †Kv‡bv †NvlYv bvB; †Kej •ah© Ges †cÖg, wbf…‡Z Zcm¨v—g‡bi
g‡a¨ †Kej GB GKwUgvÎ cY †h, †`‡ki g‡a¨ mK‡ji †P‡q hvnviv `ytLx Zvnv‡`i `yt‡Li fvM jBqv †mB `yt‡Li g~jMZ cÖwZKvi
mvab Kwi‡Z mg¯Í Rxeb mgc©Y Kwi‡e|
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖwfb&k¨vj Kbdv‡iÝ hw` evsjvi †Rjvq †Rjvq GBiƒc cÖv‡`wkK mfv ¯’vcb Kwiqv Zvnv‡K †cvlY Kwiqv Zzwjevi
fvi MÖnY K‡ib, Ges GB cÖv‡`wkK mfv¸wj MÖv‡g cjøx‡Z Avcb djevb I QvqvcÖ` kvLv cÖkvLv we¯ÍvwiZ Kwiqv †`b, Z‡eB
¯^‡`‡ki cÖwZ Avgv‡`i mZ¨ AwaKvi Rwb¥‡e Ges ¯^‡`‡ki me©v½ nB‡Z bvbv agbx‡hv‡M RxebmÂv‡ii e‡j Kb‡MÖm †`‡ki
¯ú›`gvb-ürwcÐ-¯^iƒc gg©c`v_© nBqv fviZe‡l©i e‡ÿi g‡a¨ evm Kwi‡e|7
iex›`ªbv_ wb‡R Zvui Rwg`vwi‡Z MÖv‡gvbœq‡bi D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb wkjvB`n, cwZmi I kvnRv`cy‡ii Rwg`vwi‡Z
gÐjxcÖ_vi cÖeZ©b K‡ib| iex›`ªbv_ G‡KKwU ciMbvi Rwg`vwi‡K K‡qKwU gÐjx‡Z fvM K‡i †`b| cÖ‡Z¨K gÐjx‡Z PviRb mf¨
_vK‡Zb, hvi g‡a¨ `yRb n‡Zb gymjgvb, `yRb wn›`y| GB gÐjx MÖvgmfvi KvR KiZ| Zviv MÖv‡gi mgm¨v mgvavb KiZ Ges
MÖv‡gvbœq‡bi Kg©m~wP MÖnY KiZ| GB gÐjx mfv MÖvgv‡ji gvbyl‡`i g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv SMov-weev` n‡j Zvi gxgvsmv KiZ| GB
gÐjx mfv Kivi Av‡M Gme SMov-weev‡`i gxgvsmvi Rb¨ nq Rwg`v‡ii Kv‡Q †h‡Z n‡Zv A_ev weªwUk cÖewZ©Z Av`vj‡Zi Kv‡Q
†h‡Z n‡Zv| MÖv‡gi gÐjxi wm×v‡šÍi weiæ‡× Rwg`v‡ii Kv‡Q Avwcj Kivi cÖ_vI iex›`ªbv_ cÖeZ©b K‡ib| iex›`ªbv‡_i †Q‡j
i_x›`ªbv_ VvKzi G cÖm‡½ wj‡L‡Qb :
Avgv‡`i Rwg`vwii g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv weev` wb‡q cÖRviv Av`vj‡Z KL‡bv †hZ bv| evev cÖRv‡`i ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ weev` †gUvevi GKUv
c×wZ cÖPjb K‡iwQ‡jb| cÖ‡Z¨K MÖv‡g evwm›`viv Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ †_‡K GKRb cÖavb g‡bvbxZ KiZ| Aí¯^í SMovSvuwU
MÖvg-cÖavbivB wgwU‡q w`Z| gvivgvwi ev RwgRgv wb‡q gKÏgv †hZ cÂcÖav‡bi Kv‡Q wePv‡ii Rb¨| †kl Avwcj wQj ¯^qs
 Rwg`v‡ii Kv‡Q| Kg©Pvix‡`i wePv‡ii †Kv‡bv AwaKvi wQj bv| evev GB e¨e¯’v cÖPjb Kivi ci Zv eûKvj a‡i PjwQj—
cÖRvivI Lywk n‡q †g‡b wb‡qwQj, miKvwi Av`vj‡Z Gi †P‡q mywePvi cv‡e Zviv wek¦vm KiZ bv| wePv‡ii Amš‘ó n‡q †Kv‡bv cÿ
Av`vj‡Z wM‡q bvwjk Ki‡j MÖvgevmxiv Zv‡K mgvRPz¨Z K‡i kvw¯Í w`Z| GB wePvic×wZ‡Z cÖRviv mš‘ó wQj Zvi Av‡iv GKwU
KviY—Ah_v gvgjv-gKÏgvi LiP †_‡K Zviv †eu‡P †hZ| [...]8
GB Kvh©µg cÖeZ©‡bi ci †`Lv †Mj wkjvB`‡ni Avkcv‡k cÖRv‡`i g‡a¨ HK¨ †bB| Kv‡RB IB A‡j GB Kg©m~wP ¯’wMZ Kiv
nq| ïay KvjxMÖvg ciMbv‡Z GB Kg©m~wP‡K GwM‡q †bIqvi D‡`¨vM MÖnY Kiv nq| Kv‡RB myweavi Rb¨ KvjxMÖvg ciMbv‡K wZbwU
fv‡M fvM Kiv nq| cÖRviv †¯^”Qvq Gi Rb¨ GKwU Ki w`‡Z ivwR n‡jv| LvRbv Av`v‡qi mgq cÖwZ 1 UvKvq 1 Avbv K‡i cÖRviv
Pvu`v w`Z| GB Pvu`vi UvKvq A‣eZwbK cvVkvjv Pvjy Kiv nq| wPwKrmvj‡qi e¨e¯’v Kiv nq Ges eqbwkí †kLv‡bvi Rb¨ GKRb
fv‡jv ZvuwZ‡K wb‡qvM †`Iqv nq| wKš‘ †`Lv †Mj, gnvRb‡`i FY †_‡K cÖRv‡`i gy³ bv Kiv †M‡j Zv‡`i Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b n‡e
bv| cwZm‡iI †kl ch©šÍ gÐjxcÖ_v wU‡K _v‡Kwb|
MÖvg msMVb‡K e¨envi K‡i Dbœq‡bi D‡`¨vM ïay iex›`ªbv_B †bbwb, fvi‡Zi me©Î G ai‡bi D‡`¨vM †bIqv nq| evsjv‡`‡k
1975 †_‡K 1982 mvj ch©šÍ iv‡óªi D‡`¨v‡M ¯^wbf©i MÖvg miKvi Pvjy Kiv nq| wKš‘ G cÖ‡Póv G‡Kev‡iB e¨_© nq| MÖvg miKvi
eskvbyµwgK †bZv‡`i wb‡q MwVZ nqwb, MwVZ n‡qwQj miKv‡ii g‡bvbxZ e¨w³‡`i wb‡q| Gi d‡j GwU GKwU `jxq msMV‡b
cwiYZ nq Ges evsjv‡`‡k cieZ©xKv‡j GB D‡`¨vM cwiZ¨³ nq|
hvuiv MÖvgxY msMV‡bi gva¨‡g cjøx Dbœq‡b wek¦vm Ki‡Zb, Zvuiv g‡b Ki‡Zb †h, fvi‡Z me©Î Avw`Kvj †_‡K kw³kvjx MÖvgxY
msMVb wQj|
GwU GKwU fzj aviYv| fvi‡Z me©Î GKB ai‡bi MÖvg wQj bv Ges MÖvgxY msMV‡bi Kvh©KvwiZv wewfbœ A‡j wfbœ wQj| 1871
mv‡j evsjvq hLb cÖ_g Av`gïgvwi AbywôZ nq, ZLb †`Lv hvq c~e© evsjvq MÖvg¸‡jv evsjvi cwðg A‡ji MÖvg †_‡K wfbœ| G
m¤ú‡K© evsjvi Av`gïgvwii ZË¡veavqK †nbwi †efviwj wj‡L‡Qb :
Villages in Bengal proper are scattered about to a degree unknown in northern India and there is almost a total
absence of communal organization and empathy. 9
evsjvi cwðgv‡ji A‡bK MÖvg wQj, †h¸‡jv DËi fvi‡Zi MÖv‡gi Av`‡j M‡o D‡VwQj| Gme MÖv‡gi cÖkvmwbK `vwqZ¡ wQj,
A_©‣bwZK `vwqZ¡ wQj Ges mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ wQj| DËi I `wÿY fvi‡Z cÖwZwU MÖv‡gB cÖwZwbwa ¯’vbxq MÖvg miKvi wQj, hviv f‚wg
ivR¯^ Av`vq KiZ, Abvevw` Rwgi e¨e¯’vcbv KiZ Ges AvBbk„•Ljv eRvq ivLZ| Z‡e c~e© evsjv A‡j (hv eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`k
bv‡g cwiwPZ) G ai‡bi MÖv‡gi msL¨v LyeB Kg| GLv‡b mviv MÖv‡gi gvby‡li g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv cÖkvmwbK eÜb M‡o I‡Vwb| ZvB
GLv‡b eZ©gv‡b MÖvgxY msMVb †bB| wØZxqZ, DËi fvi‡Zi cÖwZwU MÖvg A_©‣bwZKfv‡e ¯^q¤¢i wQj, cÖwZwU MÖv‡g ¯’vqx evwm›`v
wn‡m‡e GK`j KvwiMi I PvKievKi‡K MÖv‡g ¯’vqxfv‡e emevm Kivi e¨e¯’v Kiv n‡Zv| G ai‡bi MÖvg mvaviYZ eo MÖvg nq|
c~e© evsjvq †ewki fvM MÖvg wQj †QvU †QvU| Kv‡RB evsjvq MÖvg ¯^q¤¢i n‡q I‡Vwb| Z…ZxqZ, c„w_exi me †`‡kB MÖv‡gi mvgvwRK
`vwqZ¡ _v‡K| evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgI g~jZ mvgvwRK msMVb|
b„ZË¡we‡`iv MÖvg‡K `yfv‡M fvM K‡ib : (1) Db¥y³ MÖvg I (2) cÖvwZôvwbKfv‡e msNe× MÖvg| GKwU Db¥y³ MÖv‡gi •ewk‡ó¨i g‡a¨
i‡q‡Q ÒivR¯^ cwi‡kv‡ai †ÿ‡Î e¨w³MZ `vq-`vwqZ¡, MÖvg I ewnwe©‡k¦i mxgvbvi A¯úóZv, Rwgi gvwjKvbvi †ÿ‡Î wKQz wKQz
wbqš¿Y ev wbqš¿Yk~b¨Zv, MÖv‡gi m`m¨c` Ges e¨w³MZ gvwjKvbvaxb Rwgi aviYvi A¯úóZv|Ó Ab¨w`‡K cÖvwZôvwbKfv‡e
msNe×fv‡e MÖvg n‡”Q : GKwU e× msMVb, Zv‡Z Av‡Q ÒivR¯^ cwi‡kv‡ai †ÿ‡Î †h․_ `vwqZ¡, MÖvg I ewnwe©‡k¦i mv‡_ my¯úó
mxgvbv, Rwgi gvwjKvbvi Ici wbqš¿Y, MÖv‡gi m`m¨c‡`i mywba©vwiZ aviYv Ges Zvi mv‡_ mswkøó MÖv‡gi gvwjKvbvaxb Rwg|Ó10
c~e© evsjvq Ges cwðg evsjvi A‡bK AÂjB †ewki fvM MÖvg wQj Db¥y³| G ai‡bi MÖv‡g †bZ…Z¡ AZ¨šÍ wkw_j _v‡K| Kv‡RB G
ai‡bi MÖv‡g MÖvgxY msMVb e¨envi K‡i Dbœqb Kg©KvÐ mvd‡j¨i m‡½ cwiPvjbv Kiv m¤¢e bq| A_P ZLb †ewki fvM we‡`wk
cÖkvmK I RvZxqZvev`x ivRbxwZwe` g‡b Ki‡Zb †h MÖvg‡K kw³kvjx Ki‡jB mvaviY gvby‡li fv‡M¨i cwieZ©b Kiv m¤¢e|
iex›`ªbv_ MÖvgxY msMV‡bi gva¨‡g MÖvgevmxi mgm¨v mgvav‡b wek¦vm Ki‡jI wZwb eyS‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb †h evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgmg~‡n
mvgvwRK eÜb AZ¨šÍ wkw_j| wZwb G K_vI †g‡b †bb †h Avgv‡`i MÖvg¸‡jvi ¯^vej¤^‡bi kw³ ÿxY n‡q †M‡Q| ZvB MÖv‡gi
†jv‡Kiv mevi Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ e¨e¯’v wb‡Z ivwR nq bv| G cÖm‡½ 1346 e½v‡ã ÔkÖxwb‡KZ‡bi BwZnvm I Av`k©Õ kxl©K cÖe‡Ü
wZwb wb¤œwjwLZ `ywU bwRi D‡jøL K‡ib :
 Avgvi Rwg`vwi‡Z b`x eû`~‡i wQj, RjK‡ói AšÍ wQj bv| Avwg cÖRv‡`i ejjyg, Ô†Zviv Kz‡qv Lyu‡o †`, Avwg evuwa‡q †`e|Õ Zviv
ej‡j, ÔG †h gv‡Qi †Z‡j gvQ fvRevi e¨e¯’v n‡”Q| Avgiv Kz‡qv Lyu‡o w`‡j, Avcwb ¯^‡M© wM‡q Rj`v‡bi cyY¨dj Av`vq Ki‡eb
Avgv‡`i cwikÖ‡g!Õ Avwg ejjyg, ÔZ‡e Avwg wKQzB †`e bv|Õ G‡`i g‡bi fve GB †h Ô¯^‡M© Gi Rgv-Li‡Pi wnmve ivLv n‡”Q Bwb
cv‡eb AbšÍ cyY¨, eªþ‡jvK ev weòz‡jv‡K P‡j hv‡eb, Avi Avgiv mvgvb¨ Rj gvÎ cve!Õ
Avi GKwU `„óvšÍ w`B| Avgv‡`i KvQvwi †_‡K Kzwóqv ch©šÍ DuPz K‡i iv¯Ív evwb‡q w`‡qwQjyg| iv¯Ívi cv‡k †hme MÖvg Zvi †jvK‡`i
ejjyg, Ôiv¯Ív iÿv Kievi `vwqZ¡ †Zvgv‡`i|Õ Zviv †hLv‡b iv¯Ív cvi nq †mLv‡b †Mviæi Mvwoi PvKvq iv¯Ív †f‡O hvq, el©vKv‡j
`yM©g nq| Avwg ejyg, Ôiv¯Ívq †h Lv` nq Zvi R‡b¨ †ZvgivB `vqx, †Zvgiv mK‡j wg‡j mn‡RB ILvbUv wVK K‡i w`‡Z cv‡iv|Õ
Zviv Reve w`‡j, Ôevt, Avgiv iv¯Ív K‡i †`e Avi Kzwóqv †_‡K evey‡`i hvZvqv‡Zi myweav n‡e!Õ Ac‡ii wKQz myweav nq G Zv‡`i
mn¨ nq bv| Zvi †P‡q Zviv wb‡Riv Kó‡fvM K‡i †mI fv‡jv| G‡`i fv‡jv Kiv e‡ov KwVb|11
G ai‡bi mgv‡R MÖv‡gi AwfRv‡Ziv MÖv‡gi †bZ…Z¡ KzwÿMZ K‡i| AwfRvZ‡`i Avw_©K ¯^v”Q›`¨ M‡o I‡V Zv‡`i mvaviY gvbyl‡K
†kvlY Kivi ÿgZvi Ici| myZivs MÖv‡gi `vwqZ¡ evo‡j MÖv‡gi AwfRv‡Ziv ev hv‡`i iex›`ªbv_ ÔivqZ-Lv`KÕ e‡j‡Qb, Zv‡`i
cÖwZcwË evo‡e| Avi mvaviY gvby‡li AwaKvi ÿzYœ n‡e| Kv‡RB ïay MÖvg‡K kw³kvjx Ki‡j cwiw¯’wZi †Kv‡bv DbœwZ n‡e bv|
iex›`ªbv_ GKmgq MÖvg‡K †K›`ª K‡i Zvui Rwg`vwii g‡a¨ ¯^‡`wk mgvR M‡o †Zvjvi cwiKíbv K‡iwQ‡jb| wKš‘ †Mvuov wn›`ymgvR
I ivRbxwZwe`‡`i we‡ivwaZvi Rb¨ Zvui G cwiKíbvi Acg„Zy¨ N‡U|12
iex›`ªbv_ I mgevq : fviZe‡l© mgevq Av‡›`vj‡bi m~Pbv K‡ib weªwUk cÖkvm‡Kiv| Jcwb‡ewkK miKvi `ywf©ÿcxwoZ I gnvRb
†kvwlZ fviZe‡l©i cÖRv‡`i DbœwZi Rb¨ mgevq c×wZ m¤úÖmvi‡Yi e¨e¯’v K‡ib| mgevq AvBb nIqvi Av‡MB iex›`ªbv_ 1894
mv‡j wkjvB`‡n GKwU ÔK…wl e¨vsKÕ cÖwZôv K‡ib| Z‡e G e¨vsKwU Lye †ewk w`b †U‡Kwb| 1905 mv‡j wZwb cwZm‡i Av‡iKwU
ÔK…wl e¨vsKÕ ¯’vcb K‡ib| G `ywU K…wl e¨vs‡Ki GKwUI mgevq AvB‡b wbewÜZ nqwb| K…wl e¨vs‡Ki g~j D‡Ïk¨ wQj K…lK‡`i
gnvR‡bi nvZ †_‡K iÿv Kiv| hLbB †Kv‡bv cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡M dmjnvwb n‡Zv, ZLb K…l‡Kiv gnvRb‡`i KvQ †_‡K Pov my‡`
FY wbZ| G ai‡bi FY Zv‡`i c‡ÿ cwi‡kva Kiv Am¤¢e n‡q `vuovZ| F‡Yi `v‡q G‡`i A‡bK‡KB RvqMvRwg Ges Nievwo
wewµ K‡i me©¯v^ šÍ n‡Z n‡Zv| K…wl e¨vs‡Ki my` gnvRb‡`i my‡`i nv‡ii †P‡q A‡bK Kg wQj| Kv‡RB K…lK‡`i c‡ÿ †mUv
cwi‡kva Kiv m¤¢e wQj|
evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki mv‡eK Mfb©i W. AvwZDi ingvb Rvbv‡”Qb, Òiex›`ªbv‡_i K…wl e¨vs‡Ki F‡Yi my‡`i nvi wQj 12 kZvsk|
Avi hvuiv AvgvbZ ivL‡Zb, Zv‡`i 9 kZvsk nv‡i my` †`Iqv n‡Zv|Ó13 cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q cwZm‡i K…wl e¨vsK mvdj¨ AR©b
K‡iwQj| K…l‡Kiv K…wl e¨vsK †_‡K mnR k‡Z© FY cvIqv‡Z Zviv gnvRb‡`i KvQ †_‡K bZzb FY MÖnY eÜ K‡i †`q| Gi d‡j
ZLb bvwK A‡bK gnvRb cwZmi AÂj †_‡K Zv‡`i Kvh©Kjvc Ab¨Î mwi‡q wb‡q hvq| Z‡e iex›`ªbv‡_i K…wl e¨vsK `ywU KZUzKz
mdj n‡qwQj, G m¤ú‡K© m‡›`n i‡q‡Q| m‡›`‡ni cÖ_g KviY n‡jv ïay FY w`‡jB K…wl Drcv`b evov‡bv m¤¢e nq bq| K…wl
e¨vs‡Ki F‡Yi d‡j ZvB Pvwl‡`i Drcv`bÿgZv D‡jøL‡hvM¨fv‡e ev‡owb| hLbB †Kv‡bv cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM G‡m‡Q, ZLbB Zviv
FY‡Ljvwc n‡q `vuwo‡q‡Q| ZvB GB e¨vsK Avw_©K w`K †_‡K †gv‡UI mdj nqwb| 1905 mv‡j K…wl e¨vsK cÖwZôv Kivi Rb¨
wZwb eÜzevÜe Ges AvZ¥xq¯^Rb‡`i KvQ †_‡K FY †bb| GB A‡_© K…wl e¨vs‡Ki Pvwn`v †gUv‡bv m¤¢e wQj bv| 1913 mv‡j
iex›`ªbv_ †bv‡ej cyi¯‥vi cvb| hvi cwigvY wQj cÖvq 1 †KvwU 80 jvL UvKv| wZwb AwmqZ K‡ib †h G UvKv LvwU‡q †h gybvdv
AwR©Z n‡e, Zv w`‡q cwZm‡i ¯‥zj Pvjv‡bv n‡e| ¯‥z‡ji cÿ †_‡K G A_© cwZmi K…wl e¨vs‡K Rgv †`Iqv nq| Avkv Kiv
n‡qwQj, K…wl e¨vsK †h my` †`‡e, †m A_© w`‡q ¯‥zj Pvjv‡bv n‡e| wKš‘ †`Lv †Mj, K…wl e¨vsK ¯‥zj‡K my` cwi‡kva Ki‡Z cviwQj
bv| K…wl e¨vsK ZvB iex›`ªbv‡_i Rb¨ GKwU `vq n‡q I‡V| G cÖm‡½ 1914 mv‡j cÖg_ †P․ayix‡K GKwU wPwV‡Z iex›`ªbv_ †j‡Lb
:
e¨vsK m¤^‡Ü Avgvi g‡b D‡ØM Av‡Q| I‡Z we`¨vj‡qi UvKv †X‡jwQ| my‡ib wK¤^v i_x hw` hLb Lywm Ii †_‡K UvKv draw K‡i
Zvn‡j Avwg ILv‡b UvKv ivLv †Kv‡bvg‡ZB wbivc` g‡b Kwi †b| ILvb †_‡K UvKv †hgwb KjKvZvq Av‡m Agwb hw` †mUv Iiv
wb‡q †bq Zvn‡j †mUv ¸iæZi ÿwZi KviY nq| my` Z gviv hvq Zvi Dc‡i e¨vsK‡K c½y Kiv nq| [...] e¨vsKUv‡K GKUv
K¤úvwb‡Z cwiYZ Kievi K_v wQj, †`vnvB †Zvgvi †mB‡U hZ kxNª cvi K‡i bvI| [...] Avgvi eB‡qi wKQz UvKv e¨vs‡K LvUwQj bv
e‡j my‡ib wb‡Ri wnmv‡e avi wb‡qwQj ZLb my‡ib e‡jwQj hLb e¨vs‡K `iKvi n‡e ZLb I UvKvUv †`‡e| [...] wKš‘ AvR wK nj
†`L| G‡K Z e¨vs‡Ki wiRvf© UvKv wb‡j Zvi Dc‡i †mUv †kva Kievi †ejvq †di e¨vs‡KiB UvKv fvO‡Z nj| [...] Avwg i_x‡K
e‡j †`e †m †hb Agb K‡i e¨vs‡Ki UvKvq nvZ bv †`q wKš‘ DwPZ n‡”P †Zvgvi G m¤^‡Ü k³ nIqv| [...] we`¨vj‡qi B›Uv‡ió hw`
bv _vKZ Zvn‡j e¨vsK †`D‡j n‡q †M‡jI Avwg K_v KBZvg bv| [...] wKš‘ B¯‥zj Z Avgv‡`i msmv‡ii bv, Avgvi wb‡RiI bv| Ii
fwel¨‡Zi m½wZ‡K †jkgvÎ m¼Uvcbœ Ki‡Z cvie bv| ZvB ejwQ, hZ kxNª cvi IUv‡K Joint stock K¤úvwb K‡i †Zv‡jv| Zv
 hw` m¤¢e bv nq Zv n‡j Av‡M Avwg Avgvi B¯‥z‡ji UvKvUv Zz‡j wbB Zvi c‡i e¨vs‡Ki evwK UvKv †hfv‡eB e¨envi Kiv †nvK
Avwg wKQzgvÎ AvcwË Kie bv—†m i_x Ges my‡i‡bi m¤úwË, Avgvi bq|14
Ic‡ii cÎwU †_‡K †`Lv hv‡”Q †h cwZmi K…wl e¨vsK GKwU e¨w³gvwjKvbvaxb cÖwZôvb wQj| cwZmi Rwg`vwi‡Z ZL‡bv
iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii eo fvB m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii Ask wQj| ZvB Zvui †Q‡j my‡i›`ªbv_ VvKzi G e¨vsK †_‡K UvKv Zz‡j wb‡q Zvui
e¨emvi †jvKmvb mvgvj †`Iqvi †Póv KiwQ‡jb| Gi d‡j e¨vs‡K A_©vfve †`Lv †`q Ges e¨vs‡Ki Avq K‡g hvq| iex›`ªbv_
†bv‡ej cyi¯‥v‡ii A_© `vb K‡i Avkv K‡iwQ‡jb †h cwZmi ¯‥z‡ji Rb¨ G A‡_©i Avq e¨eüZ n‡e| wKš‘ e¨vsK jvfRbK bv
nIqv‡Z GKw`‡K e¨vs‡Ki Rb¨ iex›`ªbv‡_i A‡_©i e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q, Ab¨w`‡K ¯‥z‡ji Rb¨I A‡_©i ms¯’vb Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q|
iex›`ªbv_ †h e¨vsK cÖwZôv K‡iwQ‡jb, †m e¨vsK AvaywbK A‡_© mgevq e¨vsK wQj bv| †m e¨vsK cÖvPxb fviZxq ms¯‥…wZi msÁv
Abymv‡i mgevq e¨vsK wQj| G cÖm‡½ wZwb wj‡L‡Qb :
Avgv‡`i †`‡k GKw`b wQj abxi a‡bi Dci mgv‡Ri `vwe| abx Zvi a‡bi `vwqZ¡ †jvKg‡Zi cÖfv‡e ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z eva¨ nZ|
Zv‡Z ZLbKvi w`‡b KvR P‡j‡Q, mgvR †eu‡P‡Q| wKš‘ †mB `vb`vwÿ‡Y¨i cÖ_v _vKv‡Z mvaviY †jv‡K AvZ¥ek n‡Z wkL‡Z cv‡i
wb| Zviv Abyfe K‡i wb †h, MÖv‡gi Abœ I Rj, wkÿv I ¯^v¯’¨, ag© I Avb›` Zv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki ïf-B”Qvi mgev‡qi Dc‡iB wbf©i
K‡i| †mB Kvi‡YB AvR hLb Avgv‡`i mgvRbxwZi cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q, a‡bi †fvM hLb GKvšÍ e¨w³MZ nj, a‡bi `vwqZ¡ hLb
†jvKwn‡Z mnR fv‡e wbhy³ bq, ZLb †jvK Avcb wnZmvab Ki‡Z m¤ú~Y© Aÿg n‡q‡Q|15
AvR‡Ki abxiv kn‡i _v‡K, Zviv †fv‡M wek¦vm K‡i| Zv‡`i weË Zviv mvaviY †jv‡Ki Kv‡R e¨envi Ki‡Z w`‡Z ivwR bq|
AvR‡Ki mgv‡R ab-•elg¨ A‡bK cÖKU n‡q‡Q| G mgv‡R hviv abx, Zviv AviI eo‡jvK n‡Z Pvq| G‡Z Mwi‡ei Kx Amyweav
n‡e, †mUv wb‡q Zv‡`i †Kv‡bv gv_ve¨_v †bB| GB cwiw¯’wZ‡KB iex›`ªbv_ KweZvq eY©bv K‡i‡Qb :
G RM‡Z nvq †mB †ewk Pvq Av‡Q hvi f‚wi f‚wi
ivRvi n¯Í K‡i mg¯Í KvOv‡ji ab Pzwi
†h mgv‡R •elg¨ cÖKU, †m mgv‡R mgevq Av‡›`vjb KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †m ai‡bi mgv‡R hvuiv abx I weËkvjx, ZvuivB mgevq
Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZ…Z¡ MÖnY K‡ib Ges mgev‡qi me mydj †fvM K‡i †bb| mgevq Av‡›`vjb †mLv‡bB KvR K‡i, †hLv‡b me m`m¨
A_©‣bwZK w`K †_‡K GKB ch©v‡qi| G ai‡bi †jv‡Kiv msMwVZ n‡q mgevq jÿ¨ AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| †m Rb¨ c„w_exi me †`‡k
mgevq Av‡›`vjb KvR K‡i bv| iex›`ªbv‡_i g‡bI mgevq Av‡›`vjb wb‡q cÖkœ †R‡M‡Q| †Wbgv‡K©i mgevq Av‡›`vjb‡K
wecyjfv‡e mdj e‡j MY¨ Kiv n‡Zv, KviY mgev‡qi gva¨‡g †mLv‡b `y»RvZ Lvgvi A_©‣bwZK w`K w`‡q AZ¨šÍ mdj nq| wKš‘
iex›`ªbv_ G g‡Zi m‡½ GKgZ wQ‡jb bv| †Wbgv‡K©i mgevq AwfÁZv m¤ú‡K© wZwb e‡j‡Qb :
Avgvi c~e©eZ©x e³v †Wbgv‡K©i D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ GKwU K_v wZwb fz‡j‡Qb, fviZe‡l©i Ae¯’v I †Wbgv‡K©i Ae¯’v wVK mgvb
bq| †WbgvK© AvR dairy farm-G †h DbœwZ K‡i‡Q Zvi g~‡j ïay mgevq bq; †mLvbKvi Me‡g©‡›Ui B”Qvq I †Póvq dairy farm-
Gi DbœwZi Rb¨ cÖRvmvavi‡Yi wkÿvi e¨vcK e¨e¯’v n‡q‡Q| †Wbgv‡K©i g‡Zv ¯^vaxb †`‡kB miKv‡ii Zid †_‡K mvaviY‡K
Ggb mvnvh¨ Kiv m¤¢e|
†Wbgv‡K©i GKwU g¯Í myweav GB †h, †m †`k iYm¾vi wecyj fv‡i cxwoZ bq| Zvi mg¯Í A_©B cÖRvi wewPÎ Kj¨v‡Yi R‡b¨ h‡_ó
cwigv‡Y wbhy³ n‡Z cv‡i| cÖRvi wkÿv ¯^v¯’¨ I Ab¨vb¨ m¤ú‡`i Rb¨I Avgv‡`i ivR‡¯^i fvi‡gvPb Avgv‡`i B”Qvaxb bq|
cÖRvwn‡Zi Rb¨ ivR‡¯^i †h D×…Ë _v‡K Zv wkÿvweavb cÖf…wZ Kv‡Ri Rb¨ hrmvgvb¨| GLv‡bI Avgv‡`i mgm¨v n‡”Q ivRkw³i
m‡½ cÖRvkw³i wbiwZkq Amvg¨| cÖRvi wkÿv ¯^v¯’¨ cÖf…wZ Kj¨v‡Yi R‡b¨ mgevqcÖYvjxi ØvivB, wb‡Ri kw³-Dcjwä-ØvivB
Amvg¨RwbZ •`b¨`yM©wZi Dci wfZi †_‡K Rqx n‡Z n‡e| GB K_vwU Avwg eûKvj †_‡K evi evi e‡jwQ, AvRI evi evi ej‡Z
n‡e|16
iex›`ªbv‡_i DcwiD³ we‡kølY †_‡K GUv ¯úófv‡e †evSv hvq †h iex›`ªbv_ mgevq Av‡›`vj‡bi mvd‡j¨i Rb¨ miKv‡ii
f‚wgKv‡K AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© g‡b Ki‡Zb| Z‡e fvi‡Zi g‡Zv GKwU Jcwb‡ewkK iv‡óª G cwiw¯’wZ †gv‡UI wQj bv| AvR‡Ki
`„wó‡KvY †_‡K †`L‡Z †M‡j wZbwU Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡k mgevq Av‡›`vj‡bi c‡ÿ mdj nIqv m¤¢e wQj bv|
cÖ_gZ, fvi‡Z cjøx A‡j ab‣elg¨ wQj AZ¨šÍ Zxeª| hvuiv abx, Zvuiv PvB‡Zb bv Mwi‡eiv `vwi‡`ª¨i bvMcvk †_‡K gyw³ cvK|
Kv‡RB mvgvwRK cwiw¯’wZi cwieZ©b Qvov mgevq Av‡›`vj‡bi mvdj¨ wbwðZ Kiv m¤¢e bq|
wØZxq KviY n‡jv, mgevq Av‡›`vjb ïay K…lK‡`i g‡a¨ cÖeZ©b Kivi D‡`¨vM †bIqv n‡qwQj| wKš‘ evsjv‡`‡ki MÖv‡g ïay
K…l‡KivB _v‡K bv, f‚wgnxb †jv‡KivI _v‡K| Kzwgjøv mgevq Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖe³v AvLZvi nvwg` Lvb 1960-Gi `k‡K
evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY A_©bxwZ‡K wek„•Lj A_©‣bwZK msNvZiƒ‡c (Chaotic Economic Comflict) AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| GB
msNvZ‡K wZwb wb¤œiƒ‡c eY©bv K‡i‡Qb :
A chaotic economic conflict raged in this dismal environment. Although the ancient aristocratic landlords and
merchant- bankers had disappeared, harmony had not been established between the three main classes left in
the villages: the large proprietors, the peasant proprietors and the landless labourers. The large proprietors
(approximately 10%) possessing surplus land and capital, were in a very privileged position. They leased land
or loaned money (both in great demand) at exorbitant rates. Their affluence brought them social and political
leadership. They were closely united with the prospering city middle class. They used the savings accumulated
from leasing and lending for the professional advancement of their children and for investment in trade and
urban housing. Manifestly, the new rural upper class was even more urban oriented than its pre-decessors the
landlords and merchant bankers of the Empire. The peasant proprietors constituted a 70% majority. Most of
them lived at the subsistence level. In order to supplement their scant capacity. They rented land and borrowed
money or food from their affluent neighbours. Rent, interest and trade squeezed the peasants like a lemon and
brought juicy profits to landlords, money-lenders and traders, mostly large proprietors. At the bottom of the
heap struggled those who had neither land nor capital, an ever increasing number. Scarcity made land and
capital very costly; abundance made labour very cheap. In the busy season the labourers received the lowest
possible wages; in the slack season they were laid off. Their survival was a miracle of human endurance.17
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There was also little relationship among the membership itself, it was too scattered. There was no social
cohesion, no solidarity [...] When you make a big organization, it is no cooperative at all. It becomes a paper
organization.19
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cwiÎvY n‡e bv| iex›`ªbv_ ZvB †kl ch©šÍ GB wm×v‡šÍ †c․Qvb †h ÿgZvqbB `vwi‡`ª¨i bvMcvk †_‡K gyw³i GKgvÎ c_| gvwK©b
hy³iv‡óªi cwЇZiv g‡b K‡ib, ÿgZvqb ZË¡ gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi wkÿvmsµvšÍ g‡bvwe`¨vi M‡el‡Kiv Avwe®‥vi K‡i‡Qb| Ab¨w`‡K
mgvRZvwš¿K †`‡ki we‡klÁiv g‡b K‡ib, ÿgZvqbZË¡ gv·©xq mgvRZË¡we`‡`i Ae`vb| Aek¨B Gu‡`i Ae`vb i‡q‡Q| wKš‘
Gu‡`i evB‡i ÿgZvqbZ‡Ë¡i Ab¨Zg cÖavb cÖe³v n‡jb iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi| GKwesk kZvãx‡Z Kvh©Ki cjøx Dbœqb Kg©m~wP‡K
ÿgZvq‡bi c_ a‡iB GwM‡q †h‡Z n‡”Q Ges n‡e|
Z_¨wb‡`©k
1.
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi (cybg©y`ªY, 2012)| iex›`ªmgMÖ LÐ 14| cvVK mgv‡ek, XvKv, c„. 406|
2.
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi (cybg©y`ªY, 2012), cÖv¸³, c„. 354|
3.
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi (cybg©y`ªY, 2012), cÖv¸³, c„. 404|
4.
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi (cybg©y`ªY, 2012), cÖv¸³, c„. 386|
5.
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi (cybg©y`ªY, 2012), cÖv¸³, c„. 397|
6.
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi (cybg©y`ªY, 2012), cÖv¸³, c„. 330|
7.
D×…Z, ¯^cb gy‡Lvcva¨vq (2011)| iex›`ªbv‡_i cjøx fvebv I MÖvgxY A_©bxwZ| cybð, KjKvZv, c„. 43-44|
8.
D×…Z, ¯^cb gy‡Lvcva¨vq (2011), cÖv¸³, c„. 67-68|
9.
Henry Beverley (1872). Census of Bengal 1871. Bengal Secretariat Press, Calcutta, P. 4.
10.
Samuel L. Popkin (1979). The Rational Peasant. University of California Press, Berkeley, P. 32-82.
11.
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi (cybg©y`ªY, 2012), c~‡e©v³, c„. 379|
12.
cÖkvšÍKzgvi cvj (1397)| iweRxebx 5g LÐ| Avb›` cvewjkvm© wj., KjKvZv, c„. 199|
13.
Atiur Rahman (2013). ÔTagore Tought on Rural Credit and DevelopmentÕ. In Contemporarising Tagore and the
World, (Edited by : Imtiaz Ahmed, Muchkund Dubey, Veena Sikri, Dhaka: University Press Limited, P. 367.
14.
cÖkvšÍKzgvi cvj (1405)| iweRxebx 7g LÐ| Avb›` cvewjkvm© wj., KjKvZv, c„. 297|
15.
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi (cybg©y`ªY, 2012), c~‡e©v³, c„. 323|
16.
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi (cybg©y`ªY, 2012), cÖv¸³, c„. 323|
17.
Akhter Hameed Khan (1983). The Works of Akhter Hameed Khan Vol 2| BARD, Comilla, P. 148 149
18.
Akhter Hameed Khan. 1983. Op.cit., P. 201-206.
19.
Akhter Hameed Khan. 1983. Op.cit., P. 51.
20.
Akhter Hameed Khan. 1983. Op.cit., P. 148.
21.
cÖkvšÍKzgvi cvj (1397), c~‡e©v³, c„. 708|
22.
D×…Z, ¯^cb gy‡Lvcva¨vq (2011), c~‡e©v³, c„. 65|
23.
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi (1406, cybg©y`ªY)| iex›`ª-iPbvejx LÐ 10| Rq eyKm B›Uvib¨vkbvj, XvKv, c„. 578|
24.
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi (1406, cybg©y`ªY), cÖv¸³, c„. 154-155|

iex›`ªbv_ : MÖv‡gvbœqb I gvwjKvbv weZK©

Gg Gg AvKvk
f‚wgKv
evsjv‡`‡k iex›`ªbv‡_i A_©bxwZ I mgvRwPšÍv wb‡q B‡Zvg‡a¨ A‡b‡KB wj‡L‡Qb| Gi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡”Qb Avwbmyi
ingvb| G wel‡q Zvui me©‡kl AcÖKvwkZ †jLvwUi wk‡ivbvg n‡”Q,Social and Environmental Thinking of Rabindranath
Tagore in the light of Post-Tagorian World Developments(cÖvq kZvwaK c„ôvi M‡elYvag©x, AwZg~j¨evb GKwU iPbv)|
GB †jLvq iex›`ªbv‡_i MÖvgfvebv Kx iKg wQj Zv wb‡q GKvwaK Aa¨v‡q we¯Í„Z Av‡jvPbv i‡q‡Q| G Qvov RvwZms‡N Kg©iZ
weL¨vZ Dbœqb we‡klÁ †mwjg RvnvbI iex›`ªbv‡_i MÖvgfvebvi wel‡q wewfbœ mg‡q Av‡jvKcvZ K‡i‡Qb (2010)| GQvov Avwg
wb‡R ÔHwZn¨Õ cwÎKvi GwcÖj-†g 2002 msL¨vq Ôiex›`ªbv‡_i A_©bxwZ wPšÍvÕ GB wk‡ivbv‡g GKwU bvwZ`xN© cÖeÜ wj‡LwQjvg|
evsjv‡`‡k iex›`ªbv‡_i A_©bxwZ ev mgvRfvebv wb‡q AviI A‡b‡KB wj‡L‡Qb| Gi g‡a¨ GB gyn~‡Z© AvwZDi ingvb I hZxb
miKv‡ii bvg g‡b co‡Q|
¯^vfvweKfv‡eB cÖkœ DV‡Z cv‡i †h, GZ Av‡jvPbv I †jLv‡jwLi ci Av‡iKwU †jLvi cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q wK? Avgvi g‡b nq—
Av‡Q| KviY gnr I hy‡MvËxY© e¨w³‡`i wPšÍv wb‡q hy‡M hy‡M cybtwPšÍv nIqvUvB ¯^vfvweK| Gi d‡j Zvu‡`i †P‡q †ewk DcKvi
mgmvgwqK cÖR‡b¥iB †ewk n‡e| gnr wPšÍv †h‡nZz hy‡MvËxY©, †m‡nZz bZzb hy‡Mi Av‡jv‡K †mB wPšÍvi cÖvmw½KZv bZzb fv‡e
cybivq Avwe®‥…Z n‡Z cv‡i| Avgiv eyS‡Z cvwi Ges ej‡Z cvwi, Ôn¨vu, iex›`ªbv_ †Zv wVKB e‡j‡Qb|Õ cvjUv e¨vcviUv NU‡Z
cv‡i A_©vr Avgiv G K_vI ej‡Z cvwi †h, Ôiex›`ªbv‡_i fvebvq Am¤ú~Y©Zv i‡q‡Q|Õ ev Av‡iKUz GwM‡q †KD ej‡Z cv‡ib †h
ÔZv AZx‡Z cÖvmw½K n‡jI GLb AcÖvmw½K|Õ ev me‡P‡q Pig gZwU n‡Z cv‡i †h ÔwZwb fzj e‡j‡Qb|Õ †hUvB wm×všÍ †nvK bv
†Kb, Av‡jvPbv I ZK©-weZK© Qvov Gi gxgvsmv m¤¢e bq| myZivs bZzb cÖeÜ †jLvi cÖ‡qvRb `yÕw`K †_‡KB Dcjä n‡Z cv‡i|
iex›`ªbv‡_i wb‡Ri eY©bvq evsjvi cjøxwPÎ
1300, Avwk¦b-KvwZ©‡K wjwLZ iex›`ªbv‡_i GKwU cÖe‡Üi wk‡ivbvg ÔcjøxMÖv‡gÕ| A_©vr cÖvq 118 eQi Av‡Mi MÖvg m¤ú‡K©
iex›`ªbv‡_i wPšÍv Kx iKg wQj †mUv Avgiv GB cÖe‡Ü †QvU AvKv‡i n‡jI wjwLZ iƒ‡c cvw”Q| iex›`ªbv_ (iex›`ªbv_, 2000 :
34) wj‡L‡Qb—
Avwg GLb evsjv‡`‡ki GK cÖv‡šÍ †hLv‡b evm Kwi‡ZwQ GLv‡b KvQvKvwQ †Kv_vI cywj‡mi _vbv, g¨vwR‡÷ª‡Ui KvQvwi bvB|
†ijI‡q †÷kb A‡bKUv `~‡i| †h c„w_ex †Kbv‡ePv, ev`vbyev`, gvgjv-gKÏgv Ges AvZ¥Mwigvi weÁvcb cÖPvi K‡i, †Kv‡bv-GKUv
cÖ¯ÍiKwVb cvKv e‡ov iv¯Ívi Øviv Zvnvi mwnZ GB †jvKvjq¸wji †hvM¯’vcb nq bvB| †Kej GKwU †Qv‡Uv b`x Av‡Q| †hb †m
†Kej GB KqLvwb MÖv‡giB N‡ii †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i b`x| Ab¨ †Kvb e„nr b`x, my`~i mgy`ª, AcwiwPZ MÖvg bM‡ii mwnZ †h Zvnvi
hvZvqvZ Av‡Q Zvnv GLvbKvi MÖv‡gi †jv‡Kiv †hb Rvwb‡Z cv‡i bvB, ZvB Zvnviv AZ¨šÍ mywgó GKUv Av`‡ii bvg w`qv Bnv‡K
AvZ¥xq Kwiqv jBqv‡Q|
GLb fv`ª gv‡m PZzw`©K RjgMœ, †Kej avb¨‡ÿ‡Îi gv_v¸wj AíB RvwMqv Av‡Q| eû `~‡i `~‡i GK-GKLvwb Ziæ‡ewóZ MÖvg
D”Pf‚wg‡Z Øx‡ci g‡Zv †`Lv hvB‡Z‡Q|
Avgiv Rvwb GB eY©bvwU cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi GwkqvwUK MÖvg m¤ú‡K© mgfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨| GiKg MÖv‡gi msL¨v cieZ©x‡Z µgvMZ n«vm
†c‡q‡Q Ges eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k GiKg MÖv‡gi msL¨v bMY¨B n‡e| myZivs cÖkœ Rv‡M GiKg ÔMÖvgÕ†K b÷vjwRqvekZ iex›`ªbv_ wK
a‡i ivL‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb? A_ev gvK©m †hgb G iKg MÖvg‡K Ôe×RxebÕ, ÔDw™¢¾ RxebÕ (Vegetative life) ev ÔKzms¯‥v‡ii
AvÇvLvbv wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ K‡i Gi aŸsm‡KB cÖMwZi c~e©kZ© †f‡ewQ‡jb †m-iKg †Kv‡bv Pig fvebv wK iex›`ªbv‡_i wQj?
Avgiv DwjøwLZ cÖe‡ÜB jÿ Kie †h, iex›`ªbv_ bM‡ii weiæ‡× MÖvg‡K Ges Gwkqv‡K—BD‡iv‡ci weiæ‡× cÖwZ¯’vcb K‡i
ciÿ‡YB e‡j‡Qb DfqB Am¤ú~Y©Zv †`v‡l `yó| cÖK…Z mf¨Zvi `yÕwU w`‡Ki K_v wZwb e‡j‡Qb| GKwU w`K n‡”Q HK¨, wek¦vm,
mijZv, kvwšÍ, ¯’vwqZ¡| GB w`KwU wZwb evsjvi cjøxi g‡a¨ weKwkZ n‡Z †`‡L gy» n‡q‡Qb| G‡KB wZwb e‡j‡Qb MÖv‡gi
AvšÍwiK †m․›`h©| Zvui Abe`¨ fvlvq wZwb (iex›`ªbv_, 2000 : 36) wj‡L‡Qb—
Avgvi bvbv wPšÍvwewÿß wP‡Ëi Kv‡Q GB †Qv‡Uv cjøxwU Zvbcyivi mij my‡ii g‡Zv GKwU wbZ¨ Av`k© Dcw¯’Z Kwiqv‡Q| †m
ewj‡Z‡Q—Avwg gnr bwn, we¯§qRbK bwn, wKš‘ Avwg †Qv‡Uvi g‡a¨ m¤ú~Y©, myZivs Ab¨ mg¯Í Afve m‡Ë¡I Avgvi †h-GKwU gvayh©
Av‡Q Zvnv ¯^xKvi Kwi‡ZB nB‡e| Avwg †Qv‡Uv ewjqv Zz”Q, wKš‘ m¤ú~Y© ewjqv my›`i Ges GB †m․›`h© †Zvgv‡`i Rxe‡bi Av`k©|
GB D×…wZ †_‡K hw` Kv‡iv g‡b nq †h Ô•ewPΨnxb mijZvÕ ev ÔeûZ¡nxb GKZ¡ÕB iex›`ªbv‡_i Av`k©—Zvn‡j wKš‘ LyeB fzj n‡q
hv‡e| GB GKB cÖe‡Ü Av‡iK RvqMvq wZwb Zvui c~Y©v½ mgš^qev`x e³e¨wU DÌvcb K‡i‡Qb| Avgvi Aÿg Kj‡g Zvi eY©bv bv
K‡i Zvui (iex›`ªbv_, 2000: 38) mÿg evYx‡ZB wm×všÍwU Zz‡j aiwQ :
ZvB ewjqv Avwg Ggb AÜ bwn †h, qy‡ivcxq mf¨Zvi gh©v`v eywS bv| cÖ‡f‡`i g‡a¨ HK¨B H‡K¨i c~Y© Av`k©, •ewP‡Î¨i g‡a¨
HK¨B †m․›`‡h©i cÖavb KviY| [...] ÿz`ª cwiYv‡gi g‡a¨ cwimgvwß jvf Kwiqv mš‘ófv‡e _vKvi g‡a¨ GKwU kvwšÍ †m․›`h© I wbf©iZv
Av‡Q m‡›`n bvB—Avi, hvnviv gbyl¨cÖK…wZ‡K ÿz`ª HK¨ nB‡Z gyw³ w`qv wecyj we¯Ív‡ii w`‡K jBqv hvq Zvnviv A‡bK AkvwšÍ
A‡bK weNœwec` mn¨ K‡i, wecø‡ei iY‡ÿ‡Îi g‡a¨ Zvnvw`M‡K AkÖvšÍ msMÖvg Kwi‡Z nq, wKš‘ ZvnvivB c„w_exi g‡a¨ exi Ges
Zvnviv hy‡× cwZZ nB‡jI Aÿq ¯^M© jvf K‡i| GB exh© I †m․›`‡h©i wgj‡bB h_v_© m¤ú~Y©Zv| Df‡qi we‡”Q‡` Aa©mf¨Zv|
m¤¢eZ `vk©wbK †n‡Mj GK mgq e‡jwQ‡jb—Ò`yB Pig †giæi g‡a¨ GKwU‡K †e‡Q †bIqv †Kv‡bv mgm¨v bq, Avmj mgm¨v n‡”Q
`yB Pig wecix‡Zi gv‡S GKwU cÖK…Z mvgÄm¨c~Y© we›`y Lyu‡R †ei Kiv|Ó MwZkxj e¯‘MZ Hk¦‡h© ficyi bMi I w¯’wZkxj AvšÍwiK
Hk¦‡h© ficyi MÖv‡gi †gjeÜb †Kv_vq Kxfv‡e wba©vwiZ n‡e †mwU GKwU Mfxi wPšÍvi welq| evsjv‡`‡k GB gyn~‡Z© Avgiv
•elg¨g~jK MwZi d‡j MÖvg I kn‡ii e¨eavb evwo‡qB P‡jwQ| Px‡b AvÂwjK •el‡g¨i mgm¨vB GLb cÖavb mgm¨v| wKš‘ Gi
†Kv‡bv mij mgvavb †bB| me MÖvg‡K kni evwb‡q †djv †hgb m¤¢e bq, DwPZI bq| †Zgwb me kni‡K aŸsm K‡i MÖvg
evbv‡bvI KL‡bvB m¤¢e bq| cwiKwíZ bMivq‡Yi gva¨‡g Kxfv‡e bM‡ii Aviv‡gi m‡½ MÖv‡gi kvwšÍi ms‡kølY NUv‡bv hvq A_ev
cwiKwíZ MÖv‡gvbœq‡bi gva¨‡g MÖv‡gi g‡a¨ kn‡ii DbœZ cÖhyw³ I †mev¸wj †c․u‡Q †`Iqv hvq, †mUvB eZ©gv‡b Dbœqbwe`‡`i
GKwU cÖavb fvebvq cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| iex›`ªbv‡_i gnË¡ GB RvqMvq †h, GK‡kv eQi Av‡MI GB mgm¨vwU wZwb Abyaveb K‡i
Zvi GKwU mwVK mgvav‡bi wb‡`©kbv w`‡Z mÿg n‡qwQ‡jb| Zvui GB mgvav‡bi `yÕwU m~ÎvqY D×…wZi (†mwjg, 2010 : 163)
AvKv‡i wb‡P Zz‡j aiwQ—
K. bMi Avcb bvMwiKZvi Awfgvb m‡Ë¡I MÖvg¸‡jvi m‡½ ÁvwZZ¡ ¯^xKvi Ki‡e| KZKUv †hb eo N‡ii m`i-A›`‡ii gZ|
m`‡i Hk¦h© I Avo¤^i †ewk e‡U, wKš‘ Avivg I AeKvk A›`‡i, Df‡qi g‡a¨ ü`‡qi m¤^‡Üi c_ †Lvjv|
L. Avwg hLb B”Qv Kwi †h Avgv‡`i MÖvg¸wj †eu‡P DVzK, ZLb KL‡bv B‡”Q Kwi‡b †h MÖvg¨Zv wd‡i AvmyK|
A_©vr kn‡i †h AvaywbK cÖhyw³wbf©i hvwš¿K mf¨Zv Zv Pvjy _vK‡e, wKš‘ gvbyl †h‡nZz hš¿ bq †m‡nZz gvby‡l gvby‡l wbweo AvwZ¥K
†hvMv‡hvM I ci¯ú‡ii cÖwZ †¯œn-ggZv I †cÖ‡gi gvbweK m¤úK© PP©vi Rb¨ †h D`vi cÖvšÍi Ges meyR cÖK…wZ AZ¨vek¨K Zvi
e¨e¯’vI ivL‡Z n‡e| `yB e¨e¯’vi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Aek¨B _vK‡e| wKš‘ GB cv_©‡K¨i Rb¨B Zviv n‡e G‡K Ac‡ii cwic~iK| c‡i
Ab¨vb¨ cÖm‡½I Avgiv †`Le iex›`ªbv‡_i Dbœqb wPšÍvi GKwU †K›`ªxq gg©e¯‘ n‡”Q GB Ôwe‡iv‡ai HK¨Õ|
MÖv‡gvbœq‡bi †ÿ‡Î iex›`ªbv‡_i ev¯Íe cÖqvm
iex›`ªbv‡_i eqm hLb 30 †_‡K 40 Gi w`‡K G¸‡”Q A_©vr 1891-1901 Kvjc‡e© iex›`ªbv_‡K Rwg`vwi †`Lv‡kvbvi Rb¨ MÖv‡g
MÖv‡g Nyi‡Z n‡qwQj| IB mgq MÖvgxY RbM‡Yi Dbœq‡bi wel‡q wZwb ïay fv‡ebwb, bvbv cixÿvg~jK D‡`¨vMI MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb|
evsjv‡`‡ki wkjvB`n A‡j iex›`ªbv‡_i cÖv_wgK Dbœqbg~jK KvR¸wji GKwU weeiY wjwce× Kivi ci Avwbmyi ingvb
†m¸wji e¨_©Zvi KviY D‡jøL K‡i wj‡L‡Qb—
Tagore’s effort in promoting cooperative-based village development was not successful in Shelaidaha. This
failure is ascribed by Tagore’s son Rathindranath who was assisting him in managing his estates, to non-
homogeneity of the population there with a mixture of Hindus and Muslims and the proximity of towns like
Kushtia.
†evSv hv‡”Q †h ivRbxwZ ev ivóªkw³ AbyK‚j bv _vK‡j †QvU gvÎvq BD‡Uvcxq cixÿv¸wj e¨_© n‡q hvq| wkjvB`‡n e¨_© n‡jI
Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e KvjxMÖvg bv‡g Ab¨ Av‡iK GjvKvq GB Dbœqb cixÿv AwaKZi mdj n‡qwQj Ges cieZ©x‡Z kvwšÍwb‡KZ‡bi
Av‡k cv‡k kÖxwb‡KZb Kg©m~wPi Aax‡bI wKQz Dbœqb Kg© mvd‡j¨i gyL †`‡LwQj| KvjxMÖv‡g AwaKZi mvd‡j¨i g~‡j wQj
iex›`ªbv‡_i †hvM¨ mnKg©x AZzj †m‡bi `ÿ †bZ…Z¡ I mvsMVwbK ÿgZv| ÔKvjxMÖvg Kj¨vY mwgwZÕi †bZ…‡Z¡ †mB mgq IB A‡j
wZbwU ¯^v¯’¨ †K›`ª, `y‡kvi g‡Zv cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq, A‡bK¸wj •bk we`¨vjq, wZbwU gva¨wgK we`¨vjq, A‡bK iv¯Ív -NvU, A‡bK
cyKzi ms¯‥vi, ebf‚wg ms¯‥vi, GKwU K…wl e¨vsK Ges Ôag©‡MvjvÕ M‡o †Zvjv m¤¢e n‡qwQj| MÖvgevmx‡`i weev` †gUv‡bvi Rb¨
MÖv‡gB wbqwgZ mvwjwki e¨e¯’v wQj| Gme Kv‡Ri A‡_©i ms¯’vb nZ wKQzUv MÖvgevmx‡`i wbR¯^ mÂq I `v‡bi Øviv, wKQzUv
VvKzievwoi Rwg`vwi Avq Øviv| A‡bK mgq K…lKiv dmj eÜK †i‡L FY wb‡Zb| c‡i FY †kva Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡j my` †Zv e‡UB,
GgbwK FYI gvd K‡i †`Iqv n‡Zv| we‡klZ `yN©Ubvi Kvi‡Y dmj gviv †M‡j VvKzi cwiev‡ii cvIbv Ki I my`vmj gIKzd
K‡i †`Iqvi ixwZ Pvjy wQj (i_x›`ªbv_, 1961 : 53)|
iex›`ªbv_ Rwg`vwii A‡_©i Øviv FY Kvh© cwiPvjbvi weKí LyuR‡Z wM‡q bvbv ai‡bi cjøx mwgwZ M‡o Zz‡jwQ‡jb| cjøx RbM‡Yi
wbR¯^ mgevq e¨vs‡Ki cÖwZôvI Zvui GKUv KxwZ©| GK wn‡m‡e ejv hvq AvR‡K evsjv‡`‡k Avgiv †h ÔAYyF‡YÕi QovQwo †`wL
Zvi Avw` cÖeZ©K wek¦Kwe iex›`ªbv_| weL¨vZ iex›`ª RxebxKvi cÖfvZKzgvi gy‡Lvcva¨vq wj‡L‡Qb—
iex›`ªbv_ ¯^‡`kxmgv‡R MÖv‡gi mgm¨v I Zvnvi mgvavb m¤^‡Ü †h-me K_v ewjqvwQ‡jb, Zvnvi K‡qKwU Kvh©fvi ¯^qs MÖnY
Kwi‡jb| cÖRv‡`i wgZe¨wqZv, msNKg© I mÂq-Af¨vm wkÿv w`evi Rb¨ Rwg`vwi‡Z mgevq e¨v¼ ¯’vcb Kwi‡jb, †mB mÂq e¨v¼
ÔcwZmi K…wl e¨v¼Õ bv‡g cwiwPZ nq| GQvov K…lK cÖRv‡`i g‡a¨ AvZ¥m¤§vb I AvZ¥kw³ D`&ey× Kwievi Rb¨ †jvKmfv ¯’vcb
Kiv nBj| iex›`ªbv_ hLb cÖRv‡`i g‡a¨ wgZe¨wqZv I mgevq kw³ RvMiƒK Kwievi K_v fvwe‡ZwQ‡jb I mvgvb¨ K‡g© cÖe„Ë
nBqvwQ‡jb ZLb evsjv‡`‡k miKvwi †Kv-Acv‡iwUf Av‡›`vjb Avi¤¢ nq bvB| 1905 mv‡j e¨v¼ ewj‡Z Kx eySvBZ, Zvnvi †Kv‡bv
aviYv mvaviY †jv‡Ki wQj bv; myZivs K…wle¨v¼ cÖwZôv‡K GKwU b~Zb NUbvB ewje| (cÖfvZKzgvi, 1386 : 176-77)
iex›`ªbv_ MÖv‡gi cÖwZwU e¨w³i AvZ¥kw³, mg‡eZ kw³ Ges msNe× D‡`¨v‡Mi gva¨‡g MÖv‡gi mKj mgm¨vi mgvavb m¤¢e e‡j
wek¦vm Ki‡Zb| Z‡e evB‡ii Ávb, cÖhyw³ I Ôeyw×i mvn‡mÕi K_vI wZwb evievi e‡j‡Qb| wb‡Ri †Q‡j i_x›`ªbv‡_i gva¨‡g Zv
†hvMvb †`Iqvi D‡`¨vMI wZwb MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb|
iex›`ªbv‡_i g‡W‡j e¨w³ gvwjKvbv I Zvi mxgve×Zv
Ôe¨w³MZ m¤úwËÕ cÖm‡½ iex›`ªbv‡_i wPšÍvwU iex›`ªbv‡_i wb‡Ri fvlvq AviI we¯Í„Zfv‡e Zz‡j aiv cÖ‡qvRb| KviY c„w_exi GKwU
weivU Ask kÖgkw³i gvwjK Ges m¤úwËwenxb me©nviv| Zv‡`i ¯^vfvweK AvKv•ÿv m¤úwËi †ÿ‡Î GB gvwjKvbv •elg¨ `~i n‡q
hvK| gvwjKvbv •elg¨ Kvw•ÿZ I MYZvwš¿Kfv‡e msL¨vMwiô gvby‡li Kv‡Q MÖnY‡hvM¨ bv n‡jI, †`Lv hv‡”Q †Kv‡bv-bv-
†Kv‡bvfv‡e mgv‡R Zv †_‡KB hv‡”Q| mgevq ev †h․_ gvwjKvbvi †ÿ‡ÎI cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³i m¤úwËi wnm¨v iÿv Kiv nq| K‡c©v‡iU
gvwjKvbvi †ÿ‡ÎI †kqvi gvwjK‡`i e¨w³MZ gvwjKvbv iwÿZ _v‡K| GgbwK ivóªvqË m¤ú‡`i †ÿ‡ÎI ivóª hviv Pvjvq A_©vr
miKvi-AvgjvZš¿-ÿgZvmxb †kÖwY I `‡ji †Kv‡bv-bv-†Kv‡bv ai‡bi KZ…©Z¡ I gvwjKvbv Ae¨vnZ i‡q hvq| †mB w`K †_‡K
we‡ePbv Ki‡j ÔAvBbMZ AvbyôvwbK gvwjKvbvÕi (Legal Formal Ownership) †P‡q AwaKZi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡q `vuovq ÔcÖK…Z
gvwjKvbvÕ (Real Ownership) A_©vr Ôm¤ú`ÕwUi Ici cÖK…Z wbqš¿Y ÿgZv KZR‡bi KZUzKz we¯Í„Z gvÎvq i‡q‡Q Zv bv †R‡b
gvwjKvbvi PwiÎ KZUzKz gvÎvq e¨w³MZ Ges KZUzKz gvÎvq mvgvwRK Zv wba©viY Kiv hvq bv| GRb¨ GKzk kZ‡Ki AvaywbK
A_©bxwZwe`iv ÔgvwjKvbvÕ‡K m¤ú‡`i Ici wewfbœ ai‡bi AwaKv‡ii mgwó (Property Right Bundle) wn‡m‡e †`L‡Z cQ›`
K‡ib| G ai‡bi PviwU AwaKvi‡K c~Y©v½ gvwjKvbvi Avek¨Kxq Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e AvaywbK A_©bxwZwe`iv ¯^xK…wZ w`‡q‡Qb| G¸wj
n‡”Q h_vµ‡g—
K. m¤ú` e¨env‡ii AwaKvi (Right to use)
L. DËivwaKv‡ii AwaKvi (Right to inherit)
M. m¤ú` †_‡K AwR©Z Av‡qi Ici AwaKvi (Right to income)
N. m¤ú` n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii AwaKvi (Right to transfer)
Drcv`b kw³i weKvk Ae¨vnZ †i‡L GBme AwaKvi‡K KZLvwb we¯Í„Z Ges MYZvwš¿K Kiv m¤¢e, †mUvB GKzk kZ‡Ki cÖavb
A_©‣bwZK cÖk!œ
AwZ ÿz`ª m¤ú` ev GKvšÍ wbR¯^ e¨envh© wel‡qi Ici GKRb e¨w³i GB Pvi ai‡bi AwaKvi cÖvK…wZKfv‡eB (Naturally)
eRvq _v‡K| †hgb Avgvi Nwo, Avgvi Kvco, Avgvi RyZv BZ¨vw`| GB ai‡bi GKvšÍ e¨w³MZ gvwjKvbv wb‡q weZK© †bB| Z‡e
GKvšÍ e¨w³MZ gvwjKvbv abx-`wi`ª mK‡jB †fvM Kiæb Ges mK‡jB GKvšÍ e¨w³MZ cÖvPz‡h©i AwaKvix †nvb GUvB Kvg¨| Avgiv
†KDB PvBe bv †h Avgvi Lvevi _vjv, Nwo, ¯^vgx ev ¯¿x †h․_ m¤úwˇZ cwiYZ †nvK| wKš‘ e„n`vqZb m¤úwË hv e¨envi Ki‡Z
†M‡j †h․_ kÖg ev †h․_ AskMÖn‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q, †hgb Kj-KviLvbv, e¨vsK-exgv, e„nr Lvgvi BZ¨vw`i †ÿ‡Î
AskMÖnYKvix‡`i Kvi Kx AwaKvi Ges `vwqZ¡ _vK‡e Zv wba©vi‡Yi Riæwi GKwU cÖkœ Aek¨B mvg‡b P‡j Avm‡e| mvg‡b P‡j
Avm‡e mxwgZ m¤ú‡`i `ÿ e¨env‡ii cÖkœwUI| G‡ÿ‡Î GKwU mij mgvavb n‡”Q ÔmvgvwRKÕ m¤ú‡`i ÔmvgvwRK gvwjKvbvÕ| wKš‘
GB mvgvwRK gvwjKvbvi me‡P‡q `ÿ I Kvg¨ iƒcwU Kx, AwaKvimg~‡ni web¨vmwU Kx iKg n‡e—Zv GKwU h‡_ó Sv‡gjvi cÖk|œ
†`‡k †`‡k Kv‡j Kv‡j GB cÖ‡kœi Dˇii mywbw`©ó iƒcwU wewfbœ n‡Z eva¨| iex›`ªbv_I Zv ey‡SwQ‡jb Ges ZvB D³ mij
mgvavbwU ûeû MÖnY K‡ibwb| wb‡Ri Rwg`vwii Ici wb‡Ri gvwjKvbv ¯^Z¡ Z¨vM Ki‡ZI wZwb ivwR wQ‡jb bv| Avevi Rwg`vwi
e¨envi K‡i ivqZ‡K GK Zidv †kvlY K‡i LvRbv †fvM Kivi cÖe„wËI Zvui g‡a¨ wQj bv| wZwb Zvui myweL¨vZ Ôivq‡Zi K_vÕ
cÖe‡Ü wj‡L‡Qb—
Avgvi Rb¥MZ †ckv Rwg`vwi, wKš‘ ¯^fveMZ †ckv Avmgvb`vwi| GB Kvi‡YB Rwg`vwii Rwg AvuK‡o _vK‡Z Avgvi AšÍ‡ii cÖe„wË
†bB| GB wRwbmUvi cÕ†i Avgvi kÖ×vi GKvšÍ Afve| Avwg Rvwb Rwg`vi Rwgi †RvuK, †m c¨vivmvBU, civwkÖZ Rxe| (iex›`ªbv_,
12 : 1402 : 654)
Zvui GB e³e¨ AvšÍwiK wQj| 1911 mv‡j DB‡ji †h Lmov wZwb cÖ¯Z ‘ K‡iwQ‡jb, Zv‡Z Rwg`vwi wel‡q Zvui D×…Z g‡bvfv‡ei
cÖgvY cvIqv hvq Ges Z`byhvqx cyÎ i_x›`ªbv_ VvKzi‡K wKQz wb‡`©kI wZwb w`‡qwQ‡jb (Ag‡ik, 1394; Gjg&nv÷©, 1975)|
Zvn‡j cÖkœ Av‡m, iex›`ªbv_ wb‡R †Kb Zvui ÔRwg`vwiÕ ivqZ‡`i `vb K‡ibwb? we‡kl K‡i cÖg_ †P․ayixi g‡Zv †jLK hLb
Ôivq‡Zi K_vÕ bv‡g cÖeÜ wj‡L Rwg`vwi cwiZ¨v‡Mi AvnŸvb Rvwb‡q‡Qb, ZLb iex›`ªbv_ ¯^qs †mB AvnŸv‡b Kxfv‡e mvov w`‡jb
Zv Nwbófv‡e ch©‡eÿ‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q| Avgiv iex›`ªRxebxi Z…Zxq L‡Ð G wel‡q wKQz Av‡jvPbvi mvÿvr cvB| Zv‡Z D‡jøL
Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, cÖg_ †P․ayixi cÖ¯vÍ e‡K iex›`ªbv_ Zvui Ôivq‡Zi K_vÕ cÖe‡Ü cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i wj‡LwQ‡jb, G‡Z wn‡Z wecixZ n‡e|
wZwb g‡b K‡iwQ‡jb ej‡kwfKiv ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i ÔbxPÕ†K †hfv‡e ÔDc‡iÕ DVv‡Z Pv‡”Q, Zvi bKj K‡i fviZe‡l© wKQz Ki‡Z
†M‡j Zv Ôbx‡Pi †jvfx gvbyl‡`i ¸ÐvZ‡š¿Õ cwiYZ n‡e| GK kvm‡Ki/†kvl‡Ki e`‡j Av‡iK kvmK/†kvl‡Ki D™¢e n‡e gvÎ|
Ôivq‡Zi K_vÕ cÖe‡Ü iex›`ªbv‡_i wb‡Ri fvlvq—
Amvgćm¨i KviY gvby‡li wPËe„wËi g‡a¨| †mBRb¨B AvR‡Ki w`‡bi bx‡Pi _vKUv‡K Dc‡i Zz‡j w`‡j, Kvj‡Ki w`‡bi Dc‡ii
_vKUv bx‡Pi w`‡K c~‡e©i g‡ZvB Pvc jvMv‡e| ivwkqvi Rvi-Zš¿ I ej‡kwfK-Zš¿ GKB `vb‡ei cvk‡gvov †`Iqv| (iex›`ªbv_,
12 : 1402 : 654)
fveev`x Kwe iex›`ªbv_ wecø‡ei gva¨‡g Drcv`b m¤úK© e`wj‡q gvby‡li wPËe„wË e`‡ji Z‡Ë¡ Av¯’v ¯’vcb Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| Zvui
Av‡iKwU myweL¨vZ cÖeÜ Ômgevq bxwZÕ‡Z G wel‡q wZwb wj‡L‡Qb—
G K_v Avwg wek¦vm Kwi †b, e‡ji Øviv ev †K․k‡ji Øviv a‡bi Amvg¨ †Kv‡bvw`b m¤ú~Y© `~i n‡Z cv‡i| †Kbbv kw³i Amvg¨
gvby‡li AšÍwb©wnZ| GB kw³i Amv‡g¨i evn¨cÖKvk bvbv AvKv‡i n‡ZB n‡e| ZvQvov ¯^fv‡ei •ewPΨI Av‡Q, †KDev UvKv Rgv‡Z
fv‡jvev‡m, KviI-ev Rgvevi cÖe„wË †bB, Ggwb K‡i a‡bi eÜziZv N‡U| gvbeRxe‡bi †Kvb wefv‡MB GKUvbv mgZjZv
GKvKviZv m¤¢eI bq †kvfbI bq| Zv‡Z Kj¨vYI †bB| KviY, cÖvK…wZK RM‡ZI †hgb gvbeRM‡ZI †Zgwb, m¤ú~Y© mvg¨
D`¨g‡K ¯Íä K‡i †`q, eywׇK Ajm K‡i| (iex›`ªbv_, 14 : 1402 : 330)
myZivs †`Lv hv‡”Q †hvM¨Zv, `ÿZv I e¨envi-ÿgZvi ¯^vfvweK e¨w³K ZviZ‡g¨i Kvi‡Y m¤ú‡`i my`ÿ e¨env‡ii AwaKvi
we‡kl we‡kl e¨w³‡K †`Iqvi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q Ges Zv †_‡K GK ai‡bi AvswkK e¨w³MZ gvwjKvbv ev AwaKvi mgwó I GK
ai‡bi Avq •elg¨ m„wó nIqvUvB ¯^vfvweK| wKš‘ cÖkœ n‡”Q, GB Ô`ÿZvwfwËK Amvg¨Õ Ges ÔgvwjKvbv wfwËK Amvg¨Õ wK GK
wRwbm? Rwgi GKRb Abycw¯’Z gvwjK †Kvb `ÿZvi Kvi‡Y AwaKZi `ÿ Rwg e¨enviKvix GKRb ivq‡Zi †P‡q †ewk A_© ev
Avq DcvR©‡bi `vwe Ki‡Z cv‡i? wbðqB GLv‡b e¨w³MZ ¸‡Yi ev `ÿZvi ev •ewP‡Î¨i hyw³wU LvU‡e bv| ÿz`ª m¤úwË gvwj‡Ki
†ÿ‡Î IB m¤úwËwU Zvi Ôe¨w³‡Z¡Õi cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ e„nr eûRvwZK m¤úwËi gvwjK whwb
ïay †PK eB mB Ki‡ZB m`v e¨¯Í _v‡Kb A_ev †mBme m¤úwËi gvwjK hviv A‡bvcvwR©Z Avq †fvM Ki‡Z Ges Ajm Rxeb
hvc‡b Af¨¯Í, Zv‡`i †ÿ‡Î e¨w³ gvwjKvbvi †Kv‡bv b¨vh¨Zv Av‡Q wK? Gme KwVb cÖkœ iex›`ªbv‡_i g‡b D`q n‡jI, †kl ch©šÍ
ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i wecø‡ei gva¨‡g †kvlK‡`i D‡”Q‡`i Z‡Ë¡ iex›`ªbv_ Av¯’v ¯’vcb Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| wZwb Zvui wb‡Ri g‡Zv K‡i
GB mgm¨vi GKwU DËi w`‡Z Ô`ÿÕ wM‡q †hUv †f‡ewQ‡jb, †mUv n‡”Q hZw`b bv wb‡Pi gvby‡liv ÔmywkwÿZÕ, Ges Ôwb‡j©vfÕ bv
n‡Z cvi‡eb, ZZw`b mgvR‡K ZvwK‡q _vK‡Z n‡e Ic‡ii gvwjK‡`i e`vb¨Zv I PwiÎ ïw×i w`‡K| iex›`ªbv_ Ôivq‡Zi K_vÕ
cÖe‡Ü ZvB ¯úó K‡iB cÖg_ †P․ayix‡K Zvui wØgZ Rvwb‡q wj‡LwQ‡jb—
G K_v ej‡Z B‡”Q K‡i bv, ïb‡ZI fv‡jv jv‡M bv †h, Rwg m¤^‡Ü ivq‡Zi ¯^vaxb e¨env‡i evav †`Iqv KZ©e¨| GK w`K †_‡K
†`L‡Z †M‡j †lvj Avbv ¯^vaxbZvi g‡a¨ AvZ¥-AcKv‡ii ¯^vaxbZvI Av‡Q| wKš‘ Z‡Zve‡ov ¯^vaxbZvi AwaKvi ZviB hvi wkïeyw×
bq| †h iv¯Ívq me©`v †gvUi-PjvPj nq †m iv¯Ívq mvevjK gvbyl‡K Pj‡Z evav w`‡j †mUv‡K ejv hvq Ryjyg, wKš‘ AZ¨šÍ
bvevjK‡K hw` †Kvb evav bv †`B Z‡e Zv‡K e‡j Awe‡ePbv| Avgvi †hUzKz AwfÁZv Zv‡Z ej‡Z cvwi, Avgv‡`i †`‡ki M~p
ivqZ‡`i Rwg Aev‡a n¯ÍvšÍi Kievi AwaKvi †`Iqv AvZ¥nZ¨vi AwaKvi †`Iqv| GK mg‡q †mB AwaKvi Zv‡`i w`‡ZB n‡e,
wKš‘ GLb w`‡j wK †mB AwaKv‡ii wKQz evwK _vK‡e| †Zvgvi †jLvi g‡a¨ GB As‡k Avgvi g‡b †h mskq Av‡Q Zv ej‡jg|
(iex›`ªbv_, 12 : 1402 : 656)
iex›`ªbv_ wK Zvn‡j Ô†kvwlZ‡`i cÖ¯Z
‘ Õ bv nIqv ch©šÍ AbšÍKvj A‡cÿvi Rb¨B mycvwik Ki‡Qb? A_ev MÖv‡gi ivqZ‡`i cÖ¯Z ‘
Kxfv‡e Kiv hvq, †m e¨vcv‡i wK Zvui †Kv‡bv ÔAb¨ iKgÕ mvabv ev cÖYvwj Rvbv wQj? †mB Avmj cÖ‡kœi GKwU Reve Ôivq‡Zi
K_vÕ cÖe‡Ü †kl `yB Aby‡”Q‡` Av‡Q| Zv †_‡K iex›`ªbv‡_i MÖvg Dbœqb wPšÍvi GKwU mnR mij g‡W‡ji †iLvwP‡Îi Bw½Z cvIqv
hvq| Avevi Zv †h Am¤ú~Y© Lmov, Zvi ¯^xK…wZI †g‡j| cÖeÜwUi †kl `yÕwU Aby‡”Q‡`i ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e³‡e¨ iex›`ªbv_ wjL‡Qb—
Avmj K_v, †h gvbyl wb‡R‡K evuPv‡Z Rv‡b bv, †Kv‡bv AvBb Zv‡K evuPv‡Z cv‡i bv| wb‡R‡K GB-†h evuPvevi kw³ Zv RxebhvÎvi
mgMÖZvi g‡a¨, †Kv‡bv-GKUv LvcQvov cÖYvjx‡Z bq| Zv we‡kl AvB‡b bq, PiKvq bq, Lχi bq, Kb‡MÖ‡m †fvU †`evi Pvi-Avbv
µxZ AwaKv‡i bq| cjøxi g‡a¨ mgMÖfv‡e cÖvY mÂvi n‡j Z‡eB †mB cÖv‡Yi m¤ú~Y©Zv wb‡R‡K cÖwZwbqZ iÿv Kievi kw³ wb‡Ri
wfZi †_‡KB D™¢veb Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
†Kgb K‡i †mUv n‡e †mB ZË¡UvB Kv‡R I K_vq wKQz Kvj †_‡K fvewQ| fv‡jv Reve w`‡q †h‡Z cvie wK bv Rvwb †b| Reve
•Zwi n‡q DV‡Z mgq jv‡M| Zey Avwg cvwi ev bv cvwi, GB †gvUv ReveUvB Lyu‡R †ei Ki‡Z n‡e| mg¯Í LyP‡iv cÖ‡kœi mgvavb
GiB g‡a¨| bB‡j Zvwj w`‡Z w`‡Z w`b e‡q hv‡e, hvi Rb¨ GZ †RvovZvov †m ZZKvj ch©šÍ wUK‡e wK bv m‡›`n| (iex›`ªbv_,
12 : 1402 : 657)
iex›`ªbv‡_i ¯^xKv‡ivw³ Abyhvqx DwjøwLZ Am¤ú~Y© g‡Wj fvebvi mxgve×Zv n‡”Q Gi ÔiÿY AvbyMZ¨Õ m¤úK© (Patron-Client
Relationship)| G‡Z a‡i †bIqv n‡q‡Q GKRb e`vb¨Zvev`x cÖfz Av‡Qb whwb m¤ú‡`i gvwjK Ges iÿvKZ©v| AviI a‡i
†bIqv n‡q‡Q †h, GKRb `qvjy GKbvq‡Ki g‡Zv wZwb m¤ú‡`i gvwjK nIqv m‡Ë¡I, m¤úwË jä Av‡qi eo Ask RbKj¨v‡YB
e¨q Ki‡eb! G †_‡K AveviI †evSv hvq †h iex›`ªbv_ e¨w³MZ m¤úwË we‡jv‡ci K_v fv‡ebwb| ZvB e‡j Aek¨ e¨w³MZ
gybvdvwfwËK Aeva cyuwRev‡`iI wZwb mg_©K wQ‡jb bv| Avevi ivóªxq gvwjKvbvwfwËK mgvRZš¿‡KI wZwb cyuwRev‡`i Av`k©
weKí wn‡m‡e mg_©b K‡ibwb| GK`jxq e¨e¯’v ev Kw_Z Ô†kvwlZ‡`i MYZvwš¿K GKbvqKZ¡Õ†KI wZwb Aby‡gv`b †`bwb| wZwb
†kvwlZ‡`i AvZ¥kw³i Ici me‡P‡q †ewk ¸iæZ¡ w`‡qwQ‡jb| †mB A‡_© cÖPwjZ mgvRZš¿ I Zvui cy‡ivcywi cQ›` nqwb|
1930 mv‡j ÷¨vwjb Avg‡j ÔmgvRZvwš¿K ivwkqvÕ Ny‡i G‡m GB RwUj Bmy¨‡Z Zvui gZvgZ wZwb AviI ¯úófv‡e Zz‡j
a‡iwQ‡jb| 1990-G ivwkqvq we`¨gvb mgvRZ‡š¿i wech©‡qi ci GLb Zvui †mB 60 eQi Av‡M †`Iqv e³e¨¸wj cyuwRev`x
wkwe‡ii ÔAv‡jvwKZ mvgvwRK D‡`¨v³vÕ†`i Kv‡Q Ges mgvRZvwš¿K wkwe‡ii ÔbevwqZ mgvRZ‡š¿Õi cÖe³v‡`i Kv‡Q Dfq
wPšÍvavivi Kv‡QB we‡klfv‡e cÖwYavb‡hvM¨ n‡q D‡V‡Q| Avwg ivwkqvi wPwV MÖš’ †_‡K PviwU D×…wZi gva¨‡g G †ÿ‡Î iex›`ªbv‡_i
(1338 : 38) wPšÍvi MfxiZv Zz‡j ai‡Z PvB| D×…wZ¸wjB cÖgvY Ki‡e G¸wj †Kb GL‡bv LyeB cÖvmw½K| cÖ_g D×…wZ :
ÒAmvg¨ Pj‡Z cv‡i bv wPiw`b KviY AmvgÄm¨ wek¦wewai weiæ‡×|Ó
iex›`ªbv‡_i ¯úó †NvlYv, Amvg¨ wRwbmUvB cÖK…wZweiæ×| m¤¢eZ iex›`ªbv_ GLv‡b my‡hv‡Mi Amv‡g¨i K_vB ej‡Z †P‡q‡Qb|
A_©vr Legitimate Inequality nqZ _vK‡e wKš‘ Inequity ev my‡hv‡Mi AmgZv _vK‡e bv| wØZxq D×…wZ :
AvaywbK cÖhyw³we`¨v‡K ïay Zvi kw³‡Z gy» n‡q MÖnY KivUv gvby‡li KZ©e¨ bq, eis gbyl¨‡Z¡i Av`‡k©i m‡½ mvgÄm¨ †i‡L hš¿ I
cÖhyw³‡K bZzbfv‡e wbg©vY KivB Riæwi|
GLv‡b gvbeZvev`x iex›`ªbv_ hvwš¿Kfv‡e `ÿZv I gybvdvi cv‡q gvbyl I cÖK…wZ‡K ewj †`Iqvi wec‡ÿ gZvgZ w`‡q‡Qb| Z…Zxq
D×…wZ :
gvby‡li e¨wóMZ I mgwóMZ mxgv ÔGivÕ (A_©vr ÷¨vwjb Avg‡ji ivwkqvцjLK) †h wVK g‡Zv ai‡Z †c‡i‡Q, Zv Avgvi †eva nq
bv| †m wnmv‡e Zviv d¨vwm÷‡`i g‡Zv| GB Kvi‡Y mgwói LvwZ‡i e¨wói cxo‡b Giv †Kv‡bv evavB gvb‡Z Pvq bv|
ejv evûj¨ Z`vbxšÍb ÷¨vwjb Avg‡ji wbôzi msL¨vMwi‡ôi GKbvqKZ¡ iex›`ªbv_ Aby‡gv`b K‡ibwb|
PZz_© D×…wZ †ek eo Ges Avgv‡`i Rb¨ we‡klfv‡e cÖvmw½K| ZvB wKQz c~e©K_v cÖ‡qvRb| A‡b‡KiB nqZ Rvbv Av‡Q †h
iex›`ªbv_ Zvui †Q‡j i_x›`ªbv_‡K K…wlwe`¨v wkÿvi Rb¨ my`~i Av‡gwiKv †cÖiY K‡iwQ‡jb| iex›`ªbv‡_i GKwU ¯^cœ wQj, Zvui
MÖvg¸wj‡Z wZwb AvaywbK K…wlwe`¨vi cÖPjb Ki‡eb Ges Uª¨v±i w`‡q Pvlvev‡`i e¨e¯’v Ki‡eb| wKš‘ G ai‡bi cÖhyw³ cÖ‡qv‡Mi
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Z_¨wb‡`©k
1.
D×…Z, AvwZDi ingvb (2011)| iex›`ªbv_ : K…wl fvebv| g~a©Y¨, Gwjd¨v›U †ivW, XvKv, c„. 64|
2.
D×…Z, AwgZvf †P․ayix (2012, cybg©y`ªY)| GK‡Î iex›`ªbv_ 1g LÐ| †`ÕR cvewjwks, KjKvZv|
3.
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi| cwjø cÖK…wZ| Ôf‚wg j²xÕ| c„. 39-40|
4.
D×…Z, ¯^cb gy‡Lvca¨vq (2011)| iex›`ªbv‡_i cwjøfvebv I MÖvgxY A_©bxwZ| cybð, KjKvZv, c„. 50|