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Physics 1

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16 views10 pages

Physics 1

Uploaded by

somobrataghosh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Sainik School Goalpara

Topic: Automatic Voltage


Regulator

A project work for


All India Senior Secondary
School
Certificate Examination

Submitted By: Guided By:


Name: Mr. Rinku Phukan
AISSCE Roll No.: M.Sc, B.Ed.
Acknowledgment

I would like to thank our Principal Colonel


Y.S. Parmar, SM, who has provided me with
the lab facilities of the school.

I would also like to thank our subject teacher


Mr. Golam Sorowar who guided me
throughout the project and was a source of
inspiration to me.

I would be failing in my duties if I will not


thank our Lab Assistant Mr. Balwant Singh
who was of utmost help to me in good as well
as bad times.
Declaration

I Tenzin Lhakpa, AISSCE Roll No. …………,


declare that the project is conducted for the
purpose of AISSCE 2024-25.

It is to state that it is an original work


completed by me under the guidance of Mr.
Rinku Phukan, of SAINIK SCHOOL
GOALPARA, ASSAM.
Contents

❖ 6 Volt Regulator using IC 7806

❖ Circuit Diagram

❖ Circuit Description

❖ Components Descriptions

❖ Bridge Rectifier

❖ Filter Capacitor

❖ IC 7806

❖ Pin Diagram
6 Volt Regulator Using IC 7806
A voltage regulator is designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage
level. A voltage regulator may be simple “feed-forward” design or may include
negative feedback control loops. It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or
electronic components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one
or more AC or DC voltage.
Here is the elementary 6VDC 500 mA power supply circuit using 7806
Integrated Circuit. The 7806 is a three-terminal positive voltage regulator. In case
of variation of the input mains, the IC maintains a constant voltage level of
6VDC.

Circuit Diagram:

Circuit Description
Main input to the circuit is 230 VAC. It is step down by a transformer (T1) to 9
VAC. By using the Bridge rectifier circuit (D1) and the filter capacitor (C1, C2),
it is converted to DC voltage. IC 7806 maintains a constant voltage of 6 VDC
across a capacitor (C3). In case of small variation in the input mains, the output is
not changed.
Components Description:

Transformer (T1)
A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two
or more circuits through electromagnetic induction. Electromagnetic induction
produces an electromotive force within a conductor which is exposed to time
varying magnetic fields. Transformers are used to increase or decrease the
altering voltages in electric power applications.
A varying current in the transformers primary winding creates a varying
magnetic flux in the transformer core and a varying field impinging on the
transformers secondary winding. This varying magnetic field in the secondary
winding induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or voltage in secondary
winding due to electromagnetic induction. Making use of Faradays Laws in
conjunction with high magnetic permeability core properties, transformers can be
designed to efficiently change AC voltages from one voltage level to another
within power networks.

Vp- Input Voltage


Np- Number of turns in Input side
Vs- Output Voltage
Ns- Number of turns in output side
• When an alternating voltage Vp is applied to the primary coil, an AC
current flows through the primary coil.
• This AC current sets a changing magnetic field in the iron core. The
flux through the primary coil is linked to the flux in 2the secondary
coil through the iron core.

• This alternating magnetic field induces an e.m.f. in both the coils. The
output voltage in the secondary coil Vs will give an AC current in the
coil itself. Thus, electrical energy can be delivered to any device at the
output.

Bridge Rectifier
The circuits which convert the input AC into DC are referred to as rectifiers.
If such rectifiers rectify both the positive as well as negative pulses of the
input waveform, then they are called Full-Wave Rectifiers.
A bridge rectifier uses 4 diodes that are connected in the form of a
Wheatstone bridge. In a single half cycle, only two diodes conduct. Consider
the circuit diagram given below:

Bridge Rectifier Circuit Diagram


When the top end of the transformer secondary is positive with respect to
the bottom end, then we call it a positive half cycle. During this period,
diode D2 and D3 are forward biased, as a result there is a current flow which
passes through D2, R and D# back to the bottom end of secondary thereby
passing that positive half cycle to the output. During this period, D1 and D4
are reversed biased so there is no current flow through them. Now during the
negative half cycle, diodes D1 and D4 are forward biased, so the current
passes through D4, R and D1 back to the secondary. During this process
also, the current flow direction through R is same as through that in first
case and so is the voltage drop. So again, a positive half cycle is created at
the output due to the negative half cycle at input. Hence, we obtain two
positive half cycles at the output due to a full cycle at the input. Hence, this
circuit is called a Full wave rectifier.

Wave Forms

Bridge Rectifier Input Output Waveforms

Filter Capacitor
In rectifier, circuits convert a sinusoidal AC voltage into its corresponding
pulsating DC. Apart from the DC component, this pulsating DC voltage will
have unwanted AC components like the components of its supply frequency
along with its harmonics. Such supply is not useful for driving complex
electronic circuits. For most supply purposes, constant DC voltage is
required than the pulsating output of the rectifier. For most applications, the
supply from a rectifier will make the operation of the circuit poor. If the
rectifier output is smoothened and steady and then passed on as the supply
voltage, then the overall operation of the circuit becomes better. Thus, the
output of the rectifier has to be passed through a filter circuit top filter the
AC components.
The filter is a device that allows passing the DC component of the load and
blocks the AC component of the rectifier output. Thes, the output of the
filter circuit will be steady DC voltage.
Filter Capacitors are capacitors used for filtering of undesirable frequencies
in the output of bridge circuit. The waveform is as given:

IC 7806
7806 is a voltage regulator integrated circuit. It is a member of 78xx series
of fixed linear voltage regulator ICs. The voltage source in a circuit may
have fluctuations and would not give the fixed voltage output. The voltage
regulator IC maintains the output voltage at a constant vale. The xx in 78xx
indicates the fixed output voltage it is designed to provide. 7806 provide
+6V regulated power supply. Capacitors C3, C4 are connected at input and
output pins to get the respective voltage.

Pin Diagram
Bibliography

❖ Physicsgenius.com

❖ Askme.com

❖ NCERT Textbook

❖ S.L. Arora Physics

Reference

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