Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerances Rev.

00

• What is GD & T ?
Tolerances, Types of fits, Limits

• History

• Symbols and characteristics

• Modifiers

• Feature control frame

• All 14 Characteristics

• Limit gauging and design of gauges

MIT Academy of Engineering, Alandi, Pune.

 History of GD & T Rev. 00

Stanley Parker from Royal Torpedo Factory in Alexandria developed the

concept of position or “true position” in year 1938
He found parts for torpedoes that were rejected when inspected using
traditional tolerances. However, he found that many were functional parts and
were being sent to production even though they were technically out of
specification tolerance.
His system increase the acceptance to 57% of rejected parts.

Benefits of GD & T
• It is international language.
• It comprises of symbols, rules and definitions for
defining geometry of a part.
• Uniformity in drawings, better designs, No assumptions,
large tolerances.

MIT Academy of Engineering, Alandi, Pune.

 What is GD & T Rev. 00
• Geometric Dimensioning and tolerances (GD&T) is a language used on mechanical engineering drawings composed of symbols that
are used to efficiently and accurately communicate geometry requirements for associated features on component and assemblies.
• A method to specify the shape of a piece of hardware on an engineering drawing.
• A set of fourteen symbols used in the language of GD&T. It consists of well defined symbols, rules, definitions and conventions, used
on engineering drawings to accurately describe a part.
• GD&T is a precise mathematical language that can be used to describe the size, form, orientation, and location of part features.
• GD&T is also a design philosophy on how to design and dimension parts.

Dimension anatomy Dimension:

• A numerical value expressed in appropriate units of measure and
used to define the size, location geometric characteristics or
surface texture of a part.
• It is a measurable extent, as length, breadth and depth.

Why GD&T? Tolerance

• It is a allowable variation in any measurable
property.
• The total amount that features of the part are
GD&T permitted to vary from the specified
Standard dimension.
• The tolerance is the difference between the
maximum and minimum limits.
• Two common methods to specify tolerances
ISO 1101 – limit tolerances
– plus-minus tolerances
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 Limits Rev. 00

The limits are two extreme permissible sizes of a part between which, the actual size of that
part is contained. They are fixed with reference to the basic size of that dimension.

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 Tolerance Rev. 00

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 Tolerance Rev. 00

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 Types of tolerances Rev. 00

Unilateral tolerance : If the tolerance is allowed on one side of

the basic size, the system of tolerance is said to be unilateral.

Bilateral tolerance : if the tolerance is allowed on

both side of the basic size, the system of
tolerance is said to be bilateral.

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Types of fits Rev. 00

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 Types of fits Rev. 00
Clearance Fit : the largest permitted shaft diameter is Interference fit: diameter of minimum allowable shaft is greater than
smaller than the Diameter of the smallest hole, so that, the that of Maximum allowable hole.
shaft can rotate or slide through, with Different degrees of In this type of fit, the sizes of the mating parts are so selected that,
freedom according to the purpose of the mating members
interference Or negative allowance will always occur.

• Transition fit : the diameter of the largest allowable hole is greater than that of the

smallest shaft, but the smallest hole is smaller than the largest shaft, so that, small

positive or negative allowance between the shaft and hole members are employable.

• In this type of fit, the size limits of mating (shaft and hole) parts are so selected that,

either clearance or interference may occur depending upon the actual size of the parts.
 Tolerance Rev. 00

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SEM0 Symbols and its characteristics Rev. 00

14 characteristic symbols with

geometric type control:
• Form – 4 Individual
• Profile – 2 (No Datum reference)
• Orientation – 3
• Location – 3
Individual or related
• Run out – 2
feature

Related feature
(Datum reference required)

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SEM019 Modifiers and its symbols Rev. 00

Modifiers are symbols which defines conditions for the tolerance zone of a geometric tolerance.

Additional symbols

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 Feature Control Frame Rev. 00

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 Straightness Rev. 00

Surface straightness Axial straightness with MMC

Plunger dial or Lever dial attached to height gauge

Tolerance zone : Axis of cylinder to which

Tolerance zone is defined by the tolerance frame is connected, shall be
two parallel line distance apart contained in cylindrical tolerance zone of
0.030 diameter 0.030

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 Flatness Rev. 00

Plunger dial or Lever dial attached to height gauge

Tolerance zone: surface shall be contained

between two parallel planes 0.030 apart. Feeler gauge (not more accurate)

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 Circularity Rev. 00
Circularity symbol is used to describe how close an object should be a true circle.

Fix Plunger dial and by rotating the part to be measured.

Tolerance zone : Circumference of each

cross section shall be contained between
two coplanar concentric circles 0.030 apart

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 Cylindricity Rev. 00
• Circularity symbol is used to describe how close an object should be a true cylinder.
• It is two dimensional tolerance that controls overall form of cylindrical feature to ensure it is round enough
and straight enough along its axis.

Moving Plunger dial along straight line and by rotating

the part to be measured.

Tolerance zone : considered surface

shall be contained between two coaxial
cylinders 0.030 apart.

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 Profile Rev. 00

Profile of a line Profile of a surface

Tolerance zone : considered surface shall be

Tolerance zone : considered profile shall be
contained between two surfaces enveloping
contained between two lines enveloping circle of CMM is better for profile
spheres of diameter 0.030, centers of which
diameter 0.030, centers of which are situated on a
are situated on a surface having true measurements.
line having true geometrical profile.
geometrical form.

MIT Academy of Engineering, Alandi, Pune.

SEM019 Parallelism Rev. 00

Tolerance zone : between two parallel Tolerance zone : the tolerance axis shall
planes 0.003 apart which are parallel to be contained in cylindrical zone of
datum A. diameter 0.03 parallel to datum axis A.

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 Perpendicularity Rev. 00

Surface perpendicularity Axis perpendicularity

Tolerance zone :Axis should

between two parallel planes
0.03 apart which are
perpendicular to datum A.
Height gauge
Tolerance zone : between two
parallel planes 0.03 apart which
are perpendicular to datum A.

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SEM019 Angularity Rev. 00

Tolerance zone : between two

parallel planes 0.03 apart which
are inclined at 60 degree to
datum plane A

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 Location tolerances – Position, Concentricity and Symmetry Rev. 00

Position Concentricity Symmetry

Tolerance zone : Axis of hole Tolerance zone : Median plane of the slot
shall be contained within a shall be contained between two parallel
Tolerance zone : Axis of hole cylinder of diameter of 0.030, planes which are 0.030 apart and
shall be contained within a coaxial with A-B symmetrically disposed about median
cylinder of diameter of 0.030 plane with respect to datum plane A
 Run out Rev. 00

Run out Total Run out

Tolerance zone : The total radial run out should not be greater
Tolerance zone : The radial run out should not be greater
than 0.030 in at any point on specified surface during several
than 0.030 in any plane of measurement during one
revolutions about datum axis A and with relative axial
revolution about the datum axis A.
movement between part and measuring instrument.

MIT Academy of Engineering, Alandi, Pune.

MIT Academy of Engineering, Alandi, Pune.
Guess the type of fit .

50 H8/g7

20 H7/k6

30 H7/r6

60 H8/e8
MIT Academy of Engineering, Alandi, Pune.
MIT Academy of Engineering, Alandi, Pune.
MIT Academy of Engineering, Alandi, Pune.
MIT Academy of Engineering, Alandi, Pune.
MIT Academy of Engineering, Alandi, Pune.
MIT Academy of Engineering, Alandi, Pune.
MIT Academy of Engineering, Alandi, Pune.
MIT Academy of Engineering, Alandi, Pune.
MIT Academy of Engineering, Alandi, Pune.
MIT Academy of Engineering, Alandi, Pune.
MIT Academy of Engineering, Alandi, Pune.
Assignment number 4

MIT Academy of Engineering, Alandi, Pune.

Thank You!
Any questions?