Domain 1 (For ASP) &

2 (For CSP) :
Math
All Math
New Texas Instruments TI-30XA Scientific Calculator $15.99
 Guide to Calculator

1
2
3
4

1 2 3 4
 
………
   
ENTER When STATVAR ……. r
2nd DATA
= X1= Y1 = X2= Y2 = over
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When
2nd Data Data L1(1)= L2(1)= …… over 3STARVARS enter
 Data =

So how we classify Correlational Coeff of above data?

Value of Correln Coeff = 0.98

 Ti 30 Xa Single line display

Can Find standard deviation

But can not calculate correlation coefficients
 
 

Cannot easily calculate

The Co-relation
=
Coefficient
• OSHA = Occupational Safety and Health
Administration / Act
• NIOSH = National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health
• American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists (ACGIH)
• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
• Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
• NFPA
• ASME
• ANSI
• SARA
• CERCLA
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 Formula : Equations of Motion:
Linear Kinematics with Constant Acceleration

Example Example Example

A car having an initial velocity of An object is dropped (no
20 miles per hour accelerates at the initial velocity) from a height
rate of 1000 miles/hr 2. The of 100 meters. The time it
velocity of the car after 1 minute is takes for this object to reach
the ground is:
V= 20 + 1000 x 1 /60 = 36.6 mph Here a = g = 9.8 m / sec 2
Note: We had to convert
minutes to hours T = 4.5 seconds

1 2 2
S H 0t   10  t 5t 2 2
0  2  10  H 20  H
0  gt 9.8  t
V
V 10t 2
Gravitational motion: Out of 2
unknowns, 1 will be given; other has
to be found out
 Formula : Linear Kinematics with Constant Acceleration

V = Final velocity after time t; u = Initial velocity at time zero;

a = acceleration & S = Distance covered in time t
Example say for CSP
A car is travelling with speed of 65 miles per hour. The driver applies brake the car decelerate
(negative acceleration) @ 10 ft /sec 2. How long would it take for the car to come to complete
stop and what is the distance the car travels before it comes to a complete halt ?
Note: We had to convert miles
per hour to ft per sec

T = 9.5 seconds

Now use

1 2 2
S H 0t   10  t 5t 2 2
0  2  10  H 20  H
0  gt 9.8  t
V
V 10t 2
Gravitational motion: Out of 2
unknowns, 1 will be given; other has
to be found out
 Ex; A car with a mass of 4000 kilograms is
traveling with a constant speed of 60 miles per
What is the potential energy of an hour. Calculate the kinetic energy of this car
object with a mass of 20 kilogram in units of joule.
at a point 500 meters above the Since joule is the unit of energy in the SI
ground level? System of units, we have to convert the speed
of the car from miles per hour to meters per
m  20 kg second
h  500 meters
P . E.  ?

Ex; An object with a mass of 10,000 lbm is

P.E.  mgh traveling with a speed of 20 ft/sec. What is the
P.E.  20  9.8  500 kinetic energy of this object in ft. lbf?
P.E.  98,000 joules m  10,000 lbm
V  20 ft / sec
K.E.  ?

mV 2
K.E. 
2
K.E.  62111.8 ft  lbf
  m 
mass  ( Kg)  accelaration  m a  ( Newton)
2
Force
 sec 
H1 H2
Work Force  ( Newton)  mass  ( Kg) Joule
Weight  ( Force2of  attraction
2  of  earth) m g 10m
Ex: If we exert a  
N1  
N2
constant force of 10
newtons to move an
object for 1000
meters, what is the
amount of work that
we have performed
on this object?

W  FS
W  10 1000
W  10,000 joules
Rotational motion
The linear velocity of an
object in rotational motion
can be calculated from
V = C  RPM

Here, V is linear velocity

C is the circumference of
the rotating object’s path
RPM is revolutions per
minute
Ex; A grinding wheel with a
diameter of 2 ft. has a
rotational velocity of 500
rpm. What is the tangential
velocity at any point on the
circumference of the wheel
in feet per second?
Ans: 3140 ft / min = 52.3 ft /
sec
 Moment
Moment is defined as force times distance.
A 20 ft. long beam is fixed at one end inside a wall. A force of
100 lbs is applied to the beam at a location 3 ft. away from the
wall. What force should be applied to the end of the beam to
generate the same moment as the 100 lbs force?
20 ft
F1  100 lbs
d1  3 ft 3 ft

F2  ?
d 2  20 ft
100 lb ?

F1d1  F2 d 2
100  3  F1  20
300
F2 
20
F2  15 lbs
 20 ft

4 ft

500
lbs

Find Moment = ?

Moment = 1000 lbs

Length of rope (4 ft) has any effect ?

Length of rope (4 ft) has no effect
 F
F
F Cos θ

F Sin θ
θ
θ
F Sin θ
F Cos θ

W = F Cos θ
 B c B
c
6 ft 6 ft
a a
300 C C
A A 300
b b

• SIN = OPPOSITE SIN A = a/c

• HYPOTENUSE
Weight = mg
• COS = ADJACENT COS A = b/c
• HYPOTENUSE
•
• TAN = OPPOSITE TAN A = a/b
• ADJACENT
• The sum of three interior angles of a triangle = 180˚
 Frictional Force

Normal Force

Applied Force
Fμ
μ

One question on Friction

 θ W Cos θ
90 - θ
W
θ
Component of weight of the box downwards on the inclined surface = W Sin θ
If W Sin θ > μ W Cos θ; body will roll down with resultant force W Sin θ - μ W Cos θ
If W Sin θ < μ W Cos θ; body will not move and will rest. In that condition:
The force required to set the box in motion downward = W Sin θ - μ W Cos θ
The force required to set the box in motion upward = W Sin θ + μ W Cos θ
If W Sin θ = μ W Cos θ; The body will not move and:
Slightest constant force downwards will make the body move downwards
Slightest constant force upwards will make the body move upwards
•Friction: A box weighing 300 pounds is resting on an inclined surface having a
coefficient of friction of 0.4. The force necessary to set this box in motion up the
inclined surface must exceed: Ff
W sin 
F

15º

300 lbs 300 Cos 15

The force required to set the box in motion up the inclined surface must just overcome the
frictional forces on the inclined surface (Ff) and the component of weight of the box on the
inclined surface.
In order to calculate the frictional force using F=N, we must note that N is the perpendicular
force exerted by the box on the inclined surface. Since weight of any object is always
perpendicular to the horizontal surface, the perpendicular force between the box and the inclined
surface is N = 300 cos 15 = 289.7 lbs.

Ff = 0.4 289.7 = 115.9 lbs.

The component of weight of the box on the inclined surface is
(300) sin (15) = 77.6 lbs.
The total force opposing the motion of the box up the inclined surface is:
115.9 + 77.6 = 193.5 lbs.
The force that would put the box in motion up the inclined surface must exceed 193.5 lbs
•Example: A worker weighing 200 pounds slips on a 15 degree ramp and travels 10 ft
before hitting wall at the end of the ramp. If coefficient of friction of worker’s shoes
and ramp is 0.1, find the worker’s velocity (assume constant acceleration) just when he
hits the wall.

W sin  Ff
F

15º

200 lbs

See Ex 5 of 2.1-9 of CSP book

 T
W
90-θ
2
2 T Cos θ
T Cos θ T Cos θ T
T
T
θθ W W
2 2

θ θ
W W
2 2
2 T Cos (90 – θ) = W
90-θ W
Why (90-θ) not θ ?

2 T Cos θ = W or
 W
W
2
T
90-
θ

T
W W
2 2

θ
 W W
W
T = .6W L
.7L
T=W W .6L T = .7W
.6W
W W
W W W
W 2 2 .7W 2 2
2 2
  450  600
300 300 450 600
L L L L
L
2 L
2
2

 Tension on each sling T Tension on each sling

300 100 % of W 100 % W =2 T Cos (90-)
450 70.711 % of W 70 %
600 57.735 % of W 60 %
900 50 % of W 50 %
When the angle with the load is 300 with a two leg sling, the tension per leg is the
load. A general statement is “as the angle decreases the tension increases
A θ θ B
T T
C

1000 lbs
(W)
Find T (Tension / Stress on each sling) = ?
2 T Cos (θ) = 1000
2 T Cos (90-θ) = 1000 √
Why (90-θ) not θ ?
• A block and tackle is a system of two or more
pulleys with a rope or cable threaded between
them, usually used to lift or pull heavy loads.
The pulleys are assembled together to form
blocks and then blocks are paired so that one
is fixed and one moves with the load. The rope
is threaded, or rove, through the pulleys to
provide mechanical advantage that amplifies
that force applied to the rope.
Braking Distance. Ex: You are travelling on an interstate highway at 60 miles per hour.
Suddenly you see a pedestrian crossing the road, your reaction time is one second to apply
full, four wheel braking. Assuming the coefficient of friction between the tires and the road
is 0.75 how far would your car travel before it comes to a complete stop ?

Ans:
Pre-braking distance : 60 miles/hr x 5280 feet/mile x 1hr/3600 seconds = 88 feet in one
second 2
V 2
Braking distance = BD = 88  161.333  160
2 g 2  0.75  32

where V is the starting speed of the car in feet/sec,  is the coefficient of static friction
between the tires and the road, and g is the acceleration due to gravity. For example, a
car traveling at 88 ft/sec (60 mph) on a dry road

Total distance = Pre-braking distance + braking distance = 88+160 = 248 feet

Archimedes’ Principle (Buoyant
force & Apparent Weight)
 Archimedes’ Principle (Buoyant force & Apparent Weight)
When an object is submerged in a fluid (liquid or gas), the buoyant force on the
submerged object is equal to the weight of fluid displaced by the object.
The apparent weight of an object, which is submerged in a fluid, is equal to its real weight
minus the buoyant force exerted on the object by the displaced fluid.
Example
A cylindrical object having a diameter of 1 foot and a length of 2 feet is completely
submerged in water, which has a density of 62.4 lbm/ft3. What is the buoyant force
exerted on this object?
In the above example if the real weight of the object is 250 lbs, what is its apparent weight
when completely submerged in water?
Solution
1
ft.

2 Buoyant force (upward force) =

ft.

Water

Apparent weight = Real weight – weight of displaced fluid (Buoyant force)

Apparent weight = 250 – 100 = 150 lbs
 Hydrostatic pressure
Consider a column of fluid. It can be shown Ex: A tank 20 feet in diameter and 50 feet
high contains water that has a density of
that the hydrostatic pressure at the base of the
column is 62.4 lbm/ft3. Assuming that the tank is
P = Po + gh open to the atmosphere and that the
P = pressure at the base of column barometric pressure is 14.7 psi, calculate
Po = pressure on the upper surface of the column the total pressure at the bottom of the tank
 = fluid density in pounds per square foot.
g = acceleration of gravity In order to maintain consistency of units,
h = the height of the fluid column, and we have to convert 14.7 pounds per square
inch to pounds per square foot.
lbs 144 in 2
P0  14.7 2 
One question on Pressure in 1 ft 2

at Bottom in case of liquid P  2116.8 lbs / ft 0

2

Important Note: Since density has units of

mixture
50 ft ”mass” per “volume”, and because we are
working in the American Engineering System,
we have to divide its value by g (here 32.2)
 gh
P 14.7 
g
( 2116  62.4  50)
P 14.7    h = 36.36  psi
144
A large open tank contains oil and water (immiscible) as shown below. Height of tank
= 24 feet. Oil has a specific gravity = 0.7 and density of water = 62 lbm per cubic foot.
The gauge pressure at the bottom of the tank is:

OiL

24 ft

WATER 14 ft

• A. 15 psi in American Engineering

• B. 17 psi System and = 1 in metric system
• C. 9.0 psi Note that density of oil is obtained by multiplying its specific
• D. 20 psi gravity by the density of water in FPS system
 Cross Section Area

Ex: The electrical resistivity of a

copper wire 100 foot long and ¼
inch in diameter with a resistance
of 100 ohms in ft-ohm is

L = Length =100, R =100 ohms.

2
  ( 0.25) 4
A=  3.409  10
4  144

R = ρ(L/A)
A
 R
L
From this = ρ = 3.4 x10-4
 V
I1 R1
1
I2 R2
= V2 
R
I3 R3 Ex: An electrical device having a
resistance of 20 ohms is Ex: A current of 20 amperes
connected to a potential flows through an electrical
difference of 110 volts. How circuit that is connected to a
I
Ex: Three resistors much current flows through this potential difference of 220
having resistances of 10, device? volts. What is the amount of
20, and 30 ohms are Apply Ohm’s law electrical power consumed
connected in parallel. V  RI by this circuit in kilowatts?
what is the value of the
110  20 I I  20 amperes
equivalent resistance?
1 1 1 1 V  220 volts
   I
110
R R1 R2 R3 P?
20
1 1
 
1

1 I  5.5 amperes
P  VI
R 10 20 30
P  220  20
1
 0.183 P  4400 watts
R
R  5.45 Ans: 4.4 Kwatt
1 1 1 6 3 2 11
 
5 10 15 30 30
1 1 2 1 3

5 10 10 10
1 1 1 12  4  3 19
 
5 15 20 60 60
 Formula 1

ppm = conc in parts per millions

C = conc in mg per cubic metre
M = Molecular Weight

Convert 2570 mg/ m3 of acetone to

ppm. The MW of acetone is 58.1
• Acetone, (CH3 )2 CO, has a TLV =
750 ppm. The TLV for acetone in
mg/m3 is equal to which of the
following ?
• Atomic weights: C=12, H =1, 0=16.

• a. 1779
• b. 1432
• c. 1865
• d. 1352
• Ans: a
 Formula 2 Formula 3

= TLV of mixture = LFL of mixture in vap

= decimal fraction of component #1 = decimal fraction of component 1 in liq
= TLV of component #1 in mg per = LFL of component 1in % in vap
cubic metre
Determine the lower flammability limit
of a mixture containing 25% toluene,
Determine the threshold limit value 30% ethyl ether, and 45% acetone. The
of a mixture containing 25% LFLs are: toluene 1.1%, ethyl ether,
toluene, 40% xylene, and 15% 1.9%, and acetone 2.5%.
hexane. The TLVs are: toluene 188
mg/m3, xylene 434 mg/m3, and
hexane 176 mg/m3
mg/m3
So the lower flammability limit of the said
mixture = 1.77
Can TLV of mixture be less than or more Can LFL of mixture be less than or more
than lowest or highest value respectively ? than lowest or highest value ?
 Calculation of Total Dose

Taken 25%
25 1
Say 50 % = Half dead
50 2
cause death

20 1
= Half dead
40 2
Taken 20%

Say 40 %
cause death

1 1
Total Dose Effect:  1 = Full dead
2 2

If Dose ≥ 1, It means overexposeD &

if < 1 means underexposed.

Note: Please remember that C’s & T’s are same units say actual
concn and allowed/permitted conc
 A worker is exposed to the following conc

From To Conc mg / M3
8 AM 11 AM 5
11 12 3
1 PM 3 PM 0
3 PM 5 PM 5

The time weighted average exposure is:

• 2.62 mg / M3
• 1.8 mg / M3
• 3.5 mg / M3
• 3.65 mg / M3
Law 1. With impeller diameter (D) held constant:
Law 1a. Flow rate is proportional to shaft speed:

Law 1b. Pressure or Head is proportional to the square of shaft speed:

Law 1c. Power is proportional to the cube of shaft speed:

 V1 V2
P1 . V1 P2 . V2
T1 T2

Here P1 & P2 are absolute Pressure in same unit ; V1 & V2 must be in same units and T1 &
T2 must be in absolute i.e., in0K or 0R by adding 273 in case degree C or 460 in case degree F
Example: An acetone/air mixture is collected in an impervious 5-L gas-sampling bag
at 80°F and 710 mm Hg. Calculate the new volume for the bag when it is at NTP.
Here P1= 710, V1 = 5 litres, T1 = 80 + 460 = 5400R; P2= 760, V2 = ? litres, T2 = 77 + 460 =
5370R. Substituting above values, we get V2 = 4.7 litres
 What is volume of 100 grams of nitrogen (N2) at 25
degree C and one atmosphere ?
• a. 43 liters
• b. 83 litres
• c. 174 liters
• d. 255 liters
Here number of moles of Nitrogen =

25 degree C = 25 + 273 = 298 degree Kelvin

The volume in liters occupied by 1 gram mole of a
gas under STP condition is equal to:

• a. 359 liters
• b. 22.4 liters
• c. 38.7 liters
• d. 29.5 liters.
• Ans ‘b’
Note: For Industrial hygiene, reference temp = 25 C & if
in the question is reg Industrial hygiene, the answer will
be 24.45 litres
 Suppose DB = 110 F &
Humidity = 40% . Find Wet
Bulb Temp & Dew Point
 Heat Stress: Heat Exposure Threshold Limit Values
WBGT in Degrees Celsius: ACGIH 94-95 TLV booklet
Description of Type of Work Q. A worker is performing
work a “moderate” task with
Light Moderate Heavy
75% work and 25% rest
Continuous 30 C 26.7 25 each hour. The task is
performed indoors with
75% work; 25% 30.6 28 25.9
rest each hour no solar load on a day
when Natural Wet Bulb
50% work; 50% 31.4 29.4 27.9
rest each hour
temperature is 22 C and
the Globe temp is 27 C.
25% work; 75% 32.2 31.1 30
Find if the worker is
rest each hour
exposed to excessive heat
?
WBGT = 0.7 (22) + 0.3 (27)
So the worker is not exposed to excessive WBGT = 23.5 C
heat
 See 2.1.56
• Heat Stress Table
Math on Psychometric chart
Total Pressure = Static Pressure + Velocity Pressure
 Formula 5 for Duct Ventilation:
V 4005 VP
2
d

Q V  4005 VP
Example 1 4
 Total pressure = Static + velocity pressure, all in inches of water column
 If TP = minus 0.8 inch & SP = minus 2.5 inches; then VP = +ve 1.7 inches.
 Volume flow rate in CFM (Qd) = Area (sq feet) x Velocity (feet per minute)
 Velocity (feet per minute) = 4005 times root of VP in inches of water column
 Ans 1.025 x 103 cfm for 6 inches dia
Example 2
 What is the volume CFM flowing thro duct B (12 inches dia, ST = -5”, TP = -2”)
 Here, TP = minus 2 inches & SP = minus 5 inches; then VP = +ve 3 inches
 Dia of Duct for ventilation, d = 1 foot.
 We know:
 Volume flow rate in CFM (Q) = Area (sq feet) x Velocity (feet per minute)
 Velocity (feet per minute) = 4005 times root of VP in inches of water column
 Therefore,
 Q = 5.448 x 103 cfm
Formula 8: Local Exhaust Ventilation:
Formula 9: Dilution Ventilation:

V=Capture velocity (fpm) = volume Dilution Ventilation (Q) in cfm reqd to maintain
flow in cfm (= duct area x face desired conc of flammable or other vapor = Factor
velocity) divide area plus 10x distance x SG (specific gravity) x ER(Evaporation rate in
square (sq ft) pts/min) x K (safety Factor) divided MW
Example (molecular weight) x C (desired conc in ppm)
What is the Capture velocity (fpm) at Remember 1 quart = 2 pts.
a distance of 6 inches, when duct area Example 1
is 0.5 ft2 and face velocity is 150 ft What Dilution Ventilation in cfm is reqd to maintain
per min ? Ans 10.923 fpm desired conc of flammable or other toxic vapor to 50
ppm of chemical of Mol Wt. 100, specific gravity 0.7;
when evaporation rate is 2 pints per hour. Assume
safety factor as 6.
Ans 11.28 x 103 cfm
A V
2
More the cfm, less the distance , 10  x  A
More the numerator (upper portion) and less
more will be the capture velocity the denominator (lower portion), more will be Q
 Radioactive Half Live Math
• Let Half Live = t years. Then make table below:
• Time Activity
• 0 100 %
• t years 50 %
• 2t years 25 %
• 3t years 12.5 %
• 4t years 6.25 %
• 5t years 3.125 %
If C = 10 curies & E = 0.661,
Ans. S =39.66 (Radiation reading at
1 foot (R/hr @ 1 foot )
1 curie = 3.7 x disintegrations / sec
= Do becquerel
1 gray = 100 rad = 100 rem
1 coulomb / Kg = 3880 roentgens
An exposure of 500 roentgens in five hours is usually
lethal for human beings.
The typical exposure to normal background radiation
for a human being is about 200 milliroentgens per
year, or about 23 microroentgens per hour.
 Luminescent radiation detectors are suitable for measuring
which type of ionizing radiation ?
a) Beta rays , b) gamma rays, c) laser radiation d) alpha
rays
• Ans: (b)
• Luminescent detectors are effective measuring instruments
for flow of neutrons. The collision of neutrons with the
solid material in the detector generate excess energy which
is emitted in form of light which is proportional to amount
of energy received by material
 Higher temperature or pressure, as well as higher
concentration of the oxidizer (primarily oxygen in air), results
in lower LFL and higher UFL, hence the gas mixture will be
easier to explode. The effect of pressure is very small at
pressures below 10 millibarand difficult to predict,
  Cf 
V ln 
 Cf  Q  ( T) or T  Ci 
ln

 Ci  V Q
Cf , Ci are final and initial concn in ppm; Q is Ventilation rate in cfm
and V is Volume of room in cubic fe et & T = Time taken in minutes

If Volume of room = 105 cubic feet and ventilation rate is 2000 cfm; what time will be
required to reduce conc of vapour from 100 ppm to 25 ppm?

Ex: A furniture drying area contains 100 ppm of solvent in 100000 cubic feet.
Ventilation rate is 2000 cfm. How long to reduce conc to 25 ppm?

Ans 69.3 minutes

Ex: You are standing 2 feet from a radiation source.
How far should you move away to reduce your
exposure to 1/100 of the original value?
[Hints: Radiation intensity follows the inverse square
law, which mans that the intensity of radiation Given that the gamma radiation energy
decreases with the square of the distance from the for Cesium 137 is 0.661 MeV. The
source] radiation reading at a distance of 1 foot
Radiation intensity follows the inverse square law, from an unshielded 10 millicurie Cesium
which mans that the intensity of radiation decreases 137 would be
with the square of the distance from the source.
In the above equation, S = Radiation
L1d12=l2d22
reading at 1 feet in R / hr. When C in
L2/l1=0.01 l2/l1 =d12 /d22
curie & E in MeV and if C in milli-
0.01=4/ d22
curie, S will be in mR/hr
d2=20 feet
Here C = 0.661 m curie and so we will
get answer S = mR/hr
Ex: The amount of illumination measured at a
distance of 2 feet from the light source is 2 foot- Putting values,
candles. What is the amount of illumination at the S = 6 x 10 x 0.661 = 39.66  40 mR/hr
distance of 4 feet from the light source?
I2 = 0.5 foot-candle
Noise / decibel
 Thumb Rules of Decibel = 6 Thumb Rules.
Thumb Rules #1: Decibel Rule of Six
• 90 dB – D distance
• 96 dB – D/2 distance
• 102 dB - …. distance
• …… dB - …. distance
• ….. dB - …. distance
• ….. dB - …. distance
 Thumb Rule of Decibel: Rule # 1: If the distance from a
sound source is doubled, the reduction in sound pressure level is:
• a. 4 decibels
• b. 8 decibels
• c. 12 decibels
• d. 6 decibels.

We start with:

In this case i.e., distance is doubled. We have to calculate

 Thumb Rules #2: Decibel Rule of five

• 90 dB –8 hrs Math Reference slide 8

• 95 dB -4 hrs
• 100 dB -2 hrs
• 105 dB -1 hrs
• 110 dB - ½ hrs
• 115 dB - ¼ hrs
 Rest 4 Thumb Rules:
• 1. Rule of 3: When two decibel levels are equal or within 1 dB of
each other, their sum is 3 dB higher than the higher individual
level. For example, 80 dBA + 80 dBA = 83 dBA; 100 dB + 101
dB = 104 dB.
• 2. Rule of 2: When two decibel levels are 2 or 3 dB apart, their
sum is 2 dB higher than the higher individual level. For
example, 87 dBA + 85 dBA = 89 dBA; 75 dBA + 77 dBA = 79
dBA.
• 3. Rule of 1: When two decibel levels are 4 to 9 dB apart, their
sum is 1 dB higher than the higher individual level. For
example, 80 dBA + 86 dBA = 87 dBA; 32 dB + 36 dB = 37 dB.
4. Rule of 0: When two decibel levels are 10 or more dB apart,
their sum is the same as the higher individual level. For
example, 80 dB + 95 dB = 95 dB.
 Concept of Rule of Thumb of Decibel…..contd
• In situations where several sound levels have to be added to
obtain the combined effect, the following procedure can be used:
• 1. Add the two lowest decibel levels.
• 2. Add the result of step 1 to the next higher level.
3. Continue until all decibel levels have been added.
• Example: Five machines are operating in a machine shop, each
generating a sound: Machine 1: 79 dBA; Machine 2: 85 dBA;
Machine 3: 87 dBA; Machine 4: 95 dBA; Machine 5: 93 dBA
• Answer:Combined effect from all five machines operating
simultaneously is equivalent to a sound level of 98 dBA
• NB:A high frequency noise is more harmful to human ear than a
low frequency noise having the same amount of sound energy.

Noise Word
 Formula 13:
Formula 12:  A2 
dB 10  log  
 A1 
Where dB is amount of noise reduction in decibels,
A1 is amount of absorption before treatment express
L in dB & rms in micropascals in units of ‘sabins’, A2 is amount of absorption after
treatment in sabins
Ex: The root mean squared Ex: In industrial noise control, every attempt must
pressure level from a sound source be made to reduce noise level by means of
engineering controls, one way to accomplish this is
is 0.2 Pascals. What is the decibel
treatment of ceilings with sound absorbing materials
value of this sound? such as fiberglass. In a machine shop with a ceiling
area of 6000 ft2 and sound absorption coefficient of
 2  105 
dB 20  log   0.04, the ceiling was treated with a sound absorbing
 20  material which has a coefficient of absorption of 0.8.

dB  4
20  log 10
The amount of noise reduction in this machine shop
is:-
A1 = (6000 ft2) x (0.04) = 240 sabins
dB 80
A2 = (6000 ft2) x (0.8) = 4800 sabins
dB = 13 decibels from above formula
 Here, dB = Decibel of sound
Ex: What is the sound power in dB for
small emergency warning siren of 0.01
watts?

10  log 
0.01 
 12 
dB
 10 

 
10
10  log1010
10  log 10
dB 10  10
dB 10  10

dB 100
 The time weighted
average noise exposure
D = Dosimeter reading or Dose %
for a worker is 95 = Allowed time in
Ci = actual time; Ti = Allowed time
decibles in a shaft. The hours for L dB
Ex: What is noise dose for a worker who is exposed noise dose is
dB Hrs
to 95 dBA source for a period of 5 hours ? TWA = time weighted
Ans. The noise can be calculate from noise exposure in dB. 90 8
D = 100∑ Ci D = noise dose in
ti 95 4
percent. For the
where Ci is exposure time and ti is 100 2
problem at hand:
allowable time.
T = 8 . , where L is in decibels
95 = 16.61log D + 90 105 1
2 (L-90)/5 100
5 110 .5
From this equation we can find D = 100  D = 1.99
125% 4 100
D = 199%

Ex: During a given work shift, a worker has been exposed to noise levels of 100 dB for one
hour, 95 dB for three hours, and 92 dB for four hours. Determine whether this worker has
been exposed to excessive noise C1 C2 C3
 
Ans: Since the above value exceeds 1,
t1 t2 t3
we have exceeded the allowable time,
1 3 4 and this worker has been exposed to
   1.9  1 excessive noise
2 4 6
Formula 4 for calculating velocity Pressure through hydrant pipe

Velocity Pressure in psi in a pipe = square of liquid flowing

in gpm divided by 891 x dia in inches to four power

Example 1:

What is the Velocity Pressure in a pipe of 2

inches in dia, when liquid flowing @ 1000
gpm?

Ans 70.146 psi

 Formula 7: for Pressure drop due to friction in a hydrant pipe

Pressure drop due to friction in psi per foot of pipe = function of gpm of water flowing,
inside dia in inches and C factor (100 for brand new pipe)
Example 1 Example 2
What is the friction loss in psi per ft for a 5-in What is the total pressure loss due to
pipe having a C of 85 with a 250 gpm flow? friction in 1000 ft. of a pipe which
has an inside diameter of 8 inches
Here, and a coefficient of friction of 150
Q = 250 gpm; C=85; d=5 in with a flow rate of 1000 gpm?

1.85
4.52  1000

1.85 4.87
150 8

p = 0.131 psi per foot 6.004 x 10-3 psi per foot

= 6 psi for 1000 ft pipe
 Formula 11:
Formula 10:

Pressure in fire sprinkler in psi

= whole square of flow rate in
gpm divided K factor (generally
Time taken in minutes to reduce conc of 5.6 for building)
vapour in ppm = Volume of room in cubic What is the Pressure in fire sprinkler,
feet x ln(ratio of conc) divided ventilation when flow rate is 26.4 gpm? (assume
rate in cfm K factor as 5.6 for building)
Ans 22.224 psi
If Volume of room = 105 cubic feet and
P = 7 psi minimum (NFPA 13 requirement) for
ventilation rate is 2000 cfm; what time will standard half inch sprinkler
be required to reduce conc of vapour from i.e., 14.8 gpm minmum per sprinkler
100 ppm to 25 ppm? Q: If sprinklers are spaced as one per 15 x 12 (
= 180) square feet in a light hazard office
building, (which requires 0.1 gpm per sf), of
total 1500 sf; find no of sprinklers and pressure
Ans 69.3 minutes at each sprinkler.

Ans: total number of sprinkler required = 1500

A furniture drying area contains 100 ppm of / 180 = 8 sprinklers. And gpm requirement = 0.1
solvent in 100000 cubic feet. Ventilation rate is x 180 = 18 gpm for each sprinkler. That Q = 18
200 cfm. How long to reduce conc to 25 ppm? gpm. This means that pressure at each
sprinkler = 10.3 psi.
 One drop of seawater contains 300
billion atoms of sodium (atomic wt
23) in the form of salt. How many
drops of sea water do we need to
have 23 Kg of sodium contained in
• 3. 751 x 1023 salt
• 4.621 x 1019
• 6.753 x 1024
• 2.008 x 1015
 Air contains 700 ppm of methane
(CH4). How many gms of methane is
in the room that has a volume of 25
cubic meter?
• 16
• 21
• 11.5
• 5
 The atomic wt of sodium is 23. The
wt in gms of one atom of sodium is
equal to
• 3.82 x 10-23
• 7.53 x 10-26
• 5.02 x 10-12
• 4.72 x 10-30
•
A press requires a presence sensing device at point of point
of operation. What should the minimum distance be from
the sensing field to the point of operation with a hand
speed constant equal to 63 in / sec and the stopping time
for the press equal to 0.6 sec ?

• 90.00 inches
• 53.40 inches
• 75.23 inches
• 37.80 inches
Revised NIOSH Lifting
Equation
 What is the Revised NIOSH Lifting Equation?
What is its output ?
• Low back pain and injuries due to manual lifting are leading occupational problems.
• The NIOSH Lifting Equation is a tool used to evaluate risks associated with a lifting
task. NIOSH stands for the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
• The NIOSH Lifting Equation will calculate the Recommended Weight Limit (RWL- up
to eight hours).
• RWL has 6 multipliers & one constant. RWL may be in Kgs or lbs (pounds).

Constant; Horizontal Multiplier; Vertical Multiplier; Distance Multiplier;

Asymmetry Multiplier; Frequency Multiplier; Coupling Multiplier
Maximum RWL = 51 lbs / 23 Kgs; when all multipliers are each =1
Load
LI = Lifting Index =
RWL

So if LI = 1, it means that actual load is equal to that recommended & OK.

If LI < 1, it means that actual load is less than that recommended & very good.

If LI >1, it means that actual load in the operation in the plant is more than that
recommended by NIOSH and such work (8 hours) may lead to psychological and
physiological fatigue and so cause Unsafe Act / Near-hit / At-Risk behavior / Accident.
Management, however, without knowing its implications, blame that the worker(s) are
not working properly or workers need training etc. According to the national safety
council, USA, about 31% of all occupational injuries are caused by overexertion
Let us see one example
 A Worker lifts finished products from an assembly line, which is
20 inches above the floor and places them in boxes that are located
35 inches above the floor. The weight of each product is 15 lbs. For
each lift, the distance of hands away from mid-point between
ankles is 12 inches. In order to property place the load at its
destination, the worker needs to turn 45 degrees. The workers
places 5 finished products in boxes every minute. The coupling
type is classified as “Good” the RWL for 3 hours of continuous
work is

a.18.50
b.11.06
c.23.68
d.32.43
 • Assembly line is 20 inches above the floor
• Places them in boxes that are located 35 inches
above the floor
• The weight of each product is 15 lbs
• For each lift, the distance of hands away from
mid-point between ankles is 12 inches
• The worker needs to turn 45 degrees
• The workers places 5 finished products in boxes
every minute.
• The coupling type is classified as “Good”
• The RWL for 3 hours of continuous work is

Here units are in inches & so

we should use 2nd equation

Put H = 12; V = 20; D = 35-20 = 15; A = 45; & F and C values are found from Tables
 A Worker lifts finished products from an assembly line, which is
20 inches above the floor and places them in boxes that are located
35 inches above the floor. The weight of each product is 15 lbs. For
each lift, the distance of hands away from mid-point between
ankles is 12 inches. In order to property place the load at its
destination, the worker needs to turn 45 degrees. The workers
places 5 finished products in boxes every minute. The coupling
type is classified as “Good” the RWL for 3 hours of continuous
work is
a.18.50
b.11.06
c.23.68
d.32.43
• If question comes like this:
• Question: Values of all multipliers are given
and to find as to which one factor to be
targeted to increase RWL easily.
• Ans: The most lowest value multiplier. Most of
cases, it is frequency multiplier. In above
example, F = least i.e., 0.35
Questions?
 Flow Calculation for Water Supplies

• R = residual pressure for predicted flow rate (psi); Q1 = known flow

rate from a group of open hydrants with a measured residual pressure,
R1 (gpm); Q2 = predicted flow rate at a different residual pressure, R2
usually 20 psi (gpm); S = static pressure in a hydrant system with no
flow from any hydrants (psi); R1 = the residual pressure measured at a
non-flowing hydrant during a flow test (psi)
• Example: The static pressure of a hydrant system is 75 psi. When the
flow from several hydrants combined reaches 3500 gpm, the pressure
at the non-flowing hydrant reduces to 30 psi. (a) What is the expected
flow for a residual pressure of 40 psi? (b) What would the static
pressure need to be to obtain a flow of 5000 gpm at 30 psi?
• S = 75 psi; Q1 = 3500 gpm; R1 = 30 psi; R2 = 40 psi
The static pressure of a hydrant system is 75 psi. When the flow from
several hydrants combined reaches 3500 gpm, the pressure at the non-
flowing hydrant reduces to 30 psi. (a) What is the expected flow for a
residual pressure of 40 psi? (b) What would the static pressure need to be
to obtain a flow of 5000 gpm at 30 psi?
A

C
Water source
& flow
B
• If A, B & C (& all valves) are closed, static pressure = 75 psi

•If B & C ... are opened ( but A is closed) & discharge found=3500 gpm,
and the residual pressure at A found = 30 psi
•If the residual pressure = 40 psi, discharge = ?
•If the residual pressure = 30 psi, discharge =5000 gpm;static pressure =?
 Flow Calculation for Water Supplies (Contd …)
• What would the static pressure need to be to obtain a flow of 5000
gpm at 30 psi?

= = constant = 550

• The constant for this system is 550. So we can find S as below:

= 89.4 psi
 Hydraulic Flow-Pressure Relationship

• P = pressure in psi; Q = flow in gpm

• Example: A sprinkler system was hydraulically designed so that 1450 gpm
at 30 psi was needed at the top of the riser to meet a certain storage
arrangement demand. The warehouse manager would like to rearrange the
storage in such a way that 2000 gpm will be required over the same area to
satisfy the increase in the density of the demand. What will the pressure
requirement be at the top of the riser to deliver the new flow requirement?
• Here, P1 = 30 psi; Q1= 450 gpm; Q2 = 2000 gpm

• P2 =
• P2 = 57.1 psi
 Hydraulic Friction Loss Formula

• Pf =

• Q = flow rate (gpm); C = coefficient factor for friction (unit less); d =

inside diameter of pipe (in); Pf = pressure in lb per sq in per ft of pipe
(psi)
• Example
• What is the friction loss in psi per ft for a 5-in pipe having a C of 85
with a 250 gpm flow?
• Here, Q = 250 gpm; C=85; d=5 inch

• Pf = = 0.013 psi per foot

 Hydraulic Friction Loss Formula (Contd..)

• The total pressure loss due to friction in 1000 ft. of a pipe

which has an inside diameter of 8 inches and a coefficient of
friction of 150 with a flow rate of 1000 gpm is approximately
(one option: 6 psi & other option = 0.006 psi)

= 6.004 x 10-3

• = 0.006 psi per foot

• = 6 psi per 1000 feet long pipe
 Noise reduction coefficient
The arithmetic average, rounded to the nearest multiple of
0.05, of the absorption coefficients for a specific material and
mounting condition determined at the one octave band
center frequencies of 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 Hz.

For example, an NRC of 0 indicates perfect reflection; an NRC

of 1 indicates perfect absorption.
It is the average of four sound absorption coefficients of the
particular surface at frequencies of 250 Hz, 500 Hz, 1000 Hz,
and 2000 Hz rounded to the nearest 5%. (0.05) For example:
sound absorbtion coefficient 0.3, 0.6, 0.8 & 0.9 =
 Four cylindrical storage tanks having
diameter of 20 feet and height of 30 feet each
are to be constructed on a rectangular piece
of land having dimensions of 50 by 300 feets.
The amount of land that is not occupied by
the tanks is:

a. 13.744 ft.2
• b. 9.674 ft2
• c. 5.622 ft2
d. 11.676 ft2.
 Four cylindrical storage tanks having diameter of
20 feet and height of 30 feet each are to be
constructed on a rectangular piece of land having
dimensions of 50 by 300 feets. The area of land that
is not occupied by the tanks is:
a. 13.744 ft.2
b. 9.674 ft2
c. 5.622 ft2
d. 11.676 ft2.
The area not occupied by the tanks is equal to the total area of the
land minus the area covered by the base of the cylindrical tanks.
Total area=50x300=15,000 ft2
Area occupied by tanks = 4 x (3.14) (400)
4
15,000 – (3.14 ) (400) = 13.744 ft2.
 What is the probability of:

a.Getting an “1” when rolling a die ?---------------------

b. Not getting a “1” when rolling a die ?
c.Getting a “1”, or “2” in one roll of a die
d. Getting “snake eyes” when roling two die ?
• A flipped penny coming up heads ?
 Determine the following based on the
below sample data.
• 11, 12, 12, 12, 14, 15, 17
a. Mode(highest frequency)
b. Median (middle value. If 2 These 3 are central tendency,
which measure / indicate where the
Middles, then average of the 2 ) middle of a bunch of data lies.
c. Mean(average)
d. Range These 3 are called
statistical dispersion,
e. Standard Deviation (indicates how
which measure / indicate
closely the measurements vary about the spread of bunch of
the mean) data
f. Variance (= mean square Standard
Deviation
 Determine the following based on the
below sample data.
• 11, 12, 12, 12, 14, 15, 17
a. Mode(highest frequency) = 12
b. Median (middle value. If 2 Middles, then
average of the 2 ) = 12
c. Mean(average) =
d. Range = (17 – 11) = 6
e. Standard Deviation (indicates how closely the
measurements vary about the mean) = 2.138
Case Study Two: An air sampling study was conducted in a research
laboratory environment. The contaminant was boron trifluoride and readings
were taken at 15 minute intervals over a short period of time. The results in
mg/m3 were recorded as (in order of reading) 1.13, 1.21, 1.02, 0.93, 2.21,
2.06, 2.91, 2.01, 1.32, 3.01, 2.91, 1.17, 0.86

• 3. What is the arithmetic mean of these readings?

• a. 2.01
• b. 1.75
• C. 1.76
• d. 1.57
0.86  0.93  1.02  1.13  1.17  1.21  1.32  2.01  2.06  2.21  2.91  2.91  3.01
 1.75
13
Case Study Two: An air sampling study was conducted in a research
laboratory environment. The contaminant was boron trifluoride and
readings were taken at 15 minute intervals over a short period of
time. The results in mg/m3 were recorded as (in order of reading)
1.13, 1.21, 1.02, 0.93, 2.21, 2.06, 2.91, 2.01, 1.32, 3.01, 2.91, 1.17,
0.86
• 4. What is the median?
• a. 0.88
• b. 1.21
• c. 2.91
• d. 1.32
0.86, 0.93, 1.02, 1.13, 1.17, 1.21, 1.32, 2.01, 2.06, 2.21, 2.91, 2.91, 3.01
Six workers are exposed to methylene chloride at the following levels
(based on an 8-hr TWA): 27 ppm, 31 ppm, 12 ppm, 86 ppm, 27 ppm,
and 40 ppm. What is the statistical mode of their exposures?

1) 37 ppm
2) 31 ppm
3) 27 ppm
4) 29 ppm

The correct answer is: 3

The mode is the number in a set of numbers that appears most

frequently. 27 ppm is correct because it appears most frequently in
this set of numbers.
Given a set of data, to increase the probability your findings are not
due to chance, you would use a p value (or level) of (p = probability
of error. P = .15 means that probability of error = .15 or 15 %. So
confidence value = .85. In other words, confidence level of 85%)

• 1. .01
• 2. .10
• 3. .20
• 4. .25
 What are the three measures of
central tendency?
• a. mode, medium, average
• b. middle, average, media
• c. medium, mode, average
• d. mean, median, mode
What is the median value of the following
set of lost time claim numbers:
21, 13, 55, 43, 22, 16?
• a. 28.33 13 16 21 22 43 55

• b. 21.5 21  22
 21.5
• c. 22 2
• d. 21
From a deck of 52 cards, one card is drawn at random. What is the
probability that the random card is either a ten or a jack?
A) 1/13
B) 2/13
C) 1/26
D) 1/52
The correct answer is: B

The probability of drawing a ten = 4/52 = l/13.

The probability of drawing a jack is 4/52 = l/13.
The probability of either a ten or a jack is l/13 + l/13 = 2/13.
 Rounding
• The rules of rounding a number state:
• 1. If the final digit is less than 5, round down
• 2. If the final digit is 5, round either up or
down to the even digit.
• 3. If the final digit is more than 5, round up.
• 92.4 would round to ______92__________
• 92.5 would round to _______92_________
• 91.5 would round to _______92_________
• 92.6 would round to _______93________
The flowing pressure at a fire extinguishing nozzle is 50 psi. What is
the velocity of discharge in feet per second?
A) 8.5 ft/sec
B) 85.5 ft/sec
C) 50 ft/sec
D) 600 ft/sec
The correct answer is: B

Use the formula

Q = 12.1 (7.07)
Q = 85.5 ft/sec
A 50 ft * 190 ft * 20 ft building is supplied with 8,000 cfm. What is
the number of air changes per hour in the building?
A) 1.4 air changes/hr
B) 2.5 air changes/hr
C) 3.6 air changes/hr
D) 4.7 air changes/hr

The correct answer is: B

Determine total building volume:

50 ft * 190 ft * 20 ft = 190,000 ft3
Convert cfm to ft3/hr:
8,000 cfm * 60 min/hr = 480,000 ft3/hr
480,000 ft3/hr / 190,000 ft3 = 2.5 air changes/hr
Convert 0.2 meters per second to miles per hour.
A) 4.5 mph
B) 45 mph
C) 2.25 mph
D) 0.45 mph
The correct answer is: D

= 0.45 miles / hour

 Types of Statistical Distribution:
• 1. Normal Distribution : Bell shaped. Z score determines the location of a single score in
the normal distribution, percent of area under normal curve.
• 2. Poisson: Discrete. is used in those situations where probability of occurrence of an
event is very small (probability of non-occurrence of the event is very large). Typical
Example: average number of Accidents, number of defects (Quality control), number of
deaths, number of suicides etc. , which is only the Main parameter (say λ ) and
Probability of certain number of events for future time period (say k ) to be found out.
Sometimes λ to be found out from the problem.

Poisson Probability =

• 3. Student t test: Compares a sample group average to the population average to show
if the sample performs differently.
Where S = Sample Mean. P = Population Mean. D= Sample
Standard deviation. f = Degrees of Freedom

• 4. Chi Square test: Determines if there is a statistically significant difference between

observed and expected frequencies in a sample / survey
Normal Distribution
Bell curve Mean, Mode & Median are same
Left / Negative skew ness Right / Positive skew ness
If a distribution is skewed to the left, the median will always be:

1) Less than the mean

2) Between the mean and the mode
3) Greater than the mode
4) Equal to the mean

The correct answer is: 2

When a distribution is skewed, either left or right, the median will

almost always be between the mean and the mode. This is because
the median is less affected by outlying values than the mean and less
affected by the frequency of a given value than the mode.
 Mode

Left / Negative skew ness Median Right / Positive skew ness

Mean
 34% 34%
13.5 =0.34 =0.3 13.5
% 4 %
Z table shows that when Z = 1.00, =0.13 =0.13
2.5 5 2.5
the area from mean = 0.34 = 34% 5
% %
X-µ -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
z -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
X axis value = data point

X = data point
z = # of standard deviation / or µ = population mean = 120
How far the data is from the  = standard deviation = 15
mean See BCSP Math formulae & z table
 Z 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0.0 .0000 .0040 .0080 .0120 .0160 .0199 .0239 .0279 .0319 .0359
0.1 .0398 .0438 .0478 .0517 .0557 .0596 .0636 .0675 .0714 .0754
0.2 .0793 .0832 .0871 .0910 .0948 .0987 .1026 .1064 .1103 .1141
0.3 .1179 .1217 .1255 .1293 .1331 .1368 .1406 .1443 .1480 .1517
0.4 .1554 .1591 .1628 .1164 .1700 .1736 .1772 .1808 .1844 .1879
0.5 .1915 .1950 .1985 .2019 .2054 .2088 .2123 .2157 .2190 .2224
0.6 .2258 .2291 .2324 .2357 .2389 .2422 .2454 .2486 .2518 .2549
0.7 .2880 .2612 .2652 .2673 .2704 .2734 .2764 .2794 .2823 .2852
0.8 .2881 .2910 .2939 .2967 .2996 .3023 .3051 .3078 .3106 .3133
0.9 .3159 .3186 .3212 .3238 .3264 .3289 .3315 .3340 .3365 .3389
1.0 .3413 .3438 .3461 .3485 .3508 .3531 .3554 .3577 .3599 .3621
1.1 .3643 .3665 .3686 .3708 .3729 .3749 .3770 .3790 .3810 .3830
1.2 .3849 .3869 .3888 .3907 .3925 .3944 .3962 .3980 .3997 .4015
1.3 .4032 .4049 .4066 .4082 .4099 .4115 .4131 .4147 .4162 .4177
1.4 .4192 .4207 .4222 .4236 .4251 .4265 .4279 .4292 .4306 .4319
1.5 .4332 .4345 .4357 .4370 .4382 .4394 .4406 .4418 .4429 .4441
 Z 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1.6 .4452 .4463 .4474 .4484 .4495 .4505 .4515 .4525 .4535 .4545
1.7 .4554 .4564 .4573 .4582 .4591 .4599 .4608 .4616 .4625 .4633
1.8 .4641 .4649 .4656 .4664 .4671 .4678 .4686 .4693 .4699 .4706
1.9 .4713 .4719 .4726 .4732 .4738 .4744 .4750 .4756 .4761 .4767
2.0 .4772 .4778 .4783 .4788 .4793 .4798 .4803 .4808 .4812 .4817
2.1 .4821 .4826 .4830 .4834 .4838 .4842 .4846 .4850 .4854 .4857
2.2 .4861 .4864 .4868 .4871 .4875 .4878 .4881 .4884 .4887 .4890
2.3 .4893 .4896 .4898 .4901 .4904 .4906 .4909 .4911 .4913 .4916
2.4 .4918 .4920 .4922 .4925 .4927 .4929 .4931 .4932 .4934 .4936
2.5 .4938 .4940 .4941 .4943 .4945 .4946 .4948 .4949 .4951 .4952
2.6 .4953 .4955 .4956 .4957 .4959 .4960 .4961 .4962 .4963 .4964
2.7 .4965 .4966 .4967 .4968 .4969 .4970 .4971 .4972 .4973 .4974
2.8 .4974 .4975 .4976 .4977 .4977 .4978 .4979 .4979 .4980 .4981
2.9 .4981 .4982 .4982 .4983 .4984 .4984 .4985 .4985 .4986 .4986
3.0 .4987 .4987 .4987 .4988 .4988 .4989 .4989 .4989 .4990 .4990
In a Normal distribution, μ = 125 & σ = 15; Find the
percent of students scoring between 75 and 165 is

1. [Hints: It means to find out area

in-between the X values 75 and
165]
49.88% to the left
2.Ans. 99.5%
49.62% to the right

49.88 + 49.62 = 99.5 %

Q: find out area in-between the X values 75 and 175 ?
The standard deviation of a set of data is:

1) The square of the variance

2) The square root of the variance
3) The sum of the square roots of the deviation of each data
point from the mean
4) A measure of central tendency

The correct answer is: 2

The standard deviation is a measure of variation. With a

known variance, the standard deviation is easily calculated by
taking the square root of the variance.
The standard score of a normal distribution is equal to:

1) The mean of the distribution divided by the standard deviation

2) The difference between the highest and lowest values in the data set
3) The absolute deviation divided by the standard deviation
4) The number of standard deviations a data point lies from the mean

The correct answer is: 4

The standard score is also known as the z-score or the z-value and is the
number of standard deviations a point lies from the mean. For example,
a standard score of 2 means the data point is 2 standard deviations in
the positive direction from the mean.
All of the following are measures of central tendency EXCEPT:

1) Standard deviation
2) Median
3) Mode
4) Mean

The correct answer is: 1

Measures of central tendency indicate the location about which the

data points tend to congregate. The standard deviation is a measure
of dispersion.
Mean is more & SD is less for
red graph than black graph
Estimate the variance of the population from which the following
sample data came: 22, 18, 17, 20, 21.

1) 4.3
2) 2.1
3) 1.9
4) 5.0

The correct answer is: 1

Find the sample standard deviation:

The variance is then calculated by squaring the sample standard

deviation. As we have no other information to draw on, we use the
sample variance as a point estimate of the population variance.
The sample standard deviation is 2.074
2.0742 = 4.3
What is the best estimate of the variance of the population from which
the following samples came? 17 ppm, 20 ppm, 18 ppm, 22 ppm, 21
ppm, 22 ppm, 19 ppm, 21 ppm, 22 ppm

1) 3.44
2) 4.30
3) 5.01
4) 5.13

The correct answer is: 1

The best estimate of the population variance is the sample variance
(the sample standard deviation squared).

The sample standard deviation = 1.856

Variance = 3.44
In a normal distribution, about 68.3% of the observations will fall
between:
1) The median plus or minus one standard deviation
2) The median plus or minus two standard deviations
3) The mean plus or minus one standard deviation
4) The mean plus or minus two standard deviations
The correct answer is: 3

In a normal distribution, about 68.3% of observations will fall between

the mean plus or minus one standard deviation.
In a normal distribution, approximately 95.4% of the observations will
fall between:
1) The median plus or minus one standard deviation
2) The median plus or minus two standard deviations
3) The mean plus or minus one standard deviation
4) The mean plus or minus two standard deviations
The correct answer is: 4

In a normal distribution, 95.4% of the observations will fall between the

mean plus or minus two standard deviations.
The standard deviation is:
1) A measure of the average distance of all observations from the mean
2) A measure of the average distance of all observations from the
median
3) A constant which accounts for randomness
4) Not useful when working with normal distributions
The correct answer is: 1

The standard deviation is a measure of the average distance of all

observations from the mean.
Which of the following is TRUE about a normal distribution?
1) It is symmetric around the mean
2) It can be characterized by the mean and the standard deviation
3) It is also known as a Gaussian distribution
4) All of the above
The correct answer is: 4

A normal, or Gaussian, distribution is symmetrical around the mean and

is completely characterized by the mean and standard deviation.
In a normal distribution 99% of the observations will fall within
approximately ___ standard deviation(s) of the mean both sides.
A) 1.96
B) 2.58
C) 3.00
D) 4.40
The correct answer is: B

In a normal distribution, approximately 99% of the observations will

fall within 2.58 standard deviations of the mean; 95% within 2 standard
deviations and 68% within one standard deviation. Approximately
99.7% of the observations will fall within 3.0 standard deviations.
The term used to describe the extent to which values spread on either
side of a mean, median or mode is called:
A) Limit
B) Range
C) Deviation
D) Dispersion
The correct answer is: D

Dispersion is a measure of the spread of the data with respect to the

mean or other measure.
A number that expresses the distance from a particular value (X) above
or below the mean in units of standard deviation (S), is called
________. The result of this calculation is used in statistical tests
involving normal distributions.
A) Variable
B) Z-Score
C) Variance
D) Quartile

The correct answer is: B

The "Z-Score" is calculated below

Z = (X - mean)/S

It is used to test how likely the observed value X would be observed if

the X was drawn from a normal distribution with mean and standard
deviation (S).
 Student t: The BCSP’s CSP result (say normal distribution) total candidates in last year has
average score of 125 and standard deviation 15. A group of 21 candidates of AFSE, Cusat (Cochin)
also took the exam and their average score = 133 and standard deviation =11. Are the scores of the
ASFE, Cusat participants significantly better than the BCSP’s average score at the p = .05 level (&
even .01 level) ?

AFSE, Cusat (Cochin) result

graph

BCSP’s CSP result graph

 Student t: The BCSP’s CSP result (say normal distribution) total candidates in last year has
average score of 125 and standard deviation 15. A group of 21 candidates of AFSE, Cusat (Cochin)
also took the exam and their average score = 133 and standard deviation =11. Are the scores of the
ASFE, Cusat participants significantly better than the BCSP’s average score at the p = .05 level (&
even .01 level) ?

AFSE, Cusat (Cochin) result

graph

BCSP’s CSP result graph

Table value of t score for p =

.05 for degree of Freedom = 20
is 1.725

Math Reference p 11
 Student t: The BCSP’s CSP result (say normal distribution) total candidates in last year has
average score of 125 and standard deviation 15. A group of 21 candidates of AFSE, Cusat (Cochin)
also took the exam and their average score = 133 and standard deviation =11. Are the scores of the
ASFE, Cusat participants significantly better than the BCSP’s average score at the p = .05 level (&
even .01 level) ?
Multiple Choices:
1. Yes
2. No
3. May be
AFSE, Cusat (Cochin) result 4. Cannot be determined with given
graph information

BCSP’s CSP result graph Say Null Hypothesis is that scores of

the ASFE, Cusat participants are
NOT significantly better than the
BCSP’s average score at the p = .05
level. Alternate Hypothesis is Yes

As the calculated t score is more than

corresponding table value, the answer
is Yes & Null Hypothesis is rejected
 Chi Square distribution:
New Employees Old Employees Total
First Aid 100 15 115
Recordable 60 25 85
Total 160 40 200

Chi Square test: As a safety director, you are concerned about the number of first aid and
recordable cases involving new employees of less than 1 year experience vs. those involving
more experienced employees. The data reveals following:

Can you be 99% sure that any differences observed in the above data are not by chance ?

Program Chi Square

 Chi Square test: As a safety director, you are concerned about the number of first aid and
recordable cases involving new employees of less than 1 year experience vs. those involving
more experienced employees. The data reveals following:

Can you be 99% sure that any differences observed in the above data are not by chance ?
• 1. Yes O = Observed Frequency
E = Expected Frequency
• 2. No E = (Sum of row)(Sum of Column) / total
Degrees of freedom = (rows – 1) (col – 1)
• 3. May be Here degrees of freedom = (2 -1)(2-1) =
• 4. Cannot tell 1

100 92 8 0.7
60 68 -8 .94
15 23 -8 2.78
25 17 8 3.76
Math Reference p 12 Tota = 8.18 > Table value 6.635
l
Engineering Economy
 What is the present value (discount value) of the future sum
of $10,000 if the interest rate is 10% and the time is 10 years?
 What is the future value of saving $100 per month if
the interest rate is 6% and the time is 10 years?
• This is recurrent deposit. This eqn gives the Future Value of a series
of Recurrent payment. Here Recurrent payment is $100 per month
but interest rate is given per year and time is given in years. So we
have to change both the interest rate 6% (i.e., 0.06) per year to
0.005 per month and time 10 years to 120 months. Now A is in
month, ‘i’ is per month and ‘n’ is in month.

F =100 =100

= 100 x 163.88 = 16388

Your company has decided to obtain a new machine for the production floor. There are
two options. Option one is to lease a new machine for 10 years at $2,000 per year.
Option two is to purchase the machine for $10,000 with a maintenance agreement of
$500 per year. After 10 years, you can sell the machine for a salvage value of $5,000.
The value of money will be 15% for the ten years. Which option do you recommend?
[Hints: Convert expenditure of both ‘Option one’ & ‘Option two’ to respective present
values of expenditure and then compare those present values of expenditures and
recommend that option for which the present value is less. In both options interest (i) = 0.15
and time (n) = 10
‘Option One’

‘Option two’: Thus total expenditure converted to present value that

is to “add 1st and 2nd and substract 3rd” as below
If you deposit $ 2,000 dollars per year in a bank account which pays 7% interest
compounded annually, how much money do you have after 20 years?

a. $ 56,722
b.$ 49,722
c. $81,990
d.$63,752

F = $ 81,990
P = Present Value (Present Worth), F = Future Value (Compound Sum); n = # of time periods
A = Amount per time period (Annual, quarterly, monthly); i = Interest rate per time period
Ex: What is the future value of a deposit of $5,000 if the interest rate is 10% and the time is 5 years?
Ans: Apply the eqn: F = P(1 + i)n
F = 5000 x (1 + .1) 5 = 5000 x (1.1)5 = 5000 x 1.61 = $ 8052.55

Ex: What is the present value (discount value) of the future sum of $10,000 if the interest rate is
10% and the time is 10 years?
Ans: Apply the eqn: P = F(1 + i)-n
P = 10000 x (1+ .1)-10 = 10000 x (1.1) -10 = 10000 x 0.3855 = $ 3855

Ex: What is the future value of saving $100 per month if the interest rate is 6% and the time is
10 years? Ans: Apply the eqn: or
Ex: Your company has decided to obtain a new machine for the production floor. There are two
options. Option one is to lease a new machine for 10 years at $2,000 per year. Option two is to
purchase the machine for $10,000 with a maintenance agreement of $500 per year. After 10
years, you can sell the machine for a salvage value of $5,000. The value of money will be 15%
for the ten years. Which option do you recommend?
Ans. •Convert ‘Option one’ to present values by using

Convert ‘Option two’ to present values by 3 parts

 First, Present expenditure of $10,000 (no conversion needed)
Second, expenditure for maintenance agreement of $500 per year for 10 years @ i = 0.15
using eqn

Third, future income (-ve expenditure) of $5,000 after 10 years@ i = 0.15 using eqn

Thus total expenditure converted to present value for ‘Option two’ is “add 1 st and 2nd and
substract 3rd” as below
Which Boolean algebra expression shows a Boolean
associative law ?

A.) A*A=A
B.) A*(B*C)=A2*C
C.) A+B=B+A
D.) A+B=B’+A’
• The Boolean algebra associative laws are the following
• A+B=B+A
• A*B=B*A
Which Boolean algebra expression shows a Boolean
distributive law?

A.) A*(B+C)=(A*B)+(A*C)
B.) A+(B+C)=(A+B)+(A+C)
C.) A*(B+C)=(A*B)*(A*C)
D.) A+(B*C)=(A+B+C)*(C+B+A)
 What is Boolean algebra ?
• a. algebra of events
• b. algebra to solve Boolean geometry
• c. geometric application of design
• D. algebraic equations for differential solutions
Correlation Coeff…
Correlational Coeff = either + 1 or 0 or in-between
It means from +1 ……… 0 ………..up to - 1

0
+1 -1
 Data =

So how we classify Correlational Coeff of above data?

Value of Correln Coeff = 0.98

Correlational Coeff = neither + 1 nor 0; So how we classify?

AGE
 In calculating a Pearson's Correlation
Coefficient, which of the following is true?
• a. You can use any type of variable.
• b. The two variables can be measured in
entirely different units.
• c. The Pearson product-moment correlation
takes into consideration whether a variable has
been classified as a dependent or independent
variable.
• d. The Pearson r coefficient represents the slope
of the line of best fit.
 Fault Tree Analysis
Two questions
FTA is Deductive / Back ward Analysis

OR / AND Gates or other symbols

Remember the few important Standard symbols of Fault Tree

Analysis say “AND” Gate; “OR” Gate, “Basic Event” etc :

Find probability of top event by OR Gate

Standard symbol of Fault Tree Analysis are as below:
5. None of the above
6. A+ B –AxB

Y
How we find probability of an accident/fault by Fault Tree Analysis ?

NB: We must be careful about OR gate in the Fault Tree Analysis.

What is Event Tree Analysis: Yes / No or success/failure
Trigonometry; Pythagoras Theorem; Boolean Algebra : Associative law A + B = B + A; AB = BA; Distributive
law A x (B + C) = (A x B) + (A x C); Equations of Motion & Newton’s laws of Motion; Work = Force x distance
F = µN; F = force (Ib); µ = the coefficient of friction, dimensionless ; N = normal force in pounds/kg (Ibf/kg)
Ex: Find force required to move a 500-lb box if the coefficient of friction on horizontal resting surface is 0.90.
ANS: F = (0.90)(500 lb) = 450 lb
Ex: 300-lb box is placed on a plane incline at a 30° angle from horizontal. The plane has a static coefficient of
friction of 0.80. What is the minimum push or pull force required to move the box down the plane?
ANS: F = (0.80)(300 x Cos 30) = = 207.841b. Downward Force = W Sin Ǿ or 300 x 0.80 = 240 lb. Therefore,
the push / pull force required to begin the box's movement is 240 lb – 207 lb = 33 lb
Ex: An object with a weight of 10 Newton is moving with a constant speed of 5m/sec. on a horizontal surface having
a coefficient of friction of 0.7. ANS: The frictional force is: F = (0.7) (10) = 7 Newton
W=mg; W = weight (Ibf / Kgf / Poundal/ Newton/ dyne etc), m = mass in slugs (1 slug = 32.2Ib) etc, g =
acceleration of gravity (32.2 ft/ sec2 or 9.8 m/ sec2 )
Ex: An object weighs 100 lb when measured at sea level. What is its mass? ANS: m = = 3.01 slugs

Ex: Find potential energy stored in a 90,000-gal water gravity tank whose average elevation above GL is 125 ft?
(Density of water = 62.4 lb/ft3; 7.48 gal = 1 ft3). ANS: W = x 125 ft. = 6006.4 ft x lbf
ft x lbf
Ex: Potential energy of an object of mass 500 lbm at 100 ft above ground level =
If m = 4,000 kg; V = 60 miles/hr; K.E. = Joules? If m = 10,000 lbm ; V = 20 ft/sec ; K.E (ft.lbf)=
R = Resistance (ohms); P = power (watts); V = voltage (volts); I = current (amps); L = length; A = C.S Area=
ρ = resistivity (ohm-ft or ohm-m); C = farads or microfarads
Ex: Electrical resistivity of a copper wire 100 foot long and ¼ inch in diameter with a resistance of 100
ohms = 3.4 × 10-4 ft-ohms
Ex: Find the equivalent capacitance of a circuit having 3 capacitors wired in parallel if C 1 = 10 µF; C2 = 75 µF; C3 =
54 µF. ANS: Cparallel = (10 + 75 + 54) µF = 139 µF.
Ex: If capacitors are arranged in parallel & in series also, First we find the equivalent capacitance for the
parallel connection. This capacitor will then be in series with capacitors
Trigonometry; Pythagoras Theorem; Boolean Algebra : Associative law A + B = B + A; AB = BA;
Distributive law A x (B + C) = (A x B) + (A x C); Equations & Laws of Motion; Work
F = µN; F = force (Ib); µ = the coefficient of friction, dimensionless ; N = normal force in pounds (Ibf)
Ex: Find force required to move a 500-lb box if the coefficient of friction on horizontal resting surface is
0.90. ANS: F = (0.90)(500 lb) = 450 lb
Ex: 300-lb box is placed on a plane incline at a 30° angle from horizontal. The plane has a static coefficient
of friction of 0.80. What is the minimum push or pull force required to move the box down the plane?
ANS: F = (0.80)(300 x Cos 30) = = 207.841b. Downward Force = W Sin Ǿ or 300 x 0.80 = 240 lb.
Therefore, the push / pull force required to begin the box's movement is 240 lb – 207 lb = 33 lb
Ex: An object with a weight of 10 Newton is moving with a constant speed of 5m/sec. on a horizontal surface
having a coefficient of friction of 0.7. ANS: The frictional force is: F = (0.7) (10) = 7 Newton
W=mg; W = weight (Ibf / Kgf / Poundal/ Newton/ dyne etc), m = mass in slugs (1 slug = 32.2Ib) etc, g =
acceleration of gravity (32.2 ft/ sec2 or 9.8 m/ sec2 )
Ex: An object weighs 100 lb when measured at sea level. What is its mass? ANS: m = = 3.01 slugs

Ex: Find potential energy stored in a 90,000-gal water gravity tank whose average elevation above GL is 125
ft? (Density of water = 62.4 lb/ft3; 7.48 gal = 1 ft3). ANS: W = x 125 ft. = 6006.4 ft x lbf

Ex: Potential energy of an object of mass 500 lbm at 100 ft above ground level =
If m = 4,000 kg; V = 60 miles/hr; K.E. = Joules? If m = 10,000 lbm ; V = 20 ft/sec ; K.E (ft.lbf)= ft x lbf
R = Resistance (ohms); P = power (watts); V = voltage (volts); I = current (amps); L = length; A = Sec. Area
ρ = resistivity (ohm-ft or ohm-m); C = farads or microfarads
Ex: Electrical resistivity of a copper wire 100 foot long and ¼ inch in diameter with a resistance of 100
ohms = 3.4 × 10-4 ft-ohms