1

2
Please read this disclaimer before proceeding:
This document is confidential and intended solely for the educational purpose of
RMK Group of Educational Institutions. If you have received this document
through email in error, please notify the system manager. This document
contains proprietary information and is intended only to the respective group /
learning community as intended. If you are not the addressee you should not
disseminate, distribute or copy through e-mail. Please notify the sender
immediately by e-mail if you have received this document by mistake and delete
this document from your system. If you are not the intended recipient you are
notified that disclosing, copying, distributing or taking any action in reliance on
the contents of this information is strictly prohibited.

3
 R.M.K. ENGINEERING COLLEGE

22EC305 – Digital Signal

Processing Systems
Department : Electronics Engineering(VLSI Design
and Technology)

Batch/Year : 2023-2027 / II year

Created by : Dr. M.S.Kavitha/ASP

Date : 21.08.2024

4
 Table of Contents
S.No Contents Page
Number
1 Course Objectives 7

2 Pre Requisites 8

3 Syllabus 9

4 Course outcomes 10

5 CO- PO/PSO Mapping 11

6 Unit 4 – Finite Impulse Response Filters 12

13
6.1 Lecture Plan
14
6.2 Activity based learning
18
6.3 Lecture Notes
➢ Linear Phase characteristics of FIR filter 19

➢ Frequency response of Linear phase FIR using 24

Impulse response, symmetric –N is odd &

even and antisymmetric –N is odd & even ,

➢ Design of FIR Filters using Fourier Series 36

method

➢ Design of FIR Filters using Windowing 39

method

➢ Frequency Sampling Technique 68

➢ Types of FIR filters 76

81
6.4 Assignments
85
6.5 Part A Q & A
88
6.6 Part B Qs
5
S.No Contents Page
Number
90
6.7 Supportive online Certification
courses
91
6.8 Real time Applications in day to day
life and to Industry
92
6.9 Contents beyond the Syllabus
7 Assessment Schedule 93

8 Prescribed Text Books & Reference Books 94

9 Mini Project suggestions 95

6
1. COURSE OBJECTIVES

OBJECTIVES:
▪ To Examine the LTI systems using Z Transform.

▪ To Learn Discrete Fourier Transform and Fast Fourier Transform.

▪ To design and implement digital filters.

▪ To describe the characteristics of IIR filters and design IIR filters for given
specifications.

▪ To familiarize different design methods available for FIR filters and its realization
structures.

▪ To classify the characteristics and architectural features of Digital Signal Processors.

7
2. PRE-REQUISITES

22MA201 TRANSFORMS AND NUMERICAL METHODS

By learning this course, the Student will gain knowledge about Laplace Transform
and Z-Transforms in solving differential and difference equations in this course.

8
3. SYLLABUS

22EC305 DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING SYSTEMS L T P C 3 0 0 3

UNIT I LINEAR TIME INVARIANT DISCRETE TIME SYSTEMS 9

Difference Equations- Block Diagram Representation- Impulse Response –

Convolution – Linear and Circular Convolution – Z Transform analysis of Discrete
Time System-Properties of Z Transform.

UNIT II DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSORM 9

Discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and its properties - periodicity, symmetry and
circular convolution. FFT Algorithm- Radix -2 DIT FFT, Radix-2 DIF FFT- overlap
save and overlap add method.

UNIT III INFINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE FILTERS 9

Analog filters - Butterworth filters, Chebyshev Type I filters (Up to 2nd order)
Transformation of analog filters into equivalent digital filters using Bilinear Z
Transform method - Realization Structures for IIR filters- direct, cascade and
parallel forms.

UNIT III FINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE FILTERS 9

Design of linear phase FIR filters using Fourier series and windowing method -
Rectangular, Hamming and Hanning window- Realization structures for FIR filters
– Transversal and linear phase structures – Comparison of FIR and IIR Filters.

UNIT V DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSORS 9

DSP Architectures Harvard, Von Neuman, VLIW – Types of Digital Signal

Processors – Pipelining – Multiply and Accumulate Unit –TMS 320C5X DSP
Architecture and addressing modes.

TOTAL : 45 PERIODS

9
4. COURSE OUTCOMES

After successful completion of the course, the students should be able to

Course Level in Bloom’s

Description
Outcomes Taxonomy
Interpret Discrete Time LTI Systems
C305.1 K3
using Z Transform

C305.2 Determine DFT for the given Sequence K3

Apply the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
C305.3 K3
for discrete time signals
C305.4 Realize IIR filters for given specification K3

Realize FIR Filters using different

C305.5 K3
methods

Summarize the characteristics and

C305.6 architectural features of Digital Signal K2
Processors

10
5. CO- PO/PSO Mapping

MAPPING OF COURSE OUTCOMES WITH PROGRAM OUTCOMES:

Program
Program Outcomes Specific
Course Leve
Outcomes
Outcom l of K3,
es CO K3 K4 K4 K5 K5, A3 A2 A3 A3 A3 A3 A2 K5 K5 K3
K6
PO- PO- PO- PO- PO- PO- PO- PO- PSO- PSO- PSO-
PO-1 PO-2 PO-3 PO-12
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 3
C305.1 K3 3 3 2 2 2 1 - - - - 1 1 - 2 3
C305.2 K3 3 3 2 2 2 1 - - - - 1 1 - 2 3
C305.3 K3 3 3 2 2 2 1 - - - - 1 1 - 2 3
C305.4 K3 3 3 2 2 2 1 - - - - 1 1 - 2 3
C305.5 K3 2 3 3 2 2 1 - - - - 1 1 - 1 2
C305.6 K2 2 3 3 2 2 1 - - - - 1 1 - 1 2
C305 3 3 2 2 2 1 - - - - 1 1 - 2 3

11
UNIT IV FINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE FILTERS

12
 6.1 LECTURE PLAN
UNIT IV – FINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE FILTER

Mode of Delivery
Taxonomy level
Proposed Date
No. of Periods

Pertaining CO
Actual Date

Reason for
Deviation
S.No

Topic

Design of FIR filters 1 12.08.2 12.08.20 CO3 PPT through

1 K2
0 Online
Symmetric FIR filters 1 12.08.2 12.08.20 CO3 PPT through
2 K2
0 Online
Anti-symmetric FIR 1 12.08.2 12.08.20 CO3 PPT through
3 0 K2 Online
filters
Design of linear 1 14.08.2 14.08.20 CO3 PPT through
phase FIR filters 0 Online
4 K3
using Fourier series
method
FIR filter design 1 14.08.2 14.08.20 CO3 PPT through
5 using windows - 0 K3 Online
Rectangular
FIR filter design 1 18.08.2 18.08.20 CO3 PPT through
6 using windows - 0 K3 Online
Hamming
FIR filter design 1 18.08.2 18.08.20 CO3 PPT through
7 using windows - 0 K3 Online
Hanning
Frequency sampling 1 21.08.2 21.08.20 CO3 PPT through
8 0 K3 Online
method
Frequency sampling 1 21.08.2 21.08.20 CO3 PPT through
9 K3
method 0 Online
FIR filter structures - 1 24.08.2 24.08.20 CO3 PPT through
10 direct form 0 K3 Online
realizations
FIR filter structures - 1 24.08.2 24.05.20 CO3 PPT through
11 0 K3 Online
linear phase structure
Revision of problem 1 25.08.2 25.08.20 CO3 PPT through
12 in FIR FILTER 0 K3 Online
DESIGN
Total No. of Periods : 12

13
6.2 ACTIVITY BASED LEARNING
1.Using Hamming window method, design a lowpass FIR digital filter that satisfy the
following specifications :
◦ Cutoff frequency (fc) = 3.4 KHz
◦ Sampling rate (Fs) = 12 KHz
◦ Transition band = 800 Hz
◦ Passband ripple ≤ 0.1 dB
◦ Stopband attenuation ≥ 50 dB
Generate the impulse response and the frequency response of the filter using matlab code

14
2. write a MATLAB script that implements the window method for digital FIR filter
design to compute the filter coefficients that would satisfy the following
specifications:

◦ Lower Cutoff frequency (fc) = 2.4 KHz

◦ Upper Cutoff frequency (fc) = 3.7 KHz

◦ Sampling rate (Fs) = 8 KHz

◦ Transition band = 400 Hz

◦ Passband ripple ≤ 0.1 dB

◦ Stopband attenuation ≥ 40 dB

Your script must also generate the impulse response and the frequency response
plots.

15
PUZZLES

Puzzle 1:

❑ It is a stable filter.

❑ Can be realized using canonical form.

❑ Its impulse response is finite.

Puzzle 2:

❑ Ripples in pass band and stop band

❑ It is due to abrupt truncation.

❑ It occurs in Fourier Series method.

Puzzle 3:

❑ It is a canonical structure

❑ It can be used in filters which obeys h(n)=h(N-1-n)

❑ It is a structure with minimum number of multipliers.

PUZZLE 4:

❑ It is a technique for designing FIR filters.

❑ It is applied in filters which obeys h(n)=h(N-1-n).

❑ In this method ω= 2πk/N.

16
PUZZLES ANSWERS

Puzzle 1:

ANS: FIR FILTER.

Puzzle 2:

ANS: GIBB’S PHENOMENON.

Puzzle 3:

ANS: LINEAR PHASE REALIZATION STRUCTURE.

PUZZLE 4:

ANS: FREQUENCY SAMPLING METHOD

17
6.3 Lecture Notes

UNIT IV - FINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE FILTERS

Design of linear phase FIR filters using Fourier series and

windowing method - Rectangular, Hamming and Hanning
window- Realization structures for FIR filters – Transversal and
linear phase structures – Comparison of FIR and IIR Filters.

18
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25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
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36
37
38
39
40
IDEAL PHASE FREQUENCY RESPONSE
S.NO Type of Filter

LOW PASS FILTER

1.

HIGH PASS FILTER

2.

BANDPASS FILTER

3.

BAND STOP FILTER

4.

IDEAL PHASE IMPULSE RESPONSE

S.NO Type of Filter

LOW PASS FILTER

1.

HIGH PASS FILTER

2.

BANDPASS FILTER

3.

BAND STOP
4. FILTER

41
LINEAR PHASE FREQUENCY RESPONSE

S.NO Type of Filter

LOW PASS FILTER

1.

HIGH PASS FILTER

2.

BANDPASS FILTER

3.

BAND STOP FILTER

4.

LINEAR PHASE IMPULSE RESPONSE

S.NO Type of Filter

LOW PASS
1. FILTER

HIGH PASS
2. FILTER

BANDPASS
FILTER
3.

BAND STOP
4. FILTER

42
Windows for Linear Phase FIR filter

S.No Type of Window Window sequence

1 Rectangular

2 Hamming

3 Hanning

Windows for Ideal FIR filter

S.No Type of Window Window sequence

1 Rectangular

2 Hamming

3 Hanning

43
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46
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48
49
50
51
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79
LINK TO VIDEOS:

S.No Topic Link

1 Introduction to FIR filters https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NvRKtdrssFA

2 Windowing Techniques in Digital https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RJ4ZU_SOH7I

Filter

3 Design of FIR Filter Using https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O0DbpZqhPS

Frequency Sampling Method g

4 FIR Realization – Direct form & https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F93Q8bn2hr

Linear phase realization E
6.4 Assignments ( For higher level learning and Evaluation - Examples: Case
study, Comprehensive design, etc.,)
UNIT IV – FINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE FILTERS
CO BT
Q.No Questions
Level Level
1. Which of the following condition should the unit sample
response of a FIR filter satisfy to have a linear phase?

a) h(M-1-n) n=0,1,2…M-1 CO3 K3

b) ±h(M-1-n) n=0,1,2…M-1
c) -h(M-1-n) n=0,1,2…M-1
d) None of the mentioned

2. What is the value of h(M-1/2) if the unit sample response is

anti-symmetric?

a) 0 CO3 K3
b) 1
c) -1
d) None of the mentioned

3. What is the number of filter coefficients that specify the

frequency response for h(n) symmetric?

a) (M-1)/2 when M is odd and M/2 when M is even

b) (M-1)/2 when M is even and M/2 when M is odd CO3 K3
c) (M+1)/2 when M is even and M/2 when M is odd
d) (M+1)/2 when M is odd and M/2 when M is even

4. What is the number of filter coefficients that specify the

frequency response for h(n) anti-symmetric?

a) (M-1)/2 when M is even and M/2 when M is odd

b) (M-1)/2 when M is odd and M/2 when M is even CO3 K3
c) (M+1)/2 when M is even and M/2 when M is odd
d) (M+1)/2 when M is odd and M/2 when M is even

81
 CO BT
Q.No Questions
Level Level
5. Which of the following is not suitable either as low pass or a
high pass filter?

a) h(n) symmetric and M odd CO3 K3

b) h(n) symmetric and M even
c) h(n) anti-symmetric and M odd
d) h(n) anti-symmetric and M even

6. The anti-symmetric condition with M even is not used in the

design of which of the following linear-phase FIR filter?

a) Low pass
b) High pass CO3 K3
c) Band pass
d) Bans stop

7. If h(n) is absolutely summable, i.e., BIBO stable, then the

equation for the frequency response H(ω) is given as?

a) HI(ω)-j HR(ω)
b) HR(ω)-j HI(ω) CO3 K3
c) HR(ω)+j HI(ω)
d) HI(ω)+j HR(ω)

8. What is the Fourier transform of the unit step function U(ω)?

a) πδ(ω)-0.5-j0.5cot(ω/2)
b) πδ(ω)-0.5+j0.5cot(ω/2)
c) πδ(ω)+0.5+j0.5cot(ω/2) CO3 K3
d) πδ(ω)+0.5-j0.5cot(ω/2)

82
 CO BT
Q.No Questions
Level Level
9. The frequency ωP is called as ______________

a) Pass band ripple

CO3 K3
b) Stop band ripple
c) Pass band edge ripple
d) Stop band edge ripple

10. Which of the following represents the bandwidth of the filter?

a) ωP+ ωS
CO3 K3
b) -ωP+ ωS
c) ωP-ωS
d) None of the mentioned

11. If H(z) is the z-transform of the impulse response of an FIR

filter, then which of the following relation is true?

CO3 K3
a) zM+1.H(z-1)=±H(z)
b) z-(M+1).H(z-1)=±H(z)
c) z(M-1).H(z-1)=±H(z)
d) z-(M-1).H(z-1)=±H(z)
12. What is the peak side lobe (in dB) for a rectangular window?

a) -13
b) -27 CO3 K3
c) -32
d) -58

13 What is the peak side lobe (in dB) for a Hanning window?

a) -13
b) -27
c) -32 CO3 K3
d) -58

83
 CO BT
Q.No Questions
Level Level
14. Design an digital FIR filter approximating the ideal frequency
respone :
H(e(jw )) = 1.e(-jωα) for -π/3 ≤ ω ≤ π/3
0 otherwise CO3 K3
Find the values of h(n) for N=9. Also find H(z)

15. How does the frequency of oscillations in the pass band of a

low pass filter varies with the value of M?
a) Decrease with increase in M
CO3 K3
b) Increase with increase in M
c) Remains constant with increase in M
d) None of the mentioned
16. Which of the following window is used in the design of a low
pass filter to have a frequency response as shown in the
figure?

CO3 K3

a) Hamming window
b) Hanning window
c) Kaiser window
d) Blackman window
17 Design an digital FIR filter approximating the ideal frequency
respone :
H(e(jw )) = 1.e(-j5ω) for -π/5 ≤ ω ≤ π/5
0 otherwise CO3 K3
Find the values of h(n) using HANNING window. Also find
H(z)

18 Obtain the linear phase realization structure of FIR filter

whose H(Z) = 3Z3 -2Z2 +5Z1 +2 +5Z-1 -2Z-2 +3Z-3

CO3 K3

84
6.5 Part A Q & A (with K level and CO)

UNIT IV – FINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE FILTER

PART – A
CO BT
Q.No Questions
Level Level
1.

CO3 K1

2.

CO3 K2

3.

CO3 K1

4. What is Gibbs Phenomena or Gibbs oscillation?

In FIR filter design by fourier series method, the
infinite duration impulse response is truncated to
finite duration impulse response. The abrupt
truncation of impulse response introduces CO3 K1
oscillations in the pass band and stop band. This
effect is called as Gibbs Phenomena or Gibbs
oscillation.

85
5. What are the desirable characteristics of windows?
The desirable characteristics of windows are
They are finite duration sequences used to modify
the impulse response of the FIR filters in order to CO3 K1
reduce the ripples in pass band and stop band. It
also achieves the desired transition from pass band
to stop band.
6. What is the reason that FIR filter is always stable?
The FIR filter is always stable as it is realized non-
recursively (i.e) it does not depend on past output CO3
K2
sequences.

7. Compare IIR with FIR

S.N IIR FIR

o

1 All the infinite samples of Only N samples of impulse

impulse response are response are considered.
considered.

2 IIR is recursive filter as itFIR is non-recursive filter

depends on previous as it does not depends on
samples of output. previous samples of
0utput. CO3 K2
3 Linear phase characteristics Linear phase characteristics
are not achieved. are easily achieved.
4 The impulse response The impulse response
cannot be directly can be directly converted
converted to digital filter to digital filter transfer
function.
transfer function.

8.

CO3 K1

86
9.

CO3 K1

10.

CO3 K1

11.

CO3 K1

12.

CO3 K1

13.

CO3 K1

14.

CO3 K2

87
6.6 Part B Qs (with K level and CO)
PART – B UNIT-IV
1.

CO3 K3

2.

CO3 K3

3.
Design a band pass filter which approximates the ideal filter
with cut-off frequencies at 0.2 rad/sec and 0.3 rad/sec. The
CO3 K3
filter order is M = 7. Use the Hamming window function.

4.

CO3 K3

5.
Design a FIR Band pass filter to attenuate the signal from
1.2 rad/sec to 1.8 rad/sec with N=11 using Fourier Series CO3 K3
method.
6.

CO3 K3

7.

CO3 K3

8.

CO3 K3

88
9.

CO3 K3

10.
K3
CO3

89
6.7 Supportive online Certification courses (NPTEL,
Swayam, Coursera, Udemy, etc.,)

ONLINE COURSE NPTEL:

https://swayam.gov.in/nd1_noc19_ee50/

Digital Signal Processing

By Prof.C.S. Ramalingam | IIT Madras

This course will introduce you to the basics of discrete-time sequences, z-

transform, frequency response of discrete-time systems, sampling, and the DFT.
INTENDED AUDIENCE: UG students in ECE/EEE PREREQUISITES: Networks and
Systems INDUSTRY SUPPORT: Jasmine InfoTech

ONLINE COURSE COURSERA

https://www.coursera.org/learn/dsp1

Digital Signal Processing 1: Basic Concepts and Algorithms

INSTRUCTOR

Paolo Prandoni

ONLINE COURSE COURSERA

https://online.stanford.edu/courses/ee264-digital-signal-processing

Digital Signal Processing

EE264

STANFORD SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

90
6.8 Real time Applications in day to day life and to
Industry

1. https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/dsp-
book/dsp_book_Ch9.pdf

APPLICATIONS OF DSP

91
6.9 Contents beyond the Syllabus ( COE related Value
added courses)

1. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1180138
Application of FIR digital filtering techniques based on programmable
DSP-digital signal processor in a homing weapon

2. https://www.fpga4student.com/2017/01/a-low-pass-fir-filter-in-vhdl.html
A low pass FIR filter for ECG Denoising in VHDL

92
 7. Assessment Schedule

Assessment Proposed Date Actual Date

Internal Assessment 1 22.08.2024 22.08.2024

Internal Assessment 2 30.09.2024 30.09.2024

Model Exam 26.10.2024 26.10.2024

University Exam 22.11.2024

93
8. Prescribed Text Books & Reference Books

TEXT BOOK:

1. John G. Proakis & Dimitris G.Manolakis, ―Digital Signal Processing – Principles,

Algorithms & Applications‖, Fourth Edition, Pearson Education / Prentice Hall,
2007.

2. A. V. Oppenheim, R.W. Schafer and J.R. Buck, ―Discrete-Time Signal Processing‖,

8th Indian Reprint, Pearson, 2010.

REFERENCES:

1. I.C.Ifeachorand B.W.Jervis, Digital Signal Processing A practical approach, Pearson

Education, Wiley & Sons, Singapore 2002.

2. M.H.Hayes,Digital Signal Processing, Schaum Soutlines, TataMcGrawHill,2007

3. A.Nagoor Kani,Digital Signal Processing,McGrawHill Education,Second Edition,2017

4. Salivahanan. S, Digital Signal Processing,McGrawHill Education, Fourth Edition,

2019

5. Andreas Antoniou, ―Digital Signal Processing‖, Tata Mc Graw Hill, 2006.

94
9. Mini Project suggestions

DSP MINI PROJECTS LIST

S.No Name of The Project

1. Image classification by using algorithm k-means clustering

2. Color histogram features based image classification in CBIR systems

3. Robust adaptive kalman filtering based speech enhancement algorithm

4. Fingerprint enhancement using STFT

5. Audio Watermarking using DWT For Authentication Process

6. SVD based Blind Watermarking Algorithm for digital images

7. Video Watermarking using discrete wavelet transform

8. Image enhancement for improving face detection under nonuniform

lighting conditions
9. EEG signal denoising for removing ocular artifacts using wavelets

10. Signal Adaptive Subband Decomposition for Adaptive Noise Cancellation

11. Image enhancement and noise removal using bilateral filter

12. Image compression using different types of wavelets

13. Wavelet based palmprint Authentication system

14. Signal denoising using integer wavelet transformation

15. Noise Reduction in ECG Signals Using Fully Convolutional Denoising

Autoencoders

95
 Thank you

Disclaimer:

This document is confidential and intended solely for the educational purpose of RMK Group of
Educational Institutions. If you have received this document through email in error, please notify the
system manager. This document contains proprietary information and is intended only to the
respective group / learning community as intended. If you are not the addressee you should not
disseminate, distribute or copy through e-mail. Please notify the sender immediately by e-mail if you
have received this document by mistake and delete this document from your system. If you are not
the intended recipient you are notified that disclosing, copying, distributing or taking any action in
reliance on the contents of this information is strictly prohibited.

96