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Notes.

Climate: Definition and Overview**

- **Weather**: The atmospheric condition of a place over a short period (e.g., a day or week).

- **Climate**: The average weather condition of a place over a long period (30 years or more).

- **India’s Climate**: India experiences a **monsoon type of climate**, characterized by


seasonal reversal of winds.

---

### **Factors Influencing India’s Climate**

1. **Latitude**

- The Tropic of Cancer divides India into two climatic zones: tropical (south) and subtropical
(north).

2. **Altitude**

- Temperature decreases with an increase in altitude.

- Example: Himalayan region has a colder climate than coastal areas.

3. **Pressure and Winds**

- **Pressure Belts**: India is influenced by equatorial low pressure and subtropical high-
pressure belts.

- **Winds**: Seasonal monsoon winds affect India’s climate.

4. **Distance from the Sea**

- Coastal areas (e.g., Mumbai, Chennai) have moderate climates.

- Interior areas (e.g., Delhi, Jaipur) experience extreme temperatures.


5. **Ocean Currents**

- Warm and cold ocean currents affect coastal areas.

6. **Relief Features**

- The Himalayas block cold winds from Central Asia, protecting northern India.

- Western Ghats influence rainfall patterns.

---

### **Mechanism of Monsoons**

- Monsoons are caused by the differential heating and cooling of land and water.

- **Key Features**:

- **Low-Pressure Area**: Develops over the Indian subcontinent during summer.

- **High-Pressure Area**: Exists over the Indian Ocean.

- Winds move from high pressure (ocean) to low pressure (land), bringing rainfall.

---

### **Seasons in India**

India experiences four main seasons:

1. **Cold Weather Season (Winter)**:

- **Time**: December to February.

- **Characteristics**:

- Low temperatures.
- Northeastern trade winds prevail.

- Light rainfall in Tamil Nadu due to retreating monsoons.

2. **Hot Weather Season (Summer)**:

- **Time**: March to May.

- **Characteristics**:

- High temperatures; heatwaves (Loo).

- Low-pressure system develops over northwest India.

3. **Advancing Monsoon (Rainy Season)**:

- **Time**: June to September.

- **Characteristics**:

- Onset of southwest monsoon.

- Heavy rainfall across most parts of India.

- Uneven distribution of rainfall.

- Examples: Mawsynram in Meghalaya receives the highest rainfall in the world.

4. **Retreating Monsoon (Autumn)**:

- **Time**: October to November.

- **Characteristics**:

- Monsoons retreat as low-pressure systems weaken.

- Clear skies and warm days.

- Cyclones form over the Bay of Bengal, affecting eastern coastal states.

---
### **Distribution of Rainfall in India**

1. **Areas of Heavy Rainfall**:

- Northeastern states (e.g., Meghalaya, Assam).

- Western Ghats.

2. **Areas of Moderate Rainfall**:

- Central and northern India.

3. **Areas of Low Rainfall**:

- Rajasthan (Thar Desert).

- Gujarat.

---

### **Monsoon and Its Importance**

1. **Agriculture**

- Indian agriculture is largely dependent on monsoon rainfall.

2. **Economic Impact**

- Adequate monsoon boosts food production and GDP.

- Weak monsoon can lead to droughts and inflation.

3. **Water Resources**

- Rivers, reservoirs, and groundwater recharge depend on monsoons.


---

### **Climate Variability in India**

- **Himalayan Region**: Cold winters, moderate summers.

- **Coastal Areas**: Moderate climate with high humidity.

- **Desert Areas**: Hot summers, cold winters, very low rainfall.

---

### **Global Climatic Phenomena Influencing India**

1. **El Niño**: Warming of Pacific Ocean water; weakens monsoon winds, causing droughts.

2. **La Niña**: Cooling of Pacific Ocean water; enhances monsoon winds, leading to heavier
rainfall.

---

### **Key Terms**

- **Loo**: Hot, dry winds during summer in northern India.

- **Western Disturbances**: Weather systems bringing winter rainfall to northern India.

- **ITCZ (Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone)**: Area where northeast and southeast trade winds
converge, influencing monsoon patterns.

---

These notes summarize the key points from the chapter **"Climate"** for Class 9. Let me know
if you’d like additional details on any section!

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