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Air Pollution Abatement

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13 views24 pages

Air Pollution Abatement

Uploaded by

chrisjordan00111
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Air pollution abatement

Introduction

 The textile industry produces


 In particular, smoke and odor arising in the process require abatement.

 The major air pollution problem in the textile industry occurs during the Yarn
manufacturing and finishing stages, where various processes are employed for
coating the fabrics.

 In addition to this,
 addition of ammonia for making printing paste,
 Resin Finishing,
 Hypochlorite bleaching,
 Ammonia treatment for shrinkage control,
 Flame retardant treatments etc.
 Are also culprits of causing air pollution.
The nature of the problem

 Coating materials include


 lubricating oils, and water repellent chemicals -- essentially,
 organic (usually hydrocarbon) compounds such as oils, waxes
or solvents etc.
 Formaldehyde containing finishes,

 After the coatings are applied, the coated fabrics are


cured by heating in ovens, dryers, tenter frames, etc.

 A frequent result is the vaporization of the organic


compounds into volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
The nature of smoke
 The main air pollution problem in the textile processing industry
is the creation of VOCs, which take the form of visible smoke and
objectionable odor.

 Smoke is basically made up of tiny solid or liquid particles of


VOCs less than one micron i.e. equivalent to 1/1000 of mm.

 Smoke is differentiated as the density or opacity of the emission.

 Opacity of smoke is actually related to the quantity of particles


present in the gas.
Solving a typical air pollution problem

 A variety of APC methods are available to meet


textile industry requirements.

 They are:
 Cyclone filters

 Fiber filter

 Scrubber

 Electrostatic precipitators, etc.


Cyclone Filters

 For dry dust or


particulate
removal.

 It is not used
where the
particulate matter
is oily or moist.
CYCLONES
Principle
• The particles are removed by the application of a centrifugal force.
The polluted gas stream is forced into a vortex. the motion of the
gas exerts a centrifugal force on the particles, and they get
deposited on the inner surface of the cyclones

Construction and Operation


• The gas enters through the inlet, and is forced into a spiral.
• At the bottom, the gas reverses direction and flows upwards.
• To prevent particles in the incoming stream from
contaminating the clean gas, a vortex finder is provided to
separate them. the cleaned gas flows out through the vortex
finder.

.
CYCLONES (contd.)

Advantages of Cyclones
• Cyclones have a lost capital cost
• Reasonable high efficiency for specially designed cyclones.
• They can be used under almost any operating condition.
• Cyclones can be constructed of a wide variety of materials.
• There are no moving parts, so there are no maintenance
requirements.

Disadvantages of Cyclones
• They can be used for small particles
• High pressure drops contribute to increased costs of
operation.
Fiber filter and limitations

 The fiber filter, is rarely recommended for textile


industry applications,
 because the high flammability of VOCs and dry lint in the gas
stream usually prevents the use of dry filtration devices.

 A fiber filter typically consists of glass or polyester


fibers from 5 to 10 microns in diameter, packed
between flat or cylindrical screens.
Fiber filter
FABRIC FILTERS

Principle
 The filters retain particles larger than the mesh size
 Air and most of the smaller particles flow through. Some of the
smaller particles are retained due to interception and diffusion.
 The retained particles cause a reduction in the mesh size.
 The primary collection is on the layer of previously deposited
particles

Advantages of Fabric Filters


 Very high collection efficiency
 They can operate over a wide range of volumetric flow rates
 The pressure drops are reasonably low.
 Fabric Filter houses are modular in design, and can be pre-
assembled at the factory
FABRIC FILTERS (contd.)

Disadvantages of Fabric Filters


 Fabric Filters require a large floor area.
 The fabric is damaged at high temperature.
 Ordinary fabrics cannot handle corrosive gases.
 Fabric Filters cannot handle moist gas streams
 A fabric filtration unit is a potential fire hazard
Wet scrubber

 The filtering role is performed by a liquid rather than fibers, reducing


the potential for fire or explosion.

 The scrubbing liquid is usually water, which is sprayed as droplets


which become targets for precipitated particles and absorbed gases.

 The droplets are larger than the particles, and become heavier and
heavier as they collect particulates, so they are relatively easy to
remove.

 In textile applications, simple wet scrubbers are successfully used to


remove lint and other solids above about 10 microns in size, but not for
VOC smoke.
Wet scrubber
WET SCRUBBERS
Principle
 Wet scrubbers are used for removal of particles which have a
diameter of the order of 0.2 mm or higher.
 Wet scrubbers work by spraying a stream of fine liquid
droplets on the incoming stream.
 The droplets capture the particles
 The liquid is subsequently removed for treatment.

Construction and Operation


 A wet scrubber consists of a rectangular or circular chamber in
which nozzles are mounted.
 The nozzles spray a stream of droplets on the incoming gas
stream
 The droplets contact the particulate matter, and the particles
get sorbed.
 The droplet size has to be optimized.
WET SCRUBBERS (contd.)

Construction and Operation (contd.)


 Smaller droplets provide better cleaning, but are more difficult
to remove from the cleaned stream.
 The polluted spray is collected.
 Particles are settled out or otherwise removed from the liquid.
 The liquid is recycled.
 Wet scrubbers are also used for the removal of gases from the
air streams.
WET SCRUBBERS (contd.)

Advantages of Wet Scrubbers


 Wet Scrubbers can handle incoming streams at high
temperature, thus removing the need for temperature control
equipment.
 Wet scrubbers can handle high particle loading.
 Loading fluctuations do not affect the removal efficiency.
 They can handle explosive gases with little risk.
 Gas adsorption and dust collection are handled in one unit.
 Corrosive gases and dusts are neutralized.

Disadvantages of Wet Scrubbers


 High potential for corrosive problems
 Effluent scrubbing liquid poses a water pollution problem.
High energy venturi scrubber

 Condensed VOC droplets are typically smaller than one


micron.

 To collect them from the exhaust gas stream, the optimum


target droplets must be in the range of 2 to 5 microns in size --
much smaller than the drops generated in the simple wet
scrubber.

 To generate these tiny droplets in the quantities required for


efficient scrubbing, a substantial amount of electric energy is
required .

 The most common wet scrubber for such particle removal is


the high energy venturi scrubber (HEVS).
High energy venturi scrubber

 The HEVS is a device relying on to break water into an evenly


distributed cloud of very fine droplets at high density.

 This may be achieved by:


 By very high electrical voltages,
 By Ultrasonic waves, etc

 The density raises the probability of collisions between submicronic


droplets of condensed VOCs and the larger droplets of recycling liquid.

 The droplets are produced in the venturi throat of the scrubber, where
velocity of the moving gas can be as high as 400 feet per second.

 This is about eight times higher than the velocity of the exhaust gas in
the duct, resulting in high pressure losses, and high energy
requirements for operating the system.
High energy venturi scrubber
Electrostatic precipitators

 Electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) offer high capture


efficiency of submicroscopic particulate by using electrical
charges to remove suspended particles from the gas stream.

 Three steps are involved in electrostatic precipitation:


 charging,
 collection and
 removal.

 In all cases an electrical discharge brought on by the


ionization of a fluid surrounding a conductor electrically
charges the suspended particles, that are collected on
electrodes.
Electrostatic precipitators
Electrostatic precipitators
References

 http://www.environmental-expert.com/articles/case-
history-air-pollution-control-in-the-textile-industry-a-
technology-for-the-21st-century-2716/view-comments
 http://www.croll.com/air_products/wetscrubbers.php
 http://www.carbo-tech.com/high2.htm
 http://www.school-for-
champions.com/science/static_uses.htm
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_discharge
 http://sugarudyog.com/pollution.htm
 http://www.vaniman.com/index.php?cPath=1_91
 http://www.mecasiapacific.co.th/Venturi-scrubber.html
 http://www.thermopedia.com/content/573/

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