Building technology(SBA)

Candidate Name: Devonte Curtis

Center Number:
Candidate Number:1003670510
Name of teacher: Sanjay Williams
Year of exam:2025
Territory: Jamaica
The construction industry
The construction industry in Jamaica is a
Vital sector that significantly contributes to
The nation’s economy. It relies on key
Material such as cement, steel and aggregate
To build robust infrastructure. As Jamaica
develops, this industry provides crucial
employment opportunities and supports
infrastructural growth.

With the rise of tourism and increasing demand

for residential and commercial spaces, the need
for cement has surged. Local companies like
CCC are essential suppliers, ensuring
construction projects have the necessary
materials to meet these demands.
Construction site throughout Jamaica are active with
Various projects,from hotels to housing
development
Enhancing the physical landscape and stimulating
economic growth. In summary, the construction
industry is a cornerstone of Jamaica’s economy,
driving progress through the strategic use of
essential materials like cement.
Caribbean cement company limited

Caribbean cement company limited (CCCL) Is

a publicly listed company which has been In
operation since 1952 and is the sole
manufacturer of Portland and blended cement
In Jamaica. Its main plant and operations are
Situated in Rockfort, Kingston with additional
Quarry operation in both St. Andrew and st.
Thomas.

Organizational structure

Caribbean Cement Company Limited, a member of the TCL

Group, is committed to meeting the needs of its customers by
providing high-quality building solutions in an environmentally
friendly manner, through a competent, inspired, and motivated
team thereby achieving the financial objectives of its
shareholders, whilst adding value to the community.
Cement manufacturing
The cement manufacturing industry in Jamaica Is
dominated by CCCL. The company operates large
Production plants that convert raw materials like
Limestone into finished cement, which is then
supplied to construction sites nationwide, below is
An illustration of the key department involved in the
Cement manufacturing process:

1.Raw material extraction: limestone and gypsum

Are extracted and transported to the plant.

2.Production process: materials are mixed,

heated, and ground into cement.

3.Quality control ensures that the cement meet

Industry standards.

4.Logistics: coordinate distribution and

transportation to various construction sites.
 PPE:
PPE stands for personal protective
equipment.

Some types of personal protective

equipment are:

• Gloves

• Helmet

• Protective eyewear

• Steel-toed work boots

What are the types of personal protective equipment
And what they do:

• Gloves: construction work gloves protect the

fingers and hands from various on-site injuries.

• Helmet: hard hats) can prevent or minimize

injuries to the head and the brain, protecting
against falling objects or debris.
• Protective eyewear: protective eyewear shield
the eyes from the risk of potential hazards in
the workplace, such as dirt and dust.

• Steel-toed work boots: protect worker’s feet

from falling objects, compression, and electrical
Hazards.
 Safety Rules
• Be alert & pay attention at all time while in
the workshop.

• Don’t rush or run while in the workshop.

• Always follow instructions.

 • Wear the safety equipment following the PPE.

• Complete proper training before entering the

workshop.
• Set up safeguard.

• Prepare an emergency response plan.

• Insert tools and equipment regularly.

• Use the right equipment for each task.

• Organize and store tools properly.

Accident report

On September 11,2024, Mr. Willam’s was teaching a 11

Campbell-brown, they were required to participate In a
practical taking place on the football field, and the Were
instructed to outline the frame of a 10x13 storage Room
for physical education equipment and other related
Items.
Devonte Curtis from the class of 11 Campbell-brown was
Absent during the debriefing and missed some vital.

Safety rules and the do’s and don’t because of that he Was
ill-prepared for the construction site when he reached
The worksite (the football field) he was seen changing
into plain clothes and did not have any of his safety gear
(hard hat, steel toe shoes, vest, gloves), after that he
headed straight to were the foundation was and started to
assist in laying the brick/block there were 3 of his
colleagues on the site with him as they noticed him they
warned him to put his gear on the witch he “brushed them
Off”. After thirty minutes (30) of working Devonte was
seen on his phone while still at the work site. A truck
entered the work site to deliver more buildings blocks, the
the truck driver packed and drew Devonte attention, he
started walking towards the truck, and with the driver
opened the door to the bed of the truck, which hit Devonte
directly in his face breaking his nose breaking it and
senting him to the hospital.
 Design principles and process

Principles to the design and construction of buildings.it

Encompasses the methods, materials and systems used
To ensure the structural integrity, functionality, and
Efficiency of a building.

Design Analysis: Shovel

The shovel is a simple yet versatile tool used in various fields

such as construction, landscaping, gardening, and emergency
services. Its design must ensure functionality, durability,
safety, and ease of use, while also considering environmental
impact and innovations in materials. Below is an in-depth
analysis of the shovel design, covering key aspects such as its
purpose, materials, safety standards, environmental
considerations, applications, and innovations.

1. Purpose and Functionality

The main purpose of a shovel is to dig, lift, and move
materials like dirt, sand, gravel, snow, and debris. Its design
varies for different tasks and environments, with key
functions including:
Digging: Shovels are used to dig through soil or other
materials. The blade needs to be strong enough to cut through
compacted material, whether for gardening, construction, or
trenching.
Lifting and Moving: Shovels help scoop, lift, and move
materials from one place to another, such as in snow removal
or landscaping.
Versatility: The design of a shovel may be specialized for a
particular task—some are optimized for digging, others for
scooping or lifting materials.
Leverage and Ergonomics: The shovel should let users apply
force easily with less effort, by balancing the handle's length
and angle with the blade's shape and material

2. Materials

The materials used for a shovel's blade and handle must

balance strength, durability, and weight while ensuring cost-
effectiveness and user comfort.

a. Blade Materials:
Steel (Carbon and Stainless):

Carbon Steel is strong and durable but can rust without care.

Stainless Steel resists corrosion but may not handle heavy

stress as well as carbon steel.

Aluminum: Lightweight and rust-resistant, used for non-

heavy-duty tasks like camping or gardening.

Plastic/Polycarbonate: Used in snow shovels and garden

tools. Lightweight and rust-resistant but not suited for heavy
digging.

Fiberglass Composite: Provides a good balance of strength,

lightweight, and durability. Commonly used in construction
or industrial shovels.

b. Handle Materials:

Wood: Traditional, comfortable but heavy, and can break

under stress.

Fiberglass: Lightweight, durable, and moisture-resistant,

often used in heavy-duty shovels.

Steel: Strong but heavy. Sometimes, it is reinforced with

rubber or coatings for comfort.

Plastic/Polypropylene: Lightweight, weather-resistant, and

cost-effective for general-purpose shovels.

Rubberized Grips: Added to handles for comfort and to

prevent slipping, especially in wet conditions.
3. Design Considerations

To ensure performance, durability, and comfort, several

factors must be considered in shovel design:

Blade Shape and Angle:

Flat Blade: Ideal for softer soils (e.g., gardening).

Pointed Blade: Suitable for compact or rocky soil (e.g.,

construction).

Curved Blade: Designed for lifting and moving materials

(e.g., snow, sand).

Blade Size and Depth: Larger blades can scoop more but are
heavier; smaller blades are lighter but less efficient.

Handle Length and Shape: Handle length typically ranges

from 36 to 48 inches. Longer handles provide more
leverage, but shorter handles offer better maneuverability.
Ergonomic grips help reduce hand strain.

Weight Distribution: The shovel should be balanced to

ensure easy control and prevent fatigue.

Durability: The shovel must withstand the stress of digging

and lifting without bending or breaking.

4. Safety Standards

Shovel design must prioritize safety to prevent injury during

use:

Blade Design: The blade should be sharp enough for the

task but not so sharp as to cause injury. Reinforced areas
where the blade meets the handle reduce breakage.

Handle Safety: Handles should be smooth to avoid splinters

(wood) and must not break easily under pressure. Anti-slip
grips help keep the user's hands secure, especially in wet
conditions.

Protective Features: Some shovels include blade covers for

safety when not in use.

Testing and Certification: Shovels must meet safety

standards for impact resistance, weight-bearing, and
ergonomics.

5. Environmental Considerations

The environmental impact of a shovel must be considered

from production to disposal:

Material Sustainability: Manufacturers are increasingly

using recycled materials or eco-friendly options like
biodegradable plastics and recycled steel.

Corrosion Resistance: Materials like stainless steel or coated

carbon steel help extend the shovel’s lifespan, reducing
waste.

Recyclability: Metal shovels are recyclable, while plastic

parts may require special recycling processes.
Energy-Efficient Manufacturing: Using sustainable
production methods to reduce carbon emissions and waste is
becoming more common.

6. Applications

Shovels are versatile tools used in many different fields,

including:

Gardening and Landscaping: Digging, planting, and moving

soil.

Construction and Excavation: Heavy-duty shovels are used

for digging trenches and moving materials.

Snow Removal: Lightweight shovels designed for clearing

snow from paths and driveways.

Agriculture: Used for planting, digging, and harvesting

crops.

Emergency Services: Compact shovels are used in survival

kits or by rescue teams.

7. Innovations

Recent innovations in shovel design focus on improving

functionality, comfort, and durability:

Collapsible Shovels: Folding or telescoping shovels are

popular for camping, military, or emergency use.

Ergonomic Handles: Shovels with handles designed to

reduce hand strain and improve comfort. Some have
adjustable handles for different user heights.
Multipurpose Tools: Some shovels now include features
like built-in axes, picks, or saws for more versatile tasks.

Improved Materials: Advances in composite materials like

fiberglass or carbon fiber have made shovels lighter and
stronger. Special coatings help prevent corrosion.

Smart Shovels: Some companies are experimenting with

shovels that include sensors to measure force or track depth
for specific uses, such as in construction or agriculture.

Conclusion

Designing a shovel involves balancing strength, weight,

durability, and comfort to ensure it performs well across
different tasks. The choice of materials, ergonomic design,
and safety features all play critical roles. Innovations in
collapsible designs, materials, and multifunctional tools
continue to improve shovel performance, making them more
versatile and user-friendly. Environmental sustainability is
also increasingly important, with manufacturers seeking
more eco-friendly production methods and materials

Design Process

Define the Problem. Understanding a problem is the first

step towards solving it.

Conduct Research.

Brainstorm & Conceptualize.

Create a Prototype.
Select & Finalize.

Product Analysis.

Improve Product Design.

Big Bolt Makes The Design Process Easier.

Design Elements

The elements of design deal with the visual appeal of a

building, which significantly impacts its success and how
users experience the space.

Some important design elements such as color, texture, shape

and architectural style are key to that goal

Design Analysis of redesign of a manufactured product

Design analysis is essentially a decision-making process in
which analytical tools derived from basic sciences,
mathematics, statistics, and engineering fundamentals are
utilized to develop a product model that can be converted
into an actual product