Expt.

Dt :

1. VERNIER CALLIPERS
Aim: Using vernier callipers to find
1. the volume ofthe given sphere with that mass ofthe sphere
2. the length ofthe given cylinder
3. the length and breadth ofthe glass plate.
ApDaratus:
Vernier callipers, sphere, cylinder and glass plate.
Description:
Vemier callipers is also caled 'Slide Calipers'. It consists of arectangular metal strip 'R'
provided with main scale both in centimeters and inches along both ofits edges. The fixed jaw
c is at on end ofthe strip. The movable jawdslides on the main scale along the vermier scale.
When the two jaws c and d are in contact with each other the zero ofthe vernier coincides
with the zero ofthe main scale. The movable jaw d can be fixed at any position by the screw
provided. The extermal measurements of any object can be determined with the two jaws c
and d.
The internal measurements also can be determined using the projections e and f.

VERNIER CALLIPERS

Formula:
1. Volume ofthe given sphere (") =;r (cm)
Where r=d/2 = radius ofthe sphere (cm)
d= diameter ofthe sphere (cm)
2. Mass ofthe sphere (m)=Vp (gm)
Where p= density ofthe sphere (gmcm')
3. Radius ofthe sphere (r), length () ofthe cylinder and length (/), breadth (b) ofthe glass plate
from. Vernier callipers total reading = M.S.R.+ (V.C. xL.C.) (cm)

LC:MSD (cm)
4 Vernier calipers N

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WINNING STARS-IPE Physics Practical
 Procedure:
callipers:
a Least count of vernier and the number of divisions on the vermier
division (1 MSD)
Note the vaue ofone main scale
Vernier callipers leastcount (L.C.) is determined as
scale N.
L.C,= IMSD (cm)
N

To determine the radius ofa sphere : reading

grp the given sphere in between the two jaws c and d. Then note the readino
2. As shown in fig. before the zero (0) division ofthe vernier scale as main scale
mainscale just
on the
scale division which coincides with one of the main scale divisions as
(M.S.R.)and the vernier
vernier coincidence V.C. (n).
Determine the diameter ofthe sphere from total reading=M.S.R. +(V.C. x L.C.)
3.
4. Repeat the experiment 6times by keeping the sphere in different positions and tabulate the
sphere (d) with that radius of
readings in the Table -land calculate average diameter of the
d
sphere as r= 2

4
as V=
5. By substitutingabove value radius (r), volume ofthe sphere is calculated 3

6. Mass ofthe given sphere is calculated as m=Vp

a To determine the length of a cylinder:
7. As shown in fig. grip the given cylinder in between the two jaws cand dsuch that its length
parallel to length of mainscale. Then take M.S.R. and V.C. readings as above.
8. Determine the length of cylinder from totalreading= M.S.R+(V.C. xL.C.)
|9. Repeat the experiment 6times by keeping the cylinder in diferent positions and tabulate the
readings in the Table -2 and calculate the average length () ofthe cylinder.
A To determine the length and breadth of the glass plate:
10. As shown in fig. grip the given glass plate in between the two jaws c and d such that its length
parallel to length of mainscale. Then take M.S.R.and V.C.readings as above.
11. Determine the length ofglass plate from total reading-M.S.R. +(V.C. x L.C.)
12. Repeat the experiment 6times by keeping the glass plate in different positions and
readings in the Table -3 and calculate the average length () ofthe glass plate. tabulate the
13. Similarly find the breadth of the glass plate by
tabulating the readings in Table - 4.
Precautions:
Take the readings without parallax error.
S2. The Object should be gripped tightly between the
two jaws.
 TABLE -l:To find radius of the sphere (r): L.C. =0.01cm
M.S.R. Vernier Extra fraction Total Reading
S.No. a (cm) Coincidence (n) bnx LC(cm) (a + b) (cm)
1.7 0,05 1.75
1,7 6 0,06 1.76
3 1.7 4 0.04 1.74
4 1.7 4 0.04 1.74
1.7 6 0.06 1.76
1.7 0.05 1.75
Calcuiation:
Average diameter of the sphere
d1.75 +1.76+1.74 +1.74+1.74 +1.76+1.75 10.5
de = 1.75cm
6 6
d =1.75cm

Average radius of the sphere

d 1.75
r= -=0.875cm
4
Volume of the sphere V=r
3

V-*3.14x(0.87s) ’
V=l.33x3.14x0.875 x 0.875x 0.875 V= 2.797cm
Mass of the Brass sphere :
Volume ofthe sphere V=2.797 cm
Given density ofthe Brass p =8.4 gm cm
Mass of the Brass sphere m=Vp ’
m=2.797x8.4 ’ m=23.49gm
TABLE-2: To find length of the cylinder (): L.C, = .01 cm
S.No. M.S.R. Vernier Extra fraction
a (cm) Coincidence (n) Total Reading
2.3 8
b=nxLC(cm) (a+ b) (cm)
0.08 2.38
2 2.3 9 0.09 2.39
2.3 7 0.07 2.37
2.3 0.08
5 2.3 2.38
8 0.08
6 2.3 9
2.38
0.09 2.39
Calculation:
Average length of the cylinder
2.38+ 2.39+ 2.37 + 2.38+ 2.38 + 2.39
6

14.29
l=l=2.38cm
6
 L.C. = 0.01cm
LABLE - 3: To find length of the glass plate ():
M.S.R. Vernier Extra fraction Total Reading
S.No. Coincidence (n) hn x LC (em) (a+b) (cm)
a (cm)
0.05 6.65
6.6
0.06 6.66
6.6
7 0.07 6.67
6.6
0.06 6.66
6.6
6.6 0.07 6.67
6.6 0.05 6.65

Calculation:
Average length of the glass plate
6.65+ 6.66+ 6.67+6.66 +6.67+6.65 39.93
-=6.65 =6.65cm
6 6

TABLE - 4: To find breadth of the glass plate (b): L.C. = 0.01cm

M.S.R. Vernier Extra fraction Total Reading

S.No.
a (cm) Coincidence (n) b*nxLC (cm) (atb) (cm)
3.3 2 0.02 3.32
3.3 4 0.04 3.34
3 3.3 3 0.03 3.33
3.3 2 0.02 3.32
5 3.3 3 0.03 3.33
6 3.3 4 0.04 3.34
Calculation:
Average breadth of the glass plate
b=
3.32 +3.34+3.33+3.32 +3.33 +3.34 19.98
6
=3.33 >b=3.33cm
6

Observations:
The value of 1M.S.D. (S) = 0.1lcm
2. The number of vernier scale divisions (N)= 10(no unit)
3. Vernier calipers Least count (L.C) = 0.0lcm
4. Average radiusofthe sphere (r)=0.875cm
Result:
1. Volume of the given sphere(V)=2.797cm
2. Mass ofthe given sphere (m) =23.49gm
3 Average length ofthe
cylinder (l) =2.38cm
4. Average length ofthe glass plate ()=6.65cm
5. Average breadth ofthe glass
plate (b)=3.33cm
Units:
Volume :cm Mass: gm Length &Breadth: cm
 Expt.Dt!
2. SCREw GAUGE
Aim: \Ising screw gauge to find
1 the thickness ofthe
given glaSS plate
the radus ofthe ghven cvlindet
Apparatus:
Screw gauge. glass plate and cyBinder
Description:
Ihe screW gauge consists of a Ushapedmetal frame F' provided with a hallow nut at one
cnd and afixed shaft 'S,'at its other end. The screw moves with in the nut. S,' is the
movable
Shart atthe end ofthe screw. The scale called pitch scale 'P' is provided on the hallow nut and
i is divided into millimeters or halfmillimeters on a horizontalreference line. The
cap 'M'
the milled head is at cone end ofthe screw. 'S'is the head scale at the other end ofthe wth
head scake 'S has 50 or 100 cqual ivision marks. cap. The

$, Hollow cylindrical tube Thimble Ratchet(M)

Head Scale (s)

Pitch Scale

U-Shaped frame (F)

8CREW GAUGE

-5

95
95 90

No Zero Error Positive Zero Error

(a)
Negative Zero Error
(b) (c)
Zero Error
Zero error and correction:
When thetwo shins 'S,'and 'S,' touch each other
1. Ifthe zero of the head scale coincides with the zero ofthe pitch scale, the zero error is nil, the
zero correction is also nil (Fig. a)
2. Ifthe zero of the head scale is below the reference line of the pitch scale, the error is positive
and the correction is negative (Fig. b)
Example: Ifthe 2d division ofthe head scale coincides with the reference line of the pitch scale.
the error is +2 divisions and the correction is -2 divisions.
3 Ifthe zero ofthe head scale is above the reterence line ofthe pitch scale, the error is negative
and the correction is positive. (Fig. c]

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(QEumple: ifthe 7 divison ofthe bead scake coincides with the reference line ofthe pitch scale
the error is-3 divisions and the correctkn is +3 divisions.
OEormnla:
Thicknes of giass plte and radhs of the cylinder from formula
Screw gage total reading PSR (Corrected F.S. RL.C)(mm)
Pitehof the screw
2 Screw gauge Ieast ecoum Tolal No. of hed scale divisions (mm)

Where
Distance moved by the screw
Pitch ofthe screw No.of complete rotations made (mm)
3 Corrected Head Scale Reading - HSR-(4 Zero Error)(mm)
Precedure:
Least count of screwgauge:
1. When hecad scale zero (0) coincide with line on the pitch scale, note distance moved by the
screw on the pitch scale for 5complete rotations and calculate the pitch of the screw and least
of screw gauge as
Distance moved by the screw
Pitch ofthe Screw
No.of complete rotations made
Pitch of the screw
Screw gauge Least count
Total No.of head scale division
|2. As above explained in description zero error is noted.
a To find the thickness of the glass plate :
3. Rotate screw until the given glass plate placed in between shafts S, and S, is gripped wth
gentle grip pressure. Note the Pitch Scale Reading (P.S.R) and Head Scale Reading (H.S.R).
Calculate the thickness of the given glass plate as total reading=P.S.R+(Corrected H.S.Rx
LC)
|4. Repeat the experiment 6times by keeping the glass plate in different positions and tabulate the
readings in the Table -l and calculate the average thickness (t) of the glass plate.
To find the radius of the cylinder:
5. Rotate screw until the given cylinder placed in between shafts S, andS, is
gripped with gentle
grip pressure. Note the Pich Scale Reading (P.S.R) and Head Scale Reading (H.S.R). Calculate
the diameter ofthe given cylinder as total reading -P.S.R+ (Corrected H.S.R x L.C)
6. Repeat the experiment 6times by keeping the cylinder in different positions and
readings in the Table -2and calculate average diameter (d) with that radius ofthetabulate the
cylinder as
d
2
Precautions:
1. Take readings without parallax error.
2. The object should be gripped with gentle grip pressure in
between shafts.

Pyt Lt
 TABLE-l: To find thickness of the galss plate (t):
Error = +1,Correction = -1 L.C=0.01 mm
P.S.R. Head scale reading
S.No. a (mm) Extra fraction Total reading
Observed Corrected (n) bnx L.C(mm) (a + b)(mm)
65 64 0.64 5.64
2 66 65 0.65 5.65
64 63 0.63 5.63
64 63 0.63 5.63
66 65 0.65 5.65
5 65 64 0,64 5.64
Caculation:
Average thickness of the glass plate
S.64+ S.65 + 5.63+5.63+ 5.65 +5.64 33.84
6 =5.64 t=5.64mm
6

TABLE-2: To find radus of the cylinder (r):

Error = +1,Correction =-1 L.C-0.01mm
S.No.
P.S.R. Head scale reading Extra fraction Total reading
a (mm) Observed Corrected (n) b=nxL.C (a+ b) (mm)
87 86 0.86 8.86
2 88 87 0.87 8.87
3 89 88 0.88 8.88
4 88 87 0.87 8.87
87 86 0.86 8.83
6 8 89 88 0.88 8.88
Calculation:
Average diameter ofthe cylinder
d= 8.86+8.87+8.88+8.87 +8.83+8.88 S6.22
= 8.87 ’d=8.87 mm;
6 6 d=8.87 x10 cm
d 8.87
Average radius of the cylinder 2

r=4.435mm
Observations:
1 The value of 1 P.S.D = Imm
2. The number of head scale divisions = 100 (no unit)
3. Pitch of the screw = Imm
4 Least count (L.C) =0.01 mm
S Diameter of the cylinder (d) = 8.87mm
Result
1 Thickness of the given glass plate (t) = 5.,64mm

2. Radius of the given cylinder (r)= 4.43mm

Units:
thickness :mm radius mm

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 Expt.Dt:

3. PHYSICAL BALANCE

Aim: milligram and volme using phys

determine the mass ofthegiven body coect to a
To
balance.
Apparatus:
and Fractionalweight box.
Physical baanxe, Weight box, Object
Description:
metal beam with a knife cdge at its centre. The knife doa
Aphysical balance consists of a Two knifes K. K, ar provided atthe
cnds of
road.
rests on ahorizontal flat top ofa brass knife edges. N, N, nuts are provided at the ends of
bean B. P, P, pans are suspended from the downward direction. The brass pler is tixed vertialh
the beam Alongpointer ispointed in
ivory scale is fixed at the bottom of the piller. Aphub line is proxded to
on wooden base, an enclosed in awooden box provided with
glass doors.
one ofthe support. The balance is
B N,
N,
K# K
K

P P,

H A,
A
PHYSICAL BALANCE

Formula:
1. Mass ofbody to Milligram
m=mass ofbody at H.R.P. + Correction P(gm)
0.01(H.R.R.- Z.RP.)
2. Correction P= (gm)
(HRP.- LRP.)
m

3. Volume ofthe given object V= (em)

|4. Density ofgiven object (wooden block) (d) =0.8gm/em
5. Z.R.P=Zero Resting Point (divisions)
LRP=Lower Resting Point (divisions)
H.R.P=Higher RestingPoint (divisions)

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OProcedure:
I. Adust the leveling screws and nuts so that beam oscillatessymmetrically on either side ot
central division, when pans are empty.
Release the beam, take Ssuccessive turming points 3on left, 2on right side.Take their
average as Z.R.P.
3. Keep body in left pan, weights in right pan and see that pointer oscilates symmetrically.
4. Lift the beam release and note Ssuccesstve turning points 3on left, 2on right side.
5. Ifmean is more than Z.R.P. it is H.R.P. add 10 mg to get L.R.P. and repeat lift the beam and
release note 5successive turning points 3on left, 2on right side.
6. fmean is less than Z.R.P. it is L.RP. subtract 10 mg to get H.R.P. and repeat lift the beam
and release note 5successive turming points 3on left, 2on right side: Al the noted turning
points tabulated in the table.

7. Correction calculatedas P=
0.01(H.R.R.-Z.R.P.)
(HRP.-L.R.P.)
8. Mass ofbody to a milligram calculatedas
m=mass ofbody at H.R.P. +Corection P

9. Volume ofthe wooden block is calculate as V= d

Precautions:
1. Weights are added orremoved with forceps
2. Lift the beam very slowly
TABLE-1: To find the mass of the given body:
Contents in pan Turning points
Mean of the Resting
S.No. turning points points
Left (body) Right (weight)
Left Right
Left Right
(gm) (a) (b) 2
13 13 8.66 13 Z.R.P. = 10.83
2 Wood block 5.750 6 6 5 14 14 5.66 14 L.R.P. = 9.83
3 Wood block 5.730 6 6 17 17 5.66 17 H.R.P. |1.33
Caleulation :

Corection P=
0.01(HR.P.- Z.RP)
gm
(H.RP.- LRP.)
0.01(11.33-10.83) 0.005
P=
(11.33-9.83) 1.5

P=0.0033gm
 Mass of the body
m mass at HRP +P5.730 +0.0033

m5.733gm
Volume of the object (wood block)
5.733
d 0,8

V=7.166

V=7166cm
Obsenvations:
1. Zero Resting Point =10.83 divisions
2. Higher Resting Point =11.33 divisions
3. Lower Resting Point =9,83 divisions
4. Corrected mass (P) =0.0033 gm
5. Density of wooden block =0.8 gm cm
Result:
1. Mass of the body corrected to milligram(m) =5.733gm
2. Volume of thegiven object (V)=7.166cm
Units:
Mass "gm
Volume :cm
 :R
Expt.Dt
4. SIMPLE PENDULUM
Alm: Using simple pendulum to find
Acceleration due to gravity at given place and the percentage error in the measurement of
acceleration due to gravity value.
2. Seconds pendulum length and acceleration due to gravity value with/ -T'graph.
Apparatus:
Sphere, Thread, Split cork, Stop clock, Vermier calipers, Retort stand, Meter scale.
Description:
Asimple pendulum consists ofa heavy small metallic bob suspended by a light string. The
other end ofthe string is suspended from a rigid support.

1-T Graph : Scale :

X axis 1 Unit = 10cm
Yaxis 1Unit 0.5s

a
1 4.0t B

T(s) 1.04
IA X
l(cm)--’
Second pendulum length = OA
Simple pendulum
Formula:
1. Acceleration due togravity&' = 4r cn s²

Where
l=(a-r)= length ofthe pendulum (cm)
a=Distance between suspension point and bob bottom (cm)
r=Bob radius (cm)
T=Time period (s)

2. Percentage error ing value =: x100

Where g=actual value =980(cms)

g'=measured value (cm s)

3. Using Vernier Calipers radius ofbobr= d/2(cm)

 Vrnier caliners
ICm

Total reading MSRVCLC Km

ruph.
1Tgraph
Take /vahues on N-axis, Tvalues on Y- axis graph is astraight ine passmg through t,
ongn
Seconds pendulum length:
When T- 26,T- 4s'. At 4s' on Y-axis drawalineparalel to X- axis it irtersectsl-T t'
at B. From Bdraw parallel line to Y- axis intersects at Aon X-axis. OA gives secird
pendulum kength
Procedure:
1. Rad1us ofbob r to be measured using vernier calipers. Distance from pont of
bottom ofbob ato be mcasured using meter scale Find =(a-r)
susperson
2. For a value ofl, time taken for 20 oscilations measured 1* and 2 time.
Then average zs
1.Tme period T=0 calculated, thenT' iscalculated.

3. Repeat the experiment 6times for diferent lvalues. For every Ivalue
cakulate :vae
and take average of Y2. Practically acceleration due to gravity (g') is calculated s
g'=4n'

4. Percentage error in accelerat iondue to gravity calcuated as = x100

5. 1-TGraph: Take / values on X- axis. T' values on Y- axis graph is astraight line
through the origin. Find g' value by substituting reciprocal of slope of he-T graph passng
the graphical value g'" with practical value g, both are nearty Compar
equal to each other.
6. At 4 s' on Y- axis draw a line parallel to X-
axis it
intersects at B. From Bdraw paralel line to
Y- axis intersects at A. OA gives seconds
pendulum length.
Precautions:
1. Amplitude of oscillationshould be small.
2. V.C.should note without parallax error.
3. The bob should not spin while oscillating.
 TABLE-1: To find radius of bob (r): L.C=0.01cm
S.No. M.S.R,VCbnx LC Total
a (cm) (n) (cm) (a+ b) (cm)
1.8 0.06 1.86
2 1.8 7 0.07 1.87
3 1.8 0.08 0.88
Calculation:
Average diameter
d= 1.86+1.87+1.88 S.61
3 3
-1.87 ’ d=1.87cmn

Average radius r=
2

=0.935cm

TABLE-2: To find

Legnth of Time for 20 oscillations

S.No. pendulum
1=(a-r) Mean
Trial-1Trial-2 t=*)
(cm) x ($) y (s) (s) (s) Constant
2 -2
(cms)
50 28 28 28 1.40 2.0 25.51
2 60 31 31 31 1.55 2.4 24.97
3 70 34 33 33.5 l.68 2.8 24.95
4 80 36 36 36 1.80 3.2 24.69
5 90 38 38 38 1.90 3.6 24.93
6 100 40 40 40 2.00 4.0 25.00
Calculation:
150.06
Average 2 6
= 25.0lcms2

From practical:

Acceleration due to gravity

g'= 4x3.14x3.14x 25.01
g' =39.4384 x25.01l
g' =986.35cms

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 OFrom graph:

BIMPLE PENDUUM

68Seale
7Graphi
xis Tunit #1tem

Seconds pendulum length ÖA100cn

40cm
H4E

0 20 300 501160 70 B090I00H

50 Cmg2
Reciprocal of slope -T² graph T² 2
=4r g' =4r (reciprocalof slope)
g'=4x3.14x3.14x 25 ’ g'=39.4384× 25
g'=985.96cms²

Percentage error =8~8-x100 980 ~ (986.35) 6.35

-x100 x100 = 0.0064 x100
980 980
-0.64% (no unit)
Observations:
1. No. of divisionson vernier
scale (N) =10 divisions:
IM.S.D =0.1cm
3. Vernier calipers LC. =0.01cm
4. Radius ofbob (r)
5. Actual value of(g) =0.935cm
=980 cms
Result:
1. Acceleration due to gravity at aplace g' =986.35cms
2. Percentage error in g
value =0.64 %no unit
3. From(/-T) graph
g!'"=985.96cms?
both g and g are nearly equal to each other.
4. Froml-T² graph
seconds pendulum length OA =100cm
Units:
acceleration due to gravity percentage error : no unit
Length : cm

WINN
 Expt.Dt:

5. PARALLELOGRAM LAW OF FORCE

(CONCURRENT FORCES)
Aim:
|1. To verify the parallelogram law oforces and find relative density of thegiven stone using
parallelogram law offorces.
2. To verifty the triangle law of forces and find volume ofthe given stone using triangle law of
forces.
ApDaratus:
Drawing board, Two pulleys, Thrcad, Slotted weights, Meterscale, Protractor, Set squares,
White papers, Drawing board pins and Mirror.
Description:
Two pulley are fixed to awooden board as shown in the figure. Two slotted weights Pand Q
are attached by a string and passed over the pulleys Aand B. Athird slotted weight Ris
attached at the midpoint Oofthe string. The point Owill be in equilibrium under the action of
the three forces P, Q and R.
B

180°
P
D

R
Parallelogram law of forces

R
VR
Concurrent forces Triangle law of forces

Formula:
1. Parallelogram law of forces
When two vectors are acting at apoint then the diagonal ofthe parallelogram formed with the
two vectors as it sides represent resultant in magnitude and direction.
2. If OC =0D &LCOD =180° for different weights is proved, hence parallelogram law is
verified.

|3. Relative density of stone d = W, (no unit)

W-W,
Where
Stone weight in air w, =diagonal (OC) xscale (gmwt)
Stone weight in water w, =diagonal (0C) xscale (gmwt)

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 Q4. Irangle law of ferres represented in order in mmgntude anddutnty
The twovetorsare acting thenata pont are the reverse direction reprewn,
the chosing shde taken in
the two sides of atriangledhectkn
resukant in magnitude and
weights, hence triangle law offores is verifked
is proved kor ditlerent
Vokume ofthe stone V-W, w,(em')
Where

Stone weight in ar
P
Stone weght in water W, x(gmw)

Procedurc:
1. Fixed two pulleys at the top ofvertical drawing board.
weigta
2. Tvo weights P.Qare suspended to theends ofa threadpassing over pulleys, Another
Ris hanged inthe middle ofthread. Ris pulled down and released, when system comes t
rest note position ofthread, on white paper using a mirror. Join all points at the centre O, you
get Y" shape.
To verif' parallelogram lw of force:
3. Take sutable scale (Ex: 50gmwt =lem) draw OA on Pside, OB on Qside, OD on Rside.
Draw parallel lines to OA, OB using set squares, they intersect at Cand form parallelogram.
Its diagonal =0C. If oC=0D &LCOD =180° parallelogram law is verified. Repeat the
experiment by changingP, Q &R weights.
To find weight of stone in air (w) using parallelogram law offorce:
4. In place ofR, suspend astone, repeat the experiment as above find OC value
5. Since midpoint Ois in cquilibrium,
Downward force =Upward force.
Weight of Stone in air w, =diagonal 0C xScale (gmwt)
6. Repeat the experiment by changing P, Qweights and
calculate average as w,.
To find weight of stone in water (w) using
7. Bydipping astone completely in water, parallelogram law of force.:
weight of the stone as w,. experiment is repeated as above and calculate average
8. Relative density of'stone calculatedas =
W-W
Toverify triangle law offorces :
O)9. Draw parallel lines to OP, OQ, OR using set
squares, atriangle is formed. Length of sideof (
triangle along Pdirection is pcm, Qdirection is qcm, R
direction is r cm.
16
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 is proved, hence triangle law offorces is verified. Experiment is repeated by changing P, Q&G)
Rweights.
Tofind weight of stone in air (w) using triangle law of force:
10. In place ofR, suspended astone, repeat the experiment as above calculate weight of stone in
air as W =-xr

11. Experiment is repcated by changing P&Q, weights and calculate average as W,

To find weight of stone in water (w,) using triangle law of force:
12. By dipping astone completely in water, experiment is repeated as above and calculate average
weight of stone in water as W=xr P.
13. Volume ofthe stone calculated as V =W,-W,
Precautions:
1. Pulleys should be frictionless.
2. Strings and weights should not touch drawing board.
TABLE -l:To Verify the Parallelogram law of forces: Scale:50 gmwt= lem
P Q R OB 0C OD ZCOD
S.No.
(gmwt) (gmwt) (gmwt) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (degree)
100 100 100 2 2 2 2 180°
2 150 150 150 3 3 180°
C

P=0=100 gmwt A
R= 100 gmwt
A
P=Q=150 gmwt
Scale : 180 R=150 gmwt 180TO
50gmwt= lem Scale :
OA =OB = 2cm 50 gmwt = lcm
OD = 2em OA= 0B= 3em
D
0C=2cm OD =3cm
OA =0B=0C= OD R
0C= 3em D
ZCOD 180° OA = OB= 0C = OD R
ZCOD = 180°

TABLE -2:To find the weight of the stone in air (W,) using parallelogram law :
Scale :50 gmwt = lem

R OB 0C
Stone weight in air
P OA
S.No. W, =0C x Scale
(gmwt) (gmwt) (gmwt) (cm) (cm) (cm)
(gmwt)
1 100 100 Stone in 2 2 2.9 145
2 150 150 air (W) 3 3 2.9 145
 gwt fem

R W
45 gmwt

xScale
Calculation: Stone weight in air W, 0C
For P- 100gmwt,Q- 100gmwt
W -(2.9) 50- 145 gmwt
For P IS0gmwt.Q- 150 gmwt
W-(2.9) x50 =145 gmwt
1454 145 290
Average W, = = 145gmwt

TABLE-3: To find the weight ofthe stone in water(W,) using parallelogram law:
Scale : 50 gmwt = 1cm
Stone weight in
R OA OB 0C water
P
S.Ne.
(gmwt) (gmwt) (gmwt) (cm) (cm) (cm) W;=0C x Scale
(gmwt)
100 100 Stone in 2 2 L.6 80
water
150 150 3 3 L.6 80
(W»)

P=Q=100 gmwt P=Q= 150gmwt B

R=W,gmwi I800 R=W, gmwt 180O
Sease
Scale :
50 gawt = lem
OA =0B= 2cm 50gmwt= lcm
0C= 1Ca
0A=0B=3em
D 0C= 1.6cm D
W, 0C*scale W,=0C% scale
W,=L6xS0 R=W, W, =1.6x50 R=W,
W,= 80 gawt
W,= 80 gmwt
Calculation: Stone weight in water W, =0C xScale
For P= 100 gmwt, Q= 100 gmwt
W, =(1.6) x 50 =80gmwt
For P= 150 gmwt, Q=150 gmwt
W,=(1.6) x50 =80gmwt
 80+ 80 160
Average W, 2 80gmwt

W (145)
Relative density d= W,-W, (145)-(80)
d (l45)
= 2.23(no unit)
(65)
TABLE- 4: To verify the Triangle law forcres:
P R P R
S.No.
(gmwt) (gmwt) (gmwt) (cm) (cm) (cm)
100 100 100 3.2 3.2 3.2 31.25 31.25 31.25
1s0 150 150 3.8 3.8 3.8 39.47 39.47 39.47

P=Q=100 gmwt
R=100 gmwt P=Q= 150 gmwt
p=q=r =3.2cm R= 150 gmwt
P_9_R _100 =31.25
P=q=r=3.8cm
r 3.2 P_9_R_ 150 = 39.47
YR 3.8 YR

TABLE-5:To find the weight of stone in air (W,) using triangle law:
Stone weight in
P R P air
S.No.
(gmwt) (gmwt) (gmwt) (cm) (cm) (cm) W, = 0Cx Scale
(gmwt)
1 100 100 Stone in 2.5 2.5 3.3 132
air
2 150 150 (Wi) 3.3 3.3 2.9 131.8

P=Q=100 gmwt
R=W,gmwt P=Q= 150gmwt
p=q=2.5cm R=W, gmwt
r=3.3cm p=q=3.3cm
P r=2.9cm
100
W=-xr= -x3.3 P 150
2.5 W,=-xr= -x2.9
R= W, p 3.3 R=W,
W =132gmwt
W =131.8 gmwt
19
alculation: Stone welght inar W *r gmw
For P 100 gmwt, O- 100 gmrt
(100) 33)-132gmat
(25)
For P 150 grmwt,Q- 150gmwt
(130) (29)=131gmat
(3.3)
132+131 8 2638 =131.9gmwt
Average W= 2

TABLE-6: To find the weight of stone in water (W,) using triangle law:
Stone weight in water
-P Q R
S.No. (cm) (cm)
(gmwt) (gmwt) (gmwt) (cm) (gmwt)
1 100 100 Stone in 3.1 3.1 2.9 93.54
water
2 150 150 3.4 3.4 2.1 92.64
(W,)

P=Q=100 gmwt
R= W, gmwt
p=q=3.1lcm P=Q=150 gmwt
r=2.9cm R=W. gmwt
p=q=3.4cm
W, =xr 100 2.9 r=2.lcm
3.1
W, =93.54gmwt W, -xr= 150 -x 2.1
3.4
R=W, R=W,
W, =92.64gmwt
P
Calculation: Stone weight in water W, =-xr (gmwt)
For P= 100 gmwt, Q=100gmwt
W, =
0(29)=93,
(3.1) 54gmwt
For P= 150 gmwt,
Q=150 gmwt
150
W, -2.1)= 92.64gmwt
93.54 +92.64 186.18
Average W, = 2 =93.09 gmwt
2
Volume of thestone V= W,-W, =132-93 =39cm
 Observations:
1. In verification slotted weight sets are
(P= 100, Q=100, R=100) &(P= 150, Q
= 150, R=150)gmwt
2. Incase of stoneweights, slotted weight sets are
(P= 100, Q= 100) and (P = 150, Q = 150gmwt
a Incase of parallelogram law offorces.
3. Selected scale 50gmwt = lcm
4. Average stone weight in air w, =145 gmwt
5. Average stone weight in water W, =80gmwt
Incase of triangle law offorces.
6. Average stone weight in air w, =131.9 gmwt
7. Average stone weight in water W,=93.09 gmwt
Result:
1. As OC=0D and COD =180° parallelogram law offorces verified.
2. Using parallelogram law of forces relative density of stone d=2.23 (no unit)
3. As , - - , is proved, triangle law offorces veriífed.
4. Using triangle lavw offorces volume of the stone V=39cm
Units:
Relative density :no unit
Weight gmwt
Voume : cm