CFD ANALYSIS OF DIVERGENT NOZZLE

ABSTRACT

Expansion in divergent nozzle has been studied and analyzed experimentally as well as
numerically by various researchers with an objective to optimize the overall performance under
given conditions. In the present work flow through the divergent nozzle for varying outlet
diameter has been simulated using numerical method.

I INTRODUCTION:

This work aims at the design and analysis of CD nozzle with varying cross sections e.g.,
diameter and to determine which gives maximum outlet velocity. The analysis is done on the
basis of the shape of the nozzles keeping input conditions, working fluid of nozzles same. The
main purpose is to determine the best nozzle which offers highest outlet velocity compared to
others.

The main aims of this project are as follows:

 Collection of coordinate data for design and modelling of cd nozzle. The coordinate
 data is to be collected from previous research papers and projects.
 Modeling the Supersonic Nozzle on SOLIDWORKS.
 Analysis of CD nozzle for supersonic nozzles of different cross section nozzles and
 meshing is to be carried out in ANSYS FLUENT.
 Analysis of result and readings obtained from analysis of different CD nozzles to
 determine which gives maximum exit velocity.

LITERATURE REVIEW :

Muhammad Arif Budiyanto et. al. Waterjet propulsion is a type of propulsion system which is
used widely by ship with high-speed operation and sailing in shallow waters. This system is
constructed by pump and impeller that impels water passing through the inlet tube. Transport
energy is occurred from pump to water, due to rotation of the impeller. Reduction of cross-
sectional area at the end of nozzle increases water stream velocity, outcome increasing kinetic
energy by a change of momentum because of an acceleration. The work of nozzle can be
measured by efficiency and force output which is used to propel ship effectively. These
parameters are related to nozzle geometry, as the main factor in this paper, supported by other
factors such as pump pressure and stream velocity.

Hariyotejo Pujowidodo et. al. The study of steam mass flow in a Curved Converging Diverging
Nozzle has been analyzed using analytic and CFD modeling. The objective of this work is to get
the comparison between the results of flow properties and Saturated steam with stagnation
pressure 200 kPa. and downstream area 71 cm2 with throat area 16 cm2, analytically and
computationally could achieve the Ma about 3. At chocked condition, the maximum mass flow
has the magnitude less than 0.016 kg/s, with the critical properties are 109.1 kPa; 341.9 °K; and
0.4092 kg.m3. The calculated mass flow has the magnitude 1.55 kg/s, meanwhile from
simulation gives the mass flux magnitude 1.22 kg/s.

Ramanjaneyulu .S .et. al. Nozzle is a device which is used to give the direction to the gases
coming out of the combustion chamber. Nozzle is a tube which has a capacity to convert the
thermo-chemical energy generated in the combustion chamber into kinetic energy. The nozzle
converts the low velocity, high pressure, high temperature gas in the combustion chamber into
high velocity gas of lower pressure and low temperature.The angle of divergence for the
divergent portion is varied and its corresponding parameters are studied and convergence of flow
is obtained at 554 iterations using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD).From the solutions
obtained it is observed that the optimized angle for the divergence in the Convergent Divergent
Nozzle is 14 o – 15o to obtain maximum velocity and the higher propulsions for the rocket
engines can be achieved with this angle.

Ambareen Khan.et. al. This paper presents numerical study was undertaken to identify the use of
the micro-jets to regulate the pressure in the region from two-dimensional convergent-divergent
(CD) Nozzle. At the exit of the divergent nozzle in the base region 1 mm of two micro-jets
orifice diameter has been arranged at ninety degrees at pcd 13 mm to control base pressure. The
inertia level at the inlet to suddenly expanded duct was 1.87. Nozzles were operated with the
NPR in the range from 3 to 11. The results show that we can fix the flow parameter which will
result in the maximum gain in the base pressure, velocity and temperature. The convergent-
divergent nozzle geometry has been modeled and simulated employing turbulence models: K-ε
standard wall function turbulence model from the code was validated with the commercial
computational fluid dynamics.

Surya NarayanaK.P.S. et. al. A rocket nozzle is a mechanical device which is designed to control
the rate of flow, speed, direction and pressure of stream that exhaust through it.There are various
types of rocket nozzles which are used depending upon the mission of the rocket. This paper
contains analysis over a convergent divergent rocket nozzle which is performed by varying the
number of divisions in mesh. Also the various contours of nozzle like Cell Equiangle skew, Cell
Reynolds number, Pressure,Velocity, Mach Number,and above are calculated at each type of
mesh using CFD analysis software ANSYS Fluent.

Aleksandra Mikołajczak et. al. The pollution removal in the industrial applications seems to be still
a challenge. Among many others ways of cleaning dry ice blasting can be enumerated. There is
no doubt this method has numerous advantages, like significantly lower hazard of the surface
damage in comparison with the glass, sand or steel blasting methods [1] [2]. To obtain the proper
operating conditions of the dry ice blasting system, the nozzle geometry should be well-chosen.
To determine this geometry the mathematical model of the two phase flow was built and
implemented with the help of the CFD methods. Geometries chosen during the preliminary
study, which based on the analytical methods, were examined.
Ramesh Kumar.R et. al.Computational fluid dynamics is one of the parts of fluid mechanics and
calculating numerical methods are solving the various flows of fluid. Two-dimensional models,
which is to solve the flow rate of supersonic flow and analyzed the mathematical operations,
which has solved the energy equations. This iteration process has analyzed and shown better
results of temperature and static pressure, velocity, static temperature. The investigating results
showing better temperature and velocity flows.In the order to analyzed the Ansys fluent software
and solved the flow process of the convergent-divergent iteration nozzle. Standard nozzle
equation manually calculated and compared with analyzing the results.

II MODELLING :

FIG 1: 3D MODELLING OF DIVERGENT NOZZLE

MESH:

FIG 2 : MESHING OF DIVERGENT NOZZLE

CFD ANALYSIS
 Fluent is a computational fluid dynamics computer code developed and marketed by
Fluent Inc. The code solves the equations for conservation of mass, momentum, energy and other
relevant fluid variables using a cell-centred finite-volume method. First the fluid domain is
divided into a large number of discrete control volumes (also known as cells) using a pre-
processor code which creates a computational mesh on which the equations can be solved. Once
the fluid domain has been meshed, the governing equations (in integral form) are applied to each
discrete control volume and used to construct a set of non-linear algebraic equations for the
discrete dependent variables. Fluent then offers the user a number of choices for the algorithm
used to solve these equations, including coupled explicit, coupled implicit, and segregated
solvers. In all the calculations reported here only the segregated solver has been used. In this
approach the governing equations are solved sequentially. Since these equations are non-linear
they are first linearized using an implicit method. This produces a scalar system of equations
containing only one equation per computational cell per degree of freedom. A point implicit
(Gauss-Siedel) linear equation solver is then used in conjunction with an algebraic multigrain
(AMG) method to solve the resultant scalar system of equations for the dependent variable in
each cell. Since the equations are non-linear several iterations of the solution loop must be
performed before a converged solution is obtained.

ANSYS FLUENT

It can model the mixing and transport of chemical species by solving conservation
equations describing convection, diffusion, and reaction sources for each component species.
Multiple simultaneous chemical reactions can be modeled, with reactions occurring in the bulk
phase (volumetric reactions) and/or on wall or particle surfaces, and in the porous region.
Species transport modeling capabilities, both with and without reactions could be simulated.

III RESULT AND ANALYSIS :

VARIATION PARAMETERS OF NOZZLE WITH DIFFERENT OUTLET DIAMETERS

FIG 3 : PRESSURE CONTOUR OF FIG 4:TURBULENCE KINETIC ENERGY

NOZZLE WITH OUTLET DIAMETER CONTOUR OF NOZZLE WITH OUTLET
35mm DIAMETER 35mm

FIG 5: VELOCITY CONTOUR OF FIG 6: : PRESSURE CONTOUR OF

NOZZLE WITH OUTLET DIAMETER 35 NOZZLE WITH OUTLET DIAMETER 40
mm mm

FIG 7: TURBULENCE KINETIC ENERGY FIG 8: VELOCITY CONTOUR OF

CONTOUR OF NOZZLE WITH OUTLET NOZZLE WITH OUTLET DIAMETER
DIAMETER 40mm 40mm
FIG 9: PRESSURE CONTOUR OF FIG 10: TURBULENCE KINETIC
NOZZLE WITH OUTLET DIAMETER ENERGY CONTOUR OF NOZZLE WITH
45 mm OUTLET DIAMETER 45mm

FIG 11: VELOCITY CONTOUR OF NOZZLE WITH OUTLET DIAMETER 45 mm

TABLE 1 : MAXIMUM PRESSURE VALUES OF WATER AT DIFFERENT OUTLET

DIAMETER OF NOZZLE
 DIFFERENT MAXIMUM
OUTLET PRESSURE OF
DIAMETER WATER
35 MM 1.6
40 MM 1.441
45MM 1.654

MAXIMUM PRESSURE OF
WATER
1.7
1.65
1.6
MAXIMUM
1.55 PRESSURE OF
WATER
1.5
1.45
1.4
1.35
1.3
35 MM 40 MM 45MM

FIG 12 : MAXIMUM PRESSURE VALUES OF WATER AT DIFFERENT OUTLET

DIAMETER OF NOZZLE

TABLE 2 : MAXIMUM TURBULENCE KINETIC ENERGY VALUES OF WATER AT

DIFFERENT OUTLET DIAMETER OF NOZZLE

DIFFERENT MAXIMUM TURBULENT

OUTLET KINETIC ENERGY OF
DIAMETER WATER
35 MM 0.1921
40 MM 0.269
45MM 4.679
 MAXIMUM TURBULENT
KINETIC ENERGY OF WA-
TER
5
4.5
4
3.5 MAXIMUM TURBULENT
KINETIC ENERGY OF
3 WATER
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
35 MM 40 MM 45MM

FIG 13 : MAXIMUM TURBULENCE KINETIC ENERGY VALUES OF WATER AT

DIFFERENT OUTLET DIAMETER OF NOZZLE

TABLE 3 : MAXIMUM VELOCITY VALUES OF WATER AT DIFFERENT OUTLET

DIAMETER OF NOZZLE

DIFFERENT MAXIMUM
OUTLET VELOCITY OF
DIAMETER WATER
35 MM 4.146
40 MM 4.165
45MM 6.165
 MAXIMUM VELOCITY OF
WATER
7
6
5 MAXIMUM VELOCITY
OF WATER
4
3
2
1
0
35 MM 40 MM 45MM

FIG 14 : MAXIMUM VELOCITY VALUES OF WATER AT DIFFERENT OUTLET

DIAMETER OF NOZZLE

IV CONCLUSION :

On the basis of the comparison we discovered that compared to nozzle with 35,40 and 45 mm
cross section, a nozzle with maximum cross section gives velocity rises and a rise in pressure
drop. It can thus be concluded that the fluid properties like velocity and pressure largely depends
on the nozzle cross-sectional area, which affect the flow inside the nozzle and the extent of flow
expansion.
REFERENCE:

[1]M. A. Budiyanto, J. Novri, M. I. Alhamid, and Ardiyansyah, “Analysis of convergent and

divergent-convergent nozzle of waterjet propulsion by CFD simulation,” 2019.

[2]H. Pujowidodo, A. I. Siswantara, A. Daryus, and G. G. R. Gunadi, “The analytic and CFD
modeling studies of saturated steam mass flow in curved convergent divergent nozzle,” 2019.

[3]Ramanjaneyulu, S., 2019. Design and flow analysis of Convergent Divergent nozzle using
CFD. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology, 7(4),
pp.4020–4029. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2019.4672.

[4]A. Khan, A. Aabid, and S. A. Khan, “CFD analysis of convergent-divergent nozzle flow and
base pressure control using micro-JETS,” International Journal of Engineering & Technology,
vol. 7, no. 3.29, p. 232, Aug. 2018.

[5]K. P. S. S. Narayana and K. S. Reddy, “Simulation of Convergent Divergent Rocket Nozzle

using CFD Analysis,” IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, vol. 13, no. 04, pp.
58–65, Apr. 2016.

[6]A. Mikołajczak, P. Krawczyk, and K. Badyda, “Initial investigation of the dry ice blasting
convergent-divergent nozzle geometry with the CFD methods,” CENTRAL EUROPEAN
SYMPOSIUM ON THERMOPHYSICS 2019 (CEST), 2019.

[7]R. Ramesh Kumar and Y. Devarajan, “CFD simulation analysis of two-dimensional

convergent-divergent nozzle,” International Journal of Ambient Energy, vol. 41, no. 13, pp.
1505–1515, Sep. 2018.